1
高麗自有國以來，傳次久近，人民土田，歷代各有其志，然高麗與遼，相為終始二百餘年。 自太祖皇帝神冊間，高麗遣使進寶劍。 天贊三年，來貢。 太宗天顯二年，來貢。 會同二年，受晉上尊號冊，遣使往報。 聖宗統和三年秋七月，詔諸道各完戎器，以備東征高麗。 八月，以遼澤沮洳，罷師。 十年，以東京留守蕭恒德伐高麗。 十一年，王治遣樸良柔奉表請罪，詔取女直國鴨淥江東數百里地賜之。 十二年，入貢。 三月，王治遣使請所俘生口，詔贖還之，仍遣使撫諭。 十二月，王治進妓樂，詔卻之。 十三年，治遣李周楨來貢，又進鷹。 十月，遣李知白奉貢。 十一月，遣使冊治為王。 遣童子十人來學本國語。 十四年，王治表乞為婚姻，以東京留守駙馬蕭恒德女下嫁之。 六月，遣使來問起居。 自是至者無時。
From the time Goryeo became a kingdom, its dynastic lines rose and fell at different intervals, and generation after generation its people and territory pursued their own aims; yet Goryeo and Liao remained entwined with one another for more than two hundred years, from first to last. During the Shence reign of Emperor Taizu, Goryeo dispatched envoys bearing a treasured sword as tribute. In the third year of Tianzan, they sent tribute. In the second year of Tianxian under Emperor Taizong, they sent tribute again. In the second year of Huitong, after receiving the honorific title register from Jin, the court sent envoys to inform Goryeo. In the seventh month of autumn in the third year of Tonghe, Emperor Shengzong ordered every circuit to ready its arms in preparation for a campaign east against Goryeo. In the eighth month the expedition was called off, the Liao marshes being too boggy to advance. In the tenth year, Xiao Hengde, garrison commander of the Eastern Capital, led a campaign against Goryeo. In the eleventh year, King Wang Che sent Park Yang-yu with a memorial submitting to judgment; the court decreed that several hundred li of territory east of the Yalu River in Jurchen lands be granted to Goryeo. In the twelfth year, Goryeo sent tribute. In the third month, Wang Che asked for the return of captives taken alive; the court ordered them ransomed and sent back, and dispatched envoys to reassure him. In the twelfth month, Wang Che offered female entertainers and musicians; the court declined the gift. In the thirteenth year, Wang Che sent Li Zhouzhen with tribute and also presented hunting hawks. In the tenth month, he sent Li Zhibai bearing tribute. In the eleventh month, the court dispatched envoys to invest Wang Che as king of Goryeo. Goryeo sent ten youths to study the Khitan language. In the fourteenth year, Wang Che petitioned for a marriage alliance, and the daughter of Xiao Hengde, garrison commander of the Eastern Capital and an imperial son-in-law, was given to him in marriage. In the sixth month, Goryeo sent envoys to inquire after the emperor's well-being. From then on, envoys arrived without pause.
2
五月，高麗西京留守康肇弒其主誦，擅立誦從兄詢。 八月，聖宗自將伐高麗，報宋，遣引進使韓杞宣問詢。 詢奉表乞罷師，不許。 十一月，大軍渡鴨淥江，康肇拒戰於銅州，敗之。 肇復出，右皮室詳穩耶律敵魯擒肇等，追奔數十里，獲所棄糧餉、鎧仗，銅、霍、貴、寧等州皆降。 詢上表請朝，許之，禁軍士俘掠。 以政事舍人馬保祐為開京留守，安州團練使王八為副留守。 太子太師乙凜將騎兵一千，送保祐等赴京。 守將卓思正殺我使者韓喜孫等十人，領兵出拒，保祐等復還。 乙凜領兵擊之，思正遂奔西京。 圍之五日，不克，駐蹕於城西佛寺。 高麗禮部郎中渤海陀失來降。 遣排押、盆奴攻開京，遇敵於京西，敗之。 詢棄城遁走，遂焚開京，至清江而還。 二十九年正月，班師，所降諸城復叛。 至貴州南嶺谷，大雨連日，霽乃得渡，馬駝皆疲乏，甲仗多遺棄。 次鴨淥江，以所俘人分置諸陵廟，余賜內戚、大臣。
In the fifth month, Kang Cho, garrison commander of Goryeo's Western Capital, assassinated King Wang Song and installed Song's cousin Wang Seon as king without authorization. In the eighth month, Emperor Shengzong led the campaign against Goryeo in person, notified the Song court, and sent Introducing Commissioner Han Qi to confront Wang Seon. Wang Seon submitted a memorial pleading for withdrawal of the army; the request was refused. In the eleventh month the main force crossed the Yalu River; Kang Cho made a stand at Tong Prefecture and was defeated. When Kang Cho sallied forth again, Yelu Dilu, detailed commander of the Right Pishi Army, captured him and his followers, pursued the fleeing enemy for dozens of li, and seized abandoned supplies and arms; Tong, Huo, Gui, Ning, and other prefectures all submitted. Wang Seon petitioned for permission to come to court; the request was granted, and the troops were forbidden to take captives or loot. Ma Baoyou, an Administrative Affairs Attendant, was appointed garrison commander of Kaesong, with Wang Ba, militia commissioner of An Prefecture, as his deputy. Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent Yi Lin led a thousand horsemen to escort Ma Baoyou and his party to Kaesong. The defending general Zhuo Sizheng killed ten of our envoys, including Han Xisun, marched out to resist, and Ma Baoyou's party was forced to turn back. Yi Lin attacked him, and Zhuo Sizheng fled to the Western Capital. After a five-day siege that failed to capture the city, the emperor encamped at a Buddhist temple west of the walls. Bohai Tuoshi, a director in Goryeo's Ministry of Rites, came over to the Liao side. Paiya and Pennu were dispatched to attack Kaesong; west of the capital they met the enemy and routed them. Wang Seon abandoned the city and fled; the Liao forces burned Kaesong and withdrew as far as the Qing River. In the first month of the twenty-ninth year the army withdrew, and the cities that had submitted rose in revolt again. At Southern Ridge Valley in Gui Prefecture, days of torrential rain held them up; only when the skies cleared could they cross. Horses and camels were spent, and much armor and weaponry had to be left behind. The army halted at the Yalu River; captives were apportioned among the imperial mausoleums and temples, and the rest were bestowed on imperial relatives and high officials.
3
開泰元年，詢遣蔡忠順來乞稱臣如舊，詔詢親朝。 八月，遣田拱之奉表，稱病不能朝。 詔復取六州之地。 二年，耶律資忠使高麗取地，未幾還。 三年，資忠復使，如前索地。 五月，詔國舅詳穩蕭敵烈、東京留守耶律團石等造浮梁於鴨淥江，城保、宣義、定遠等州。 四年，命北府宰相劉慎行為都統，樞密使耶律世良為副，殿前都點檢蕭虛烈為都監。 慎行挈家邊上，致緩師期，追還之，以世良、虛烈總兵伐高麗。 五年，世良等與高麗戰於郭州西，破之。 六年，樞密使蕭合卓為都統，漢人行宮都部署王繼忠為副，殿前都點檢蕭虛烈為都監進討。 蕭合卓攻興化軍不克，師還。 七年，詔東平郡王蕭排押為都統，蕭虛烈為副統，東京留守耶律八哥為都監，復伐高麗。 十二月，蕭排押與戰於茶、陀二河之間，我軍不利，天雲、右皮室二軍沒溺者眾，天雲軍詳穩海裏、遙輦帳詳穩阿果達、客省使酌古、渤海詳穩高清明等皆沒於陣。 八年，詔數排押討高麗罪，釋之。 加有功將校，益封戰沒將校之妻，錄其子弟。 以南皮室軍校有功，賜衣物銀絹有差，出金帛賜肴裏、涅哥二奚軍。 八月，遣郎君曷不呂等率諸部兵，會大軍同討高麗。 詢遣使來乞貢方物。 九年，資忠還，以詢降表進，釋詢罪。
In the first year of Kaitai, Wang Seon sent Cai Zhongshun to plead for restoration of his former subject status; the court ordered him to appear in person. In the eighth month, Tian Gongzhi was sent with a memorial claiming illness and inability to come to court. An edict ordered the recovery of the six prefectures. In the second year, Yelu Zizhong was sent to Goryeo to reclaim the territory; he returned before long. In the third year, Zizhong was sent again to demand the territory on the same terms. In the fifth month, the court ordered Xiao Dilie, detailed commander of the imperial maternal uncle's command, Yelu Tuanshi, garrison commander of the Eastern Capital, and others to build a pontoon bridge across the Yalu and to wall the prefectures of Bao, Xuanyi, Dingyuan, and the like. In the fourth year, Liu Shenxing, chancellor of the Northern Chancellery, was appointed commander-in-chief; Privy Commissioner Yelu Shiliang was made his deputy; and Palace Front Commander Xiao Xulie was made chief overseer. Shenxing brought his household to the frontier and thereby delayed the campaign; he was recalled, and Shiliang and Xulie were placed in overall command of the attack on Goryeo. In the fifth year, Shiliang and his forces defeated the Goryeo army west of Guo Prefecture. In the sixth year, Privy Commissioner Xiao Hezhuo was appointed commander-in-chief, Wang Jizhong, director of the Han mobile palace command, was made deputy, and Palace Front Commander Xiao Xulie was made chief overseer for the advance. Xiao Hezhuo besieged Xinghua Army without success, and the army withdrew. In the seventh year, Eastern Peace Prince Xiao Paiya was appointed commander-in-chief, Xiao Xulie deputy commander, and Yelu Bage, garrison commander of the Eastern Capital, chief overseer for another campaign against Goryeo. In the twelfth month, Xiao Paiya engaged the enemy between the Cha and Tuo rivers. Our forces fared badly: many men of the Tianyun and Right Pishi armies were drowned. Detailed commanders Haili of the Tianyun Army, Aguoda of the Yaolian Account, Reception Commissioner Zhuogu, Bohai detailed commander Gao Qingming, and others all fell in the field. In the eighth year, the court listed Xiao Paiya's offenses in the Goryeo campaign and then pardoned him. Officers who had distinguished themselves were promoted; the wives of officers killed in battle received additional grants of rank, and their sons and younger brothers were enrolled for office. Officers of the Southern Pishi Army who had performed well were rewarded with graded gifts of clothing, silver, and silk; gold and silks were also distributed to the Yaoli and Niege Xi contingents. In the eighth month, Habuli and other commanders were sent to lead the forces of the various commands in joining the main army for a joint campaign against Goryeo. Wang Seon sent envoys asking permission to resume tribute of local products. In the ninth year, Zizhong returned with Wang Seon's submission; the court accepted his surrender and pardoned him.
4
太平元年，詢薨，遣使來報嗣位，即遣使冊王欽為王。 九年，賜欽物。 十一年，聖宗崩，遣使告哀。 七月，使來慰奠。 興宗重熙七年，來貢。 十二年三月，以加上尊號，來賀。 十三年，遣使來貢。 十四年三月，又來貢。 十五年，入貢。 八月，王欽薨，遣使來告。 十六年，來貢。 明年，又來貢。 十九年，復貢。 六月，遣使來賀伐夏之捷。 二十二年，入貢。 二十三年四月，王徽請官其子，詔加檢校太尉。 興宗崩，道宗即位，清寧元年八月，遣使報國哀，以先帝遺留物賜之。 十一月，使來會葬。 二年、三年，皆來貢。 四年春，遣使報太皇太后哀。 五月，使來會葬。 咸雍七年、八年，來貢。 十二月，以佛經一藏賜徽。 九年、十年，來貢。 大康二年三月，皇太后崩，遣使報哀。 六月，使來吊祭。 四年，王徽乞賜鴨淥江以東地，不許。 九年八月，王徽薨，以徽子三韓國公勛權知國事。 十二月，勛薨。 大安元年，冊勛子運為國王。 二年，遣使來謝封冊。 三年，來貢。 四年三月，免歲貢。 五年、六年，連貢。 九年，賜王運羊。 十年，運薨，子昱遣使來告，即賻贈。 壽隆元年，來貢。 十一月，王昱病，命其子颙權知國事。 二年，來貢。 三年三月，王昱薨。 五年，王颙乞封冊。 六年，封颙為三韓國公。 七年，道宗崩，天祚即位，改為乾統元年，報道宗哀，使來慰奠。 十二月，遣使來賀。 五年，三韓國公颙薨，子俁遣使來告。 八年，封俁為三韓國公，贈其父颙為國王。 十二月，遣使來謝。 九年，來貢。 天慶二年，王俁母薨，來告，遣使致祭，起復。 三年，遣使來謝致祭，又來謝起復。 十年，乞兵於高麗以禦金，而金人責之。 至是遼國亡矣。
In the first year of Taiping, Wang Seon died; Goryeo sent envoys to announce the succession, and the court at once dispatched envoys to invest Wang Qin as king. In the ninth year, the court bestowed gifts on Wang Qin. In the eleventh year, Emperor Shengzong died, and Goryeo sent envoys to announce the mourning. In the seventh month, Goryeo sent envoys to offer condolences. In the seventh year of Chongxi under Emperor Xingzong, Goryeo sent tribute. In the third month of the twelfth year, Goryeo sent envoys to congratulate the court on the bestowal of an honorific title. In the thirteenth year, Goryeo sent tribute. In the third month of the fourteenth year, tribute came again. In the fifteenth year, Goryeo sent tribute. In the eighth month, Wang Qin died, and Goryeo sent envoys to announce his death. In the sixteenth year, Goryeo sent tribute. The following year, tribute came again. In the nineteenth year, tribute was sent once more. In the sixth month, Goryeo sent envoys to congratulate the victory over Western Xia. In the twenty-second year, Goryeo sent tribute. In the fourth month of the twenty-third year, Wang Hui asked that his son be given an office; the court granted him the honorary title of Grand Commandant. When Emperor Xingzong died and Emperor Daozong succeeded, Goryeo sent envoys in the eighth month of the first year of Qingning to announce the mourning; the court bestowed goods left by the late emperor. In the eleventh month, Goryeo sent envoys to attend the funeral. In the second and third years, Goryeo sent tribute both years. In the spring of the fourth year, Goryeo sent envoys to announce the death of the Grand Empress Dowager. In the fifth month, envoys came to attend her funeral. In the seventh and eighth years of Xianyong, Goryeo sent tribute. In the twelfth month, the court presented Wang Hui with a complete set of Buddhist scriptures. In the ninth and tenth years, Goryeo sent tribute. In the third month of the second year of Dakang, the Empress Dowager died, and Goryeo sent envoys to announce the mourning. In the sixth month, envoys came to perform mourning rites. In the fourth year, Wang Hui asked for territory east of the Yalu River; the request was denied. In the eighth month of the ninth year, Wang Hui died; his son Xun, Duke of the Three Han State, was appointed provisional regent. In the twelfth month, Xun died as well. In the first year of Da'an, Xun's son Yun was invested as king of Goryeo. In the second year, Goryeo sent envoys to thank the court for the investiture. In the third year, Goryeo sent tribute. In the third month of the fourth year, the court exempted Goryeo from its annual tribute. In the fifth and sixth years, Goryeo sent tribute two years running. In the ninth year, the court presented King Yun with sheep. In the tenth year, Yun died; his son Yu sent envoys to announce the death, and the court at once sent funeral gifts. In the first year of Shoulong, Goryeo sent tribute. In the eleventh month, Wang Yu fell ill and appointed his son Yong provisional regent. In the second year, Goryeo sent tribute. In the third month of the third year, Wang Yu died. In the fifth year, Wang Yong petitioned for formal investiture. In the sixth year, Yong was enfeoffed as Duke of the Three Han State. In the seventh year, Emperor Daozong died and Tianzuo succeeded, changing the era to Qiantong 1; Goryeo announced the mourning, and Liao envoys came to offer condolences. In the twelfth month, Goryeo sent envoys to congratulate the new reign. In the fifth year, Duke Yong of the Three Han State died; his son Hou sent envoys to announce the death. In the eighth year, Hou was enfeoffed as Duke of the Three Han State, and his father Yong was posthumously honored as king. In the twelfth month, Goryeo sent envoys to express thanks. In the ninth year, Goryeo sent tribute. In the second year of Tianqing, the mother of Wang Hou died; Goryeo sent word, and the court dispatched envoys to perform sacrifices and ordered Hou to leave mourning. In the third year, Goryeo sent envoys to thank the court for performing the sacrifices and again to thank for the order to leave mourning. In the tenth year, Liao asked Goryeo for troops to resist the Jin, and the Jin held Goryeo responsible. With that, the Liao state came to an end.
5
○西夏
○ Western Xia
6
西夏，本魏拓跋氏後，其地則赫連國也。 遠祖思恭，唐季受賜姓曰李，涉五代至宋，世有其地。 至李繼遷始大，據夏、銀、綏、宥、靜五州，緣境七鎮，其東西二十五驛，南北十餘驛。 子德明，曉佛書，通法律，嘗觀《太一金鑒訣》、《野戰歌》，制番書十二卷，又制字若符篆。
Western Xia descended from the Tuoba clan of Northern Wei; their lands had once been the realm of Helian Bobo. Their remote ancestor Sigong received the surname Li from the Tang court in its final years; through the Five Dynasties and into Song, his line held the same territory generation after generation. Under Li Jiqian the state first rose to power, holding the five prefectures of Xia, Yin, Sui, You, and Jing, seven border garrisons, twenty-five courier stations east to west, and more than ten north to south. His son Deming was learned in Buddhist texts and versed in law; he studied works such as the Taiyi Golden Mirror Formula and the Field Battle Songs, compiled twelve fascicles in the Tangut script, and devised a writing system resembling seal characters.
7
其俗，衣白窄衫，氈冠，冠後垂紅結綬。 自號嵬名，設官分文武。 其冠用金縷貼，間起雲，銀紙帖，緋衣，金塗銀帶，佩蹀躞、解錐、短刀、弓矢，穿靴，禿發，耳重環，紫旋襕六襲。 出入乘馬，張青蓋，以二旗前引，從者百餘騎。 民庶衣青綠。 革樂之五音為一音，裁禮之九拜為三拜。 凡出兵先卜，有四：一炙勃焦，以艾灼羊胛骨； 二擗算，擗竹於地以求數，若揲蓍然； 三咒羊，其夜牽羊，焚香禱之，又焚谷火於野，次晨屠羊，腸胃通則吉，羊心有血則敗； 四矢擊弦，聽其聲，知勝負及敵至之期。 病者不用醫藥，召巫者送鬼，西夏語以巫為「廝」也； 或遷他室，謂之「閃病」。 喜報仇，有喪則不伐人，負甲葉於背識之。 仇解，用雞豬犬血和酒，貯於髑髏中飲之，乃誓曰：「若復報仇，穀麥不收，男女禿癩，六畜死，蛇入帳。」 有力小不能復仇者，集壯婦，享以牛羊酒食，趨讎家縱火，焚其廬舍。 俗曰敵女兵不祥，輒避去。 訴於官，官擇舌辯氣直之人為和斷，官聽其屈直。 殺人者，納命價錢百二十千。
In dress they wore white narrow shirts and felt caps with red knotted cords hanging down behind. They took the title Weiming and organized government into civil and military offices. Official caps were adorned with gold-thread cloud motifs and silver appliqué; they wore scarlet robes, gold-plated silver belts, gaiters, awl-pouches, short knives, bows and arrows, and boots; they shaved the head, wore heavy ear-rings, and donned six layers of purple spiral-lapel robes. They traveled on horseback beneath blue canopies, preceded by two banners, with more than a hundred mounted attendants. Commoners dressed in blue-green. They compressed the five tones of their leather music into one, and reduced the nine ritual prostrations to three. Before any campaign they divined by four methods: first, scorching the shoulder blade—burning a sheep's shoulder blade with moxa; second, splitting counting rods—breaking bamboo on the ground to obtain numbers, as with yarrow stalks; third, the sheep curse—at night they led out a sheep, burned incense and prayed, and kindled grain fires in the open; at dawn they slaughtered it: clear entrails meant good fortune, blood in the heart meant defeat; fourth, striking the bowstring with an arrow and listening to the sound to learn victory or defeat and when the enemy would come. The sick did not use medicine but called shamans to drive off spirits—the Tangut word for shaman was si; or they moved to another dwelling, which they called "flashing illness." They were eager for vengeance; while in mourning they refrained from raiding, marking themselves by wearing armor leaves on the back. To end a feud they mixed the blood of chicken, pig, and dog with wine, drank it from a skull, and swore: "If we take revenge again, grain will fail, men and women will go bald and leprous, livestock will die, and snakes will enter our tents." Those too weak to exact revenge themselves gathered strong women, feasted them with cattle, sheep, food, and wine, and sent them to the enemy's home to set fire and burn the dwellings. By custom, enemy women warriors were considered ill-omened, and troops always gave way before them. When parties brought suits to officials, the court chose eloquent and upright men to mediate, judging the merits of each side. A killer paid a life-price of one hundred twenty thousand cash.
8
土產大麥、蓽豆、青稞、皞子、古子蔓、堿地蓬實、蓯蓉苗、小蕪荑、席雞草子、地黃葉、登廂草、沙蔥、野韭、拒灰、白蒿、堿地松實。
Local produce included barley, lablab beans, highland barley, haozi, guziman, seeds of alkaline-land purslane, cistanche shoots, small elm fruits, mat-chicken grass seeds, rehmannia leaves, dengxiang grass, sand leeks, wild chives, juhui, white mugwort, and alkaline-land pine nuts.
9
民年十五為丁。 有二丁者，取一為正軍。 負擔雜使一人為抄，四丁為兩抄。 餘人得射它丁，皆習戰鬥。 正軍馬駝各一，每家自置一帳。 團練使上，帳、弓、矢各一，馬五百匹，橐駝一，旗鼓五，槍、劍、棍棓、少袋、雨氈、渾脫、鍬、钁、箭牌、鐵笊籬各一； 刺史以下，人各一駝，箭三百，毛幕一； 餘兵三人共一幕。 有炮手二百人，號「潑喜」。 勇健者號「撞令郎」。 賫糧不過一旬。 晝則舉煙、揚塵，夜則篝火為候。 若獲人馬，射之，號曰殺鬼招魂。 或射草縛人。 出軍用單日，避晦日。 多立虛寨，設伏兵。 衣重甲，乘善馬，以鐵騎為前鋒，用鉤索絞聯，雖死馬上不落。 其民俗勇悍，衣冠、騎乘、土產品物、子姓傳國，亦略知其大概耳。
At fifteen a man became liable for service. Households with two adult males furnished one regular soldier. One porter and laborer made a cao unit; four adult males made two cao. The rest could be drawn from other households' adult males; all were trained for battle. Each regular soldier had one horse and one camel; every household maintained its own tent. Officers from militia commissioner upward each had a tent, bow, and quiver; five hundred horses; one Bactrian camel; five sets of flags and drums; and one each of spear, sword, club, small bag, rain felt, inflated hide boat, spade, hoe, arrow shield, and iron rake; From prefect downward, each man had one camel, three hundred arrows, and one felt tent; ordinary soldiers shared one tent among three men. Two hundred artillerymen were called Poxi. The bravest warriors were called Zhuanglinglang. They carried no more than ten days' rations. By day they signaled with smoke and dust; by night with beacon fires. When they took men or horses captive, they shot them in a rite called "killing ghosts and summoning souls." Sometimes they shot at straw figures bound like men instead. They marched out on odd-numbered days and avoided the last day of the month. They often erected decoy camps and laid ambushes. They wore heavy armor and rode fine horses; iron cavalry led the van, linked by hook ropes so that even the dead did not fall from the saddle. Their people were by nature fierce and warlike; their dress, mounts, local products, and dynastic succession are known only in broad outline.
10
初，西夏臣宋有年，賜姓曰趙； 迨遼聖宗統和四年，繼遷叛宋，始來附遼，授特進檢校太師、都督夏州諸軍事，遂復姓李。 十月，遣使來貢。 六年，入貢。 七年，來貢，以王子帳耶律襄之女封義成公主，下嫁繼遷。 八年正月，來謝。 三月，又來貢。 九月，繼遷遣使獻宋俘。 十月，以敗宋軍來告。 十二月，下宋麟、鄜等州，來告，遣使封繼遷為夏國王。 九年二月，遣使告伐宋之捷。 四月，遣李知白來謝封冊。 七月，復綏、銀二州，來告。 十月，繼遷以宋所授敕命，遣使來上。 是月，定難軍節度使李繼捧來附，授開府儀同三司、檢校太師，兼侍中，封西平王，仍賜推忠效順啟聖定難功臣。 十二月，繼遷潛附於宋，遣韓德威持詔諭之。 十年二月，韓德威還，奏繼遷托故不出，至靈州俘掠以還。 西夏遣使來奏德威俘掠，賜詔撫諭。 十月，來貢。 十二年，入貢。 十三年，敗宋師，遣使來告。 十四年，又來貢。 十五年三月，以破宋兵來告，封繼遷為西平王。 六月，遣使來謝封冊。 十六年，來貢。 十八年，授繼遷子德明朔方軍節度使。 十九年，遣李文冀來貢。 六月，奏下宋恒、環、慶三州，賜詔褒美。 二十年，遣使來進馬、駝。 六月，遣劉仁勖來告下靈州。 二十一年，繼遷薨，其子德昭遣使來告。 六月，贈繼遷尚書令，遣西上閣門使丁振吊慰。 八月，德昭遣使來謝吊贈。 二十二年三月，德昭遣使上繼遷遺留物。 七月，封德昭為西平王。 十月，遣使來謝封冊。 二十三年，下宋青城，來告。 二十五年，德昭母薨，遣使吊祭，起復。 二十七年，承天皇太后崩，遣使報哀於夏。 二十八年，遣使冊德昭為夏國王。 開泰元年，德昭遣使進良馬。 二年，遣使引進使李延弘賜夏國王李德昭及義成公主車馬。 太平元年，來貢。 十一年，聖宗崩，報哀於夏，德昭遣使來進賻幣。
At first Western Xia had long been subject to Song and bore the granted surname Zhao; but in the fourth year of Tonghe under Emperor Shengzong, Jiqian rebelled against Song and submitted to Liao; the court appointed him Special Advancement Honorary Grand Preceptor and commander of all military affairs in Xia Prefecture, and he resumed the surname Li. In the tenth month, Western Xia sent tribute. In the sixth year, they sent tribute. In the seventh year, they sent tribute; a daughter of Yelu Xiang of the Prince's Account was enfeoffed as Princess Yicheng and given to Jiqian in marriage. In the first month of the eighth year, they came to give thanks. In the third month, tribute came again. In the ninth month, Jiqian sent envoys presenting captives taken from Song. In the tenth month, they reported a victory over the Song army. In the twelfth month, having captured the Song prefectures of Lin, Fu, and others, they sent word; the court dispatched envoys to invest Jiqian as King of Xia. In the second month of the ninth year, they reported victory in the campaign against Song. In the fourth month, Li Zhibai was sent to thank the court for the investiture. In the seventh month, they recovered Sui and Yin prefectures and sent word. In the tenth month, Jiqian sent the commission and edict Song had granted him for presentation to the Liao court. That same month, Li Jipeng, military commissioner of the Dingnan Army, submitted; the court appointed him Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with protocol equal to the Three Excellencies, Honorary Grand Preceptor, and Concurrent Palace Attendant, enfeoffed him as Prince of Western Peace, and granted him the title Meritorious Minister for Loyal Submission and Pacification. In the twelfth month, Jiqian was discovered secretly dealing with Song; Han Dewei was sent with an edict to rebuke him. In the second month of the tenth year, Han Dewei returned and reported that Jiqian had made excuses and refused to appear, then raided as far as Ling Prefecture and returned with captives and booty. Western Xia sent envoys complaining of Dewei's raid; the court issued an edict of reassurance. In the tenth month, Western Xia sent tribute. In the twelfth year, they sent tribute. In the thirteenth year, they defeated a Song army and sent word. In the fourteenth year, tribute came again. In the third month of the fifteenth year, they reported a victory over Song forces, and Jiqian was enfeoffed as Prince of Western Peace. In the sixth month, they sent envoys to thank the court for the investiture. In the sixteenth year, they sent tribute. In the eighteenth year, Jiqian's son Deming was appointed military commissioner of the Shuofang Army. In the nineteenth year, Li Wenji was sent with tribute. In the sixth month, they reported the capture of the Song prefectures of Heng, Huan, and Qing; the court issued an edict of praise. In the twentieth year, they sent horses and camels as tribute. In the sixth month, Liu Renxu was sent to report the capture of Ling Prefecture. In the twenty-first year, Jiqian died; his son Dezhao sent envoys to announce his death. In the sixth month, Jiqian was posthumously made Minister of the Masters of Writing, and Western Upper Gate Commissioner Ding Zhen was sent to offer condolences. In the eighth month, Dezhao sent envoys to thank the court for the condolences and posthumous honors. In the third month of the twenty-second year, Dezhao sent the goods Jiqian had left behind. In the seventh month, Dezhao was enfeoffed as Prince of Western Peace. In the tenth month, they sent envoys to thank the court for the investiture. In the twenty-third year, they captured Qingcheng from Song and sent word. In the twenty-fifth year, Dezhao's mother died; the court sent envoys to perform mourning rites and ordered Dezhao to leave mourning. In the twenty-seventh year, Empress Dowager Chengtian died, and envoys were sent to announce the mourning to Western Xia. In the twenty-eighth year, envoys were sent to invest Dezhao as King of Xia. In the first year of Kaitai, Dezhao sent fine horses as tribute. In the second year, Introducing Commissioner Li Yanhong was sent to present carriages and horses to King Li Dezhao of Xia and Princess Yicheng. In the first year of Taiping, Western Xia sent tribute. In the eleventh year, Emperor Shengzong died; the court announced the mourning to Western Xia, and Dezhao sent funeral gifts.
11
興宗即位，以興平公主下嫁李元昊，以元昊為駙馬都尉。 重熙元年，夏國遣使來賀。 李德昭薨，冊其子夏國公元昊為王。 二年，來貢。 十二月，禁夏國使沿路私市金鐵。 七年，來貢。 李元昊與平公主不諧，公主薨，遣北院承旨耶律庶成持詔問之。 九年，宋遣郭禎以伐夏來報。 十年，夏國獻所俘宋將及生口。 十一年，遣使問宋興師伐夏之由。 十二月，禁吐渾鬻馬於夏，沿邊築障塞以防之。 十二年正月，遣同知析津府事耶律敵烈、樞密都承旨王惟吉諭夏國與宋和。 二月，元昊以加上尊號，遣使來賀。 耶律敵烈等使夏國還，奏元昊罷兵，遣使報宋。 四月，夏國遣使進馬、駝。 七月，元昊上表請伐宋，不從。 十月，夏人侵党項，遣延昌宮使高家奴讓之。 十三年四月，党項及山西部族節度使屈烈以五部叛入西夏，詔征諸道兵討之。 六月，阻卜酋長烏八遣其子執元昊所遣求援使窊邑改來。 八月，夏使對不以情，羈之。 使復來，詢事宜不實對，笞之。 十月，元昊上表謝罪，欲收集叛黨以獻，從之。 進方物，命北院樞密副使蕭革迓之。 元昊親率党項三部來降，詰其納叛背盟，元昊伏罪。 初，夏人執蕭胡睹，至是，請以被執者來歸。 詔所留夏使亦還其國。 十二月，胡睹來歸，又遣使來貢。
When Emperor Xingzong succeeded, Princess Xingping was given in marriage to Li Yuanhao, who was appointed Commandant of the Imperial Son-in-Law. In the first year of Chongxi, Western Xia sent envoys to congratulate the new reign. Li Dezhao died, and his son Yuanhao was invested as king of Xia. In the second year, Western Xia sent tribute. In the twelfth month, private trade in gold and iron along the route was forbidden to Xia envoys. In the seventh year, they sent tribute. Li Yuanhao and Princess Ping were estranged; when the princess died, Northern Court Drafter Yelu Shucheng was sent with an edict to question him. In the ninth year, Song sent Guo Zhen to inform Liao of its campaign against Western Xia. In the tenth year, Western Xia presented Song generals and captives it had taken. In the eleventh year, Liao sent envoys to ask Song why it had launched a campaign against Western Xia. In the twelfth month, the Tuyuhun were forbidden to sell horses to Western Xia, and barrier defenses were built along the frontier to enforce the ban. In the first month of the twelfth year, Yelu Dilie, associate administrator of Xijin Prefecture, and Wang Weiji, chief drafter of the Privy Council, were sent to urge Western Xia to make peace with Song. In the second month, Yuanhao sent envoys to congratulate the court on the bestowal of an honorific title. When Yelu Dilie and his party returned from Western Xia, they reported that Yuanhao had halted hostilities and sent envoys to notify Song. In the fourth month, Western Xia sent horses and camels as tribute. In the seventh month, Yuanhao petitioned for permission to attack Song; the request was refused. In the tenth month, Western Xia raided the Tangut; Yanchang Palace Commissioner Gao Jianu was sent to rebuke them. In the fourth month of the thirteenth year, the Tangut and Qu Lie, military commissioner of the Western Mountain tribes, led five divisions in revolt into Western Xia; the court ordered troops from all circuits to suppress them. In the sixth month, Zubu chieftain Wuba sent his son escorting Wayigai, the envoy Yuanhao had dispatched to seek aid. In the eighth month, a Xia envoy gave evasive answers and was detained. When another envoy came and gave false answers to questions about the situation, he was flogged. In the tenth month, Yuanhao submitted a memorial of apology, offering to round up the rebels and hand them over; the court agreed. He sent local products as tribute, and Northern Privy Deputy Commissioner Xiao Ge was ordered to receive him. Yuanhao personally led three Tangut divisions to submit; rebuked for harboring rebels and breaking the alliance, he confessed his guilt. Earlier Western Xia had seized Xiao Huzhu; now they asked that their own detained envoys be returned. An edict ordered the detained Xia envoys sent home as well. In the twelfth month, Huzhu was released, and Western Xia again sent tribute.
12
十七年，元昊薨，其子諒祚遣使來告，上其父遺留物。 鐵不得國乞以本部軍助攻夏國，不許。 十八年，復議伐夏，留其賀正使不遣，遣北院樞密副使蕭惟信以伐夏告宋。 六月，夏國遣使來貢，留之。 七月，親征。 八月，渡河，夏人遁。 九月，蕭惠為夏人所敗。 十月，招討使耶律敵古率阻卜軍至賀蘭山，獲元昊妻及其官屬。 遇其軍三千來拒，殪之； 詳穩蕭慈氏奴、南克耶律斡裏歿於陣。 十九年正月，遣使問罪於夏。 夏將窪普等攻金肅城，耶律高家奴等破之，窪普被創遁去，殺猥貨乙靈紀。 三月，殿前都點檢蕭叠裏得與夏軍戰於三角川，敗之。 招討使蕭蒲奴、北院大王宜新等帥師伐夏，都部署別古得為監戰。 五月，蕭蒲奴等入夏境，不遇敵，縱軍俘掠而還。 夏國窪普來降。 十月，李諒祚母遣使乞依舊稱臣。 十二月，諒祚上表如母訓。 二十年二月，遣使索党項叛戶。 五月，蕭爻括使夏回，進諒祚母表，乞代党項權進馬駝牛羊等物； 又求唐隆鎮，仍乞罷所建城邑。 以詔答之。 六月，獲元昊妻，及俘到夏人置於蘇州。 二十一年十月，諒祚遣使乞弛邊備，遣爻括賫詔諭之。 二十二年七月，諒祚進降表，遣林牙高家奴賫詔撫諭。 二十三年正月，貢方物。 五月，乞進馬駝，詔歲貢之。 七月，諒祚遣使求婚。 十月，進誓表。 二十四年，興宗崩，遣使報哀於夏。
In the seventeenth year, Yuanhao died; his son Liangzuo sent word and presented his father's remaining goods. The Tiedebuduo state asked to join the attack on Western Xia with its own forces; the request was denied. In the eighteenth year, the court again debated a campaign against Western Xia; it detained the Xia New Year's envoy and sent Northern Privy Deputy Commissioner Xiao Weixin to inform Song of the planned attack. In the sixth month, Western Xia sent tribute envoys, who were detained. In the seventh month, the emperor led the campaign in person. In the eighth month he crossed the river, and the Xia forces withdrew. In the ninth month, Xiao Hui was defeated by Western Xia. In the tenth month, Pacification Commissioner Yelu Digu led Zubu troops to Helan Mountain and captured Yuanhao's wife and his officials. They met three thousand enemy troops and annihilated them; detailed commanders Xiao Cisinu and Yelu Wol of Nank fell in the fighting. In the first month of the nineteenth year, envoys were sent to demand an accounting from Western Xia. Xia generals led by Wapu attacked Jinsu City; Yelu Gao Jianu and others routed them; Wapu was wounded and fled, and Weihuo Yilingji was killed. In the third month, Palace Front Commander Xiao Dielide defeated the Xia army at Triangle River. Pacification Commissioner Xiao Punu, Northern Court King Yixin, and others led a campaign against Western Xia, with Mobile Command Director Biegude as battle overseer. In the fifth month, Xiao Punu and his forces entered Xia territory, met no resistance, plundered freely, and withdrew. Wapu of Western Xia came over to the Liao side. In the tenth month, Li Liangzuo's mother sent envoys pleading to resume former subject status. In the twelfth month, Liangzuo submitted a memorial following his mother's instructions. In the second month of the twentieth year, envoys were sent to demand the return of Tangut rebel households. In the fifth month, Xiao Yaoguo returned from Western Xia with a memorial from Liangzuo's mother, asking to present horses, camels, cattle, and sheep on the Tangut's behalf; she also asked for Tanglong garrison and for the abandonment of the walled towns Liao had built. The court answered with an edict. In the sixth month, Yuanhao's wife was captured, and Xia prisoners were settled in Suzhou. In the tenth month of the twenty-first year, Liangzuo asked that border defenses be relaxed; Xiao Yaoguo was sent with an edict in reply. In the seventh month of the twenty-second year, Liangzuo submitted a surrender memorial; Palace Attendant Gao Jianu was sent with an edict of reassurance. In the first month of the twenty-third year, Western Xia sent local products as tribute. In the fifth month, they asked to present horses and camels; the court decreed annual tribute. In the seventh month, Liangzuo sent envoys to request a marriage alliance. In the tenth month, he submitted an oath of allegiance. In the twenty-fourth year, Emperor Xingzong died, and envoys were sent to announce the mourning to Western Xia.
13
道宗即位，清寧元年，遣使來賀。 九月，以先帝遺物賜夏。 四年四月，遣使會葬。 九年正月，禁民鬻銅於夏。 咸雍元年五月，來貢。 三年十一月，遣使進回鶻僧、金佛、《梵覺經》。 十二月，諒祚薨。 四年二月，諒祚子秉常遣使報哀，即遣使吊祭。 秉常上其父遺物。 十月，冊秉常為夏國王。 十二月，來貢。 五年七月，遣使來謝封冊，閏十一月，秉常乞賜印綬。 九年，遣使來貢。 大康二年正月，仁懿皇后崩，遣使報哀於夏，以皇太后遺物賜之。 遣使來吊祭。 五年，來貢。 八年二月，遣使以所獲宋將張天益來獻。 大安元年十月，秉常遣使報其母哀。 二年十月，秉常薨，遣使詔其子乾順知國事。 十二月，李乾順遣使上其父秉常遺物。 四年七月，冊乾順為夏國王。 五年六月，遣使來謝封冊。 八年六月，夏為宋所侵，遣使乞援。 壽隆三年六月，以宋人置壁壘於要地，遣使來告。 四年六月，求援。 十一月，遣樞密直學士耶律儼使宋，諷與夏和。 夏復遣使來求援。 五年正月，詔乾順伐拔思母等部。 十一月，夏以宋人罷兵，遣使來謝。 六年十一月，遣使請尚公主。 七年，道宗崩，遣使告哀於夏。 遣使來慰奠。
When Emperor Daozong succeeded, Western Xia sent envoys in the first year of Qingning to congratulate him. In the ninth month, the court bestowed goods left by the late emperor on Western Xia. In the fourth month of the fourth year, they sent envoys to attend the funeral. In the first month of the ninth year, private sale of copper to Western Xia was forbidden. In the fifth month of the first year of Xianyong, Western Xia sent tribute. In the eleventh month of the third year, they sent Uyghur monks, a gold Buddha, and the Fanjue Sutra as tribute. In the twelfth month, Liangzuo died. In the second month of the fourth year, Liangzuo's son Bingchang announced the death, and the court at once sent envoys to perform mourning rites. Bingchang presented his father's remaining goods. In the tenth month, Bingchang was invested as King of Xia. In the twelfth month, they sent tribute. In the seventh month of the fifth year, they sent envoys to thank the court for the investiture; in the intercalary eleventh month, Bingchang asked for seals and cords of office. In the ninth year, they sent tribute. In the first month of the second year of Dakang, Empress Renyi died; the court announced the mourning to Western Xia and bestowed goods left by the Empress Dowager. Western Xia sent envoys to perform mourning rites. In the fifth year, they sent tribute. In the second month of the eighth year, they presented the captured Song general Zhang Tianyi. In the tenth month of the first year of Da'an, Bingchang sent word of his mother's death. In the tenth month of the second year, Bingchang died; the court sent envoys ordering his son Qianshun to assume provisional rule. In the twelfth month, Li Qianshun sent his father's remaining goods. In the seventh month of the fourth year, Qianshun was invested as King of Xia. In the sixth month of the fifth year, they sent envoys to thank the court for the investiture. In the sixth month of the eighth year, Song invaded Western Xia, and Xia sent envoys pleading for aid. In the sixth month of the third year of Shoulong, Song built fortifications at key points, and Western Xia sent word. In the sixth month of the fourth year, they again asked for aid. In the eleventh month, Privy Academician Yelu Yan was sent to Song to urge peace with Western Xia. Western Xia again sent envoys pleading for aid. In the first month of the fifth year, the court ordered Qianshun to attack the Basmyl and other tribes. In the eleventh month, after Song halted hostilities, Western Xia sent envoys to give thanks. In the eleventh month of the sixth year, they sent envoys requesting a princess in marriage. In the seventh year, Emperor Daozong died, and envoys were sent to announce the mourning to Western Xia. Western Xia sent envoys to offer condolences.
14
論曰：高麗、西夏之事遼，雖嘗請婚下嫁，烏足以得其固誌哉？ 三韓接壤，反覆易知； 涼州負遠，納叛侵疆。 乘隙輒動，貢使方往，事釁隨生。 興師問罪，屢煩親征，取勝固多，敗亦貽悔。 昔吳趙咨對魏之言曰：「大國有征伐之兵，小國有備禦之固。」 豈其然乎！ 先王柔遠，以德而不以力，尚矣。 遼亡，求援二國，雖能出師，豈金敵哉！
Discussion: Goryeo and Western Xia submitted to Liao; yet though marriage alliances were once sought and princesses given in marriage, how could such ties alone secure their lasting loyalty? The Three Han lands lay adjacent to Liao, and their vacillations were easy to read; the Liang region lay far off, sheltering rebels and encroaching on the frontier. They stirred at every opening; no sooner had tribute envoys set out than trouble followed. Campaigns to punish them repeatedly drew the emperor to the field; victories were many, yet defeats left lasting regret. Long ago Zhao Zi of Wu, replying to Wei, said: "A great state has armies for punitive campaigns; a small state has defenses to hold its ground." Is it not so! The former kings treated distant peoples with gentleness, relying on virtue rather than force—how much to be admired! When Liao fell, it sought aid from these two states; though they could send troops, they were no match for the Jin!