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卷四十 志第十: 地理志四

Volume 40 Treatises 10: Geography 4

Chapter 40 of 遼史 · History of Liao
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Chapter 40
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1
Geography Treatise IV — Nanjing Circuit
2
西 涿 使 祿
Xijin Prefecture at Nanjing was the old territory of Ji. The Gaoyang era knew it as Youling; Yao as Youdu; Shun carved out Youzhou. Under Shang, You was folded into Ji. Zhou reorganized the region once more as You. The Offices of Region record northeast Youzhou with cult mountain Yiwulü, marsh Mo yang, rivers He and Cuo, and the Zi and Shi soaking-in lands. Its staples were fish and salt; its herds horses, cattle, and pigs; its grains millet, panicum, and rice. King Wu enfeoffed the Grand Guardian Shi in Yan. Qin organized the region into Yuyang, Shanggu, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong commanderies. Under Han it became the State of Yan, held in turn by Zang Tu, Lu Wan, Liu Jian, Liu Ze, and Liu Dan, with Zhuo Commandery and Guangyang State established at intervals. Later Han assigned Guangping State and Guangyang Commandery, at times joined to Shanggu; Youzhou was set up again. Later Zhou created Yan and Fanyang commanderies; Sui made Youzhou a grand protectorate. Tang installed a metropolitan grand protectorate, later the Fanyang military governor. An Lushan, Shi Siming, Li Huaishan, Zhu Tao, Liu Cong, and Liu Ji carved it out one after another. Liu Zong returned to Tang allegiance. Under Zhang Zhongwu and Zhang Yunzhong upright rule won the populace. Liu Rengong and his son fought in mutual usurpation until the land entered the Five Dynasties era. When Tang gave way to Jin, Gaozu rewarded Liao for supporting his accession by ceding Youzhou and the other fifteen prefectures. Taizong promoted it to Nanjing, also styled Yanjing.
3
西西 西 殿 西西 西殿
The ramparts formed a thirty-six-li square, three zhang high and one zhang five chi across the top. Watchtowers and fighting turrets were fully equipped. Eight gates: east—Andong and Yingchun; south—Kaiyang and Danfeng; west—Xianxi and Qingjin; north—Tongtian and Gongchen. The inner palace stood in the southwest corner. Inside the imperial city stood two portrait halls of Jingzong and Shengzong; the east was Xuanhe, the south the Inner Palace. The inner gate was Xuanjiao, renamed Yuanhe; the three outer gates were the south end, left flank, and right flank. The left flank became Wanchun; the right flank became Qianqiu. Gate-towers crowned the gates; the ball court lay to the south, and Yongping Hostel to the east. The imperial city's west gate was Xianxi, built but never opened; the north gate was Zibei. A cool hall crowned the west rampart; Yanjiao Tower stood in the northeast corner. Wards, markets, offices, and temples were beyond full reckoning. Beyond the walls lay the passes of Juyong, Songting, and Yulin. At Gubei Pass flowed the Sanggan, Gaoliang, and Shizi rivers; Daan Mountain and the Yan range rose there, with Yaoyu isle among them. The prefecture was called Youdu, with the army title Lulong; in the first year of Kaitai, the army designation was abolished. It governed six prefectures and eleven counties: Xijin County. Formerly Jin Jixian and then Jibei County, it took its present name in the first year of Kaitai. Named for Yan's astral field at Lüyin, the ford of Ximu. Twenty thousand registered households. Wanping County. Formerly Jin Youdu County, it took its present name in the first year of Kaitai. Twenty-two thousand registered households.
4
Changping County. It was Han Jundu County; Later Han Guangyang Commandery; Jin Yan State; Northern Wei founded Eastern Yan Prefecture, Pingchang Commandery, and Changping County. When the commandery was abolished the county answered to Youzhou. It lay ninety li north of the capital. Seven thousand registered households.
5
涿
Liangxiang County. Under Yan it was Zhongdu County; Han renamed it Liangxiang in Zhuo Commandery; Northern Qi Tianbao year 7 merged it into Jixian, restored Wuping year 6. In the first year of Tang Shengli it became Gujie Fort; in the first year of Shenlong, Liangxiang County was restored; Liu Shouguang moved the administration here. Sixty li from Nanjing. Seven thousand registered households.
6
Lu County. Formerly a Han county in Yuyang Commandery. Tang Wude year 2 created Yuan Prefecture; in Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished and the county restored. The Lu River flows there. It stood sixty li east of the capital. Six thousand registered households.
7
西
Anji County. Formerly a Han county in Yuyang Commandery. In Tang Wude year 4 the seat shifted fifty li southeast to Shiliang town; Zhenguan year 8 to Changdao town five li west of the present site; Kaiyuan year 23 to the market south of Gengjiu Bridge. It lay one hundred twenty li south of the capital. Twelve thousand registered households.
8
Yongqing County. It was Han Yichang County; Sui Tongze County; Tang Wulong, then Huichang; at the opening of Tianbao it was renamed Yongqing. It stood one hundred fifty li south of the capital. Five thousand registered households.
9
Wuqing County. Former Han Yongnu County in Yuyang Commandery. The Water Classic commentary explains Yongnu as a marsh name: water on four sides is yong; stagnant water is nu. At the opening of Tang Tianbao it was renamed Wuqing. It lay one hundred fifty li southeast of the capital. Ten thousand registered households.
10
Xianghe County. Formerly Sun Village in Wuqing. The Liao founded a salt monopoly at Xincang; settlers clustered there, and households were carved from Wuqing, Sanhe, and Lu to form the county. It stood one hundred twenty li southeast of the capital. Seven thousand registered households.
11
西
Yuhe County. Formerly Quanshan land. Liu Rengong erected palaces and shrines on Daan Mountain; Wang Ruone instructed the court in alchemy; a portion of Jixian was detached to provision them. It lay forty li west of the capital. One thousand registered households.
12
Huoyin County. Formerly Huo Village in Han Quanshan. Each spring the Liao hunted at Yanfang Marsh; settlers formed a town around the old Huoyin fort, later raised to a county. It stood ninety li southeast of the capital. Yanfang Marsh covers hundreds of li; spring brings geese and ducks; summer and autumn yield water chestnuts and lotus. For the spring hunt guards wore dark green, spaced five or seven paces along the shore with linked maces, hawk bait, and goose awls. Drums upwind startled geese to lift slightly from the water. The ruler himself flew eastern-sea green goshawks to take them. If a goose fell and the hawk might fail, men in line stabbed it with belt awls and hurriedly took its fat for the hawk. Capturing the lead goose brought a standard reward of silver and silk. The ruler, imperial kin, and ministers each held assigned hunting grounds. Five thousand registered households.
13
涿 西 殿 使
Wang Zeng's Account of Service to the Khitan records: "From Xiongzhou's Baima post, forty li by ferry to Xincheng County, the old Dukang Pavilion site. Seventy li farther on lies Zhuo Prefecture. Crossing the Fan and Liu-Li rivers northward, sixty li to Liangxiang County. Sixty li beyond the Lugou River stands Youzhou, called Yanjing. The inner city hugged the southwest of the outer ramparts. The south gate is Qixia; inside stands Yuanhe Hall; the east gate is Xuanhe. Every ward and lane in the city had gate-towers. Minzhong Temple, which Tang Taizong raised for officers and men fallen on the Liaodong campaign; and Kaitai Temple, built by Prince of Wei Yelü Hanning. Court envoys were sent to tour both. South of the gate stands the Prince of Yu's hall, used for feasts. Beyond the gate is Yongping Hostel, formerly Jieshi Hostel, renamed after the peace accord. South lies the Sanggan River."
14
西 殿
Shun Prefecture—Guihua Army, middle grade, with a prefect. In Qin it was Shanggu; in Han Fanyang; in Northern Qi part of Guidde Commandery. Under Sui Kaihuang, Sumo Mohe lost to Goryeo; Jueji chief Tudi led several thousand warriors of eight tribes from northwest of Fuyu to submit, and Shun Prefecture was founded to receive them. Early Tang Wude renamed it Yan Prefecture; in Huichang it became Guishun; by late Tang it was again Shun Prefecture. It has the Wanyu and Baisui rivers; Caowang Mountain, where Cao Cao once camped; Taigu Valley, where Zou Yan tested pitch pipes; to the south runs Qi's Long Wall. Northeast of the city stand the Hualin and Tianzhu estates; the Liao built cool pavilions for spring blossoms and summer shade. The army was first called Guining, then renamed. It governed one county:
15
Huairou County. Established in Tang Zhenguan year 6 at Wuliu town, renamed Shunyi County. Kaiyuan year 4 placed Songmo Protectorate's Tanhan Prefecture here. In the first year of Kaibao it became Guihua Commandery. In the first year of Qianyuan restored the current name. Five thousand registered households.
16
Tan Prefecture—Wuwei Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Formerly Yuyang Commandery under Yan; Han made it Baitan County. The Book of Wei records Duke Cao passing Baitan and defeating the Wuhuan at Liucheng. The Continued Book of Han places Baitan in Youbeiping. Northern Wei founded Miyun Commandery and also established An Prefecture. Later Zhou renamed it Yuan Prefecture. Sui Kaihuang year 18 carved Yanle and Miyun counties to found Tan Prefecture. In the first year of Tang Tianbao it became Miyun Commandery; in the first year of Qianyuan, Tan Prefecture was restored. The Liao added the present army designation. It has Sang Stream, Baoqiu Mountain, Taohua Mountain, and Luo Mountain. It governed two counties: Miyun County. Formerly Han Baitan County; Later Han placed the Jijin Xi there. Northern Wei founded Miyun Commandery over Baitan, Yaoyang, and Miyun counties. Northern Qi abolished the commandery and two counties, which then belonged here. Five thousand registered households.
17
Xingtang County. Formerly Xingtang County in Ding Prefecture. Taizu raided Ding, took Xingtang, and relocated the entire populace north to Tan Prefecture on open ground; ten stockades were founded and the name Xingtang kept. It answered to Zhangmin Palace. Three thousand registered households.
18
涿 涿 涿涿涿 涿 涿 涿
Zhuo Prefecture—Yongtai Army, upper grade, with a prefect. Han Gaozu year 6 carved Zhuo Commandery from Yan; Wei Wendi renamed it Fanyang Commandery; Jin made it Fanyang State; Northern Wei restored the commandery. In the second year of Sui Kaihuang, the commandery was abolished under Youzhou; in the third year of Daye, Youzhou became Zhuo Commandery; in the first year of Tang Wude, the commandery was abolished as Zhuo County; in year seven, it was renamed Fanyang; in the fourth year of Dali, Zhuo Prefecture was created. Later Jin surrendered it to Taizong. It has Dafang Mountain, Liupin Mountain, the Zhuo, Lousang, Henggou, Lixun, and Qigou rivers. It governed four counties: Fanyang County. Formerly Han Zhuo County. In mid-Tang Wude it was renamed Fanyang County. The Zhuo and Fan rivers flow there. Ten thousand registered households.
19
Guan County. Formerly Han Fangcheng County in Guangyang State. Sui Kaihuang year 9 moved the seat from Yizhou Laishui to Youzhou under the old Guan County name. Tang Wude year 4 it joined Beiyi Prefecture and the administration shifted to Zhangxin Fort. Zhenguan year 2 abolished Beiyi and moved the seat here, again under Youzhou. Ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. Ten thousand registered households.
20
Xincheng County. Formerly Han Xinchang County. Tang Dali year 4 carved it from Guan County, then abolished it. Later Tang Tiancheng year 4 carved it again from Fanyang, sixty li south of the prefectural seat. Ten thousand registered households.
21
Guiyi County. Formerly Han Yi County land. Under Qi it was merged into Mao County. Tang Wude year 5 created Beiyi Prefecture; when the prefecture fell the county was restored here. Households live south of the Juma River with government by proxy at Xincheng. Four thousand registered households.
22
使 西
Yi Prefecture—Gaoyang Army, upper grade, with a prefect. In Han it was the land of Yi and Gu'an counties. Sui founded Yi Prefecture; at the end of Sui it became Shanggu Commandery. Tang Wude year 4 restored Yi Prefecture. Tianbao year 1 again became Shanggu Commandery. Qianyuan year 1 again became Yi Prefecture. Under the Five Dynasties it answered to the Ding Prefecture military commissioner. Huitong year 9 Sun Fangjian brought the territory in submission. Yingli year 9 Zhou Shizong took it; afterward it belonged to Song. Tonghe year 7 it was taken and elevated to Gaoyang Army. It has the Yi and Laishui rivers, Lang Mountain, Taining Mountain, and Baima Mountain. It governed three counties: Yi County. A Han county; its old town lies sixty li southeast of the present seat. Qi Tianbao year 7 abolished it. Sui Kaihuang year 16 founded the present seat at the northwest corner of old Guan town. Twenty-five thousand registered households.
23
Laishui County. Formerly Han Dao County; old Dao town stands one li north of the present seat. Northern Wei shifted the seat south of the old town to the present site.
24
Zhou Elephant year 2 abolished it. Sui Kaihuang year 18 renamed it Laishui County. Forty li east of the prefectural seat. Laishui River runs there. Twenty-seven thousand registered households.
25
涿西 涿
Rongcheng County. A Han county first in Zhuo Commandery; its old town lies southwest of Xiong Prefecture. Tang Wude year 5 it joined Beiyi Prefecture. In the first year of Zhenguan it reverted to its former jurisdiction. Shengli year 2 renamed it Quanzhong County. In the first year of Tianbao restored the name Rongcheng. Eighty li east of the prefectural seat. All households live south of the Juma River with government by proxy at Zhuo Prefecture's Xincheng. Five thousand registered households.
26
Ji Prefecture—Shangwu Army, upper grade, with a prefect. In Qin it was the land of Yuyang and Youbeiping commanderies. Under Sui Kaihuang the seat moved to the Xuanzhou headquarters; Emperor Yang renamed it Yuyang Commandery. In the first year of Tang Wude, it was abolished into Youzhou; in the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan, Ji Prefecture was re-established. It governed three counties: Yuyang County. Formerly a Han county in Yuyang Commandery. Jin abolished it, then restored it. Northern Wei abolished it. Under Tang it was Youzhou; Kaiyuan year 18 created Ji Prefecture. Baoqiu River flows there. Four thousand registered households. Sanhe County. Formerly Han Linqu territory; Tang Kaiyuan year 4 carved it from Lu Prefecture. Three thousand registered households.
27
Yutian County. Formerly the Spring and Autumn state of Wuzhongzi. Han founded Wuzhong County in Youbeiping Commandery. Northern Wei placed it under Yuyang Commandery, then abolished it; Tang Wude year 2 restored the county. Early Zhenguan abolished it; mid Qianfeng restored it. In the first year of Wansui Tongtian renamed it Yutian under Ying Prefecture. Kaiyuan year 4 it returned to Youzhou. Year 8 it belonged to Ying Prefecture. Year 11 it was again under Youzhou. Year 18 it came under this prefecture. Search of the Supernatural records: "Yong Bo of Luoyang, filial, buried his parents on Wuzhong Mountain. The peak rises eighty li without water above; Yong Bo set out drink. Travelers who drank received a peck of stone; planting it yielded jade, whence the name Yutian." Three thousand registered households.
28
Jing Prefecture—Qing'an Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Formerly Zunhua County in Ji Prefecture; founded in the Chongxi era. Three thousand registered households. Zunhua County began as Tang Ping Prefecture's horse-buying office, then became a county here.
29
西 西
Ping Prefecture—Liaoxing Army, upper grade, military commissioner. Under Shang it was Guzhu; in the Spring and Autumn era the Shanrong state. Qin made it Liaoxi and Youbeiping commandery land; Han kept the arrangement. At the end of Han Gongsun Du seized it, passing to his son Kang and grandson Yuan before entering Wei. Under Sui Kaihuang it became Ping Prefecture; early Daye again became a commandery. Early Tang Wude made it a prefecture; Tianbao year 1 again Beiping Commandery. Later Tang restored Ping Prefecture. Taizu took it in Tianzan year 2 and scattered Ding Prefecture captives across its land. It governed two prefectures and three counties: Lulong County. Formerly the Feiru state. In the Spring and Autumn era Jin destroyed Fei; the Fei heir fled to Yan and was enfeoffed here. Under Han and Jin it lay in Liaoxi Commandery. Northern Wei made it a commandery seat and founded Ping Prefecture. Northern Qi assigned it to Beiping Commandery. Under Sui Kaihuang Feiru was abolished and merged into a new county. Year 18 renamed Xinchang Lulong. Tang made it Ping Prefecture and the name endured. Seven thousand registered households.
30
Anxi County. Formerly Han Lingzhi County land, long defunct. Taizu founded it with captives from Ding Prefecture's Anxi County. Sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. Five thousand registered households.
31
Wangdu County. Formerly Han Haiyang County, long defunct. Taizu founded it with captives from Ding Prefecture's Wangdu County. Haiyang Mountain stands there. The county lies thirty li south of the prefectural seat; three thousand households.
32
西 西 西 西 西 西
Luan Prefecture—Yong'an Army, middle grade, with a prefect. Formerly the old Huangluo walled town. The Luan River rings it below Lulong Mountain. When Duke Huan of Qi attacked the Mountain Rong he met the mountain spirit Yu—here. Under Qin it was Youbeiping. Han founded Shicheng County, later Haiyang County. In late Han Gongsun Du held it. After Jin it lay in Liaoxi. When Later Jin ceded land it fell within Ping Prefecture. Taizu founded it with war captives. Luan Prefecture lies against mountains and rivers, a strategic hinge between the northern marches and the Han heartland. Fusu Spring, exceedingly sweet, where Qin crown prince Fusu camped while raising the northern Long Wall; Linyu Mountain rises in sheer peaks over a thousand ren, looking down on the Yu River. It governed three counties: Yifeng County. Formerly the old Huangluo town. Huangluo River issues north from Lulong Mountain and runs south into the Ru River. Under Han it was Liaoxi Commandery, long defunct. Late Tang it passed to the Khitan; Shizong founded the county. Four thousand registered households. Macheng County. Formerly Lulong County land. Tang Kaiyuan year 28 carved out a county to facilitate river transport. Northeast lies Qianjin smeltery; east, Maoxiang town. The Liao detached it to Luan Prefecture. Forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Three thousand registered households. Shicheng County. Han founded it in Youbeiping Commandery, long defunct. Tang Zhenguan placed Linyu County here; in the first year of Wansui Tongtian renamed it Shicheng, thirty li south of Luan Prefecture, where a Tang Yifeng inscription remains. The present seat lies fifty li farther south; the Liao relocated it beside the salt monopoly. Three thousand registered households. Ying Prefecture—Linhai Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Formerly the Shang Guzhu state. Under Qin it lay in Liaoxi Commandery. Han made it Changli Commandery. Former Yan's Murong Huang moved the capital here. Northern Wei founded Ying Prefecture over Changli, Jiande, Liaodong, Lelang, Jiyang, and Yingqiu commanderies. Later Zhou it was held by Gao Baoning. Sui Kaihuang established the prefecture; Daye made it Liaoxi Commandery. In the first year of Tang Wude, Ying Prefecture was restored; in the first year of Wansui Tongtian, it first passed to the Khitan. Shengli year 2 the seat was by proxy at Yuyang. Kaiyuan year 5 the administration returned to Liucheng. Tianbao year 1 it became Liucheng Commandery. Later Tang restored Ying Prefecture. Taizu placed Ding Prefecture captives there. It governed one county: Guangning County. Formerly Han Liucheng County in Liaoxi Commandery. To the northeast it bordered the Xi and Khitan. In the first year of Wansui Tongtian, it fell to the Khitan Li Wanrong. Shenlong year 1 the seat shifted to the Youzhou border. Kaiyuan year 4 restored the former territory. The Liao gave it the present name. Three thousand registered households.
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