1
吐蕃回鶻高麗渤海靺鞨黑水靺鞨新羅党項昆明部落于闐占城牂牁蠻
Tubo, the Uyghurs, Goryeo, the Bohai Mohe, the Heishui Mohe, Silla, the Tangut, the Kunming tribes, Yutian, Champa, and the Zangke Man.
2
吐蕃，本漢西羌之地，或雲南涼禿發利鹿孤之後，其子孫以禿發爲國號，語訛爲吐蕃。 國人號其主爲贊普，置大論、小論以理國事。 其俗隨畜牧無常居，然亦有城郭，都城號邏些城。 不知節候，以麥熟爲歲首。
The Tubo realm had originally been the territory of the Western Qiang in Han times. Some held that its people were descended from Tufa Lilugu of Southern Liang and that their descendants had taken Tufa as the name of their state—a name that, in common speech, was corrupted into Tubo. The people addressed their sovereign as zanpu and appointed great and minor councillors to administer the affairs of state. By custom they followed their herds and had no fixed abode, yet they also maintained walled settlements; their capital was known as Luoxie City. Unacquainted with the calendrical seasons, they reckoned the ripening of wheat as the beginning of the year.
3
唐時屢爲邊患。 初，唐分天下爲十道，河西、隴右三十三州，涼州最爲大鎮。 天寶置八監，牧馬三十萬，又置都護以控制之。 安祿山之亂，肅宗在靈武，悉召河西戍卒收復兩京，吐蕃乘虛取河西、隴右，華人百萬皆陷於吐蕃。 開成時，朝廷嘗遣使至西域，見甘、涼、瓜、沙等州城邑如故，陷吐蕃之人見唐使者旌節，夾道迎呼涕泣曰：「皇帝猶念陷吐蕃生靈否？」 其人皆天寶中陷吐蕃者子孫，其語言小訛，而衣服未改。
Under the Tang they were a recurring scourge along the frontier. Originally the Tang had divided the empire into ten circuits. Hexi and Longyou comprised thirty-three prefectures, of which Liangzhou was the principal stronghold. During the Tianbao reign eight pasture commissions were set up to pasture three hundred thousand horses, and a protector-general was appointed to keep them under control. When An Lushan rose in rebellion and Emperor Suzong was at Lingwu, he called up every soldier garrisoned in Hexi to retake the two capitals. Tubo seized the moment, overran Hexi and Longyou, and more than a million Chinese subjects were lost to Tubo rule. During the Kaicheng reign the court once dispatched envoys to the Western Regions. They found the cities of Gan, Liang, Gua, Sha, and the other prefectures still standing as before. When those who had been lost to Tubo saw the Tang envoy's banners of office, they lined the road to greet him, weeping and crying, "Does the Son of Heaven still remember the people trapped under Tubo?" They were all descendants of people who had been lost to Tubo in the Tianbao years. Their speech had shifted slightly, but they still wore the same dress as before.
4
至五代時，吐蕃已微弱，回鶻、党項諸羌夷分侵其地，而不有其人民。 值中國衰亂，不能撫有，惟甘、涼、瓜、沙四州常自通於中國。 甘州爲回鶻牙帳，而涼、瓜、沙三州將吏猶稱唐官，數來請命。 自梁太祖時，常以靈武節度使兼領河西節度，而觀察甘、肅、威等州，然雖有其名，而涼州自立守將。 唐長興四年，涼州留後孫超遣大將拓拔承謙及僧道士耆老楊通信等至京師，明宗拜孫超節度使。 清泰元年，留後李文謙來請命。 後數年，涼州人逐出文謙，靈武馮暉遣牙將吳繼興代文謙爲留後，是時天福七年。 明年，晉高祖遣涇州押牙陳延暉齎詔書安撫涼州，涼州人共劫留延暉，立以爲刺史。 至漢隱帝時，涼州留後折逋嘉施來請命，漢即以爲節度使。 嘉施，土豪也。 周廣順二年，嘉施遣人市馬京師。 是時樞密使王峻用事，峻故人申師厚者，少起盜賊，爲兗州牙將，與峻相友善。 後峻貴，師厚弊衣蓬首，日候峻出，馬前訴以饑寒，峻未有以發。 而嘉施等來請帥，峻即建言，涼州深入夷狄，中國未嘗命吏，請帥募府率供奉官能往者。 月餘，無應募者，乃奏起師厚爲左衛將軍，已而拜河西節度使。 師厚至涼州，奏薦押牙副使崔虎心、陽妃谷首領沈念般等，及中國留人子孫王廷翰、溫崇樂、劉少英爲將吏，又自安國鎮至涼州立三州以控扼諸羌，用其酋豪爲刺史。 然涼州夷夏雜處，師厚小人，不能撫有，至世宗時，師厚留其子而逃歸，涼州遂絕於中國。 獨瓜、沙二州，終五代常來。
By the Five Dynasties Tubo had already waned. The Uyghurs, Tangut, and other Qiang and frontier peoples carved up and raided its territory yet did not truly hold its people. With the central realm in turmoil and unable to assert control, only Gan, Liang, Gua, and Sha—the four prefectures—continued to keep contact with China on their own. Gan Prefecture became the seat of the Uyghur royal camp, but the commanders and clerks of Liang, Gua, and Sha still called themselves Tang officials and came again and again to seek imperial appointment. From the reign of the Liang founder onward, the military governor of Lingwu was routinely given concurrent command of Hexi and oversight of Gan, Su, Wei, and neighboring prefectures. In name the post existed, but Liangzhou kept its own defending commander. In the fourth year of the Later Tang Changxing era, Sun Chao, acting governor of Liangzhou, sent his senior general Tuoba Chengqian together with monks, Daoists, and elders led by Yang Tongxin to the capital. Emperor Mingzong then invested Sun Chao as military governor. In the first year of Qingtai, acting governor Li Wenqian came to seek imperial appointment. A few years later the people of Liangzhou expelled Wenqian. Feng Hui of Lingwu dispatched his adjutant Wu Jixing to replace him as acting governor. This was in the seventh year of Tianfu. The following year Emperor Gaozu of Jin sent Chen Yanhui, adjutant of Jing Prefecture, with an edict to reassure Liangzhou. The people of Liangzhou seized him and made him their prefect. Under Emperor Yindi of Later Han, Zhebo Jiashi, acting governor of Liangzhou, came to seek appointment, and the Han court at once made him military governor. Jiashi was a local magnate. In the second year of Guangshun under the Zhou, Jiashi sent agents to purchase horses in the capital. At that time Privy Councilor Wang Jun dominated the court. An old friend of his, Shen Shihou, had begun life as a bandit and later became adjutant of Yan Prefecture; he and Jun were close. After Jun rose to power, Shihou would appear in ragged clothes with hair in disarray, wait each day for Jun to leave his residence, and plead before his horse of hunger and cold. Jun had no means to help him. When Jiashi and his party came to request a commander, Jun immediately proposed that Liangzhou lay far within barbarian territory and that the central court had never stationed officials there. He asked that a commander be recruited from among palace attendants willing to go. After more than a month without a single volunteer, he memorialized to recall Shihou as general of the Left Guard, and soon afterward Shihou was appointed military governor of Hexi. On reaching Liangzhou, Shihou recommended adjutant deputy commissioner Cui Huxin, the Yangfei Valley chieftain Shen Nianban, and others, together with Wang Tinghan, Wen Chongle, and Liu Shaoying—descendants of Chinese who had stayed behind—as officers. He also set up three prefectures from Anguo Town to Liangzhou to hold the Qiang in check, installing their chieftains as prefects. But Liangzhou was a mixed region of barbarians and Chinese, and Shihou, a man of small character, could not hold it. By Emperor Shizong's reign he abandoned his son and fled home, and Liangzhou was lost to the central realm thereafter. Only Gua and Sha continued to send envoys throughout the Five Dynasties.
5
沙州，梁開平中，有節度使張奉，自號「金山白衣天子」。 至唐莊宗時，回鶻來朝，沙州留後曹義金亦遣使附回鶻以來，莊宗拜義金爲歸義軍節度使、瓜沙等州觀察處置等使。 晉天福五年，義金卒，子元德立。 至七年，沙州曹元忠、瓜州曹元深皆遣使來。 周世宗時，又以元忠爲歸義軍節度使，元恭爲瓜州團練使。 其所貢碙砂、羚羊角、波斯錦、安西白絺、金星礬、大鵬砂、眊褐、玉團，皆因其來者以名見，而其卒立世次，史皆失其紀。
At Sha Prefecture, during the Liang Kaiping era, military governor Zhang Feng styled himself the White-Robed Son of Heaven of Golden Mountain. Under Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang, when the Uyghurs came to court, Cao Yijin, acting governor of Sha Prefecture, sent envoys along with the Uyghur mission. Zhuangzong appointed Yijin military governor of the Army of Returning Allegiance and commissioner overseeing Gua, Sha, and the other prefectures. In the fifth year of Tianfu under Jin, Yijin died and his son Yuande succeeded him. In the seventh year, Cao Yuanzhong of Sha and Cao Yuanshen of Gua each dispatched envoys. Under Emperor Shizong of Zhou, Yuanzhong was again appointed military governor of the Army of Returning Allegiance and Yuangong regimental commissioner of Gua Prefecture. They presented ammoniac, antelope horn, Persian brocade, Anxi white silk, golden-star alum, great peng sand, mao-brown cloth, and jade balls—each item recorded as it arrived—but the chronology of their deaths and successions has been lost to history.
6
而吐蕃不見於梁世。 唐天成三年，回鶻王仁裕來朝，吐蕃亦遣使附以來，自此數至中國。 明宗嘗御端明殿見其使者，問其牙帳所居，曰：「西去涇州二千里。」 明宗賜以虎皮，人一張，皆披以拜，委身宛轉，落其氈帽，發亂如蓬，明宗及左右皆大笑。 至漢隱帝時，猶來朝，後遂不復至，史亦失其君世雲。
Tubo sent no missions during the Liang dynasty. In the third year of Tiancheng under Later Tang, the Uyghur king Renyu came to court, and Tubo sent envoys along with his mission. Thereafter they came to the central realm on numerous occasions. Emperor Mingzong once received their envoys in the Hall of Illuminated Clarity and asked where their royal camp stood. They answered, "Two thousand li west of Jing Prefecture." Mingzong gave each man a tiger pelt. They draped the pelts over their shoulders to bow, writhing as they did so until their felt caps fell off and their hair spilled out like a tangled broom. Mingzong and everyone around him burst into laughter. Under Emperor Yindi of Later Han they still came to court, but afterward they ceased coming altogether, and the histories no longer record their royal succession.
7
回鶻，其先匈奴之種也。 後魏時，號爲鐵勒，亦名回紇。 唐元和四年，本國可汗遣使上言，改爲回鶻，義取迴旋搏擊，如鶻之迅捷也。 本牙在天德西北婆陵水上，距京師八千餘里。 唐天寶中，安祿山犯闕，有助國討賊之功，累朝尚主，自號「天驕」，大爲唐朝之患。 會昌初，其國爲黠戛斯所侵，部族擾亂，乃移帳至天德、振武間。 時爲石雄、劉沔所襲，破之，復爲幽州節度使張仲武所攻，餘衆西奔，歸於吐蕃，吐蕃處之甘州，由是族帳微弱。 其後時通中國，世以中國爲舅，朝廷每賜書詔，亦常以甥呼之。
The Uyghurs were descended from the Xiongnu. Under the Northern Wei they were known as the Tiele and also as the Huihe. In the fourth year of Yuanhe, their khan petitioned through envoys to change the name to Huihu, meaning to wheel and strike as swiftly as a gyrfalcon. Their original royal camp stood northwest of Tiande on the Poling River, more than eight thousand li from the capital. During the Tianbao years, when An Lushan stormed the capital, they aided the Tang in suppressing the rebellion. Dynasty after dynasty bestowed imperial princesses upon them. They called themselves Heaven's Pride and became one of the Tang's gravest threats. Early in the Huichang era the Kirghiz overran their country, their tribes fell into turmoil, and they shifted their camps between Tiande and Zhenwu. Shi Xiong and Liu Mian then struck and broke them, and Zhang Zhongwu, military governor of Youzhou, attacked them again. The survivors fled west and submitted to Tubo, which resettled them in Gan Prefecture. From that point their tribal power waned. Thereafter they maintained intermittent contact with China. Generation after generation they regarded the Chinese emperor as their maternal uncle, and the court, in its letters and edicts, habitually addressed them as nephew.
8
後唐同光二年四月，其本國權知可汗仁美遣都督李引釋迦、副使鐵林、都監楊福安等共六十六人來貢方物，並獻善馬九匹。 莊宗召對於文明殿，乃命司農卿鄭績、將作少監何延嗣持節冊仁美爲英義可汗。 至其年十一月，仁美卒，其弟狄銀嗣立，遣都督安千等朝貢。 狄銀卒，《歐陽史》：同光四年，狄銀卒。 阿咄欲立，亦遣使來貢名馬。 天成三年二月，其權知可汗仁裕遣都督李阿山等一百二十人入貢，明宗召對於崇元殿，賜物有差。 其年三月，命使冊仁裕爲順化可汗。 四年，又遣都督掣撥等五人來朝，授掣撥等懷化司戈，遣命還蕃。 長興元年十二月，遣使翟未思三十餘人，進馬八十匹、玉一團。 四年七月，復遣都督李未等三十人來朝，進白鶻一聯，明宗召對於廣壽殿，厚加錫齎，仍命解放其鶻。 清泰二年七月，遣都督陳福海已下七十八人，進馬三百六十匹、玉二十團。 八月，敕回鶻朝貢使、密錄都督陳福海可懷化郎將，副使達奚相溫可懷化司階，監使屈密錄阿撥可歸德司戈，判官安均可懷化司戈。
In the fourth month of the second year of Tongguang, acting khan Renmei sent commissioner Li Yinshijia, vice-envoy Tielin, overseer Yang Fu'an, and sixty-six others to present tribute, including nine fine horses. Zhuangzong received them in audience in the Hall of Civilizing Culture and ordered Minister of Agriculture Zheng Ji and Vice-Director of Imperial Works He Yansi to invest Renmei as Khan of Heroic Righteousness. In the eleventh month of that year Renmei died. His younger brother Diyin succeeded him and sent commissioner An Qian and others to court with tribute. Diyin died. The Ouyang History records that Diyin died in the fourth year of Tongguang. Atouyu succeeded and likewise sent envoys bearing famous horses as tribute. In the second month of the third year of Tiancheng, acting khan Renyu sent commissioner Li Ashan and one hundred twenty others with tribute. Mingzong received them in the Hall of Exalted Origin and bestowed gifts according to rank. In the third month of that year envoys were dispatched to invest Renyu as Khan of Compliant Transformation. In the fourth year they sent commissioner Chebo and five others to court. Chebo and his companions were appointed Huaihua Company Commanders and ordered home. In the twelfth month of the first year of Changxing they sent envoy Zhai Weisi and more than thirty others with eighty horses and a ball of jade. In the seventh month of the fourth year they sent commissioner Li Wei and thirty others with a pair of white gyrfalcons. Mingzong received them in the Hall of Broad Longevity, lavished gifts upon them, and ordered the birds set free. In the seventh month of the second year of Qingtai they sent commissioner Chen Fuhai and seventy-eight subordinates with three hundred sixty horses and twenty balls of jade. In the eighth month an edict named Huihu tribute envoy and confidential recorder Chen Fuhai Huaihua Commandant, vice-envoy Daxi Xiangwen Huaihua Company Captain, overseer Qumilu Abo Guide Company Commander, and clerk An Jun Huaihua Company Commander.
9
晉天福三年十月，遣使都督李萬全等朝貢，以萬全爲歸義大將軍，監使雷福德爲順化將軍。 四年三月，又遣都督拽里敦來朝，兼貢方物。 其月，命衛尉卿邢德昭持節就冊爲奉化可汗。 《歐陽史「晉高祖時，又加冊命，阿咄欲不知其爲狄銀親疏，亦不知其立卒，而仁裕訖五代常來朝貢，史亦失其紀。 五年正月，遣都督石海金等來貢良馬百駟，並白玉團、白玉鞍轡等，謝其封冊。
In the tenth month of the third year of Tianfu, Jin envoys led by commissioner Li Wanquan came with tribute. Wanquan was appointed Great General of Returning Allegiance and overseer Lei Fude Compliant Transformation General. In the third month of the fourth year they sent commissioner Zhailidun to court again, bearing local products as tribute. That same month Minister of the Guard Xing Dezhao was sent with credentials to invest him as Khan of Reverent Transformation. The Ouyang History notes that under Emperor Gaozu of Jin further investiture was granted. Whether Atouyu was near or distant kin to Diyin is unknown, as are the circumstances of his rise and death, whereas Renyu continued to send tribute throughout the Five Dynasties—yet the histories have lost the record of his reign as well. In the first month of the fifth year they sent commissioner Shi Haijin and others with one hundred teams of fine horses, white jade balls, white jade saddles and bridles, and the like, to thank the court for their investiture.
10
漢乾祐元年五月，遣使李屋等入朝貢馬並白玉、藥物等。 七月，以入朝使李屋爲歸德大將軍，副使安鐵山、監使末相溫爲歸德將軍，判官翟毛哥爲懷化將軍。
In the fifth month of the first year of Qianyou under Later Han they sent envoy Li Wu and others to court with horses, white jade, medicines, and other goods. In the seventh month court envoy Li Wu was appointed Great Guide General, vice-envoy An Tieshan and overseer Mo Xiangwen Guide Generals, and clerk Zhai Maoge Huaihua General.
11
高麗，本扶餘之別種。 其國都平壤城，即漢樂浪郡之故地，在京師東四千餘里。 東渡海至於新羅，西北渡遼水至於營州，南渡海至於百濟，北至靺鞨，東西三千一百里，南北二千里。 其官大者號大對盧，比一品，總知國事，三年一代，若稱職者不拘年限； 對盧已下官總十二級。 外置州縣六十餘，大城置傉薩一人，比都督； 小城置道使一人，比刺史； 其下各有僚佐，分曹掌事。 其王以白羅爲冠，白皮小帶，咸以金飾。 唐貞觀末，太宗伐之，不能下。 至總章初，高宗命李勣率軍征之，遂拔其城，分其地爲郡縣。 及唐之末年，中原多事，其國遂自立君長，前王姓高氏。 唐同光、天成中，累遣使朝貢。 周顯德六年，高麗遣使貢紫白水晶二千顆。
Goryeo was originally an offshoot of Fuyu. Its capital was Pyongyang, on the site of the Han Lelang commandery, more than four thousand li east of the Chinese capital. To the east lay Silla across the sea; to the northwest Ying Prefecture across the Liao River; to the south Baekje across the sea; to the north the Mohe. The realm measured three thousand one hundred li from east to west and two thousand li from north to south. Their highest minister was titled Grand Tolu, equivalent to first rank, with overall charge of state affairs. The post rotated every three years, though a capable holder might serve longer. Below the Tolu there were twelve grades of office in all. More than sixty prefectures and counties were established in the provinces. Large cities had a Nusa, equivalent to a military commissioner. Small cities had a daoshi, equivalent to a prefect. Each had subordinates divided into bureaus to handle affairs. The king wore a white silk cap and a narrow white-leather belt, both adorned with gold. Late in the Zhenguan era, Taizong campaigned against them but could not bring them down. Early in the Zongzhang era, Gaozong ordered Li Ji to lead an expedition, captured their capital, and carved their territory into commanderies and counties. When the Tang dynasty neared its end and the central plains fell into turmoil, Goryeo reestablished its own rulers. The former royal house bore the surname Gao. During the Tongguang and Tiancheng eras they sent envoys to court with tribute on numerous occasions. In the sixth year of Xiande under the Zhou, Goryeo sent envoys with two thousand purple and white crystal balls.
12
渤海靺鞨
The Bohai Mohe.
13
渤海靺鞨，其俗呼其王爲可毒夫，對面呼聖，箋奏呼基下。 父曰老王，母曰太妃，妻曰貴妃，長子曰副王，諸子曰王子。 世以大氏爲酋長。
Among the Bohai Mohe, custom held that the king was called Kedufu in ordinary speech, addressed as Sage in person, and styled Jixia in written memorials. The father was styled Old King, the mother Grand Consort, the wife Noble Consort, the eldest son Vice King, and younger sons Princes. Generation after generation the Da clan held the chieftainship.
14
黑水靺鞨
The Heishui Mohe.
15
黑水靺鞨，其俗尚質樸。 性猛悍，無憂戚，貴壯而賤老。 俗無文字，兵器有角弓楛失。
The Heishui Mohe prized plain simplicity. They were fierce by nature, heedless of sorrow, honoring the strong and slighting the aged. They had no written script. Their arms included horn bows and wooden-shafted arrows.
16
新羅，其國俗重九日相慶賀，每以是月拜日月之神。 婦人以發繞頭，用彩及珠爲飾，發甚鬒美。
In Silla the people greatly honored the Double Ninth Festival for celebration, and in that month each year they worshipped the sun and moon. Women wound their hair about their heads and adorned it with colored silks and pearls. Their hair was remarkably thick and beautiful.
17
党項，其俗皆土著，居有棟宇，織毛罽以覆之。 尚武，其人多壽，至百五十、六十歲，不事生業，好爲盜賊。 党項自同光以後，大姓之強者各自來朝貢。 明宗時，詔沿邊置場市馬，諸夷皆入市中國，有回鶻、党項馬最多。 明宗招懷遠人，馬來無駑壯皆集，而所售過常直，往來館給，道路倍費。 其每至京師，明宗爲御殿見之，勞以酒食，既醉，連袂歌呼，道其土風以爲樂，去又厚以賜齎，歲耗百萬計。 唐大臣皆患之，數以爲言，乃詔吏就邊場售馬給直，止其來朝，而党項利其所得，來不可止。 其在靈、慶之間者，數犯邊爲盜。 自河西回鶻朝貢中國，道其部落，輒邀劫之，執其使者，賣之他族以易牛馬。 明宗遣靈武康福、邠州藥彥稠等出兵討之，福等擊破阿埋、韋悉、褒勒、強賴、埋廝骨尾及其大首領連香、李八薩王，都統悉那、埋摩，侍御乞埋、嵬悉逋等族。 殺數千人，獲其牛羊巨萬計及其所劫外國寶玉等，悉以賜軍士，由是党項之患稍息。 其他諸族，散處沿邊界上甚衆，然皆無國邑君長，故莫得而紀次雲。
The Tangut were settled people by custom. They lived in timber-framed dwellings roofed with woven felt. They prized martial prowess. Many lived to one hundred fifty or even one hundred sixty years. They did not engage in regular livelihoods and were prone to raiding. From the Tongguang era onward, powerful Tangut clans each came to court with tribute on their own. Under Mingzong the court ordered frontier horse markets established. Tribal peoples from every quarter came to trade within China, and Uyghur and Tangut horses were the most numerous. Mingzong sought to win over distant peoples. Whenever horses arrived, sound and unsound alike were purchased at prices above the usual rate, with lodging and supplies along the road doubling the cost. Whenever they reached the capital, Mingzong received them in the imperial hall and feasted them with food and wine. Once drunk, they would link arms, sing, and shout, recounting their native customs for amusement. On departure they were lavished with gifts again, and the annual cost ran into the millions. Tang ministers regarded this as a serious burden and raised the matter repeatedly. An edict ordered officials to purchase horses at fair prices at the frontier markets and to end their visits to court. Yet the Tangut profited from the trade, and their visits could not be stopped. Those settled between Ling and Qing repeatedly raided the frontier. When the Hexi Uyghurs came to court with tribute, their route passed through Tangut territory, where they were repeatedly ambushed. The Tangut seized the envoys and sold them to other tribes in exchange for cattle and horses. Mingzong dispatched Kang Fu of Lingwu and Yao Yanchou of Bin Prefecture with troops to suppress them. Fu and his commanders broke the Amai, Weixi, Baole, Qianglai, and Maisigui tribes, together with their great chieftains Lianxiang and Li Basawang, commanders-in-chief Sina and Maimo, attendants Qimai and Weisibu, and other clans. They killed several thousand men and seized tens of thousands of cattle and sheep, together with the foreign jades and gems the Tangut had looted, distributing the spoils among the troops. Thereafter the Tangut threat eased somewhat. Numerous other peoples were scattered along the frontier, yet none possessed states, settled domains, or recognized rulers, and so they cannot be recorded in any orderly sequence.
18
昆明部落
The Kunming tribes.
19
昆明部落，其俗椎髻跣足。 酋長披虎皮，下者披氈。
The Kunming tribes wore their hair in topknots and went barefoot by custom. Chieftains draped themselves in tiger pelts; their subordinates wore felt.
20
于闐，其俗好事妖神。
In Yutian the people were devoted by custom to strange spirits and deities.
21
占城，本地鳥之大者有孔雀。
In Champa the largest native birds include the peacock.
22
牂牁蠻
The Zangke Man.
23
牂牁蠻，其國法，劫盜者三倍還贓，殺人者出牛馬三十頭乃得贖死。
Among the Zangke Man, national law required robbers to restore stolen goods at triple value, and murderers to pay thirty head of cattle and horses to ransom their lives from execution.