Volume 82 Treatises 58: Finance and Economics 6

上供採造採造柴炭採木珠池織造燒造俸餉會計

Imperial Tribute and Procurement; Procurement of Charcoal and Fuel; Timber Procurement; Pearl Fisheries; Weaving; Kiln Firing; Stipends; Accounting.

採造之事，累朝侈儉不同。大約靡於英宗，繼以憲、武，至世宗、神宗而極。其事目繁瑣，徵索紛紜。最鉅且難者，曰採木。歲造最大者，曰織造、曰燒造。酒醴膳羞則掌之光祿寺，採辦成就則工部四司、內監司局或專差職之，柴炭則掌之惜薪司。而最為民害者，率由中官。

Across successive reigns, imperial procurement and tribute varied widely in extravagance and restraint. In broad outline, waste set in under the Yingzong emperor, carried on through the Chenghua and Wuzong reigns, and peaked under the Jiajing and Wanli emperors. The items multiplied into a maze of petty categories, and demands and requisitions piled up in confusion. The largest and hardest burden was timber procurement. Of the annual manufacturing programs, weaving and kiln firing were the largest. The Court of Imperial Entertainments oversaw wine and palace food; once goods were procured, the Ministry of Works bureaus, inner-palace eunuch offices, or ad hoc commissioners handled them; charcoal and firewood fell to the Directorate for Cherishing Fuel. Yet the worst harm to the people usually came from eunuch agents of the inner court.

明初，上供簡省。郡縣貢香米、人參、葡萄酒，太祖以為勞民，卻之。仁宗初，光祿卿井泉奏，歲例遣正官往南京採玉面狸，帝叱之曰：「小人不達政體。朕方下詔，盡罷不急之務以息民，豈以口腹細故，失大信耶！」宣宗時，罷永樂中河州官買乳牛造上供酥油者，以其牛給屯軍。命御史二人察視光祿寺，凡內外官多支及需索者，執奏。英宗初政，三楊當軸，減南畿孳牧黃牛四萬，糖蜜、果品、腒脯、酥油、茶芽、稉糯、粟米、藥材皆減省有差，撤諸處捕魚官。即位數月，多所撙節。凡上用膳食器皿三十萬七千有奇，南工部造，金龍鳳白瓷諸器，饒州造，鵜硃紅膳盒諸器，營膳所造，以進宮中食物，尚膳監率乾沒之。帝令備帖具書，如數還給。景帝時，從于謙言，罷真定、河間採野味、直沽海口造乾魚內使。

In the early Ming, imperial tribute was kept lean and simple. When counties sent fragrant rice, ginseng, and grape wine as tribute, the Hongwu emperor judged it an imposition on the people and declined it. Early in the Hongxi reign, Jing Quan, director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, reported the annual dispatch of regular officials to Nanjing for masked palm civets. The emperor snapped at him: "You petty men do not grasp how government should work. I have just proclaimed an end to every nonessential task so the people can recover—would I break that solemn pledge for a mouthful of delicacy?" Under the Xuande emperor, the court ended the Yongle arrangement by which Hezhou officials bought dairy cows for imperial butter and reassigned the animals to garrison farmers. He sent two censors to audit the Court of Imperial Entertainments and ordered them to seize and report any official, inside or outside the court, who over-claimed supplies or extorted goods. When the Yingzong emperor first took the throne, the Three Yangs at the helm cut forty thousand head from the southern capital's cattle herds, trimmed sugar, fruit, cured meats, butter, tea, rice, millet, and medicines by varying degrees, and abolished the empire-wide fishing commissioners. Within months of his accession, he imposed wide economies. Imperial tableware totaled more than three hundred seven thousand pieces: the southern Ministry of Works supplied gold dragon-and-phoenix white porcelain; Raozhou supplied cinnabar-red food boxes; the provisioning kitchens supplied the rest for palace meals—and the Directorate of Palace Provisions routinely pocketed them. The emperor ordered written tallies prepared and every item returned in full. During the Jingtai reign, heeding Yu Qian, the court abolished the eunuchs sent to Zhending and Hejian for game and to the Zhigu estuary for dried fish.

天順八年，光祿果品物料凡百二十六萬八千餘斤，增舊額四之一。成化初，詔光祿寺牲口不得過十萬。明年，寺臣李春請增。禮部尚書姚夔言：「正統間，雞鵝羊豕歲費三四萬。天順以來增四倍，暴殄過多。請從前詔。」後二年，給事中陳鉞言：「光祿市物，概以勢取。負販遇之，如被劫掠。夫光祿所供，昔皆足用，今不然者，宣索過額，侵漁妄費也。」大學士彭時亦言：「光祿寺委用小人買辦，假公營私，民利盡為所奪。請照宣德、正統間例，斟酌供用，禁止買辦。」於是減魚果歲額十之一。弘治元年命光祿減增加供應。初，光祿俱預支官錢市物，行頭吏役因而侵蝕。乃令各行先報納而後償價，遂有遊手號為報頭，假以供應為名，抑價倍取，以充私橐。御史李鸞以為言，帝命禁止。十五年，光祿卿王珩，列上內外官役酒飯及所畜禽獸料食之數，凡百二十事。乃降旨，有仍舊者，有減半者，有停止者。於是放去乾明門虎、南海子貓、西華門鷹犬、御馬監山猴、西安門大鴿等，減省有差，存者減其食料。自成化時，添坐家長隨八十餘員，傳添湯飯中官百五十餘員。天下常貢不足於用，乃責買於京師鋪戶。價直不時給，市井負累。兵部尚書劉大夏因天變言之，乃裁減中官，歲省銀八十餘萬。

In Tianshun year 8, fruit and supplies for the Court of Imperial Entertainments reached more than 1.268 million jin—a quarter above the former quota. Early in the Chenghua reign, an edict capped the court's livestock at one hundred thousand head. The following year, Li Chun of the court asked to raise the quota. Minister of Rites Yao Kui said: "Under Zhengtong, poultry and livestock cost thirty to forty thousand a year. Since Tianshun it has quadrupled—far too much is squandered. I ask that the earlier edict be enforced." Two years later, supervising secretary Chen Yue said: "When the Court of Imperial Entertainments buys supplies, it seizes them by sheer power. Street vendors met them as though at the hands of bandits. The court's provisions once sufficed; they no longer do because palace requisitions exceed the quotas and because officials skim and waste recklessly." Grand Secretary Peng Shi added: "The court entrusts procurement to petty agents who abuse public office for private gain until nothing is left for the people. Follow the Xuande and Zhengtong precedents, set supplies at a measured level, and ban procurement buying." The annual fish and fruit quota was then cut by one tenth. In Hongzhi 1, the court was ordered to roll back the added provisions. At first the court advanced official funds for purchases, and brokers and clerks siphoned off the difference. The court then required trades to deliver goods before payment, which spawned loafers calling themselves "report heads" who, in the name of supply, forced down prices and took double their due for private profit. Censor Li Luan reported the abuse, and the emperor forbade it. In year 15, Wang Heng, director of the court, submitted a list of one hundred twenty items covering wine, meals, and fodder for palace staff and for kept birds and beasts. An edict followed: some items unchanged, some halved, some abolished outright. Tigers at Qianming Gate, cats at the Southern Sea Park, hawks and hounds at Xihua Gate, the Imperial Stud's monkeys, and Xi'an Gate's carrier pigeons were released; other items were trimmed by degree, and survivors had their rations cut. From the Chenghua reign onward, the court added more than eighty seated household stewards and more than one hundred fifty eunuchs devoted to extra soups and meals. When routine tribute from across the empire no longer sufficed, the burden was shifted onto Beijing shopkeepers. Payment came late or not at all, and the markets groaned under the debt. After Minister of War Liu Daxia raised the issue amid celestial warnings, eunuch staff was cut back, saving more than eight hundred thousand taels a year.

武宗之世，各宮日進、月進，數倍天順時。廚役之額，當仁宗時僅六千三百餘名，及憲宗增四之一。世宗初，減至四千一百名，歲額銀撙節至十三萬兩。中年復增至四十萬。額派不足，借支太倉。太倉又不足，乃令原供司府依數增派。於是帝疑其乾沒，下禮部問狀，責光祿寺具數以奏。帝復降旨詰責，乃命御史稽覈月進揭帖，兩月間省銀二萬餘兩，自是歲以為常。

Under the Wuzong emperor, each palace's daily and monthly deliveries ran several times the Tianshun level. Kitchen staff numbered barely six thousand three hundred under the Hongxi emperor; the Chenghua emperor raised the quota by a quarter. Early in the Jiajing reign the staff fell to four thousand one hundred and the annual silver outlay was trimmed to one hundred thirty thousand taels. By mid-reign it had climbed again to four hundred thousand taels. When quotas fell short, the court borrowed from the Taicang granary. When Taicang ran dry as well, the original supplying prefectures were ordered to raise their levies proportionally. The emperor suspected embezzlement, referred the matter to the Ministry of Rites, and demanded a full accounting from the Court of Imperial Entertainments. After a further imperial rebuke, censors audited the monthly delivery tallies and saved more than twenty thousand taels in two months; the audit thereafter became an annual routine.

先是上供之物，任土作貢，曰歲辦。不給，則官出錢以市，曰採辦。其後本折兼收，採辦愈繁。於是召商置買，物價多虧，商賈匿跡。二十七年，戶部言：「京師召商納貨取直，富商規避，應役者皆貧弱下戶，請核實編審。」給事中羅崇奎言：「諸商所以重困者，物價賤則減，而貴則不敢增。且收納不時，一遭風雨，遂不可用，多致賠累。既收之後，所司更代不常，不即給直，或竟沈閣。幸給直矣，官司折閱於上，番役齮齕於下，名雖平估，所得不能半。諸弊若除，商自樂赴，奚用編審。」帝雖納其言，而仍編審如戶部議。

Originally, imperial tribute followed local products as fixed annual provision. When tribute fell short, officials bought on the market with public funds—this was procurement. Later the court took both goods in kind and cash commutation, and procurement grew ever more burdensome. Merchants were conscripted to supply goods at depressed prices, and traders vanished from the markets. In year 27 the Ministry of Revenue reported: "In the capital, conscripted merchants deliver goods for payment, but the rich evade duty and only poor households serve. We ask for a verified household review." Supervising secretary Luo Chongkui said: "Merchants suffer because when prices fall their payment is cut, yet when prices rise they dare not ask for more. Collection is tardy; one storm ruins the goods, and merchants are left to cover the loss. After delivery, offices change hands constantly, payment is delayed, and claims are sometimes shelved indefinitely. Even when paid, offices shave the sum above while runners extort below; though the price is called fair, merchants receive less than half. Remove these abuses and merchants will come willingly—there is no need for forced registration." The emperor accepted his advice in principle but still carried out the household review the Ministry of Revenue had proposed.

穆宗朝，光祿少卿李鍵奏十事，帝乃可之，頗有所減省：停止承天香米、外域珍禽奇獸，罷寶坻魚鮮。凡薦新之物，領於光祿寺，勿遣中官。又從太監李芳請，停徵加增細稉米、白青鹽，命一依成、弘間例。御史王宗載請停加派。部議悉準原額，果品百七萬八千餘斤，牲口銀五萬八千餘兩，免加派銀二萬餘。未行，而神宗立，詔免之。世宗末年，歲用止十七萬兩，穆宗裁二萬，止十五萬餘，經費省約矣。萬曆初年，益減至十三四萬，中年漸增，幾三十萬，而鋪戶之累滋甚。時中官進納索賂，名鋪墊錢，費不訾，所支不足相抵，民不堪命，相率避匿。乃僉京師富戶為商。令下，被僉者如赴死，重賄營免。官司蜜鉤，若緝奸盜。宛平知縣劉曰淑言：「京民一遇僉商，取之不遺毫髮，貲本悉罄。請厚估先發，以蘇民困。」御史王孟震斥其越職，曰淑自劾解官去。至熹宗時，商累益重，有輸物於官終不得一錢者。

Under the Longqing emperor, Vice Director Li Jian submitted ten reforms; the court approved and cut back sharply: Chengtian fragrant rice, exotic birds and beasts, and Baodi fish were discontinued. Seasonal first-fruits were to be handled by the Court of Imperial Entertainments without dispatching eunuchs. At eunuch Li Fang's request, added levies of fine glutinous rice and white-green salt were halted, and quotas were restored to the Chenghua and Hongzhi standards. Censor Wang Zongzai asked that supplemental levies be stopped. The ministries agreed to restore original quotas: fruit to 1.078 million jin, livestock silver to fifty-eight thousand taels, and more than twenty thousand taels of supplemental levies were waived. Before the order took effect, the Wanli emperor acceded and remitted the levies by edict. By the end of the Jiajing reign annual spending stood at one hundred seventy thousand taels; the Longqing emperor cut twenty thousand, leaving about one hundred fifty thousand—a real saving. Early in the Wanli reign spending fell to one hundred thirty or forty thousand taels, but by mid-reign it neared three hundred thousand while shopkeepers bore an ever heavier load. Eunuchs delivering tribute demanded bribes called "shop cushion money" at ruinous cost; official payments could not cover it, and people fled in droves to escape service. The court then conscripted wealthy Beijing households as merchant suppliers. When the order went out, the conscripted faced it like a death sentence and paid heavy bribes to escape. Officials laid secret traps as though hunting criminals. Wanping magistrate Liu Rishu said: "When Beijing residents are conscripted as merchants, they are stripped to the last coin until their capital is gone. Pay a generous estimate in advance to ease the people's hardship." Censor Wang Mengzhen denounced him for overstepping his authority; Rishu submitted a self-accusation and left office. By the Tianqi reign the burden had grown worse still: some delivered goods to the government and never received a single coin.

洪武時，宮禁中市物，視時估率加十錢，其損上益下如此。永樂初，斥言採五色石者，且以溫州輸礬困民，罷染色布。然內使之出，始於是時。工役繁興，徵取稍急，非土所有，民破產購之。軍器之需尤無算。仁宗時，山場、園林、湖池、坑冶、果樹、蜂蜜，官設守禁者，悉予民。宣宗罷閘辦金銀，其他紙靛、糸寧絲、紗羅、ＢＦ緞、香貨、銀鵜硃、金箔、紅花、茜草、麂皮、香蠟、藥物、果品、海味、鵜硃紅戧金龍鳳器物，多所罷減。副都御史弋謙言：「有司給買辦物料價，十不償一，無異空取。」帝嘉納之，諭工部察懲。又因泰安州稅課局大使郝智言，悉召還所遣官，敕自今更不許輒遣，自軍器、軍需外，凡買辦者盡停止。然寬免之詔屢下，內使屢敕撤還，而奉行不實，宦者輒名採辦，虐取於民。誅袁琦、阮巨隊等十餘人，患乃稍息。英宗立，罷諸處採買及造下西洋船木，諸冗費多敕省。正統八年，以買辦擾民，始令於存留錢糧內折納，就近解兩京。

Under Hongwu, palace purchases paid ten cash above the market rate—a deliberate policy of favoring sellers over the treasury. Early in the Yongle reign, officials who urged procuring five-colored stones were rebuked; because Wenzhou's alum tribute burdened the people, dyed cloth was discontinued. Yet it was then that palace eunuchs first began to be sent out on procurement. Public works multiplied and levies grew harsher; people ruined themselves buying goods not produced locally. Demand for military equipment was especially boundless. Under the Hongxi emperor, mountain preserves, gardens, lakes, mines, orchards, and apiaries under official guard were all returned to the people. The Xuande emperor ended gate-procured gold and silver and sharply cut paper, indigo, Ning silk, gauze, brocade, aromatics, cinnabar, gold leaf, dyes, deerskin, wax, medicines, fruit, seafood, and cinnabar-red chased imperial vessels. Vice Censor-in-Chief Yi Qian said: "Offices pay barely one tenth of the price for procured materials—it is outright seizure." The emperor approved and ordered the Ministry of Works to investigate and punish offenders. After Hao Zhi, tax bureau envoy of Tai'an, reported abuses, all dispatched officials were recalled and an edict forbade further arbitrary dispatch; aside from arms and military supplies, all procurement was halted. Edicts of relief were issued again and again and eunuchs were repeatedly ordered to withdraw, yet enforcement was hollow; eunuchs simply called their demands procurement and preyed on the people. More than ten offenders including Yuan Qi and Ruan Judui were executed, and the abuse eased somewhat. When the Yingzong emperor acceded, empire-wide procurement and timber for treasure ships were abolished, and many redundant expenses were cut by edict. In Zhengtong year 8, because procurement harassed the people, the court allowed commutation from retained tax grain and funds to be delivered locally to the two capitals.

先是仁宗時，令中官鎮守邊塞，英宗復設各省鎮守，又有守備、分守，中官佈列天下。及憲宗時益甚，購書採藥之使，搜取珍玩，靡有孑遺。抑賣鹽引，私採禽鳥，糜官帑，納私賂，動以巨萬計。太嶽、太和山降真諸香，通三歲用七千斤，至是倍之。內府物料，有至五六倍者。孝宗立，頗有減省。甘肅巡撫羅明言：「鎮守、分守內外官競尚貢獻，各遣使屬邊衛搜方物，名曰採辦，實扣軍士月糧馬價，或巧取番人犬馬奇珍。且設膳乳諸房，僉廚役造酥油諸物。比及起運，沿途騷擾，乞悉罷之。」報可，然其後靡費漸多。至武宗任劉瑾，漁利無厭。鎮守中官率貢銀萬計，皇店諸名不一，歲辦多非土產。諸布政使來朝，各陳進貢之害，皆不省。

Under the Hongxi emperor, eunuchs were posted to garrison the frontiers; the Yingzong emperor restored provincial eunuch garrisons along with defense and sub-garrison posts until eunuchs were stationed across the empire. Under the Chenghua emperor the abuse worsened: agents sent to buy books and gather medicines stripped the land of every treasure. They undersold salt certificates, seized birds privately, squandered public funds, and took bribes running to tens of thousands. Incense such as jiangzhen from Mount Taiyue and Mount Taihe had totaled seven thousand jin over three years; now the demand doubled. Some inner-palace material quotas rose five- or sixfold. When the Hongzhi emperor acceded, the court made substantial cuts. Gansu grand coordinator Luo Ming said: "Frontier garrison eunuchs vied in tribute, sending agents through border guards for local products under the name of procurement while docking soldiers' pay and horse funds, or extorting fine horses and curios from foreigners. They also set up dairy kitchens and conscripted cooks to make butter and similar goods. By the time goods were shipped, the route was in turmoil—I ask that all of this be abolished. The memorial was approved, yet thereafter profligate spending steadily mounted. Under the Wuzong emperor, Liu Jin was given free rein, and his greed for profit knew no limit. Regional eunuch commanders sent tribute silver by the myriad; imperial shops bore every sort of name, and much of what was levied each year was not even local produce. When the provincial governors arrived at court, each laid out the damage done by tribute levies—and none of it was taken to heart.

世宗初，內府供應減正德什九。中年以後，營建齋醮，採木採香，採珠玉寶石，吏民奔命不暇，用黃白蠟至三十餘萬斤。又有召買，有折色，視正數三倍。沈香、降香、海漆諸香至十餘萬斤。又分道購龍涎香，十餘年未獲，使者因請海舶入澳，久乃得之。方澤、朝日壇，爵用紅黃玉，求不得，購之陝西邊境，遣使覓於阿丹，去土魯番西南二千里。太倉之銀，頗取入承運庫，辦金寶珍珠。於是貓兒睛、祖母碌、石綠、撤孛尼石、紅剌石、北河洗石、金剛鑽、硃藍石、紫英石、甘黃玉，無所不購。穆宗承之，購珠寶益急。給事中李己、陳吾德疏諫。己下獄，吾德削籍。自是供億浸多矣。

At the outset of the Jiajing reign, supplies to the inner palace were cut to one-tenth of what they had been under Zhengde. From mid-reign onward came palace building and Taoist rites, timber to be felled, incense to be gathered, pearls and jade and gems to be sought—officials and commoners ran themselves ragged, and yellow and white wax alone consumed more than three hundred thousand jin. There were forced purchases too, and cash commutation in lieu of goods—amounting to three times the stated quota. Agarwood, aloeswood, lac, and other aromatics ran to more than one hundred thousand jin. Ambergris was sought by separate missions; for more than ten years none could be found, until an envoy persuaded foreign vessels to enter Macao—and only then, after long delay, was it secured. For the Square Mound and Sun-altar rites, red-yellow jade was required for the libation cups; when none could be found, buyers were sent to the Shaanxi border, and envoys dispatched to Aden—two thousand li southwest of Turfan. A large share of Taicang silver was diverted into the transport treasury to fund purchases of gold, jewels, and pearls. Cat's-eye, emerald, malachite, zircon, spinel, northern river wash stone, diamond, lapis lazuli, fluorite, sweet yellow jade—there was scarcely a gem the court would not buy. The Longqing emperor inherited the practice, and the hunt for pearls and jewels grew only more frantic. The supervising secretaries Li Ji and Chen Wude submitted memorials of remonstrance. Li Ji was thrown into prison; Chen Wude was struck from the rolls. Thereafter imperial provisioning swelled year by year.

神宗初，內承運庫太監崔敏請買金珠。張居正封還敏疏，事遂寢。久之，帝日黷貨，開採之議大興，費以鉅萬計，珠寶價增舊二十倍。戶部尚書陳蕖言庫藏已竭，宜加撙節。中旨切責。而順天府尹以大珠鴉青購買不如旨，鐫級。至於末年，內使雜出，採造益繁。內府告匱，至移濟邊銀以供之。熹宗一聽中官，採造尤夥。莊烈帝立，始務釐剔節省，而庫藏已耗竭矣。

Early in the Wanli reign, Cui Min, eunuch of the inner transport treasury, petitioned to buy gold and pearls. Zhang Juzheng sealed and returned Min's memorial, and the matter died there. In time the emperor's appetite for treasure grew daily; schemes for imperial procurement multiplied; costs ran into vast sums; and the price of jewels climbed to twenty times what it had been. Minister of Revenue Chen Qu warned that the coffers were empty and urged strict economy. An edict from the throne rebuked him in the sharpest terms. The Shuntian prefect was reduced in rank for failing to procure large pearls and crow-green jade to the court's satisfaction. In the closing years of the reign, palace eunuchs fanned out on every sort of mission, and procurement and manufacture grew ever more burdensome. The inner palace cried destitution, going so far as to divert frontier relief silver to fill its needs. The Tianqi emperor deferred entirely to his eunuchs, and procurement and manufacture reached their height. When the Chongzhen emperor took the throne, he at last set about reform and retrenchment—but the treasuries were already drained dry.

永樂中，後軍都督府供柴炭，役宣府十七衛所軍士採之邊關。宣宗初，以邊木以扼敵騎，且邊軍不宜他役，詔免其採伐，令歲納銀二萬餘兩，後府召商買納。四年置易州山廠，命工部侍郎督之，僉北直、山東、山西民夫轉運，而後府輸銀召商如故。

Under Yongle, the Rear Military Commission supplied firewood and charcoal, conscripting troops from Xuanfu's seventeen guard units to gather it along the frontier. Early in the Xuande reign, on the grounds that frontier timber blocked enemy cavalry and border troops ought not be diverted to other tasks, an edict ended the logging levy and required instead an annual payment of more than twenty thousand taels of silver, with the rear office contracting merchants to deliver the fuel. In the fourth year a mountain depot was set up at Yizhou under a vice-minister of Works; laborers from North Zhili, Shandong, and Shanxi were drafted to haul the timber, while the rear office continued to pay silver and hire merchants as before.

初，歲用薪止二千萬餘斤。弘治中，增至四千萬餘斤。轉運既艱，北直、山東、山西乃悉輸銀以召商。正德中，用薪益多，增直三萬餘兩。凡收受柴炭，加耗十之三，中官輒私加數倍。逋負日積，至以三年正供補一年之耗。尚書李鐩議，令正耗相準，而主收者復私加，乃以四萬斤為萬斤，又有輸納浮費，民弗能堪。世宗登極，乃酌減之。隆慶六年，後府採納艱苦，改屬兵部武庫司。萬曆中，歲計柴價銀三十萬兩，中官得自徵比諸商，酷刑悉索，而人以惜薪司為陷阱云。

At first annual consumption of firewood ran to little more than twenty million jin. Under Hongzhi it rose to more than forty million jin. As transport grew arduous, North Zhili, Shandong, and Shanxi all switched to paying silver and hiring merchants instead. Under Zhengde consumption grew still further, and payments increased by more than thirty thousand taels. On every delivery of firewood and charcoal a surcharge of thirty percent was levied—yet eunuchs routinely padded it several times over on their own authority. Arrears piled up daily, until three years of regular quota had to be poured into a single year's surcharges. Minister Li Fan proposed that surcharges be held to the regular quota—but collectors again padded them in secret, reckoning forty thousand jin as ten thousand, and tacked on extra fees at delivery until the people could endure no more. When the Jiajing emperor ascended the throne, he reviewed the levies and cut them back. In the sixth year of Longqing, the rear office's procurement having proved too onerous, responsibility passed to the ordnance bureau of the Ministry of War. Under Wanli, charcoal costs ran to three hundred thousand taels of silver a year; eunuchs collected directly from merchants, torturing them to extract every last coin—and people spoke of the firewood bureau as a snare.

廣東珠池，率數十年一採。宣宗時，有請令中官採東莞珠池者，系之獄。英宗始使中官監守，天順間嘗一採之。至弘治十二年，歲久珠老，得最多，費銀萬餘，獲珠二萬八千兩，遂罷監守中官。正德九年又採，嘉靖五年又採，珠小而嫩，亦甚少。八年復詔採，兩廣巡撫林富言：「五年採珠之役，死者五十餘人，而得珠僅八十兩，天下謂以人易珠。恐今日雖以人易珠，亦不可得。」給事中王希文言：「雷、廉珠池，祖宗設官監守，不過防民爭奪。正德間，逆豎用事，傳奉採取，流毒海濱。陛下御極，革珠池少監，未久旋復。驅無辜之民，蹈不測之險，以求不可必得之物，而責以難足之數，非聖政所宜有。」皆不聽。隆慶六年詔雲南進寶石二萬塊，廣東採珠八千兩。神宗立，停罷。既而乙太后進奉，諸王、皇子、公主冊立、分封、婚禮，令歲辦金珠寶石。復遣中官李敬、李鳳廣東採珠五千一百餘兩。給事中包見捷力諫，不納。至三十二年始停採。四十一年，以指揮倪英言，復開。

The pearl beds of Guangdong were dredged, as a rule, only once in several decades. In the Xuande reign, a man who proposed sending eunuchs to dredge the Dongguan pearl beds was thrown into prison. Under Yingzong eunuchs were first posted as overseers; during Tianshun the beds were dredged once. By Hongzhi twelve the pearls, long undisturbed, had matured; the harvest was the richest ever—more than ten thousand taels spent, twenty-eight thousand taels of pearls taken—and the eunuch overseers were then withdrawn. They dredged again in Zhengde nine and Jiajing five, but the pearls were small and immature, and the yield miserably thin. In the eighth year dredging was ordered once more. The grand coordinator of the two Guangs, Lin Fu, wrote: "The pearl levy of the fifth year cost more than fifty lives for a yield of barely eighty taels—the empire called it buying pearls with human flesh. I fear that even were we to buy pearls with men's lives today, we should still not obtain them. The supervising secretary Wang Xiwen wrote: "At the Leizhou and Lianzhou pearl beds, the founding emperors posted overseers only to keep the people from killing one another in the scramble. Under Zhengde, vile favorites held sway; direct imperial orders for extraction poisoned the whole coast. When Your Majesty ascended the throne, you abolished the junior superintendent of the pearl beds—yet before long the post was restored. To drive innocent people into mortal peril in pursuit of what may never be found, and to demand quotas impossible to fill—this is not the way of sage rule." None of it was heeded. In Longqing six an edict commanded Yunnan to deliver twenty thousand blocks of precious stone and Guangdong to dredge eight thousand taels of pearls. When Wanli took the throne, both orders were suspended. Before long, tribute to the Empress Dowager and the investitures, enfeoffments, and weddings of princes, imperial sons, and princesses all required annual levies of gold, pearls, and gems. The eunuchs Li Jing and Li Feng were again dispatched to Guangdong to dredge more than five thousand one hundred taels of pearls. The supervising secretary Bao Jianjie remonstrated with all his force; the court would not listen. Dredging was not stopped until the thirty-second year of the reign. In the forty-first year, on the recommendation of Commander Ni Ying, the beds were opened again.

明制，兩京織染，內外皆置局。內局以應上供，外局以備公用。南京有神帛堂、供應機房，蘇、杭等府亦各有織染局，歲造有定數。

Under Ming institutions, weaving and dyeing were maintained at both capitals, with inner and outer bureaus alike. The inner bureaus met imperial demand; the outer bureaus supplied public use. Nanjing housed the Spirit Silks Hall and supply workshops; Suzhou, Hangzhou, and other prefectures each maintained weaving bureaus with fixed annual output.

洪武時，置四川、山西諸行省，浙江紹興織染局。又置藍靛所於儀直、六合，種青藍以供染事。未幾悉罷。又罷天下有司歲織緞匹。有賞賚，給以絹帛，於後湖置局織造。永樂中，復設歙縣織染局。令陝西織造駝毼。正統時，置泉州織造局。天順四年遣中官往蘇、松、杭、嘉、湖五府，於常額外，增造彩緞七千匹。工部侍郎翁世資請減之，下錦衣獄，謫衡州知府。增造坐派於此始。孝宗初立，停免蘇、杭、嘉、湖、應天織造。其後復設，乃給中官鹽引，鬻於淮以供費。

Under Hongwu, weaving bureaus were set up in Sichuan, Shanxi, and other provinces, and at Shaoxing in Zhejiang. Indigo farms were also planted at Yizhi and Liuhe to cultivate woad for the dyers. Before long they were all abolished. The annual satin levies imposed on local officials throughout the empire were abolished as well. Imperial gifts were paid in silk, woven at a bureau established on Rear Lake. Under Yongle the Shexian weaving bureau was re-established. Shaanxi was ordered to produce camel-hair felt. In the Zhengtong reign a weaving bureau was set up at Quanzhou. In Tianshun four, eunuchs were dispatched to Suzhou, Songjiang, Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou to weave an extra seven thousand bolts of brocaded satin above the standing quota. Vice-Minister of Works Weng Shizi pleaded for a cut—and was thrown into the Embroidered Uniform Guard prison and banished to the prefecture of Hengzhou. Thus began the practice of assigning surplus weaving by fixed quota. When Hongzhi first ascended the throne, weaving at Suzhou, Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, and Yingtian was suspended. When weaving resumed, eunuchs were issued salt certificates to sell along the Huai to cover expenses.

萬曆七年，蘇、松水災，給事中顧九思等請取回織造內臣，帝不聽。大學士張居正力陳年饑民疲，不堪催督，乃許之。未幾復遣中官。居正卒，添織漸多。蘇、杭、松、嘉、湖五府歲造之外，又令浙江、福建，常、鎮、徽、寧、揚、廣德諸府州分造，增萬餘匹。陝西織造羊絨七萬四千有奇，南直、浙江紵絲、紗羅、綾槹、絹帛，山西潞槹，皆視舊制加丈尺。二三年間，費至百萬，取給戶、工二部，蒐括庫藏，扣留軍國之需。部臣科臣屢爭，皆不聽。末年，復令稅監兼司，奸弊日滋矣。

In Wanli seven, after floods struck Suzhou and Songjiang, Gu Jiushi and other supervising secretaries petitioned to withdraw the weaving eunuchs—the emperor refused. Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng argued forcefully that years of famine had broken the people and they could bear no more coercion—and at last the court consented. Before long the eunuchs were sent back. After Zhang Juzheng's death, extra weaving orders steadily multiplied. Beyond the standing output of Suzhou, Hangzhou, Songjiang, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, weaving was parcelled out to Zhejiang, Fujian, and the prefectures of Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Huizhou, Ningguo, Yangzhou, and Guangde—adding more than ten thousand bolts to the burden. Shaanxi turned out more than seventy-four thousand lengths of lambswool cloth; Jiangnan and Zhejiang wove pongee, gauze, satin, and plain silk; Shanxi its Luo satin—all cut larger than the old standard by measure. Within two or three years expenses ran to a million taels, wrung from the Ministries of Revenue and Works, storehouses scraped bare and military appropriations held back. Ministers and censors protested again and again—to no avail. In the closing years, tax commissioners were again given charge of weaving as well, and abuse multiplied by the day.

明初設南北織染局，南京供應機房，各省直歲造供用，蘇、杭織造，間行間止。自萬曆中，頻數派造，歲至十五萬匹，相沿日久，遂以為常。陝西織造絨袍，弘、正間偶行，嘉、隆時復遣，亦遂沿為常例。

In the dynasty's early days, north and south weaving bureaus were set up, Nanjing maintained supply workshops, and the provinces wove on fixed schedules as needed—while Suzhou and Hangzhou operated only from time to time. From mid-Wanli onward, repeated imperial orders pushed annual output to one hundred fifty thousand bolts—a figure that, over the years, hardened into custom. Shaanxi's wool robes were woven only occasionally under Hongzhi and Zhengde; under Jiajing and Longqing the orders returned—and that too became permanent practice.

燒造之事，在外臨清磚廠，京師琉璃、黑窯滄廠，皆造磚瓦，以供營繕。宣宗始遣中官張善之饒州，造奉先殿几筵龍鳳文白瓷祭器，磁州造趙府祭器。逾年，善以罪誅，罷其役。正統元年，浮梁民進瓷器五萬餘，償以鈔。禁私造黃、紫、紅、綠、青、藍、白地青花諸瓷器，違者罪死。宮殿告成，命造九龍九鳳膳案諸器，既又造青龍白地花缸。王振以為有璺，遣錦衣指揮杖提督官，敕中官往督更造。成化間，遣中官之浮梁景德鎮，燒造御用瓷器，最多且久，費不貲。孝宗初，撤回中官，尋復遣，弘治十五年復撤。正德末復遣。

Kiln work was carried on at the Linqing brickworks in the provinces and at the Liuli and Heiyao Cang kilns in the capital—all producing brick and tile for building and repair. Under Xuande the eunuch Zhang Shan was first sent to Raozhou to fire white porcelain altar vessels decorated with dragons and phoenixes for the Ancestral Hall; Cizhou produced ritual ware for the Zhao princely house. A year later Zhang Shan was executed for his crimes and the commission was cancelled. In Zhengtong one, the people of Fuliang delivered more than fifty thousand pieces of porcelain, paid for in paper notes. Private kilns were forbidden to produce yellow, purple, red, green, blue, or blue-on-white wares; offenders faced death. When the palace was finished, orders went out for dining vessels bearing nine dragons and nine phoenixes, and later for great vats of blue dragon on white ground. Wang Zhen judged them cracked, sent an Embroidered Uniform Guard commander to flog the supervising officer, and dispatched eunuchs to oversee a complete refiring. Under Chenghua eunuchs were posted to Jingdezhen in Fuliang to fire imperial ware—the largest and longest such operation, at a cost beyond counting. At the start of Hongzhi the eunuchs were recalled; soon they were sent back; in Hongzhi fifteen they were recalled again. At the close of Zhengde they were dispatched yet again.

自弘治以來，燒造未完者三十餘萬器。嘉靖初，遣中官督之。給事中陳皋謨言其大為民害，請罷之。帝不聽。十六年新作七陵祭器。三十七年遣官之江西，造內殿醮壇瓷器三萬，後添設饒州通判，專管禦器廠燒造。，是時營建最繁，近京及蘇州皆有磚廠。隆慶時，詔江西燒造瓷器十餘萬。萬曆十九年命造十五萬九千，既而復增八萬，至三十八年未畢工。自後役亦漸寢。

Since Hongzhi, more than three hundred thousand pieces lay unfinished in the kilns. Early in Jiajing eunuchs were again posted to supervise the work. The supervising secretary Chen Gaomo declared that the operation inflicted grave harm on the people and pleaded for its abolition. The emperor would not listen. In the sixteenth year, new ritual vessels were commissioned for the seven imperial tombs. In the thirty-seventh year officials were sent to Jiangxi to produce thirty thousand pieces of porcelain for the inner-hall Daoist altar; Raozhou later gained an assistant prefect charged solely with overseeing the Imperial Porcelain Factory. Construction was then at its peak; brickworks operated both near the capital and at Suzhou. Under Longqing, an edict commanded Jiangxi to produce over one hundred thousand pieces of porcelain. In Wanli 19 an order called for 159,000 pieces; eighty thousand more were soon added, yet by Wanli 38 the work had still not been completed. Afterward the labor also tapered off.

國家經費，莫大於祿餉。洪武九年定諸王公主歲供之數：親王，米五萬石，鈔二萬五千貫，錦四十匹，紵絲三百匹，紗、羅各百匹，絹五百匹，冬夏布各千匹，綿二千兩，鹽二百引，花千斤，皆歲支。馬料草，月支五十匹。其緞匹，歲給匠料，付王府自造。靖江王，米二萬石，鈔萬貫，餘物半親王，馬料草二十匹。公主未受封者，紵絲、紗、羅各十匹，絹、冬夏布各三十匹，綿二百兩；已受封，賜莊田一所，歲收糧千五百石，鈔二千貫。親王子未受封，視公主；女未受封者半之。子已受封郡王，米六千石，鈔二千八百貫，錦十匹，紵絲五十匹，紗、羅減紵絲之半，絹、冬夏布各百匹，綿五百兩，鹽五十引，茶三百斤，馬料草十匹。女已受封及已嫁，米千石，鈔千四百貫，其緞匹於所在親王國造給。皇太子之次嫡子並庶子，既封郡王，必俟出閣然後歲賜，與親王子已封郡王者同。女俟及嫁，與親王女已嫁者同。凡親王世子，與已封郡王同，郡王嫡長子襲封郡王者，半始封郡王。女已封縣主及已嫁者，米五百石，鈔五百貫，餘物半親王女已受封者。郡王諸子年十五，各賜田六十頃，除租稅為永業，其所生子世守之，後乃令止給祿米。

Nothing strained the state's finances like stipends and salaries. In Hongwu 9 the court fixed the princes' and princesses' annual allotments: a full prince received fifty thousand shi of grain, twenty-five thousand guan of paper notes, forty bolts of brocade, three hundred bolts of ramie silk, one hundred bolts each of gauze and leno, five hundred bolts of silk, one thousand bolts each of summer and winter cloth, two thousand liang of cotton, two hundred yin of salt, and one thousand jin of flowers, all disbursed yearly. Horse fodder and hay: fifty bundles per month. Satin was supplied as annual artisan materials for the princely household to weave itself. The Prince of Jingjiang received twenty thousand shi of grain and ten thousand guan of notes, with other items at half a full prince's allotment and twenty bundles of horse fodder and hay. Princesses not yet enfeoffed received ten bolts each of ramie silk, gauze, and leno, thirty bolts each of silk and summer and winter cloth, and two hundred liang of cotton; once enfeoffed, they were granted an estate yielding fifteen hundred shi of grain and two thousand guan of notes each year. A prince's unenfeoffed sons were treated like princesses; unenfeoffed daughters received half that amount. Sons enfeoffed as commandery princes received six thousand shi of grain, two thousand eight hundred guan of notes, ten bolts of brocade, fifty bolts of ramie silk, gauze and leno at half that amount, one hundred bolts each of silk and summer and winter cloth, five hundred liang of cotton, fifty yin of salt, three hundred jin of tea, and ten bundles of horse fodder and hay. Enfeoffed or married daughters received one thousand shi of grain and one thousand four hundred guan of notes; their satin was woven and supplied in the local princely establishment. The crown prince's second legitimate son and all sons by concubines, once made commandery princes, received annual grants only after leaving the palace—the same rule as for a prince's sons already enfeoffed as commandery princes. Daughters waited until marriage, on the same terms as a prince's married daughters. A prince's heir-apparent ranked with an enfeoffed commandery prince; a commandery prince's eldest legitimate son who inherited the title received half the stipend of a newly enfeoffed commandery prince. Daughters enfeoffed as county mistresses or already married received five hundred shi of grain and five hundred guan of notes, with other items at half a prince's enfeoffed daughter. At fifteen, each son of a commandery prince was granted sixty qing of land, rent- and tax-free, for his descendants to hold in perpetuity; later the court restricted the grant to stipend grain alone.

二十八年詔以官吏軍士俸給彌廣，量減諸王歲給，以資軍國之用。乃更定親王萬石，郡王二千石，鎮國將軍千石，輔國將軍、奉國將軍、鎮國中尉以二百石遞減，輔國中尉、奉國中尉以百石遞減，公主及駙馬二千石，郡王及儀賓八百石，縣主、郡君及儀賓以二百石遞減，縣君、鄉君及儀賓以百石遞減。自後為永制。仁宗即位，增減諸王歲祿，非常典也。時鄭、越、襄、荊、淮、滕、梁七王未之籓，令暫給米歲三千石，遂為例。正統十二年定王府祿米，將軍自賜名受封日為始，縣主、儀賓自出閤成婚日為始，於附近州縣秋糧內撥給。景泰七年定郡王將軍以下祿米，出閤在前，受封在後，以受封日為始；受封在前，出閤在後，以出閤日為始。

In the twenty-eighth year an edict held that as official and military pay expanded, princes' annual allotments were scaled back to meet military and state needs. The court then reset the scale: full princes at ten thousand shi, commandery princes at two thousand shi, bulwark-state generals at one thousand shi, with state-assisting generals, state-supporting generals, and bulwark-state commandants stepping down by two hundred shi each, state-assisting and state-supporting commandants by one hundred shi each, princesses and imperial sons-in-law at two thousand shi, commandery princes and ceremonial consorts at eight hundred shi, county mistresses, commandery ladies, and ceremonial consorts stepping down by two hundred shi each, and township and village ladies and their ceremonial consorts by one hundred shi each. This thereafter became the permanent rule. When Renzong took the throne, he adjusted princely stipends up and down—an exceptional measure, not standing practice. The seven princes of Zheng, Yue, Xiang, Jing, Huai, Teng, and Liang had not yet departed for their fiefs; they were granted three thousand shi of grain yearly on a temporary basis, and that allowance became precedent. In Zhengtong 12 princely stipend grain was fixed: for generals from the day title and enfeoffment were granted; for county mistresses and ceremonial consorts from the day they left quarters and married; payment came from autumn grain levies in nearby prefectures and counties. In Jingtai 7 stipend grain for commandery princes, generals, and below was fixed: if a prince left quarters before receiving his title, payment began from the day of enfeoffment; if enfeoffment came first and leaving quarters afterward, payment began from the day he left quarters.

宗室有罪革爵者曰庶人。英宗初，頗給以糧。嘉靖中，月支米六石。萬曆中減至二石或一石。

Imperial clansmen deprived of rank for crimes were styled commoners. Early in Yingzong's reign they still received a modest grain allowance. Under Jiajing the monthly grant stood at six shi. Under Wanli it fell to two shi or even one.

初，太祖大封宗籓，令世世皆食歲祿，不授職任事，親親之誼甚厚。然天潢日繁，而民賦有限。其始祿米盡支本色，既而本鈔兼支。有中半者，有本多於折者，其則不同。厥後勢不能給，而冒濫轉益多。奸弊百出，不可究詰。自弘治間，禮部尚書倪嶽即條請節減，以寬民力。嘉靖四十一年，御史林潤言：「天下之事，極弊而大可慮者，莫甚於宗籓祿廩。天下歲供京師糧四百萬石，而諸府祿米凡八百五十三萬石。以山西言，存留百五十二萬石，而宗祿三百十二萬；以河南言，存留八十四萬三千石，而宗祿百九十二萬。是二省之糧，借令全輸，不足供祿米之半，況吏祿、軍餉皆出其中乎？故自郡王以上，猶得厚享，將軍以下，多不能自存，饑寒困辱，勢所必至，常號呼道路，聚詬有司。守土之臣，每懼生變。夫賦不可增，而宗室日益蕃衍，可不為寒心。宜令大臣科道集議於朝，且諭諸王以勢窮弊極，不得不通變之意。令戶部會計賦額，以十年為率，通計兵荒蠲免、存留及王府增封之數。共陳善後良策，斷自宸衷，以垂萬世不易之規。」下部覆議，從之。至四十四年乃定宗籓條例。郡王、將軍七分折鈔，中尉六分折鈔，郡縣主、郡縣鄉君及儀賓八分折鈔，他冒濫者多所裁減。於是諸王亦奏辭歲祿，少者五百石，多者至二千石，歲出為稍紓，而將軍以下益不能自存矣。

At the outset the Hongwu Emperor enfeoffed the imperial clan on a vast scale, decreeing that for generation after generation they would live on annual stipends without office or public duty—a lavish expression of kinship. Yet the imperial line multiplied daily while the people's tax base remained finite. At first stipends were paid wholly in grain; later grain and paper notes were combined. Some received half in kind and half in notes; in some cases grain exceeded the conversion quota—the rules varied. In time the state could no longer sustain payment, while fraud and abuse only multiplied. Abuses proliferated on every side beyond full investigation. From the Hongzhi reign Minister of Rites Ni Yue petitioned for systematic cuts to ease the people's burden. In Jiajing 41 Censor Lin Run declared: "Of all affairs under Heaven, nothing is so ruinously corrupt and deeply alarming as the stipend granaries of the imperial fiefs. The realm sends four million shi of grain to the capital each year, yet princely establishments consume eight million five hundred thirty thousand shi in stipend grain alone. In Shanxi alone, retained grain totals one million five hundred twenty thousand shi, while imperial-clan stipends reach three million one hundred twenty thousand; in Henan, retained grain is eight hundred forty-three thousand shi, while imperial-clan stipends reach one million nine hundred twenty thousand. Even if both provinces delivered every grain they retained, they could not supply half the stipend grain—let alone official salaries and military pay drawn from the same pool. Thus commandery princes and above still lived in comfort, while generals and below often could not support themselves; hunger, cold, and humiliation were inevitable, and they constantly wailed in the streets and gathered to curse local officials. Local magistrates lived in constant fear of unrest. Taxes cannot be raised, yet the imperial clan grows daily—who would not tremble at this? Senior ministers and supervising censors should be convened for joint deliberation, and the princes should be told plainly that the system has reached exhaustion and that change is unavoidable. Let the Ministry of Revenue tally tax quotas over a ten-year span, accounting together for war and famine exemptions, retained grain, and new princely enfeoffments. Together they should propose durable remedies for the sovereign's decision, establishing a rule to endure for generations." The memorial went to the ministries for review, and the court approved it. Not until Jiajing 44 were regulations for the imperial fiefs finally fixed. Commandery princes and generals were paid seventy percent in notes, commandants sixty percent, commandery and county ladies, commandery and township ladies, and ceremonial consorts eighty percent, while many fraudulent claims were also trimmed. The princes then memorialized to renounce portions of their stipends—some by five hundred shi, others by as much as two thousand—slightly easing annual outlays, yet leaving generals and below even less able to live.

明初，勳戚皆賜官田以代常祿。其後令還田給祿米。公五千石至二千五百石，侯千五百石至千石，伯千石至七百石。百官之俸，自洪武初，定丞相、御史大夫以下歲祿數，刻石官署，取給於江南官田。，十三年重定內外文武官歲給祿米、俸鈔之制，而雜流吏典附焉。正從一二三四品官，自千石至三百石，每階遞減百石，皆給俸鈔三百貫。正五品二百二十石，從減五十石，鈔皆百五十貫。正六品百二十石，從減十石，鈔皆九十貫。正從七品視從六品遞減十石，鈔皆六十貫。正八品七十五石，從減五石，鈔皆四十五貫。正從九品視從八品遞減五石，鈔皆三十貫。勒之石。吏員月俸，一二品官司提控、都吏二石五斗，掾史、令史二石二斗，知印、承差、吏、典一石二斗；三四品官司令史、書吏、司吏二石，承差、吏、典半之；五品官司司吏一石二斗，吏、典八斗；六品以下司吏一石；光祿寺等吏、典六斗。教官之祿，州學正月米二石五斗，縣教諭、府州縣訓導月米二石。首領官之祿，凡內外官司提控、案牘、州吏目、縣典史皆月米三石。雜職之祿，凡倉、庫、關、場、司、局、鐵冶、遞運、批驗所大使月三石，副使月二石五斗，河泊所官月米二石，閘壩官月米一石五斗。天下學校師生廩膳米人日一升，魚肉鹽醯之屬官給之。宦官俸，月米一石。

In early Ming, meritorious officials and imperial kin received official fields in place of regular stipends. Later they were ordered to surrender the fields and take stipend grain instead. Dukes received from five thousand to two thousand five hundred shi, marquises from one thousand five hundred to one thousand shi, and earls from one thousand to seven hundred shi. From the start of Hongwu the court fixed annual stipends for the chancellor, censor-in-chief, and all ranks below, carved them on stone at each office, and paid them from official fields in the Jiangnan region. In the thirteenth year the court reset annual stipend grain and salary notes for civil and military officials at court and in the provinces, including miscellaneous clerks and record keepers. Regular and deputy officials of ranks one through four, from one thousand down to three hundred shi in steps of one hundred, each received three hundred guan in salary notes. Regular fifth rank received two hundred twenty shi, deputy fifth fifty shi less, with one hundred fifty guan in notes for both. Regular sixth rank received one hundred twenty shi, deputy sixth ten shi less, with ninety guan in notes for both. Regular and deputy seventh rank stepped down from deputy sixth by ten shi each, with sixty guan in notes for both. Regular eighth rank received seventy-five shi, deputy eighth five shi less, with forty-five guan in notes for both. Regular and deputy ninth rank stepped down from deputy eighth by five shi each, with thirty guan in notes for both. The schedule was carved in stone. Clerical monthly pay: at rank-one and -two offices, chief controllers and chief clerks received two shi five dou, clerks and record keepers two shi two dou, and seal keepers, dispatchers, clerks, and recorders one shi two dou; at rank-three and -four offices, office record keepers, scribes, and office clerks two shi, with dispatchers, clerks, and recorders at half that; at rank-five offices, office clerks one shi two dou, clerks and recorders eight dou; at rank six and below, office clerks one shi; clerks and recorders of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and similar offices six dou. Educational officers' pay: prefectural chief instructors one shi five dou monthly; county instructors and prefectural, departmental, and county deputy instructors two shi monthly. Chief officers' pay: chief controllers, document clerks, departmental sub-officers, and county record keepers at civil and military offices inside and outside the capital all received three shi monthly. Miscellaneous posts: granary, treasury, pass, market, bureau, office, ironworks, courier, and inspection station chiefs received three shi monthly, deputy chiefs two shi five dou, river-post officers two shi, and sluice and dam officers one shi five dou. Teachers and students at schools throughout the realm received one sheng of grain per person per day, with fish, meat, salt, vinegar, and the like supplied by the state. Eunuchs received one shi monthly.

二十五年更定百官祿。正一品月俸米八十七石，從一品至正三品，遞減十三石至三十五石，從三品二十六石，正四品二十四石，從四品二十一石，正五品十六石，從五品十四石，正六品十石，從六品八石，正七品至從九品遞減五斗，至五石而止。自後為永制。

In the twenty-fifth year the court reset official salaries. Regular first rank received eighty-seven shi monthly; deputy first through regular third rank stepped down by thirteen shi to thirty-five shi; deputy third rank twenty-six shi; regular fourth twenty-four shi; deputy fourth twenty-one shi; regular fifth sixteen shi; deputy fifth fourteen shi; regular sixth ten shi; deputy sixth eight shi; ranks seven through nine stepped down by five dou each, stopping at five shi. This thereafter became the permanent rule.

洪武時，官俸全給米，間以錢鈔兼給，錢一千，鈔一貫，抵米一石。成祖即位，令公、侯、伯皆全支米；文武官俸則米鈔兼支，官高者支米十之四、五，官卑者支米十之六、八；惟九品、雜職、吏、典、知印、總小旗、軍，並全支米。其折鈔者，每米一石給鈔十貫。永樂二年乃命公、侯、伯視文武官吏，米鈔兼支。仁宗立，官俸折鈔，每石至二十五貫。宣德八年，禮部尚書胡濙掌戶部，議每石減十貫，而以十分為準，七分折絹，絹一匹抵鈔二百貫。少師蹇義等以為仁宗在春宮久，深憫官員折俸之薄，故即位特增數倍，此仁政也，詎可違？濙不聽，竟請於帝而行之，而卑官日用不贍矣。正統中，五品以上米二鈔八，六品以下米三鈔七。時鈔價日賤，每石十五貫者已漸增至二十五貫，而戶部尚書王佐復奏減為十五貫。成化二年從戶部尚書馬昂請，又省五貫。舊例，兩京文武官折色俸，上半年給鈔，下半年給蘇木、胡椒。七年從戶部尚書楊鼎請，以甲字形檔所積之布估給，布一匹當鈔二百貫。是時鈔法不行，一貫僅直錢二三文，米一石折鈔十貫，僅直二三十錢，而布直僅二三百錢，布一匹折米二十石，則米一石僅直十四五錢。自古官俸之薄，未有若此者。

Under Hongwu salaries were paid wholly in grain, with cash and notes occasionally added; one thousand coins or one guan of notes equaled one shi of grain. When Yongle succeeded, dukes, marquises, and earls were paid wholly in grain; civil and military officials received grain and notes together, senior ranks four or five tenths in grain and junior ranks six or eight tenths; only ninth rank, miscellaneous posts, clerks, recorders, seal keepers, chief petty officers, and common soldiers were paid wholly in grain. Where pay was converted to notes, each shi of grain fetched ten guan. In Yongle 2 dukes, marquises, and earls were placed on the same grain-and-notes schedule as civil and military officials. When Renzong took the throne, the note conversion rate for salaries rose to twenty-five guan per shi. In Xuande 8 Minister of Rites Hu Ying, acting as head of the Ministry of Revenue, proposed cutting ten guan per shi and fixing payment at ten parts, seven of silk—with one bolt worth two hundred guan of notes. Grand Preceptor Jian Yi and others argued that Renzong, after long service as heir apparent, had deeply pitied officials for their meager converted pay and upon succeeding had deliberately multiplied it—benevolent governance that must not be undone. Hu Ying would not yield and ultimately secured the emperor's approval; junior officials could no longer cover daily expenses. Midway through Zhengtong, fifth rank and above were paid two parts grain and eight parts notes; sixth rank and below three parts grain and seven parts notes. Notes were depreciating daily; what had been fifteen guan per shi had already climbed toward twenty-five, yet Minister of Revenue Wang Zuo memorialized to cut it back to fifteen. In Chenghua 2, at Minister of Revenue Ma Ang's request, another five guan was lopped off. By old rule, converted salaries for civil and military officials in the two capitals were paid in notes for the first half of the year and in sappanwood and pepper for the second. In the seventh year, at Minister of Revenue Yang Ding's request, cloth from the jia-character storehouses was used instead, one bolt worth two hundred guan of notes. By then paper notes had collapsed: one guan fetched only two or three coins, so ten guan for a shi of grain bought barely twenty or thirty coins' worth, while cloth sold for two or three hundred coins; one bolt reckoned at twenty shi meant a shi of grain was worth only fourteen or fifteen coins. Never in history had official pay been so miserably thin.

十六年又令以三梭布折米，每匹抵三十石。其後粗闊棉布亦抵三十石，梭布極細者猶直銀二兩，粗布僅直三四錢而已。久之，定布一匹折銀三錢。於是官員俸給凡二：曰本色，曰折色。其本色有三：曰月米，曰折絹米，曰折銀米。月米，不問官大小，皆一石。折絹，絹一匹當銀六錢。折銀，六錢五分當米一石。其折色有二：曰本色鈔，曰絹布折鈔。本色鈔十貫折米一石，後增至二十貫。絹布折鈔，絹每匹折米二十石，布一匹折米十石。公侯之祿，或本折中半，或折多於本有差。文武官俸，正一品者，本色僅十之三，遞增至從九品，本色乃十之七。武職府衛官，惟本色米折銀例，每石二錢五分，與文臣異，餘並同。其三大營副將、參、遊、佐員，每月米五石，巡捕營提督、參將亦如之。巡捕中軍、把總官，月支口糧九斗，旗牌官半之。

In the sixteenth year the court again ordered payment in three-shuttle cloth, each bolt reckoned at thirty shi of grain. Coarse wide cotton cloth was later valued the same at thirty shi; the finest shuttle cloth still fetched two liang of silver, while coarse cloth was worth only three or four coins. In time the standard was set at three mace of silver per bolt of cloth. Official salaries thus came to be paid in two forms: commodities in kind, and commuted payments. The in-kind portion had three components: monthly rice, rice commuted from silk, and rice commuted from silver. Every official, whatever his rank, received one picul of monthly rice. For silk commutation, one bolt was reckoned at six mace of silver. For silver commutation, six mace five candareens bought one picul of rice. The commuted portion had two forms: standard paper notes, and notes derived from silk and cloth conversions. Standard notes were first reckoned at ten strings per picul of rice, later raised to twenty. Under silk-and-cloth commutation, each bolt of silk counted for twenty piculs of rice, each bolt of cloth for ten. Ducal and marquisate stipends were paid half in kind and half in commuted goods, or with a larger commuted share—arrangements varied. Among civil and military salaries, a first-rank, first-grade official received only thirty percent in kind; descending through the ranks to ninth grade, second rank, the in-kind share rose to seventy percent. For military officers in the guards and battalions, only the silver conversion rate for rice differed—two mace five candareens per picul, not the civil rate; otherwise the terms matched. Deputy generals, colonels, brigadiers, and adjutants of the Three Great Camps drew five piculs of rice a month, as did the patrol battalion superintendent and colonels. Mid-ranking patrol officers and platoon leaders received nine dou of ration grain monthly; banner officers, half that amount.

天下衛所軍士月糧，洪武中，令京外衛馬軍月支米二石，步軍總旗一石五斗，小旗一石二斗，軍一石。城守者如數給，屯田者半之。民匠充軍者八斗，牧馬千戶所一石，民丁編軍操練者一石，江陰橫海水軍稍班、碇手一石五斗。陣亡病故軍給喪費一石，在營病故者半之。籍沒免死充軍者謂之恩軍。家四口以上一石，三口以下六斗，無家口者四斗。又給軍士月鹽，有家口者二斤，無者一斤，在外衛所軍士以鈔準。永樂中，始令糧多之地，旗軍月糧，八分支米，二分支鈔。後山西、陝西皆然，而福建、兩廣、四川則米七鈔三，江西則米鈔中半，惟京軍及中都留守司，河南、浙江、湖廣軍，仍全支米。已而定制，衛軍有家屬者，月米六斗，無者四斗五升，餘皆折鈔。

Under Hongwu, monthly allotments for garrison troops were fixed: cavalry at two piculs, infantry company commanders at one picul five dou, platoon leaders at one picul two dou, and rank-and-file soldiers at one picul. City garrisons received full rations; troops on colony land, half. Artisan conscripts drew eight dou; cavalry ranch offices, one picul; militia trainees, one picul; Jiangyin and Henghai naval oarsmen and anchorsmen, one picul five dou. Families of soldiers killed in action or dead of illness received one picul as a funeral allowance; those who died in camp, half. Men spared execution on condition of military service after confiscation of their estates were termed "grace soldiers." Households of four or more mouths drew one picul; of three or fewer, six dou; men without dependents, four dou. Monthly salt was also issued: two jin for soldiers with families, one for those without; frontier garrisons received the value in paper notes. During Yongle, wealthy regions were first required to pay banner troops eighty percent in grain and twenty percent in notes. Shanxi and Shaanxi followed suit; Fujian, the Two Guangs, and Sichuan used a seventy-thirty rice-note split, Jiangxi paid half and half; only capital troops, the Zhongdu garrison, and forces in Henan, Zhejiang, and Huguang still drew full rice rations. A permanent rule followed: six dou for soldiers with families, four dou five sheng for those without, the balance paid in notes.

凡各衛調至京操備軍兼工作者，米五斗。其後增損不一，而本折則例，各鎮多寡不同，不能具舉。凡各鎮兵餉，有屯糧，有民運，有鹽引，有京運，有主兵年例，有客兵年例。屯糧者，明初，各鎮皆有屯田，一軍之田，足贍一軍之用，衛所官吏俸糧皆取給焉。民運者，屯糧不足，加以民糧。麥、米、豆、草、布、鈔、花絨運給戍卒，故謂之民運，後多議折銀。鹽引者，召商入粟開中，商屯出糧，與軍屯相表裏。其後納銀運司，名存而實亡。京運，始自正統中。後屯糧、鹽糧多廢，而京運日益矣。主兵有常數，客兵無常數。初，各鎮主兵足守其地，後漸不足，增以募兵，募兵不足，增以客兵。兵愈多，坐食愈眾，而年例亦日增云。

Troops called to the capital for training and spare-duty labor received five dou of rice. Later revisions varied widely; in-kind and commuted rates differed from fortress to fortress and cannot be listed in full. Frontier payrolls drew on six sources: colony grain, civilian haulage, salt certificates, grain shipped from the capital, standing-army quotas, and mercenary quotas. Colony grain dated to early Ming, when each frontier post farmed enough land to feed its own troops and to supply officers' salaries. Where colony harvests fell short, the shortfall was made up by taxes levied on the civilian population. Wheat, rice, beans, fodder, cloth, notes, and cotton were delivered to the border under this "civilian transport" system, though later most dues were commuted to silver. Under the salt-certificate system, merchants brought grain to frontier depots to earn trading rights; merchant colonies and military farms worked in tandem. In time merchants paid silver to salt offices instead—the institution endured in name only. Grain shipped from the capital began during the Zhengtong reign. As colony and salt-tithe grain dwindled, reliance on capital shipments grew ever heavier. Standing garrison strength was fixed; auxiliary and mercenary forces were not. Early on, resident troops sufficed to hold each sector; as they thinned out, recruited units were added, and when recruits failed, mercenary "guest" troops. More men meant more idle mouths on the payroll, and annual appropriations climbed steadily.

明田稅及經費出入之數，見於掌故進，皆略可考見。洪武二十六年，官民田總八百五十萬七千餘頃。夏稅，米麥四百七十一萬七千餘石，錢鈔三萬九千餘錠，絹二十八萬八千餘匹；秋糧，米二千四百七十二萬九千餘石，錢鈔五千餘錠。弘治時，官民田總六百二十二萬八千餘頃。夏稅，米麥四百六十二萬五千餘石，鈔五萬六千三百餘錠，絹二十萬二千餘匹；秋糧，米二千二百十六萬六千餘石，鈔二萬一千九百餘錠。萬歷時，官民田總七百一萬三千餘頃。夏稅，米麥總四百六十萬五千餘石，起運百九十萬三千餘石，餘悉存留，鈔五萬七千九百餘錠，絹二十萬六千餘匹；秋糧，米總二千二百三萬三千餘石，起運千三百三十六萬二千餘石，餘悉存留，鈔二萬三千六百餘錠。屯田六十三萬五千餘頃，花園倉基千九百餘所，徵糧四百五十八萬四千餘石。糧草折銀八萬五千餘兩，布五萬匹，鈔五萬餘貫，各運司提舉大小引鹽二百二十二萬八千餘引。

Ming land tax and fiscal receipts and outlays recorded in administrative compilations can still be traced in broad outline. In Hongwu 26, registered official and private fields totaled over 8,507,000 qing. Summer levies yielded over 4,717,000 piculs of grain, 39,000-odd ingots of coin and notes, and 288,000 bolts of silk; Autumn grain brought in over 24,729,000 piculs of rice and 5,000-odd ingots of cash and notes. Under Hongzhi, registered fields totaled over 6,228,000 qing. Summer revenues were over 4,625,000 piculs of grain, 56,300 ingots of notes, and 202,000 bolts of silk; Autumn grain exceeded 22,166,000 piculs of rice and 21,900 ingots of notes. During Wanli, registered fields numbered over 7,013,000 qing. Summer grain totaled over 4,605,000 piculs, of which 1,903,000 were forwarded and the rest retained locally; notes exceeded 57,900 ingots; silk, 206,000 bolts; Autumn rice totaled over 22,033,000 piculs, with 13,362,000 forwarded and the balance kept in the provinces; notes, 23,600 ingots. Garrison land covered over 635,000 qing on 1,900-odd garden and granary plots, yielding 4,584,000 piculs. Grain and fodder commuted to over 85,000 taels of silver; cloth dues, 50,000 bolts; paper notes, 50,000 strings; salt offices issued over 2,228,000 certificates of all grades.

歲入之數，內承運庫，慈甯、慈慶、乾清三宮子粒銀四萬九千餘兩，金花銀一百一萬二千餘兩，金二千兩。廣惠庫、河西務等七鈔關，鈔二千九百二十八萬餘貫，錢五千九百七十七萬餘文。京衛屯鈔五萬六千餘貫。天財庫、京城九門鈔六十六萬五千餘貫，錢二百四十三萬餘文。京、通二倉，並薊、密諸鎮漕糧四百萬石。京衛屯豆二萬三千餘石。太倉銀庫，南北直隸、浙江、江西、山東、河南派剩麥米折銀二十五萬七千餘兩。絲綿、稅絲、農桑絹折銀九萬餘兩，綿布、薴布折銀三萬八千餘兩。百官祿米折銀二萬六千餘兩。馬草折銀三十五萬三千餘兩。京五草場折銀六萬三千餘兩。各馬房倉麥豆草折銀二十餘萬兩。戶口鹽鈔折銀四萬六千餘兩。薊、密、永、昌、易、遼東六鎮，民運改解銀八十五萬三千餘兩。各鹽運提舉餘鹽、鹽課、鹽稅銀一百萬三千餘兩。黃白蠟折銀六萬八千餘兩。霸、大等馬房子粒銀二萬三千餘兩。備邊並新增地畝銀四萬五千餘兩。京衛屯牧地增銀萬八千餘兩。崇文門商稅、牙稅一萬九千餘兩，錢一萬八千餘貫。張家灣商稅二千餘兩，錢二千八百餘貫。諸鈔關折銀二十二萬三千餘兩。泰山香稅二萬餘兩。贓罰銀十七萬餘兩。商稅、魚課、富戶、曆日、民壯、弓兵並屯折、改折月糧銀十四萬四千餘兩。北直隸、山東、河南解各邊鎮麥、米、豆、草、鹽鈔折銀八十四萬二千餘兩。諸雜物條目繁瑣者不具載。所載歲入，但計起運京邊者，而存留不與焉。

Annual receipts included over 49,000 taels of estate rents for the Inner Transportation Granary and the Cining, Ciqing, and Qianqing palaces, 1,012,000 taels of "golden-flower" silver, and 2,000 taels of gold. The Guanghui treasury and six paper-note customs posts such as Hexiwu contributed over 29,280,000 strings of notes and 59,770,000 wen in cash. Capital guard colony notes exceeded 56,000 strings. The Tiancai treasury and the nine capital gates yielded over 665,000 strings of notes and 2,430,000 wen in cash. The capital and Tongzhou granaries, with grain transport from Ji, Miyun, and other commands, totaled four million piculs. Capital guard colony beans exceeded 23,000 piculs. The Taicang silver vault held over 257,000 taels from surplus wheat and rice commuted in North Zhili, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Shandong, and Henan. Silk floss, tax silk, and mulberry-silk dues yielded over 90,000 taels; cotton and ramie cloth, over 38,000 taels. Official salary rice commuted to over 26,000 taels of silver. Horse fodder commutation brought in over 353,000 taels. The capital's five fodder depots yielded over 63,000 taels in silver commutation. Wheat, beans, and fodder from the horse stables and granaries commuted to over 200,000 taels. Household salt certificates commuted to over 46,000 taels. Civilian transport dues from the six commands of Ji, Miyun, Yong, Chang, Yi, and Liaodong, converted to silver, totaled over 853,000 taels. Surplus salt, salt levies, and salt taxes from the salt transport offices yielded over 1,003,000 taels. Yellow and white wax commutation brought in over 68,000 taels. Estate rents from the Ba and Da horse stables and others exceeded 23,000 taels. Border-defense and newly registered land taxes yielded over 45,000 taels. Additional revenue from capital guard pasture lands exceeded 18,000 taels. Chongwen Gate commercial and broker taxes yielded over 19,000 taels and 18,000 strings of cash. Zhangjiawan commercial taxes brought in over 2,000 taels and 2,800 strings of cash. Paper-note customs posts commuted to over 223,000 taels of silver. Mount Tai incense offerings yielded over 20,000 taels. Fines and confiscated property totaled over 170,000 taels. Commercial tax, fishing levies, surcharges on wealthy households, calendar sales, militia and archer dues, and colony and revised monthly-ration commutations together exceeded 144,000 taels. Wheat, rice, beans, fodder, and salt-note deliveries from North Zhili, Shandong, and Henan to the frontier commands commuted to over 842,000 taels. Miscellaneous entries too numerous and trivial to list here. The revenue figures cited count only grain forwarded to the capital and the frontier, not what remained in the provinces.

歲出之數，公、侯、駙馬、伯祿米折銀一萬六千餘兩。官吏、監生俸米四萬餘石。官吏折俸絹布銀四萬四千餘兩，錢三千三百餘貫。倉庫、草場、官攢、甲鬥，光祿、太常諸司及內府監局匠役本色米八萬六千餘石，折色銀一萬三千餘兩。錦衣等七十八衛所官吏、旗校、軍士、匠役本色米二百一萬八千餘石，折色銀二十萬六千餘兩。官員折俸絹布銀二十六萬八千餘兩。軍士冬衣折布銀八萬二千餘兩。五軍、神樞、神機三大營將卒本色米十二萬餘石，冬衣折布銀二千餘兩，官軍防秋三月口糧四萬三千餘石，營操馬匹本色料二萬四千餘石，草八十萬餘束。巡捕營軍糧七千餘石。京營、巡捕營，錦衣、騰驤諸衛馬料草折銀五萬餘兩。中都留守司，山東、河南二都司班軍行糧及工役鹽糧折銀五萬餘兩。京五草場商價一萬六千餘兩。御馬三倉象馬等房，商價十四萬八千餘兩。

Annual outlays included over 16,000 taels for salary rice commuted for dukes, marquises, imperial sons-in-law, and earls. Salary rice for officials and imperial students totaled forty thousand piculs. Officials' commuted silk-and-cloth salaries cost over 44,000 taels of silver and 3,300 strings of cash. Granaries, fodder depots, government storehouses, and grain measurers; the Guanglu and Taichang bureaus and inner-palace workshops—over 86,000 piculs of in-kind rice and 13,000 taels in commuted pay for artisans and laborers. Seventy-eight guards including the Embroidered Uniform Guard—officers, bannermen, soldiers, and artisans—drew over 2,180,000 piculs in kind and 206,000 taels in commuted pay. Officials' commuted silk-and-cloth salaries totaled over 268,000 taels. Winter-clothing cloth commutation for soldiers exceeded 82,000 taels. The Five Armies, Divine Pivot, and Divine Engine camps—over 120,000 piculs of ration rice, 2,000 taels for winter-clothing cloth, 43,000 piculs for three months of autumn-border provisions, 24,000 piculs of horse fodder, and 800,000 bundles of hay. Patrol battalion grain rations exceeded 7,000 piculs. Horse fodder and hay for the capital camps, patrol battalions, and guards such as the Embroidered Uniform and Tengxiang commuted to over 50,000 taels. Travel grain and labor-salt grain for rotating troops of the Zhongdu garrison and the Shandong and Henan regional commands commuted to over 50,000 taels. Commercial purchases for the capital's five fodder depots cost over 16,000 taels. Commercial purchases for the imperial horse granaries, elephant stables, and related facilities exceeded 148,000 taels.

諸邊及近京鎮兵餉。

Military provisions for the frontier commands and those near the capital.

宣府：主兵，屯糧十三萬二千餘石，折色銀二萬二千餘兩，民運折色銀七十八萬七千餘兩，兩淮、長蘆、河東鹽引銀十三萬五千餘兩，京運年例銀十二萬五千兩；客兵，淮、蘆鹽引銀二萬六千餘兩，京運年例銀十七萬一千兩。

Xuanfu—resident troops: over 132,000 piculs of colony grain, 22,000 taels in commuted silver, 787,000 taels from civilian transport, 135,000 taels from Lianghuai, Changlu, and Hedong salt certificates, and 125,000 taels in capital-shipment quotas; guest troops: over 26,000 taels from Huai and Lu salt certificates and 171,000 taels in capital-shipment quotas.

大同：主兵，屯糧本色七萬餘石，折色銀一萬六千餘兩，牛具銀八千餘兩，鹽鈔銀一千餘兩，民運本色米七千餘石，折色銀四十五萬六千餘兩，屯田及民運本色草二百六十八萬餘束，折草銀二萬八千餘兩，淮、蘆鹽四萬三千餘引，京運年例銀二十六萬九千餘兩；客兵，京運銀十八萬一千兩，淮、蘆鹽七萬引。

Datong—resident troops: over 70,000 piculs of colony grain in kind, 16,000 taels commuted, 8,000 taels for ox implements, 1,000 taels in salt notes, 7,000 piculs of civilian-transport rice, 456,000 taels commuted, 2,680,000 bundles of colony and civilian fodder, 28,000 taels for fodder commutation, 43,000 Huai and Lu salt certificates, and 269,000 taels in capital-shipment quotas; guest troops: 181,000 taels in capital shipments and 70,000 Huai and Lu salt certificates.

山西：主兵，屯糧二萬八千餘石，折色銀一千餘兩，草九萬五千餘束，民運本色米豆二萬一千餘石，折色銀三十二萬二千餘兩，淮、浙、山東鹽引銀五萬七千餘兩，河東鹽課銀六萬四千餘兩，京運銀十三萬三千餘兩；客兵，京運銀七萬三千兩。

Shanxi—resident troops: over 28,000 piculs of colony grain, 1,000 taels commuted, 95,000 bundles of fodder, 21,000 piculs of civilian rice and beans, 322,000 taels commuted, 57,000 taels from Huai, Zhejiang, and Shandong salt certificates, 64,000 taels from Hedong salt levies, and 133,000 taels in capital shipments; guest troops: 73,000 taels in capital shipments.

延綏：主兵，屯糧五萬六千餘石，地畝銀一千餘兩，民運糧料九萬七千餘石，折色銀十九萬七千餘兩，屯田及民運草六萬九千餘束，淮、浙鹽引銀六萬七千餘兩，京運年例銀三十五萬七千餘兩；客兵，淮、浙鹽引銀二萬九千餘兩，京運年例銀二萬餘兩。

Yan-sui—resident troops: over 56,000 piculs of colony grain, 1,000 taels in land tax, 97,000 piculs of civilian grain and fodder, 197,000 taels commuted, 69,000 bundles of colony and civilian hay, 67,000 taels from Huai and Zhejiang salt certificates, and 357,000 taels in capital-shipment quotas; guest troops: over 29,000 taels from Huai and Zhejiang salt certificates and 20,000 taels in capital-shipment quotas.

寧夏：主兵，屯糧料十四萬八千餘石，折色銀一千餘兩，地畝銀一千餘兩，民運本色糧千餘石，折色銀十萬八千餘兩，屯田及民運草一百八十三萬餘束，淮、浙鹽引銀八萬一千餘兩，京運年例銀二萬五千兩；客兵，京運年例銀萬兩。

Ningxia—resident troops: over 148,000 piculs of colony grain and fodder, 1,000 taels commuted, 1,000 taels in land tax, 1,000 piculs of civilian grain in kind, 108,000 taels commuted, 1,830,000 bundles of colony and civilian hay, 81,000 taels from Huai and Zhejiang salt certificates, and 25,000 taels in capital-shipment quotas; Guest troops: an annual capital-shipment quota of ten thousand taels of silver.

甘肅：屯糧料二十三萬二千餘石，草四百三十餘萬束，折草銀二千餘兩，民運糧布折銀二十九萬四千餘兩，京運銀五萬一千餘兩，淮、浙鹽引銀十萬二千餘兩。

Gansu: more than 232,000 shi of colony grain and fodder, more than 4.3 million bundles of hay, hay commuted to over two thousand taels, civilian transport grain and cloth commuted to over 294,000 taels, capital shipments of over 51,000 taels, and Huai and Zhejiang salt certificates worth over 102,000 taels.

固原：屯糧料三十一萬九千餘石，折色糧料草銀四萬一千餘兩，地畝牛具銀七千一百餘兩，民運本色糧料四萬五千餘石，折色糧料草布花銀二十七萬九千餘兩，屯田及民運草二十萬八千餘束，淮、浙鹽引銀二萬五千餘兩，京運銀六萬三千餘兩，犒賞銀一百九十餘兩。

Guyuan: more than 319,000 shi of colony grain and fodder; over 41,000 taels in commuted grain, fodder, and hay; over 7,100 taels in land tax and ox implements; more than 45,000 shi of civilian transport in kind; over 279,000 taels in commuted grain, fodder, hay, cloth, and cotton; more than 208,000 bundles of colony and civilian hay; over 25,000 taels from Huai and Zhejiang salt certificates; over 63,000 taels in capital shipments; and over 190 taels in reward silver.

遼東：主兵，屯糧二十七萬九千餘石，荒田糧四百餘兩，民運銀十五萬九千餘兩，兩淮、山東鹽引銀三萬九千餘兩，京運年例銀三十萬七千餘兩；客兵，京運年例銀十萬二千餘兩。

Liaodong—resident troops: more than 279,000 shi of colony grain, over 400 taels of wasteland grain tax, over 159,000 taels of civilian transport silver, over 39,000 taels from Lianghuai and Shandong salt certificates, and an annual capital-shipment quota of over 307,000 taels; guest troops: an annual capital-shipment quota of over 102,000 taels of silver.

薊州：主兵，民運銀九千餘兩，漕糧五萬石，京運年例銀二十萬六千餘兩；客兵，屯糧料五萬三千餘石，地畝馬草折色銀萬六千餘兩，民運銀萬八千餘兩，山東民兵工食銀五萬六千兩，遵化營民壯工食銀四千餘兩，鹽引銀萬三千餘兩，京運年例銀二十萬八千餘兩，撫賞銀一萬五千兩，犒軍銀一萬三千餘兩。

Jizhou—resident troops: over 9,000 taels of civilian transport silver, fifty thousand shi of canal grain, and an annual capital-shipment quota of over 206,000 taels; guest troops: more than 53,000 shi of colony grain and fodder; over 16,000 taels in commuted land tax and horse fodder; over 18,000 taels of civilian transport silver; fifty-six thousand taels for Shandong militia labor; over 4,000 taels for Zunhua garrison civilian labor; over 13,000 taels in salt certificates; an annual capital-shipment quota of over 208,000 taels; fifteen thousand taels in pacification payments; and over 13,000 taels in troop rewards.

永平：主兵，屯糧料三萬三千餘石，民運糧料二萬七千餘石，折色銀二萬八千餘兩，民壯工食銀萬二千餘兩，京運年例銀十二萬二千餘兩；客兵，屯草折銀三千餘兩，民運草三十一萬一千餘束，京運銀十一萬九千餘兩。

Yongping—resident troops: more than 33,000 shi of colony grain and fodder; more than 27,000 shi of civilian transport grain and fodder; over 28,000 taels in commuted silver; over 12,000 taels for civilian labor; and an annual capital-shipment quota of over 122,000 taels; guest troops: colony hay commuted to over 3,000 taels; more than 311,000 bundles of civilian transport hay; and capital shipments of over 119,000 taels.

密云：主兵，屯糧六千餘石，地畝銀二百九十兩，民運銀萬兩有奇，漕糧十萬四千餘石，京運銀十六萬兩有奇；客兵，民運銀萬六千餘兩，民壯工食銀九百餘兩，漕糧五萬石，京運銀二十三萬三千餘兩。

Miyun—resident troops: more than six thousand shi of colony grain; 290 taels of land-tax silver; a little over ten thousand taels of civilian transport silver; more than 104,000 shi of canal grain; and capital shipments of a little over 160,000 taels; guest troops: over 16,000 taels of civilian transport silver; over 900 taels for civilian labor; fifty thousand shi of canal grain; and capital shipments of over 233,000 taels.

昌平：主兵，屯糧折色銀二千四百餘兩，地畝銀五百餘兩，折草銀一百餘兩，民運銀二萬兩有奇，漕糧十八萬九千餘石，京運年例銀九萬六千餘兩；客兵，京運年例銀四萬七千餘兩。

Changping—resident troops: colony grain commuted to over 2,400 taels; over 500 taels of land-tax silver; hay commuted to over 100 taels; a little over twenty thousand taels of civilian transport silver; more than 189,000 shi of canal grain; and an annual capital-shipment quota of over 96,000 taels; guest troops: an annual capital-shipment quota of over 47,000 taels of silver.

易州：主兵，屯糧二萬三千餘石，地畝銀六百餘兩，民運銀三十萬六千餘兩；客兵，京運銀五萬九千兩。

Yizhou—resident troops: more than 23,000 shi of colony grain; over 600 taels of land-tax silver; and over 306,000 taels of civilian transport silver; guest troops: capital shipments of fifty-nine thousand taels of silver.

井陘：主兵，屯糧萬四千餘石，地畝銀八千餘兩，民運本色米麥一萬七千餘石，折色銀四萬八千餘兩；客兵，京運年例銀三千餘兩。

Jingxing—resident troops: more than fourteen thousand shi of colony grain; over eight thousand taels of land-tax silver; more than seventeen thousand shi of civilian transport rice and wheat in kind; and over 48,000 taels in commuted silver; guest troops: an annual capital-shipment quota of over three thousand taels of silver.

他雜費不具載。

Other miscellaneous expenses are not listed in full.

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