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地理志三中京道
Geography Treatise III — Zhongjing Circuit
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中京大定府，虞為營州，夏屬冀州，周在幽州之分。 秦郡天下，是為遼西。 漢為新安平縣。 漢末步奚居之，幅員千里，多大山深谷，阻險足以自固。 魏武北征，縱兵大戰，降者一十餘萬，去之松漠。 其後拓拔氏乘遼建牙於此，當饒樂河水之南，溫渝河水之北。 唐太宗伐高麗，駐蹕於此。 部帥蘇支從征有功，奚長可度率眾內附，為置饒樂都督府。 咸通以後，契丹始大，奚族不敢復抗。 太祖建國，舉族臣屬。 聖宗嘗過七金山土河之濱，南望雲氣，有郛郭樓闕之狀，因議建都。 擇良工於燕、薊，董役二歲，郛郭、宮掖、樓閣、府庫、市肆廊廡，擬神都之制。 統和二十四年，五帳院進故奚王牙帳地。 二十五年，城之，實以漢戶，號曰中京，府曰大定。 皇城中有祖廟，景宗、承天皇后御容殿。 城池湫濕，多鑿井泄之，人以不便。 大同驛以待宋使，朝天館待新羅使，來賓館待夏使。 有七金山、馬盂山、雙山、松山、土河。 統州十、縣九：
Dading Prefecture at Zhongjing had been Ying Prefecture under Yu, Ji territory under Xia, and part of You under Zhou. When Qin organized the empire into commanderies, the region became Liaoxi. In Han times it was Xin'anping County. In late Han the Bu Xi occupied the land, a thousand-li tract of high mountains and deep valleys whose passes let them stand on their own. On his northern campaign Cao Cao fought a major engagement; over one hundred thousand men surrendered and were removed to Songmo. Later the Tuoba, exploiting turmoil in Liaodong, pitched their headquarters here between the Raole and Wenyu rivers. Tang Taizong campaigned against Goryeo and encamped here on imperial progress. Division chief Su Zhi distinguished himself on the campaign; Xi leader Kedou brought his people to submit, and the court established Raole Protectorate. After the Xiantong era the Khitan rose in power and the Xi ceased to resist. When Taizu founded the dynasty, the entire tribe submitted. Shengzong once traveled the Tu River below Qijin Mountain; seeing southern mists shaped like walls and gate-towers, he debated building a capital. Craftsmen from Yan and Ji were recruited; for two years they built walls, palaces, towers, storehouses, and market arcades on the model of Luoyang. Tonghe year 24 brought the Five Accounts Division's gift of the old Xi royal encampment grounds. In year 25 the walls rose and Han households settled it; the capital was named Zhongjing and the prefecture Dading. The Imperial City held ancestral shrines and portrait halls for Jingzong and Empress Chengtian. The walled city sat in wet ground; numerous drainage wells were sunk, to the residents' inconvenience. The Datong hostel lodged Song missions, Chaotian Hall Silla missions, and Laibin Hall Xia missions. Landmarks included Qijin, Mayu, Twin, and Song mountains and the Tu River. It governed ten prefectures and nine counties:
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大定縣。 白霫故地。 以諸國俘戶居之。 長興縣。 本漢賓從縣。 以諸部人居之。 富庶縣。 本漢新安平地，開泰二年析京民置。 勸農縣。 本漢賓從縣地。 開泰二年析京民置。
Dading County. Ancient Bai Xi land. Captives from many states were settled there. Changxing County. Formerly Han Bincong County. Various tribal communities were placed there. Fushu County. It was Han Xin'anping land; Kaitai year 2 carved out capital residents to found the county. Quannong County. Formerly Han Bincong County ground. Kaitai year 2 detached capital households to create it.
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文定縣。 開泰二年析京民置。 升平縣。 開泰二年析京民置。 歸化縣。 本漢柳城縣地。 神水縣。 本漢徒河縣地。 開泰二年置。
Wending County. Established in Kaitai year 2 from capital households. Shengping County. Founded in Kaitai year 2 from capital residents. Guihua County. Formerly Han Liucheng County land. Shenshui County. Formerly Han Tuhe County ground. Created in Kaitai year 2.
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金源縣。 本唐青山縣境。 開泰二年析京民置。
Jinyuan County. Formerly within Tang Qingshan County. Kaitai year 2 settled it with households drawn from the capital.
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恩州，懷德軍，下，刺史。 本漢新安平縣地。 太宗建州。 開泰中，以渤海戶實之。 初隸永興宮，後屬中京。 統縣一：恩化縣。 開泰中渤海人戶置。
En Prefecture—Huaide Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Formerly Han Xin'anping County land. Taizong created the prefecture. During Kaitai Bohai households were settled there. It first answered to Yongxing Palace, then to Zhongjing. One county: Enhua County. Settled in Kaitai with Bohai households.
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惠州，惠和軍，中，刺史。 本唐歸義州地。 太祖俘漢民數百戶兔鹿山下，創城居之，置州。 屬中京，統縣一：惠和縣。 聖宗遷上京惠州民，括諸宮院落帳戶置。
Hui Prefecture—Huihe Army, middle grade, with a prefect. Formerly Tang Guiyi Prefecture land. Taizu took several hundred Han households below Tulu Mountain, built a town, and established the prefecture. Under Zhongjing; one county, Huihe County. Shengzong relocated Hui households from Shangjing and enrolled palace and camp registers to populate it.
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高州，觀察。 唐信州之地。 萬歲通天元年，以契丹室活部置。 開泰中，聖宗伐高麗，以俘戶置高州。 有平頂山、灤河。 屬中京。 統縣一：
Gao Prefecture (observation commissioner). Former Tang Xin Prefecture land. Wansui Tongtian year 1 placed the Khitan Shihuo division here. During Kaitai Shengzong's Goryeo campaign founded Gao Prefecture with war captives. It has Pingding Mountain and the Luan River. Under Zhongjing. One county:
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三韓縣，辰韓為扶餘，弁韓為新羅，馬韓為高麗。 開泰中，聖宗伐高麗，俘三國之遺人置縣。 戶五千。
Sanhan County: Chenhan stood for Fuyu, Bianhan for Silla, Mahan for Goryeo. During Kaitai Shengzong's Goryeo war placed survivors of the three Han states in the county. 5,000 households.
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武安州，觀察。 唐沃州地。 太祖俘漢民居木葉山下，因建城以遷之，號杏堝新城。 復以遼西戶益之，更曰新州。 統和八年改今名。 初刺史，後升。 有黃柏嶺、裊羅水、個沒裏水。 屬中京。 統縣一：
Wu'an Prefecture (observation commissioner). Former Tang Wo Prefecture land. Taizu placed Han captives below Muye Mountain, walled a new town called Apricot Ridge, and moved them in. Liaoxi households swelled it and the seat was renamed Xin Prefecture. Tonghe year 8 gave it the present name. It began with a prefect and was later promoted. Features include Huangbai Ridge, Liaoluo River, and Gemo River. Under Zhongjing. One county:
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沃野縣。
Woye County.
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利州，中、觀察。 本中京阜俗縣。 統和二十六年置刺史州，開泰元年升。 屬中京。 統縣一：
Li Prefecture—middle grade, observation commissioner. Formerly Zhongjing's Fusu County. Tonghe year 26 made it a prefecture with a cishi; Kaitai year 1 elevated it. Under Zhongjing. One county:
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阜俗縣。 唐末，契丹漸熾，役使奚人，遷居琵琶川。 統和四年置縣。 初隸彰湣宮，更隸中京。 後置州，仍屬中京。
Fusu County. Late Tang saw the Khitan wax powerful, conscript Xi labor, and resettle them on the Pipa River. Made a county in Tonghe year 4. It first belonged to Zhangmin Palace, then to Zhongjing. A prefecture followed, still under Zhongjing.
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榆州，高平軍，下，刺史。 本漢臨渝縣地。 後隸右北平驪城縣。 唐載初二年，析慎州置黎州，處靺鞨部落，後為奚人所據。 太宗南征，橫帳解裏以所俘鎮州民置州，開泰中沒入。 屬中京。 統縣二：
Yu Prefecture—Gaoping Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Formerly Han Linyu County land. Later it fell under Youbeiping's Licheng County. In Tang Zai Chu year 2 Li Prefecture was carved from Shen to settle Mohe tribes, until the Xi took it. On his southern campaign Taizong's Horizontal Account Jieli placed Zhen captives here; Kaitai absorbed and abolished the prefecture. Under Zhongjing. Two counties:
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和眾縣。 本新黎縣地。 永和縣。 本漢昌城縣地。 統和二十二年置。
Hezhong County. Formerly Xinli County land. Yonghe County. Formerly Han Changcheng County ground. Founded in Tonghe year 22.
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澤州，廣濟軍，下，刺史。 本漢土垠縣地。 太祖俘蔚州民，立寨居之，采煉陷河銀冶。 隸中京留守司。 開泰中置澤州。 有松亭關、神山、九宮嶺、石子嶺、濼河、撒河。 屬中京。 統縣二：
Ze Prefecture—Guangji Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Formerly Han Tuyin County land. Taizu took Wei Prefecture captives, founded a stockade, and worked the Xianhe silver mines. It answered to the Zhongjing regent. Kaitai established Ze Prefecture. Landmarks include Songting Pass, Spirit Mountain, Jiugong and Shizi ridges, the Luo River, and the Sa River. Under Zhongjing. Two counties:
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神山縣。 神山在西南。 灤河縣。 本漢徐無縣地。 屬永興宮。
Shenshan County. Spirit Mountain stands in the southwest. Luanhe County. Formerly Han Xuwu County land. Under Yongxing Palace.
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北安州，興化軍，上，刺史。 本漢女祁縣地，屬上谷郡。 晉為馮跋所據。 唐為奚王府西省地。 聖宗以漢戶置北安州。 屬中京。 統縣一：興化縣。 本漢且居縣地。
Bei'an Prefecture—Xinghua Army, upper grade, with a prefect. Formerly Han Nuqi County in Shanggu Commandery. Jin times saw Feng Ba take it. Tang made it the Xi princely house's western domain. Shengzong placed Han households and founded Bei'an Prefecture. Under Zhongjing. One county: Xinghua County. Formerly Han Qieju County land.
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潭州，廣潤軍，下，刺史。 本中京之龍山縣，開泰中置州，仍屬中京。 統縣一：龍山縣。 本漢交黎縣地。 開泰二年以習家寨置。
Tan Prefecture—Guangrun Army, lower grade, with a prefect. It was Zhongjing's Longshan County; Kaitai made it a prefecture still under Zhongjing. One county: Longshan County. Formerly Han Jiaoli County ground. Kaitai year 2 founded it from Xijia Stockade.
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松山州，勝安地，下，刺史。 開泰中置。 統和八年省，復置。 屬中京。 統縣一：
Songshan Prefecture—Sheng'an territory, lower grade, with a prefect. Created in Kaitai. Tonghe year 8 abolished it; later it was restored. Under Zhongjing. One county:
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松山縣。 本漢文成縣地。 邊松漠，商賈會沖。 開泰二年置縣。 有松山川。
Songshan County. Formerly Han Wencheng County land. On the Songmo frontier, a hub of trade. Made a county in Kaitai year 2. The Song Mountain river runs through it.
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宋王曾《上契丹事》曰：出燕京北門，至望京館。 五十里至順州。 七十里至檀州，漸入山。 五十里至金溝館。 將至館，川原平曠，謂之金溝澱。 自此入山，詰曲登陟，無復裏堠，但以馬行記日，約其里數。 九十里至古北口，兩傍峻崖，僅容車軌。 又度德勝嶺，盤道數層，俗名思鄉嶺，八十里至新館。 過雕窠嶺、偏槍嶺，四十里至臥如來館。 過烏灤河，東有灤州，又過摸鬥嶺，一名渡雲嶺，芹菜嶺，七十里至柳河館。 松亭嶺甚險峻，七十里至打造部落館。 東南行五十里至牛山館。 八十里至鹿兒峽館。 過蝦蟆嶺，九十里至鐵漿館。 過石子嶺，自此漸出山，七十里至富谷館。 八十里至通天館，二十里至中京大定府。 城垣卑小，方圓才四里許。 門但重屋，無築阇之制。 南門曰朱夏，門內通步廊，多坊門。 又有市樓四：曰天方、大衢、通阛、望闕。 次至大同館。 其門正北曰陽德、閶闔。 城內西南隅岡上有寺。 城南有園圃，宴射之所。 自過古北口，居人草庵板屋，耕種，但無桑柘； 所種皆從壟上，虞吹沙所壅。 山中長松郁然，深谷中時見畜牧牛馬橐駝，多青羊黃豕。
Wang Zeng's Account of Service to the Khitan records: from Yanjing's north gate to Wangjing Hostel, fifty li to Shun Prefecture; seventy li to Tan Prefecture as the road climbs into hills; another fifty li reaches Jingou Hostel. Near the hostel the valley floor widens into what they call the Jingou flats. Beyond lies twisting mountain grades without mileposts; travelers count days on horseback to reckon distance. Ninety li brings Gubeikou, where cliffs on both sides admit only a single cart track. Desheng Ridge's switchbacks, known as Homesick Ridge, lead eighty li to Xin Hostel. Past Diaoke and Pianqiang ridges, forty li to the Reclining Tathagata Hostel. The Wuluan River is crossed with Luan Prefecture eastward; Modou Ridge, alias Duyun and Qincai ridges, lies seventy li before Liuhe Hostel. Songting Ridge is sheer; seventy li farther stands the Forging Tribes Hostel. Fifty li southeast to Niushan Hostel. Eighty li to Deer Gorge Hostel. Over Hamo Ridge, ninety li to Iron-Slurry Hostel. Shizi Ridge passed, the road slowly descends from the hills; seventy li to Fugu Hostel. Eighty li to Tongtian Hostel, then twenty li to Zhongjing at Dading Prefecture. Walls are low and the city circuit scarcely four li around. Gatehouses are stacked roofs without barbican towers. The south gate Zhuxia opens on covered walkways and many lane gates. Four market towers stand: Tianfang, Daqu, Tonghuan, and Wangque. Farther on lies Datong Hostel. Its north-facing gate bears the names Yangde and Changge. A temple crowns a southwest hill inside the walls. South of the walls lie gardens used for feasts and archery. Beyond Gubeikou people dwell in thatch huts and plank houses and till fields, yet plant no mulberry or catalpa; crops are sown on ridge tops for fear windblown sand would bury them. Mountains hold thick pine; valleys often show cattle, horses, and camels, with many blue sheep and yellow hogs.
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成州，興府軍，節度。 晉國長公主以媵戶置，軍曰長慶，隸上京。 復改軍名。 統縣一：同昌縣。
Cheng Prefecture—Xingfu Army, military commissioner. The Jin Senior Princess founded it with dowry households under the Changqing army, subordinate to Shangjing. The army designation was later renamed. One county: Tongchang County.
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興中府。 本霸州彰武軍，節度。 古孤竹國。 漢柳城縣地。 慕容皝以柳城之北，龍山之南，福德之地，乃築龍城，構宮廟，改柳城為龍城縣，遂遷都，號曰和龍宮。 慕容垂復居焉，後為北跋所滅。 元魏取為遼西郡。 隋平高保寧，置營州。 煬帝廢州置柳城郡。 唐武德初改營州總管府，尋為都督府。 萬歲通天中，陷李萬榮。 神龍初，移府幽州。 開元四年，復治柳城。 八年，西徙漁陽。 十年，還柳城。 後為奚所據。 太祖平奚及俘燕民，將建城，命韓知方擇其處。 乃完葺柳城，號霸州彰武軍，節度。 統和中，制置建、霸、宜、錦、白川等五州。 尋落制置，隸積慶宮。 後屬興聖宮。 重熙十年升興中府。 有大華山、小華山、香高山、麝香崖，天授皇帝刻石在焉，駐龍峪、神射泉、小靈河。 統州二、縣四：
Xingzhong Prefecture. Formerly Ba Prefecture (Zhangwu Army), military commissioner. Land of ancient Guzhu. Han Liucheng County ground. Murong Huang deemed the tract between Liucheng and Long Mountain auspicious, built Long City with palaces and shrines, renamed Liucheng Longcheng County, moved the capital, and called it Helong Palace. Murong Chui returned there; Northern Yan later destroyed it. Northern Wei made it Liaoxi Commandery. Sui subdued Gao Baoning and established Ying Prefecture. Sui Yang-di abolished the prefecture for Liucheng Commandery. Early Tang Wude made it Ying chief command, soon a protectorate seat. Wansui Tongtian saw it lost to Li Wanrong. Early Shenlong shifted the seat to Youzhou. Kaiyuan year 4 returned government to Liucheng. Year 8 the seat moved west to Yuyang. Year 10 brought it back to Liucheng. The Xi later held it. Taizu subdued the Xi, took Yan captives, and charged Han Zhifang to choose a city site. Liucheng was rebuilt as Ba Prefecture (Zhangwu Army) with a military commissioner. Tonghe created a frontier commission over Jian, Ba, Yi, Jin, and Baichuan prefectures. The commission was soon dropped and the seat joined Jiqing Palace. Later it passed to Xingsheng Palace. Chongxi year 10 elevated it to Xingzhong Prefecture. It boasts Great and Little Huashan, Xianggao Mountain, Musk Cliff with the Heaven-Granted Emperor's inscription, Zhulong Vale, Divine Archery Spring, and the Little Ling River. It governed two prefectures and four counties:
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興中縣。 本漢柳城縣地。 太祖掠漢民居此，建霸城縣。 重熙中置府，更名。 營丘縣。 析霸城置。 象雷縣。 開泰二年以麥務川置。 初隸中京。 後屬。
Xingzhong County. Formerly Han Liucheng County land. Taizu settled plundered Han households and founded Bacheng County. Chongxi established the prefecture and renamed the county. Yingqiu County. Carved from Bacheng. Xianglei County. Kaitai year 2 founded it on the Maiwu River. First under Zhongjing. Later subordinate.
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閭山縣。 本漢且慮縣。 開泰二年以羅家軍置。 隸中京，後屬。
Lüshan County. Formerly Han Qielü County. Kaitai year 2 created it from the Luo Family Army. First under Zhongjing, later under the prefecture.
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安德州，化平軍，下，刺史。 以霸州安德縣置，來屬。 統縣一：安德縣。 統和八年析霸城東南龍山徒河境戶置。 初隸乾州，更屬霸州，置州來屬。
An'de Prefecture—Huaping Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Created from Ba's An'de County and attached here. One county: An'de County. Tonghe year 8 settled households from southeast Bacheng and the Long Mountain and Tuhe marches. It first belonged to Qian, then Ba; establishing the prefecture brought it here.
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黔州，阜昌軍，下，刺史。 本漢遼西郡地。 太祖平渤海，以所俘戶居之，隸黑水河提轄司。 安帝置州，析宜、霸二州漢戶益之。 初隸永興宮，更隸中京，後置府，來屬。 統縣一：盛吉縣。 太祖平渤海，俘興州盛吉縣民來居，因置縣。
Qian Prefecture—Fuchang Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Formerly Han Liaoxi Commandery land. Taizu conquered Bohai, placed captives here under the Blackwater River commissioner. Emperor An founded the prefecture and augmented it with Han households from Yi and Ba. It passed from Yongxing Palace to Zhongjing, then to Xingzhong when that prefecture rose. One county: Shengji County. After Bohai's conquest, Xing Prefecture's Shengji captives were settled and the county founded.
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宜州，崇義軍，上，節度。 本遼西累縣地。 東丹王每秋畋於此。 興宗以定州俘戶建州。 有墳山，松柏連亙百餘里，禁樵采，浚河，累石為堤。 隸積慶宮。 統縣二：
Yi Prefecture—Chongyi Army, upper grade, military commissioner. Formerly Liaoxi Lei County land. The Dongdan king autumn-hunted here each year. Xingzong founded it with Ding Prefecture captives. Tomb Mountain bears pines and cypress for a hundred li with logging banned; the river was dredged and stone dikes raised. Under Jiqing Palace. Two counties:
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弘政縣。 世宗以定州俘戶置。 民工織纴，多技巧。 聞義縣。 世宗置。 初隸海北州，後來屬。
Hongzheng County. Shizong settled it with Ding captives. Han craftsmen weave cloth with notable skill. Wenyi County. Shizong founded it. It first belonged to Haibei Prefecture, then to Yi.
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錦州，臨海軍，中，節度。 本漢遼東無慮縣。 慕容皝置西樂縣。 太祖以漢俘建州。 有大胡僧山、小胡僧山、大查牙山、小查牙山、淘河島。 隸弘義宮。 統州一、縣二：
Jin Prefecture—Linhai Army, middle grade, military commissioner. Formerly Han Liaodong Wulü County. Murong Huang established Xile County. Taizu founded the prefecture with Han captives. Landmarks include Great and Little Huseng and Chaya mountains and Taohe Island. Under Hongyi Palace. It governed one prefecture and two counties:
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永樂縣。
Yongle County.
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安昌縣。 巖州，保肅軍，下，刺史。 本漢海陽縣地。 太祖平渤海，遷漢戶雜居興州境，聖宗於此建城焉。 隸弘義宮，來屬。 統縣一：興城縣。
Anchang County. Yan Prefecture—Baosu Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Formerly Han Haiyang County land. Taizu after conquering Bohai mingled Han households in Xing Prefecture; Shengzong walled a city here. Under Hongyi Palace, then attached to Jin Prefecture. One county: Xingcheng County.
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川州，長寧軍，中，節度。 本唐青山州地。 太祖弟明王安端置。 會同三年，詔為白川州。 安端子察割以大逆誅，沒入，省曰川州。 初隸崇德宮，統和中屬文忠王府。 統縣三：
Chuan Prefecture—Changning Army, middle grade, military commissioner. Formerly Tang Qingshan Prefecture land. Taizu's brother Prince Ming, Anduan, founded it. Huitong year 3 renamed it Baichuan Prefecture by edict. Anduan's son Chalie died for treason; the domain was seized and the seat shortened to Chuan Prefecture. It first answered to Chongde Palace; Tonghe placed it under the Wenzhong princely house. Three counties:
35
弘理縣。 統和八年以諸宮提轄司戶置。 咸康縣。 宜民縣。 統和中置。
Hongli County. Tonghe year 8 settled it with households from palace commissioners. Xiankang County. Yimin County. Founded in Tonghe.
36
永霸縣。 永康縣。 本唐昌黎縣地。
Yongba County. Yongkang County. Formerly Tang Changli County land.
37
來州，歸德軍，下，節度。 聖宗以女直五部歲饑來歸，置州居之。 初刺史，後升。 隸永興宮。 有三州山、六州山、五脂山。 統州二、縣一：來賓縣。 本唐來遠縣地。
Lai Prefecture—Guide Army, lower grade, military commissioner. Shengzong received the five Jurchen divisions in famine years and founded the prefecture to house them. It began with a prefect and was later elevated. Under Yongxing Palace. It has Sanzhou, Liuzhou, and Wuzhi mountains. It governed two prefectures and one county, Laibin County. Formerly Tang Laiyuan County land.
38
隰州，平海軍，下，刺史。 慕容皝置集寧縣。 聖宗括帳戶遷信州，大雪不能進，建城於此，置焉。 隸興聖宮，來屬。 統縣一：海浜縣。 本漢縣。 瀕海，地多堿鹵，置鹽場於此。
Xi Prefecture—Pinghai Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Murong Huang established Jining County. Shengzong mustered registers to relocate to Xin Prefecture; snow halted the march, so a city and prefecture were founded here. Under Xingsheng Palace, then attached to Xingzhong. One county: Haibin County. Formerly a Han county. It borders the sea on saline soil where salt pans were established.
39
遷州，興善軍，下，刺史。 本漢陽樂縣地。 聖宗平大延琳，遷歸州民置，來屬。 有箭笴山。 統縣一：遷民縣。
Qian Prefecture—Xingshan Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Formerly Han Yangle County land. After pacifying Da Yanlin, Shengzong resettled Gui Prefecture people here and attached the seat. It has Jianjian Mountain. One county: Qianmin County.
40
潤州，海陽軍，下，刺史。 聖宗平大延琳，遷寧州之民居此，置州。 統縣一：
Run Prefecture—Haiyang Army, lower grade, with a prefect. After Da Yanlin's defeat Shengzong relocated Ning Prefecture households and founded Run Prefecture. One county:
41
海陽縣。 本漢陽樂縣地，遷潤州，本東京城內渤海民戶，因叛，移於此。
Haiyang County. Formerly Han Yangle County; Run Prefecture received Eastern Capital Bohai households moved here after a revolt.