Volume 129 Biographies 17: Feng Sheng, Fu Youde, Liao Yongzhong, Yang Jing, Hu Mei

馮勝，定遠人。初名國勝，又名宗異，最後名勝。生時黑氣滿室，經日不散。及長，雄勇多智略，與兄國用俱喜讀書，通兵法，元末結寨自保。太祖略地至妙山，國用偕勝來歸，甚見親信。太祖嘗從容詢天下大計，國用對曰：「金陵龍蟠虎踞，帝王之都，先拔之以為根本。然後四出征伐，倡仁義，收人心，勿貪子女玉帛，天下不足定也。」太祖大悅，俾居幕府，從克滁、和，戰三叉河、板門寨、雞籠山，皆有功。從渡江，取太平，遂命國用典親兵，委以心腹。太祖既擒陳野先，釋之，令招其部曲。國用策其必叛，不如弗遣。尋果叛，為其下所殺，其從子兆先復擁眾屯方山。蠻子海牙扼採石，國用與諸將攻破海牙水寨，又破擒兆先，盡降其眾三萬餘人。眾疑懼，太祖擇驍勇者五百人為親軍，宿衛帳中。悉屏舊人，獨留國用侍榻側，五百人者始安。即命國用將之，以攻集慶，爭效死先登。與諸將下鎮江、丹陽、甯國、泰興、宜興，從征金華，攻紹興，累擢親軍都指揮使。卒於軍，年三十六。太祖哭之慟。洪武三年追封郢國公，肖像功臣廟，位第八。

Feng Sheng was a native of Dingyuan. He was first named Guosheng, later called Zongyi, and finally took the name Sheng. When he was born, black vapor filled the room and lingered for an entire day. As an adult he was bold, brave, and resourceful. He and his elder brother Guoyong both loved books and mastered military strategy; in the closing years of the Yuan they fortified a stockade to defend themselves. When the Taizu advanced as far as Miaoshan, Guoyong came over with Sheng and won his deep trust. The Taizu once asked him, in an unhurried conversation, about the grand strategy for the realm. Guoyong answered: "Jinling coils like a dragon and crouches like a tiger—it is an imperial capital. Take it first and make it your foundation. Then march in all four directions, proclaim benevolence and righteousness, win the people's hearts, and do not covet women, jade, or silks, and the realm will not be hard to secure. The Taizu was greatly pleased and kept him in headquarters. He followed the campaigns that took Chu and He and fought at San Cha River, Banmen Stockade, and Jilong Mountain, distinguishing himself in each. He crossed the Yangzi with the army and helped take Taiping, after which the Taizu put Guoyong in charge of the personal guard and treated him as a trusted confidant. After the Taizu captured Chen Yexian, he released him and ordered him to rally his followers. Guoyong judged that Chen would surely rebel and advised against sending him. Before long Chen did rebel and was killed by his own men; his nephew Zhaoxian then rallied the troops and encamped at Fangshan. Mansai Haiya held Caishi. Guoyong and the other generals stormed Haiya's river stockade, then defeated and captured Zhaoxian, bringing more than thirty thousand of his men to surrender. The troops were uneasy and afraid. The Taizu chose five hundred fierce warriors as a personal guard to lodge in his tent. He dismissed all the old followers and kept only Guoyong at his bedside; only then did the five hundred feel reassured. He immediately put Guoyong in command of them for the assault on Jiqing, and they vied to die in the van. With the other generals he took Zhenjiang, Danyang, Ningguo, Taixing, and Yixing, joined the campaign against Jinhua, and attacked Shaoxing, rising repeatedly until he became commander of the personal guard. He died on campaign at the age of thirty-six. The Taizu wept for him in deep grief. In Hongwu year 3 he was posthumously enfeoffed as Duke of Ying; his portrait was placed in the Hall of Meritorious Ministers, in the eighth rank.

國用之卒，子誠幼，勝先已積功為元帥，遂命襲兄職，典親軍。

When Guoyong died, his son Cheng was still young. Sheng had already won merit as a marshal, so he was ordered to succeed to his brother's post and command the personal guard.

陳友諒逼龍灣。太祖禦之，戰石灰山。勝攻其中堅，大破之，又追究破之採石，遂復太平。從征友諒，破安慶水寨，長驅至江州，走友諒。進親軍都護。從解安豐圍，遷同知樞密院事。從戰鄱陽，下武昌，克廬州，移兵取江西諸路。與諸將收淮東，克海安壩，取泰州。徐達圍高郵未下，還師援宜興，以勝督軍。高郵守將詐降，勝令指揮康泰帥數百人先入城，敵閉門盡殺之。太祖怒，召勝決大杖十，令步詣高郵。勝慚憤，攻甚力。達亦自宜興還，益兵攻克之，遂取淮安。安豐破，擒吳將呂珍於舊館。下湖州，克平江，功次平章常遇春，再遷右都督。從大將軍達北征，下山東諸州郡。

Chen Youliang pressed upon Longwan. The Taizu went out to meet him and fought at Shihui Mountain. Sheng struck their main force and routed them, pursued them, and defeated them again at Caishi, then recovered Taiping. He joined the campaign against Youliang, stormed the Anqing river stockade, drove straight to Jiangzhou, and put Youliang to flight. He was promoted to protector of the personal guard. He helped lift the siege of Anfeng and was appointed vice-director of the Bureau of Military Affairs. He fought at Poyang, took Wuchang, captured Luzhou, and shifted troops to seize the circuits of Jiangxi. With the other generals he recovered eastern Huai, captured Hai'an Dam, and took Taizhou. Xu Da besieged Gaoyou without success, returned to relieve Yixing, and put Sheng in charge of the army. The Gaoyou garrison commander feigned surrender. Sheng ordered Commander Kang Tai to lead several hundred men into the city first, and the enemy shut the gates and slaughtered them. The Taizu was furious. He summoned Sheng, had him beaten ten strokes with the great staff, and ordered him to go on foot to Gaoyou. Ashamed and angry, Sheng pressed the assault with great force. Xu Da also returned from Yixing, reinforced the army, and captured the city, then took Huai'an. When Anfeng fell, he captured the Wu general Lü Zhen at Jiuguan. He took Huzhou and captured Pingjiang. His merit ranked second only to the pingzhang Chang Yuchun, and he was promoted again to right commander-in-chief. He followed the great general Xu Da on the northern expedition and reduced the prefectures and districts of Shandong.

洪武元年兼太子右詹事。坐小法貶一官，為都督同知。引兵溯河，取汴、洛，下陝州，趨潼關。守將宵遁，遂奪關，取華州。還汴，謁帝行在。授征虜右副將軍，留守汴梁。尋從大將軍征山西，由武陟取懷慶，逾太行，克碗子城，取澤、潞，擒元右丞賈成於猗氏。克平陽、絳州，擒元左丞田保保等，獲將士五百餘人。帝悅，詔右副將軍勝居常遇春下，偏將軍湯和居勝下，偏將軍楊璟居和下。

In Hongwu 1 he also served as right tutor to the crown prince. For a minor offense he was demoted one rank and made vice commander-in-chief. He led troops upriver, took Bian and Luoyang, reduced Shanzhou, and pressed on toward Tong Pass. The garrison commander fled by night, so he seized the pass and took Huazhou. He returned to Bian and paid homage at the emperor's traveling court. He was appointed right vice general of the northern expedition and left to guard Bianliang. Soon afterward he joined the great general's campaign in Shanxi, took Huaqing by way of Wuzhi, crossed the Taihang range, captured Wanzicheng, seized Ze and Lu, and captured the Yuan right censor-in-chief Jia Cheng at Yishi. He captured Pingyang and Jiangzhou, seized the Yuan left censor-in-chief Tian Baobao and others, and took more than five hundred officers and soldiers prisoner. The emperor was pleased and decreed that the right vice general Sheng should rank below Chang Yuchun, the lieutenant general Tang He below Sheng, and the lieutenant general Yang Jing below He.

二年渡河趨陝西，克鳳翔。遂渡隴，取鞏昌，進逼臨洮，降李思齊。還從大將軍圍慶陽。擴廓遣將攻原州，為慶陽聲援。勝扼驛馬關敗其將，遂克慶陽，執張良臣。陝西悉平。

In year 2 he crossed the river into Shaanxi and captured Fengxiang. He then crossed Long, took Gongchang, advanced on Lintao, and received Li Siqi's surrender. He returned and joined the great general in besieging Qingyang. Köke Temür sent generals to attack Yuanzhou to relieve pressure on Qingyang. Sheng held Yima Pass, defeated their generals, captured Qingyang, and took Zhang Liangchen prisoner. Shaanxi was entirely pacified.

九月，帝召大將軍還，命勝駐慶陽，節制諸軍。勝以關陝既定，輒引兵還。帝怒，切責之。念其功大，赦勿治。而賞賚金幣，不能半大將軍。

In the ninth month the emperor recalled the great general and ordered Sheng to remain at Qingyang in command of all armies. Thinking that Guan and Shaan were already settled, Sheng led the army back on his own. The emperor was furious and sharply rebuked him. Mindful of his great merit, the emperor pardoned him and did not punish him. Yet the gold and silks he received amounted to less than half what the great general was given.

明年正月復以右副將軍同大將軍出西安，搗定西，破擴廓帖木兒，獲士馬數萬。分兵自徽州南出一百八渡，徇略陽，擒元平章蔡琳，遂入沔州。遣別將自連雲棧取興元，移兵吐番，征哨極於西北。凱旋，論功授開國輔運推誠宣力武臣、特進榮祿大夫、右柱國、同參軍國事，封宋國公，食祿三千石，予世券。誥詞謂勝兄弟親同骨肉，十餘年間，除肘腑之患，建爪牙之功，平定中原，佐成混一。所以稱揚之者甚至。五年，以勝宣力四方，與魏國公達、曹國公文忠各賜彤弓。

In the first month of the following year he again served as right vice general alongside the great general, marching out from Xi'an, striking into Dingxi, defeating Köke Temür, and capturing tens of thousands of men and horses. He detached troops south from Huizhou by the One Hundred and Eight Fords, overran Lüeyang, captured the Yuan pingzhang Cai Lin, and then entered Mianzhou. He sent another general by the Lianyun plank road to take Xingyuan, shifted troops into Tibet, and pushed scouting parties to the farthest northwest. On his triumphant return he was rewarded with the titles founding martial minister who assists the state, promotes sincerity, and extends effort; specially advanced grand master of glorious emolument; right pillar of the state; and co-participant in state affairs; enfeoffed as Duke of Song with an income of three thousand piculs and granted a hereditary patent. The patent of appointment said the Feng brothers were as close as flesh and bone; for more than ten years they had removed dangers at the emperor's side, built the merit of loyal arms, pacified the Central Plain, and helped achieve unification. The praise heaped upon them was extraordinary. In year 5, because Sheng had extended his strength in all four directions, he and the Duke of Wei Xu Da and the Duke of Cao Li Wenzhong were each granted a red bow.

擴廓在和林，數擾邊。帝患之，大發兵三道出塞。命勝為征西將軍，帥副將軍陳德、傅友德等出西道，取甘肅。至蘭州，友德以驍騎前驅，再敗元兵，勝復敗之掃林山。至甘肅，元將上都驢迎降。至亦集乃路，守將卜顏帖木兒亦降。次別篤山，岐王朵兒只班遁去，追獲其平章長加奴等二十七人及馬駝牛羊十余萬。是役也，大將軍達軍不利，左副將軍文忠殺傷相當，獨勝斬獲甚眾，全師而還。會有言其私匿駝馬者，賞不行。自後數出練兵臨清、北平，出大同征元遺眾，鎮陝西及河南。冊其女為周王妃。

Köke Temür was at Karakorum and repeatedly harassed the frontier. The emperor was troubled by this and raised a great army in three columns beyond the frontier passes. Sheng was appointed general of the western expedition and led the vice generals Chen De, Fu Youde, and others on the western route to take Gansu. At Lanzhou, Fu Youde led fierce cavalry as vanguard and twice defeated Yuan troops; Sheng defeated them again at Saolin Mountain. At Gansu, the Yuan general Shangdu Lü came out to surrender. At the Yijinai circuit the garrison commander Buyan Temür also surrendered. Next at Biedu Mountain the Prince of Qi Du'erzhiban fled. They pursued him and captured his pingzhang Changjianu and twenty-seven others, along with more than one hundred thousand horses, camels, cattle, and sheep. In this campaign the great general Xu Da's army fared badly and the left vice general Li Wenzhong's casualties were about even, but Sheng alone killed and captured in great numbers and returned with his whole army intact. Just then someone accused him of privately hoarding camels and horses, and his reward was withheld. Afterward he repeatedly went out to drill troops at Linqing and Beiping, marched from Datong against Yuan remnants, and guarded Shaanxi and Henan. His daughter was ennobled as consort to the Prince of Zhou.

久之，大將軍達、左副將軍文忠皆卒，而元太尉納哈出擁眾數十萬屯金山，數為遼東邊害。二十年命勝為征虜大將軍，穎國公傅友德、永昌侯藍玉為左右副將軍，帥南雄侯趙庸等以步騎二十萬征之。鄭國公常茂、曹國公李景隆、申國公鄧鎮等皆從。帝復遣故所獲納哈出部將乃剌吾者奉璽書往諭降。勝出松亭關，分築大寧、寬河、會州、富峪四城。駐大寧逾兩月，留兵五萬守之，而以全師壓金山。納哈出見乃剌吾驚曰：「爾尚存乎！」乃剌吾述帝恩德。納哈出喜，遣其左丞、探馬赤等獻馬，且覘勝軍。勝已深入，逾金山，至女直苦屯，降納哈出之將全國公觀童。大軍奄至，納哈出度不敵，因乃剌吾請降。勝使藍玉輕騎受之。玉飲納哈出酒，歡甚，解衣衣之。納哈出不肯服，顧左右咄咄語，謀遁去。勝之婿常茂在坐，遽起砍其臂。都督耿忠擁以見勝。納哈出將士妻子十余萬屯松花河，聞納哈出傷，驚潰。勝遣觀童諭之乃降，得所部二十余萬人，牛羊馬駝輜重互百餘里。還至亦迷河，復收其殘卒二萬余、車馬五萬。而都督濮英殿后，為敵所殺。師還，以捷聞，並奏常茂激變狀，盡將降眾二十萬人入關。帝大悅，使使者迎勞勝等，械系茂。會有言勝多匿良馬，使閽者行酒于納哈出之妻求大珠異寶，王子死二日強娶其女，失降附心，又失濮英三千騎，而茂亦訐勝過。帝怒，收勝大將軍印，命就第鳳陽，奉朝請，諸將士亦無賞。勝自是不復將大兵矣。

After a long while the great general Xu Da and the left vice general Li Wenzhong both died, while the Yuan grand guardian Naghachu held several hundred thousand men at Jinshan and repeatedly raided the Liaodong frontier. In year 20 Sheng was appointed great general of the northern expedition, with the Duke of Ying Fu Youde and the Marquis of Yongchang Lan Yu as left and right vice generals, leading the Marquis of Nanxiong Zhao Yong and others with two hundred thousand infantry and cavalry against him. The Duke of Zheng Chang Mao, the Duke of Cao Li Jinglong, the Duke of Shen Deng Zhen, and others all accompanied the expedition. The emperor again sent Nailawu, a former subordinate of Naghachu whom he had captured, bearing an imperial letter to urge surrender. Sheng marched out through Songting Pass and built the four cities of Daning, Kuanhe, Huizhou, and Fuyu. He remained at Daning for more than two months, left fifty thousand troops to guard it, and pressed on with the whole army toward Jinshan. When Naghachu saw Nailawu he exclaimed in surprise, "You are still alive!" Nailawu recounted the emperor's kindness and virtue. Naghachu was pleased and sent his left censor and the scout Temür and others to present horses and also to reconnoiter Sheng's army. Sheng had already advanced deep inland, crossed Jinshan, reached the Jurchen post of Kutun, and received the surrender of Naghachu's general, the Duke of the Whole Realm Guan Tong. The great army suddenly arrived. Naghachu judged that he could not resist and, through Nailawu, asked to surrender. Sheng sent Lan Yu with light cavalry to receive the surrender. Lan Yu drank wine with Naghachu and grew very merry; he took off his own garment and clothed Naghachu in it. Naghachu would not submit. He turned to those beside him and spoke sharply, plotting to slip away. Sheng's son-in-law Chang Mao was present; he sprang up at once and hacked off Naghachu's arm. Commander Geng Zhong seized him and brought him before Sheng. More than one hundred thousand of Naghachu's officers, soldiers, wives, and children were encamped on the Songhua River. When they heard that Naghachu was wounded, they panicked and scattered. Sheng sent Guan Tong to instruct them, and they then surrendered. He obtained more than two hundred thousand of their followers, and cattle, sheep, horses, camels, and baggage stretched for more than a hundred li. On the return to the Yimi River he again gathered more than twenty thousand remnant troops and fifty thousand carts and horses. But Commander Pu Ying brought up the rear and was killed by the enemy. When the army returned, victory was reported along with an account of how Chang Mao had provoked the disturbance. All two hundred thousand of the surrendered people were brought inside the passes. The emperor was greatly pleased and sent envoys to welcome and reward Sheng and the others. Chang Mao was put in fetters. Just then someone reported that Sheng had hidden many fine horses, sent a gatekeeper to offer wine to Naghachu's wife while seeking great pearls and rare treasures, and forcibly married her daughter two days after a prince's death, alienating those who had surrendered. He had also lost three thousand of Pu Ying's cavalry, and Chang Mao denounced his faults as well. The emperor was angry. He took back Sheng's great general's seal, ordered him to retire to his estate at Fengyang and attend court by invitation only, and the officers and soldiers received no reward either. From then on Sheng never again commanded a great army.

二十一年奉詔調東昌番兵征曲靖。番兵中道叛，勝鎮永甯撫安之。二十五年命籍太原、平陽民為軍，立衛屯田。皇太孫立，加太子太師，偕潁國公友德練軍山西、河南，諸公、侯皆聽節制。

In year 21 he received orders to mobilize the Eastern Chang tribal troops for the campaign against Qujing. The tribal troops rebelled en route, and Sheng remained at Yongning to pacify them. In year 25 he was ordered to register the people of Taiyuan and Pingyang as soldiers and establish garrison colonies. When the imperial great-grandson was installed, Sheng was made grand tutor to the crown prince. Together with the Duke of Ying Fu Youde he drilled troops in Shanxi and Henan, and all the dukes and marquises were placed under his command.

時詔列勳臣望重者八人，勝居第三。太祖春秋高，多猜忌。勝功最多，數以細故失帝意。藍玉誅之月，召還京。逾二年，賜死，諸子皆不得嗣。而國用子誠積戰功雲南，累官至右軍左都督。

At that time the court named eight eminent merit subjects; Feng Sheng ranked third. Taizu was growing old and increasingly suspicious. Feng Sheng had earned the most merit, yet time and again petty incidents cost him the emperor's favor. The month Lan Yu was put to death, he was summoned back to the capital. More than two years later he was ordered to take his own life, and none of his sons was allowed to succeed him. Guoyong's son Zicheng, however, earned his way up in Yunnan through repeated battle service, eventually reaching the post of Left Vice Commander of the Right Army.

納哈出者，元木華黎裔孫，為太平路萬戶。太祖克太平被執，以名臣後，待之厚。知其不忘元，資遣北歸。元既亡，納哈出聚兵金山，畜牧蕃盛。帝遣使招諭之，終不報。數犯遼東，為葉旺所敗。勝等大兵臨之，乃降，封海西侯。從傅友德征雲南，道卒。子察罕，改封瀋陽侯，坐藍玉黨死。

Nahachu was a descendant of the Yuan general Muqali and held the post of myriarch of Taiping Circuit. When Taizu took Taiping, Nahachu was captured; as the heir of an eminent minister's house, he was treated with great favor. Knowing he still held loyalty to the Yuan, the emperor furnished him with supplies and allowed him to return north. Once the Yuan had fallen, Nahachu rallied forces at Jinshan and raised vast herds there. The emperor sent envoys to win him over, but he never answered. He raided Liaodong again and again until Ye Wang defeated him. When Feng Sheng and the others marched on him in force, he surrendered and was created Marquis of Haixi. He accompanied Fu Youde's expedition to Yunnan but died en route. His son Chaghan was reassigned the title Marquis of Shenyang but was executed for ties to Lan Yu's clique.

傅友德

Fu Youde

傅友德，其先宿州人，後徙碭山。元末從劉福通党李喜喜入蜀。喜喜敗，從明玉珍，玉珍珍不能用。走武昌，從陳友諒，無所知名。

Fu Youde's family originally came from Suzhou and later relocated to Dangshan. In the final years of the Yuan he followed Liu Futong's follower Li Xixi into Sichuan. After Xixi was beaten, he served Ming Yuzhen, who never found a good use for his talents. He fled to Wuchang and entered Chen Youliang's service, yet remained unknown.

太祖攻江州，至小孤山，友德帥所部降。帝與語，奇之，用為將。從常遇春援安豐，略廬州。還，從戰鄱陽湖，輕舟挫友諒前鋒。被數創，戰益力，復與諸將邀擊于涇江口，友諒敗死。從征武昌，城東南高冠山下瞰城中，漢兵據之，諸將相顧莫前。友德帥數百人，一鼓奪之。流矢中頰洞脅，不為沮。武昌平，授雄武衛指揮使。從徐達拔廬州，別將克夷陵、衡州、襄陽。攻安陸，被九創，破擒其將任亮。從大軍下淮東，破張士誠援兵于馬騾港，獲戰艘千，復大破元將竹貞于安豐。同陸聚守徐州，擴廓遣將李二來攻，次陵子村。友德度兵寡不敵，遂堅壁不戰。詗其眾方散掠，以二千人溯河至呂梁，登陸擊之，單騎奮槊刺其將韓乙。敵敗去。度且復至，亟還，開城門而陣於野，臥戈以待，約聞鼓即起。李二果至，鳴鼓，士騰躍搏戰，破擒二。召還，進江淮行省參知政事，撤御前麾蓋，鼓吹送歸第。

When Taizu attacked Jiangzhou and reached Little Gushan, Fu Youde brought his command in and surrendered. Taizu spoke with him, was struck by his ability, and made him a commander. He followed Chang Yuchun to relieve Anfeng and raided Luzhou. Returning, he fought at Poyang Lake and, in light craft, smashed Chen Youliang's vanguard. Wounded repeatedly, he fought all the harder; he joined the other generals in an ambush at the Jing River mouth, and Chen Youliang was defeated and killed. In the campaign on Wuchang, Crown Mountain southeast of the city commanded the town, and Han forces held it; the generals hesitated, and none would go forward. Fu Youde led several hundred men and took it in one rush. A stray arrow pierced his cheek and tore into his side, but he did not falter. After Wuchang fell, he was made commander of the Heroic Martial Guard. He followed Xu Da in capturing Luzhou and, in a separate column, took Yiling, Hengzhou, and Xiangyang. At Anlu he took nine wounds, routed the defenders, and captured the general Ren Liang. He marched with the main force down the eastern Huai, destroyed Zhang Shicheng's relief force at Maluan Harbor and took a thousand warships, then routed the Yuan general Zhuzhen at Anfeng. With Lu Ju he held Xuzhou when Köke Temür sent General Li Er against it; Li Er camped at Lingzi Village. Fu Youde reckoned his force too small to meet the enemy head-on and held his walls without fighting. Learning the enemy was scattered on plunder, he took two thousand men upriver to Lüliang, landed, and attacked; riding alone, he drove his spear into their general Han Yi. The enemy broke and fled. Expecting them back soon, he raced to the city, threw open the gates, and formed up in the field with weapons laid flat, ready to spring up at the drum. Li Er returned as expected; at the drum his men leapt up and fought at close quarters, defeating and capturing him. Recalled, he was promoted to administrative vice commissioner of the Jianghuai Branch Secretariat; the imperial canopy and guard were withdrawn, and he was sent home to the beat of drums and pipes.

明年從大將軍北征，破沂州，下青州。元丞相也速來援，以輕騎誘敵入伏，奮擊敗走之。遂取萊陽、東昌。明年從定汴、洛，收諸山寨。渡河取衛輝、彰德，至臨清，獲元將為嚮導，取德州、滄州。既克元都，偵邏古北隘口，守盧溝橋，略大同，還下保定、真定，守定州。從攻山西，克太原。擴廓自保安來援，萬騎突至。友德以五十騎沖卻之，因夜襲其營。擴廓倉卒遁去，追至土門關，獲其士馬萬計。復敗賀宗哲于石州，敗脫列伯于宣府，遂西會大將軍，圍慶陽，以偏師駐靈州，遏其援兵，遂克慶陽。還，賜白金文綺。

The following year he joined the great general's northern campaign, captured Yizhou, and took Qingzhou. When the Yuan chancellor Ayush came to relieve the city, Fu Youde lured the enemy into an ambush with light cavalry and drove them off in a fierce attack. He then captured Laiyang and Dongchang. The next year he helped secure Kaifeng and Luoyang and reduce the mountain strongholds. He crossed the Yellow River and took Weihui and Zhangde; at Linqing he secured Yuan generals as guides and seized Dezhou and Cangzhou. After the Yuan capital fell, he scouted the Gubeikou pass, held the Lugou Bridge, raided Datong, then swung back to take Baoding and Zhending and garrisoned Dingzhou. He joined the assault on Shanxi and captured Taiyuan. Köke Temür marched from Bao'an to relieve the city with ten thousand horsemen who burst upon them. Fu Youde charged them with fifty horsemen and threw them back, then raided their camp that night. Köke Temür fled in disarray; they pursued to Tumen Pass and took tens of thousands of his men and horses. He defeated He Zongzhe at Shizhou and Töle Buqa at Xuanfu, then marched west to join the great general, besieged Qingyang, and with a detached column held Lingzhou to block reinforcements until Qingyang fell. On his return he received gifts of white gold and brocade.

洪武三年從大將軍搗定西，大破擴廓。移兵伐蜀，領前鋒出一百八渡，奪略陽關，遂入沔。分兵自連雲棧合攻漢中，克之。以饋餉不繼，還軍西安。蜀將吳友仁寇漢中。友德以三千騎救之，攻鬥山寨，令軍中人燃十炬布山上，蜀兵驚遁。是冬，論功授開國輔運推誠宣力武臣、榮祿大夫、柱國、同知大都督府事，封穎川侯，食祿千五百石，予世券。

In Hongwu year 3 he joined the great general's strike into Dingxi and routed Köke Temür. Turning to Shu, he led the vanguard through the One Hundred and Eight Fords, took Liaoyang Pass, and entered Hanzhong territory at Mian. He sent a column along the Lianyun Plank Road to join the assault on Hanzhong and captured it. When supplies failed, he pulled the army back to Xi'an. The Shu general Wu Youren attacked Hanzhong. Fu Youde rode to the rescue with three thousand cavalry, fought at Mount Doudou, and had each soldier light ten torches on the hills; the Shu army fled in panic. That winter his service was rewarded with the titles founding supporter who assists the enterprise, promotes sincerity and extends force, martial minister, Grand Master of Splendid Emolument, and Pillar of the State; he became vice commissioner of the Chief Military Commission, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Yingchuan with fifteen hundred piculs of grain, and received a hereditary patent.

明年充征虜前將軍，與征西將軍湯和分道伐蜀。和帥廖永忠等以舟師攻瞿塘，友德帥顧時等以步騎出秦、隴。太祖諭友德曰：「蜀人聞我西伐，必悉精銳東守瞿塘，北阻金牛，以抗我師。若出不意，直搗階、文，門戶既隳，腹心自潰。兵貴神速，患不勇耳。」友德疾馳至陝，集諸軍聲言出金牛，而潛引兵趨陳倉，攀援岩穀，晝夜行。抵階州，敗蜀將丁世珍，克其城。蜀人斷白龍江橋。友德修橋以渡，破五里關，遂拔文州。渡白水江，趨綿州。時漢江水漲，不得渡，伐木造戰艦。欲以軍聲通瞿塘，乃削木為牌為千，書克階、文、綿日月，投漢水，順流下。蜀守者見之，皆解體。

The next year he was made forward general of the northern campaign and, with the western expedition general Tang He, invaded Shu on separate routes. Tang He took Liao Yongzhong and the fleet against Qutang Gorge, while Fu Youde led Gu Shi and the infantry and cavalry through Qin and Long. Taizu told Fu Youde: "When the Shu hear we are coming from the west, they will surely mass their best troops to hold Qutang in the east and block the Golden Ox Road in the north against us. If you strike where they do not expect it and drive straight at Jie and Wen, once their gates are smashed their heartland will collapse on its own. In war speed is everything; the only danger is lack of courage. Fu Youde raced to Shaan, assembled the armies, and announced he would take the Golden Ox Road, while secretly marching on Chencang, scaling cliffs and gorges day and night. He reached Jiezhou, defeated the Shu general Ding Shizhen, and captured the city. The Shu destroyed the bridge over the Bailong River. Fu Youde rebuilt the bridge to cross, forced Wuli Pass, and took Wenzhou. He crossed the White Water River and hurried on to Mianzhou. The Han River was swollen and impassable, so he felled timber to build warships. To carry word of his army to Qutang, he carved a thousand wooden plaques marked with the dates of taking Jie, Wen, and Mian, floated them down the Han, and let the current bear them away. Shu defenders who saw them lost all fighting spirit.

初，蜀人聞大軍西征，丞相戴壽等果悉眾守瞿塘。及聞友德破階、文，搗江油，始分兵援漢州，以保成都。未至，友德已破其守將向大亨于城下，謂將士曰：「援師遠來，聞大亨破，己膽落，無能為也。」迎擊，大敗之。遂拔漢州，進圍成都。壽等以象戰。友德令強弩火器沖之，身中流矢不退，將士殊死戰。象反走，躪藉死者甚眾。壽等聞其主明升已降，乃籍府庫倉廩面縛詣軍門。成都平。分兵徇州邑未下者，克保甯，執吳友仁送京師，蜀地悉定。友德之攻漢州也，湯和尚頓軍大溪口。既于江流得木牌，乃進師。而戴壽等撤其精兵西救漢州，留老弱守瞿塘，故永忠等得乘勝搗重慶，降明升，於是太祖制《平西蜀文》，盛稱友德功為第一，廖永忠次之。師還，受上賞。

Earlier, when Shu learned the main army was marching west, Chancellor Dai Shou and others had indeed concentrated their full strength at Qutang. When word came that Fu Youde had broken Jie and Wen and was driving on Jiangyou, they split their forces to relieve Hanzhou and shield Chengdu. Before they arrived, Fu Youde had already beaten their defender Xiang Daheng beneath the walls and told his men: "The relief force comes from far off; once they hear Daheng is broken, their nerve will be gone and they will be helpless. He marched out to meet them and routed them utterly. He then seized Hanzhou and pressed on to besiege Chengdu. Dai Shou and his colleagues fought with war elephants. Fu Youde sent heavy crossbows and firearms against them; though wounded, he would not pull back, and his men fought as if their lives depended on it. The elephants turned and stampeded, crushing many of their own side. Learning their lord Ming Sheng had already surrendered, Dai Shou and the others inventoried the treasuries and granaries, bound themselves, and came to the gate of the camp. Chengdu was pacified. He sent columns to bring in holdout prefectures, took Baoning, captured Wu Youren and sent him to the capital, and all Shu was brought to order. While Fu Youde was fighting at Hanzhou, Tang He and his fleet were still halted at Daxikou. When they found the wooden plaques drifting downriver, they advanced. Dai Shou had meanwhile pulled his best troops west toward Hanzhou, leaving only the old and weak at Qutang, so Yongzhong and the others could press the advantage to Chongqing and accept Ming Sheng's surrender; Taizu then wrote the "Proclamation on Pacifying Western Shu," ranking Fu Youde's merit first and Liao Yongzhong's second. On the army's return he received the highest rewards.

五年副征西將軍馮勝征沙漠，敗失剌罕於西涼，至永昌，敗太尉朵兒只巴，獲馬牛羊十余萬。略甘肅，射殺平章不花，降太尉鎖納兒等。至瓜沙州，獲金銀印及雜畜二萬而還。是時師出三道，獨友德全勝。以主將勝坐小法，賞不行。明年復出雁門，為前鋒，獲平章鄧孛羅帖木兒。還鎮北平，陳便宜五事。皆從之。召還，從太子講武于荊山，益歲祿千石。九年破擒伯顏帖木兒于延安，降其眾。帝將征雲南，命友德巡行川、蜀、雅、播之境，修城郭，繕關梁，因兵威降金築、普定諸山寨。

In year 5 he served under the western expedition general Feng Sheng against the steppe, defeated Shilahān at Xiliang, reached Yongchang, routed Grand Preceptor Dorjiba, and took more than a hundred thousand horses, cattle, and sheep. He raided Gansu, killed the minister Buluqan with an arrow, and accepted the surrender of Grand Preceptor Suonai'er and others. At Guazhou and Shazhou he seized gold and silver seals and more than twenty thousand head of livestock before returning. The campaign sent three columns; only Fu Youde returned victorious throughout. Because the commander Feng Sheng was penalized for a minor infraction, the rewards were never granted. The next year he marched out through Yanmen as vanguard and captured the minister Deng Boluotiemuer. Returning, he garrisoned Beiping and submitted five practical proposals. The court adopted them all. Recalled, he joined the crown prince in war games at Jingshan, and his annual stipend was raised by a thousand piculs. In year 9 he defeated and captured Boyantiemuer at Yan'an and accepted the surrender of his followers. When the emperor prepared to conquer Yunnan, he sent Youde to survey Sichuan and the Ya and Bo borderlands, repair fortifications and crossings, and use the army's prestige to win over the Jinzhu and Puding hill forts.

十四年副大將軍達出塞，討乃兒不花，渡北黃河，襲灰山，斬獲甚眾。其年秋充征南將軍，帥左副將軍藍玉、右副將軍沐英，將步騎三十萬征雲南。至湖廣，分遣都督胡海等將兵五萬由永甯趨烏撒，而自帥大軍由辰、沅趨貴州。克普定、普安，降諸苗蠻。進攻曲靖，大戰白石江，擒元平章達裏麻。遂擊烏撒，循格孤山而南，以通永寧之兵，遣兩將軍趨雲南。元梁王走死。友德城烏撒，群蠻來爭，奮擊破之，得七星關以通畢節。又克可渡河，降東川、烏蒙、芒部諸蠻。烏撒諸蠻復叛，討之，斬首三萬餘級，獲牛馬十余萬，水西諸部皆降。十七年論功進封潁國公，食祿三千石，予世券。

In year 14 he marched as Xu Da's deputy beyond the frontier against Nayirbuhua, crossed the northern Yellow River, struck Huishan, and took a great toll in enemy dead and captives. That autumn he became General Who Pacifies the South, with Lan Yu as his left deputy and Mu Ying as his right, and led three hundred thousand foot and horse south against Yunnan. At Huguang he detached Commander Hu Hai with fifty thousand men to advance from Yongning on Wusa, while he took the main force by way of Chen and Yuan into Guizhou. He captured Puding and Pu'an and brought the Miao clans to submit. Pressing on to Qujing, he fought a major battle on the Baishi River and took the Yuan minister Dalima prisoner. He then attacked Wusa, marched south along Gegu Mountain to join Yongning's column, and dispatched both deputies toward Yunnan. The Yuan Prince of Liang fled to his death. Youde walled Wusa; when the tribes massed to take it back, he drove them off and seized Qixing Pass, opening the road to Bijie. He next secured the Ke River ford and won over the Dongchuan, Wumeng, and Mangbu tribes. When the Wusa tribes rose again, he suppressed them, taking more than thirty thousand heads and over a hundred thousand cattle and horses; every Shui Xi department then surrendered. In year 17 his deeds won him promotion to Duke of Ying, with a stipend of three thousand piculs and a patent of hereditary entitlement.

十九年帥師討平雲南蠻。二十年副大將軍馮勝，征納哈出於金山。二十一年，東川蠻叛，復為征南將軍，帥師討平之。移兵討越州叛酋阿資，明年破之于普安。二十三年從晉王、燕王征沙漠，擒乃兒不花，還駐開平，復征寧夏。明年為征虜將軍，備邊北平。復從燕王征哈者舍利，追元遼王。軍甫行，遽令班師。敵不設備，因潛師深入至黑嶺，大破敵眾而還。再出，練兵山、陝，總屯田事。加太子太師，尋遣還鄉。

In year 19 he led an army that pacified the Yunnan tribes. In year 20 he was Feng Sheng's deputy in the expedition against Nahaeru at Jinshan. In year 21, when the Dongchuan tribes rebelled, he was again named General Who Pacifies the South and led a force that subdued them. He turned his army on the Yuezhou rebel Azi and broke him at Pu'an the next year. In year 23 he marched with the princes of Jin and Yan into the desert, captured Nayirbuhua, returned to hold Kaiping, and campaigned again in Ningxia. The next year he became General Who Subdues the Barbarians and stood guard on the Beiping frontier. He again followed the Prince of Yan against Hajizhali and pursued the Yuan Prince of Liao. The columns had scarcely marched when he was suddenly ordered home. The enemy were off guard; he slipped a detachment deep inland to Heiling, routed them in force, and came back. On another deployment he trained troops in the Shaanxi hills and superintended military colonization. He was made Grand Tutor of the crown prince and soon afterward sent home.

友德喑啞跳蕩，身冒百死。自偏裨至大將，每戰必先士卒。雖被創，戰益力，以故所至立功，帝屢敕獎勞。子忠，尚壽春公主，女為晉世子濟熺妃。

Youde was sparing of speech but fierce in action, exposing himself to mortal danger again and again. From company officer to field marshal, he always fought in the front rank. Wounded, he only fought harder; everywhere he marched he won glory, and the emperor repeatedly sent edicts of praise and reward. His son Zhong wed the Princess of Shouchun; his daughter married Jili, heir to the Prince of Jin.

廖永忠

Liao Yongzhong

廖永忠，巢人，楚國公永安弟也。從永安迎太祖于巢湖，年最少。太祖曰：「汝亦欲富貴乎？」永忠曰：「獲事明主，掃除寇亂，垂名竹帛，是所願耳。」太祖嘉焉。副永安將水軍渡江，拔採石、太平，擒陳野先，破蠻子海牙及陳兆先，定集慶，克鎮江、常州、池州，討江陰海寇，皆有功。

Liao Yongzhong, a native of Chao, was the younger brother of Yong'an, Duke of Chu. He accompanied Yong'an to meet the founding emperor at Chaohu and was the youngest in the party. The founding emperor asked, "Do you also want wealth and honor?" Yongzhong replied, "To serve a wise sovereign, clear away banditry and chaos, and win a name that endures in the histories—that is all I wish." The emperor was pleased with him. Serving under Yong'an, he commanded the fleet across the Yangtze, seized Caishi and Taiping, took Chen Yexian, broke Manzi Haiya and Chen Zhaoxian, secured the capital region, captured Zhenjiang, Changzhou, and Chizhou, and routed the Jiangyin pirates—earning credit at every turn.

永安陷於吳，以永忠襲兄職，為樞密僉院，總其軍。攻趙普勝柵江營，復池州。陳友諒犯龍江，大呼突陣，諸軍從其後，大敗之。從伐友諒，至安慶，破其水寨，遂克安慶。從攻江州，州城臨江，守備甚固。永忠度城高下，造橋於船尾，名曰天橋，以船乘風倒行，橋傅於城，遂克之。進中書省右丞。

After Yong'an fell into Wu hands, Yongzhong succeeded to his brother's post as vice director of the Bureau of Military Affairs and assumed command of his troops. He stormed Zhao Pusheng's camp at Jiangying and retook Chizhou. When Chen Youliang struck Longjiang, he charged the enemy ranks with a battle cry; the troops followed and put them to rout. In the campaign against Youliang he reached Anqing, destroyed its river fort, and captured the city. In the assault on Jiangzhou, the city lay on the river and was heavily fortified. Yongzhong measured the wall height, rigged a "Sky Bridge" from the sterns of his ships, ran the fleet backward before the wind until the bridge caught the battlements, and took the city. He was promoted to right vice director of the Secretariat.

從下南昌，援安豐，戰鄱陽湖，決圍殊死戰。敵將張定邊直犯太祖舟，常遇春射走之。永忠乘飛舸追且射，定邊被百餘矢，漢卒多死傷。明日，復與俞通海等以七舟載葦荻，乘風縱火，焚敵樓船數百。又以六舟深入搏戰，復旋繞而出，敵驚為神。又邀擊之涇江口，友諒死。從征陳理，分兵柵四門，于江中連舟為長寨，絕其出入，理降。還京，太祖以漆牌書「功超群將，智邁雄師」八字賜之，懸於門。已，從徐達取淮東，張士誠遣舟師薄海安，太祖令永忠還兵水寨禦之，達遂克淮東諸郡。從伐士誠，取德清，進克平江，拜中書平章政事。

He helped reduce Nanchang, relieved Anfeng, fought at Poyang Lake, and broke through the siege in a desperate battle. The enemy commander Zhang Dingbian bore straight for the founding emperor's flagship; Chang Yuchun shot him back. Yongzhong gave chase in a fast galley, riddling Dingbian with more than a hundred arrows and leaving many of the Han troops dead or wounded. The next day he and Yu Tonghai and others packed seven boats with reeds, ran before the wind, and burned hundreds of enemy tower ships. With six more boats he plunged into the thick of the fight, wheeled about, and broke clear again—the enemy thought him supernatural. He intercepted them again at the mouth of the Jing River, where Youliang was killed. In the campaign against Chen Li he blocked all four gates and chained boats on the river into a long barricade that sealed the city; Li surrendered. Back in the capital, the founding emperor gave him a lacquered plaque bearing eight characters—"Merit surpasses every general; wisdom outstrips the boldest host"—and ordered it hung above his gate. Later, marching with Xu Da into eastern Huai, he was sent back to the river camp when Zhang Shicheng's fleet threatened Haian; Xu Da then secured the eastern Huai prefectures. In the war on Shicheng he seized Deqing, pressed on to take Pingjiang, and was made grand director of the Secretariat.

尋充征南副將軍，帥舟師自海道會湯和，討降方國珍，進克福州。洪武元年兼同知詹事院事。略定閩中諸郡，至延平，破執陳友定。尋拜征南將軍，以硃亮祖為副，由海道取廣東。永忠先發書諭元左丞何真，曉譬利害。真即奉表請降。至東莞，真帥官屬出迎。至廣州，降盧左丞。擒海寇邵宗愚，數其殘暴斬之。廣人大悅。馳諭九真、日南、硃崖、儋耳三十餘城，皆納印請吏。進取廣西，至梧州，降元達魯花赤拜住，潯、柳諸路皆下。遣亮祖會楊璟收未下州郡。永忠引兵克南寧，降象州。兩廣悉平。永忠善撫綏，民懷其惠，為之立祠。明年九月還京師，帝命太子帥百官迎勞于龍江。入見，仍命太子送還第。復出，撫定泉、漳。三年從大將軍徐達北征，克察罕腦兒。還，封德慶侯，食祿一千五百石，予世券。

He was soon named deputy general who pacifies the south, led the fleet by sea to join Tang He against Fang Guozhen, and advanced to capture Fuzhou. In Hongwu 1 he also served as associate director of the heir apparent's household. He pacified the Fujian commanderies, reached Yanping, and defeated and captured Chen Youding. He was soon made General Who Pacifies the South, with Zhu Liangzu as his deputy, to seize Guangdong by sea. Yongzhong first wrote to the Yuan left minister He Zhen, setting out the costs and benefits of resistance. Zhen promptly sent in a memorial offering surrender. At Dongguan, Zhen came out with his officials to welcome him. At Guangzhou he accepted the surrender of the Yuan left minister Lu. He seized the pirate Shao Zongyu, denounced his crimes, and had him beheaded. The people of Guangdong rejoiced. He sent messengers to more than thirty cities as far as Jiuzhen, Rinan, Zhuya, and Dan'er; all surrendered their seals and asked for imperial magistrates. Moving into Guangxi, he reached Wuzhou, accepted the surrender of the Yuan darughachi Baizhu, and the Xun and Liu circuits submitted. He sent Liangzu to join Yang Jing in reducing the remaining prefectures. Yongzhong himself took Nanning and accepted the surrender of Xiangzhou. Both Guang provinces were fully pacified. Yongzhong governed with a gentle hand; the people loved him for it and raised temples in his honor. The next year, in the ninth month, he returned to the capital; the emperor had the crown prince and the full court welcome him at Longjiang. After his audience the crown prince was again sent to escort him home. He went out once more to pacify Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. In year 3 he joined the great general Xu Da on the northern campaign and captured Chahan'nao'er. On his return he was made Marquis of Deqing, with a stipend of fifteen hundred piculs and a hereditary patent.

明年，以征西副將軍從湯和帥舟師伐蜀。和駐大溪口，永忠先發。及舊夔府，破守將鄒興等兵。進至瞿塘關，山峻水急，蜀人設鐵鎖橋，橫據關口，舟不得進。永忠密遣數百人持糗糧水筒，舁小舟逾山渡關，出其上流。蜀山多草木，令將士皆衣青蓑衣，魚貫走崖石間。度已至，帥精銳出墨葉渡，夜五鼓，分兩軍攻其水陸寨。水軍皆以鐵裹船頭，置火器而前。黎明，蜀人始覺，盡銳來拒。永忠已破其陸寨，會將士舁舟出江者，一時併發，上下夾攻，大破之，鄒興死。遂焚三橋，斷橫江鐵索，擒同僉蔣達等八十餘人。飛天張、鐵頭張等皆遁去，遂入夔府。明日，和始至，乃與和分道進，期會于重慶。永忠帥舟師直搗重慶，次銅鑼峽。蜀主明升請降，永忠以和未至辭。俟和至，乃受降，承制撫慰。下令禁侵掠。卒取民七茄，立斬之。慰安戴壽、向大享等家，令其子弟持書往成都招諭。壽等已為傅友德所敗，及得書，遂降。蜀地悉平。帝制《平蜀文》旌其功，有「傅一廖二」之語，褒賚甚厚。明年北征，至和林。六年督舟師出海捕倭，尋還京。

The next year, as deputy commander of the western expedition, he followed Tang He's fleet against Shu. Tang He halted at Daxikou; Yongzhong went on ahead. At old Kui Prefecture he broke the garrison of Zou Xing and others. At Qutang Pass the cliffs were sheer and the current fierce; the Shu defenders had spanned the narrows with an iron-chain bridge that blocked the fleet. Yongzhong secretly sent several hundred men with dry rations in bamboo tubes, carrying light boats over the mountains to cross above the pass. The Sichuan hills were thick with brush; he had his men cloak themselves in green straw rain capes and snake single file along the cliffs. Once they were in place, he led elite troops out at Moyed Crossing; at the fifth watch he split into two columns and struck their river and shore camps. The river force wrapped iron around every prow and advanced with fire weapons. At dawn the Shu defenders realized what had happened and threw their full strength into the fight. Yongzhong had already overrun the shore camp; when the men who had hauled boats down to the river joined him, the assault from land and water shattered the enemy and Zou Xing was killed. He burned the three bridges, cut the iron chains across the Yangtze, and took more than eighty prisoners, including the associate minister Jiang Da. Feitian Zhang, Tietou Zhang, and others fled; he entered Kui Prefecture. Tang He arrived the next day; the two commanders then advanced by separate routes, planning to rendezvous at Chongqing. Yongzhong drove the fleet straight for Chongqing and moored at Tongluo Gorge. The Shu ruler Ming Sheng offered to surrender, but Yongzhong refused until He arrived. Once He came up, he accepted the surrender and, acting on imperial authority, reassured the population. He issued strict orders against pillage. When a soldier stole seven eggplants from a household, he had him executed at once. He sent condolences to the families of Dai Shou and Xiang Daxiang and had their sons carry letters to Chengdu urging surrender. Shou and the others had already been beaten by Fu Youde; the letters brought them in. All of Shu was pacified. The emperor wrote the "Text on the Pacification of Shu" to honor his achievement, praising "Fu first, Liao second," and heaped rewards upon him. The next year, on the northern campaign, he reached Helin. In year 6 he commanded the fleet at sea against Japanese pirates, then returned to the capital.

初，韓林兒在滁州，太祖遣永忠迎歸應天，至瓜步覆其舟死，帝以咎永忠。及大封功臣，諭諸將曰：「永忠戰鄱陽時，忘軀拒敵，可謂奇男子。然使所善儒生窺朕意，徼封爵，故止封侯而不公。」及楊憲為相，永忠與相比。憲誅，永忠以功大得免。八年三月坐僭用龍鳳諸不法事，賜死，年五十三。

Earlier, when Han Lin'er was at Chuzhou, the founding emperor sent Yongzhong to bring him to Yingtian; at Guabu the boat was swamped and Lin'er drowned—the emperor held Yongzhong responsible. At the great enfeoffment of his generals, the emperor told them, "At Poyang, Yongzhong risked his life against the enemy—a singular man. Yet he let a scholar he favored read my mind and angle for a dukedom, so I made him only a marquis and not a duke." Later, when Yang Xian became chief minister, Yongzhong aligned with him. When Yang Xian was executed, Yongzhong was spared on account of his great services. In the third month of the eighth year (1375) he was condemned for presumptuous use of dragon-and-phoenix insignia and other unlawful acts, and was granted death; he was fifty-three.

子權，十三年嗣侯，從傅友德征雲南，守畢節及瀘州，召還。十七年卒。子鏞不得嗣，以嫡子為散騎舍人，累官都督。建文時與議兵事，宿衛殿廷。與弟銘皆嘗受學于方孝孺。孝孺死，鏞、銘收其遺骸，葬到處寶門外山上。甫畢，亦見收，論死。弟鉞及從父指揮僉事升俱戍邊。

His son Quan inherited the marquisate in the thirteenth year, followed Fu Youde against Yunnan, held Bijie and Luzhou, and was recalled. He died in the seventeenth year. His son Yong could not succeed to the title; as the legitimate heir he served as Gentleman Attendant of the Casual Cavalry and rose to regional commander. Under the Jianwen emperor he took part in military councils and stood guard in the palace halls. He and his younger brother Ming had both been pupils of Fang Xiaoru. After Xiaoru was killed, Yong and Ming gathered his remains and buried them on the hill outside Jubao Gate. Hardly had they finished when they too were seized and condemned to death. His younger brother Yue and his paternal uncle, Assistant Commander Sheng, were both banished to border service.

初，廖永忠等之歸太祖也，趙庸兄弟亦俱降，後亦有過不得封公，與永忠類。

Earlier, when Liao Yongzhong and others came over to the Taizu, the Zhao Yong brothers surrendered as well; they too later had faults that kept them from a ducal enfeoffment, much like Yongzhong.

庸，廬州人，與兄仲中聚眾結水寨，屯巢湖，歸太祖。仲中累功為行樞密院僉事，守安慶。陳友諒陷安慶，仲中棄城走還龍江，法當誅。常遇春請原之。太祖不許，曰：「法不行，無以懲後。」遂誅仲中，而以其官授庸。從復安慶，徇江西諸路，進參知政事。從戰康郎山，與俞通海、廖永忠等以六舟深入敗敵。平武昌，克廬州，援安豐，皆有功。大軍取淮東，庸與華高帥舟師克海安、泰州，進國平江。吳平，擢中書左丞。從大將軍取山東。洪武元年命兼太子副詹事。河南平，命庸留守。復分兵渡河，徇下河北州縣，進克河間，守之。尋移守保定，並收未復山寨。又從大軍克太原，下關。陝。從常遇春北追元帝。師還，遇春卒，命庸為副將軍，同李文忠攻慶陽。行至太原，元兵攻大同急，文忠與庸謀，以便宜援大同，再敗元兵于馬邑，擒其將脫列伯。論功，賞賚亞于大將軍。三年復從文忠北伐，出野狐嶺，克應昌。師還，論功最，以在應昌私納奴婢，不得封公，封南雄侯，食祿一千五百石，予世券。已，從伐蜀，中途還。

Yong was a native of Luzhou; he and his elder brother Zhongzhong raised men, built a water stockade on Chaohu Lake, and submitted to the Taizu. Zhongzhong rose by repeated merit to Commissioner of the Branch Secretariat for Military Affairs and held Anqing. When Chen Youliang seized Anqing, Zhongzhong abandoned the city and fled to Longjiang; the law called for his execution. Chang Yuchun pleaded for his life. The Taizu refused, saying, "If the law is not carried out, there is nothing to restrain those who follow. He executed Zhongzhong and transferred his post to Yong. He took part in retaking Anqing, swept the Jiangxi circuits, and was promoted to Vice Administrator of the Right. At Kanglang Mountain he joined Yu Tonghai, Liao Yongzhong, and others in taking six boats deep into the enemy line and routing them. He distinguished himself in the pacification of Wuchang, the capture of Luzhou, and the relief of Anfeng. When the main force secured Huaidong, Yong and Hua Gao led the fleet to take Hai'an and Taizhou and pressed on to besiege Pingjiang. After Wu was subdued he was made Left Vice Director of the Secretariat. He followed the Grand General in the conquest of Shandong. In Hongwu 1 he was appointed concurrently Vice Director of the Crown Prince's Household. When Henan was pacified, Yong was left to hold it. He again split his force, crossed the river, reduced the Hebei prefectures and counties downstream, took Hejian, and garrisoned it. He soon shifted to Baoding and also brought in mountain strongholds still unsubdued. He again marched with the main army to take Taiyuan and reduce the passes. Shaanxi followed. He followed Chang Yuchun in the northern pursuit of the Yuan emperor. On the army's return Yuchun died; Yong was made deputy general and, with Li Wenzhong, attacked Qingyang. At Taiyuan they learned that Yuan forces were pressing Datong hard; Wenzhong and Yong agreed on their own authority to relieve Datong, routed the Yuan again at Mayi, and captured the general Tuoleibo. When merits were reckoned, his rewards ranked just below the Grand General's. In the third year he again followed Wenzhong north, marched out through Wild Fox Ridge, and took Yingchang. On the army's return his merit was judged foremost, but because he had privately taken bondwomen at Yingchang he could not be made a duke; he was enfeoffed Marquis of Nanxiong at 1,500 shi and given a hereditary iron certificate. He later joined the Shu campaign but turned back before it ended.

十四年，閩、粵盜起，命庸討之。逾年悉平諸盜及陽山、歸善叛蠻，戮其魁，散遣餘眾，民得復業。奏籍蜒戶萬人為水軍。又平廣東盜號鏟平王者，獲賊党萬七千八百餘人，斬首八千八百餘級，降其民萬三千餘戶。還，賜彩幣、上尊、良馬。其冬出理山西軍務，巡撫北邊。二十年，以左參將從傅友德討納哈出。二十三年，以左副將軍從燕王出古北口，降乃兒不花。還，坐胡惟庸黨死。爵除。

In the fourteenth year banditry broke out in Fujian and Guangdong, and Yong was sent to suppress it. Within a year he had pacified the bandits and the rebel tribes of Yangshan and Guishan, executed their leaders, dispersed the rest, and the people returned to their fields. He memorialized to enroll ten thousand Tanka households as naval troops. He also crushed Guangdong rebels who called themselves the "King Who Levels with the Shovel," taking more than 17,800 of their followers, more than 8,800 heads, and the submission of more than 13,000 households. On his return he received colored silks, imperial wine, and fine horses. That winter he was sent to manage Shanxi military affairs and tour the northern frontier. In the twentieth year, as Left Deputy Commander, he followed Fu Youde against Naghachu. In the twenty-third year, as Left Deputy General, he marched with the Prince of Yan through Gubeikou and accepted the surrender of Nayirbuqa. On his return he was put to death as a partisan of Hu Weiyong. His title was struck off.

楊璟，合肥人。本儒家子。以管軍萬戶從太祖下集慶，進總管。下常州，進親軍副都指揮使。從下婺州，遷樞密院判官。再從伐漢，以功擢湖廣行省參政，移鎮江陵。進攻湖南蠻寇，駐師三江口。復以招討功遷行省平章政事。帥左丞周德興、參政張彬將武昌諸衛軍，取廣西。

Yang Jing was a native of Hefei. He came from a Confucian family. As commander of ten thousand he followed the Taizu in taking Jiqing and was promoted to Commissioner. After Changzhou fell he was made Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Personal Guard. He helped take Wuzhou and was transferred to Vice Minister of the Military Affairs Commission. He again campaigned against Han and, for merit, was made Vice Administrator of the Huguang Branch Secretariat and moved his headquarters to Jiangling. He advanced against Hunan tribal raiders and encamped at Sanjiangkou. For further pacification merit he was made Branch Secretariat Grand Counselor. He led Zhou Dexing, Left Chancellor, and Zhang Bin, Vice Administrator, with the Wuchang guard armies to take Guangxi.

洪武元年春進攻永州。守將鄧祖勝迎戰敗，斂兵固守。璟進圍之。元兵來援，駐東鄉，倚湘水列七營，軍勢甚盛。璟擊敗之，俘獲千餘人。全州守將平章阿思蘭及周文貴再以兵來援，輒遣德興擊敗之。遣千戶王廷取寶慶，德興、彬取全州，略定道州、藍山、桂陽、武岡諸州縣。而永州久不下，令裨將分營諸門，築壘困之，造浮橋西江上，急攻之。祖勝力盡，仰藥死。百戶夏升約降。璟兵逾城入，參政張子賢巷戰，軍潰被執，遂克永州。而征南將軍廖永忠、參政硃亮祖亦自廣東取梧州，定潯、貴、郁林。亮祖以兵來會。進攻靖江不下，璟謂諸將曰：「彼所恃西濠水耳。決其堤岸，破之必矣。」乃遣指揮丘廣攻叚口關，殺守堤兵，盡決濠水，築土堤五道，傅於城。城中猶固守。急攻二月，克之，執平章也兒吉尼。先是張彬攻南關，為守城者所詬，怒欲屠其民。璟甫入，立下令禁止之，民乃安。復移師徇郴州，降兩江土官黃英岑、伯顏等，而永忠亦定南寧、象州。廣西悉平。

In the spring of Hongwu year 1 he advanced on Yongzhou. The defender Deng Zusheng gave battle and was beaten; he drew in his troops and held the walls. Jing pressed the siege. Yuan relief troops encamped at Dongxiang and, along the Xiang River, drew up seven camps in a formidable array. Jing routed them and took more than a thousand prisoners. When Asilan, Pingzhang of Quanzhou, and Zhou Wengui marched to relieve the city again, Jing sent Dexing out repeatedly and beat them back. He sent the battalion commander Wang Ting against Shaoyang; Dexing and Bin took Quanzhou; they reduced Daozhou, Lanshan, Guiyang, Wugang, and the surrounding prefectures and counties. Yongzhou still held out; he had his lieutenants camp at every gate, built siege lines, threw a pontoon bridge across the western moat, and pressed the assault. Zusheng, spent, took poison and died. The centurion Xia Sheng agreed to open the gates. Jing's men scaled the wall; Vice Administrator Zhang Zixian fought street by street until his force broke and he was seized, and Yongzhou fell. Meanwhile the southern expedition commander Liao Yongzhong and Vice Administrator Zhu Liangzu advanced from Guangdong, took Wuzhou, and pacified Xun, Gui, and Yulin. Liangzu marched up to join him. The attack on Jingjiang stalled; Jing told his officers, "They depend on nothing but the western moat. Break the dikes and the city must fall. He sent Commander Qiu Guang against Duankou Pass, killed the dike guards, drained the moat, threw up five earthen ramps, and pushed them against the wall. The defenders still held out inside. After two months of fierce assault the city fell; they seized the Pingzhang Yerzhijini. Earlier Zhang Bin had assaulted the south gate and been mocked by the garrison; enraged, he meant to massacre the people. Jing entered at once and forbade it; only then were the people spared. He turned to Chenzhou, received the submission of the Two Rivers native chiefs Huang Yingcen and Boyan, while Yongzhong secured Nanning and Xiangzhou. Guangxi was wholly pacified.

還，與偏將軍湯和從徐達取山西，至澤州，及元平章韓紮兒戰于韓店，敗績。還，捕唐州亂卒，留鎮南陽。未幾，詔璟往使于夏。是時夏主升幼，母彭及諸大臣用事。璟既至。數諭升以禍福，俾從入覲。升集其下共議。而諸大臣方專恣，不利升歸朝，皆持不可，升亦莫能決。璟還，再以書諭升，終不聽。逾二年而夏亡。璟遷湖廣行省平章。

Returning, he and Deputy General Tang He followed Xu Da into Shanxi; at Zezhou they fought the Yuan Pingzhang Han Zha'er at Handian and were beaten. On the way back he rounded up mutineers at Tangzhou and stayed to garrison Nanyang. Before long he was ordered to Xia as envoy. The Xia ruler Sheng was still a boy; his mother Peng and the senior ministers ruled in his name. When Jing arrived, he urged Sheng again and again on the consequences of his choice and pressed him to come to court. Sheng called his advisers together to decide. The ministers, entrenched in power, did not want him at court; all said it could not be done, and Sheng could not make up his mind. Jing went home and wrote again, but Sheng would not listen. Within two more years Xia was destroyed. Jing was transferred to Grand Counselor of the Huguang Branch Secretariat.

慈利土官覃垕構諸洞蠻為亂，命帥師往討，連敗之。垕詐降，璟使部卒往報，為所執。太祖遣使讓璟。璟督戰，士力攻，賊乃遁。

Tan You, the native official of Cili, stirred the cave tribes to revolt; Jing was ordered against him and beat him again and again. Tan pretended to submit; Jing sent a man to treat with him and the man was taken. The Taizu sent an envoy to rebuke him. Jing drove the fight himself; the men pressed hard and the rebels broke.

三年大封功臣，封璟營陽侯，祿千五百石，予世券。

At the third-year enfeoffment of the founding ministers he was made Marquis of Yingyang at 1,500 shi with a hereditary iron certificate.

四年從湯和伐夏，戰于瞿塘，不利。明年充副將軍，從鄧愈討定辰、沅蠻寇。再從大將軍徐達鎮北平，練兵遼東。十五年八月卒，追封芮國公，諡武信。子通嗣，二十年帥降軍戍雲南，多道亡，降普定指揮使。二十三年，詔書坐璟胡惟庸黨，謂以瞿塘之敗被責，有異謀雲。

In the fourth year he followed Tang He against Xia; at Qutang Gorge they met defeat. The next year, as deputy general, he followed Deng Yu in pacifying the Chen and Yuan tribal raiders. He again followed Grand General Xu Da in garrisoning Beiping and drilling troops in Liaodong. He died in the eighth month of the fifteenth year and was posthumously enfeoffed Duke of Ruiguo with the posthumous title Wuxin. His son Tong succeeded; in the twentieth year he led surrendered troops to Yunnan, but many deserted on the road and he was reduced to commander at Puding. In the twenty-third year an edict made Jing out as Hu Weiyong's partisan, alleging that after the Qutang defeat and the blame laid on him he had turned disloyal.

胡美，沔陽人。初名廷瑞，避太祖字，易名美。初仕陳友諒，為江西行省丞相，守龍興。太祖既下江州，遣使招諭美。美遣使鄭仁傑詣九江請降，且請無散部曲。太祖初難之，劉基蹴所坐胡床。太祖悟，賜書報曰：「鄭仁傑至，言足下有效順之誠，此足下明達也；又恐分散所部，此足下過慮也。吾起兵十年，奇才英士，得之四方多矣。有能審天時，料事機，不待交兵，挺然委身來者，嘗推赤心以待，隨其才任使之，兵少則益之以兵，位卑則隆之以爵，財乏則厚之以賞，安肯散其部曲，使人自危疑，負來歸之心哉？且以陳氏諸將觀之，如趙普勝驍勇善戰，以疑見戮。猜忌若此，竟何所成。近建康龍灣之役，予所獲長張、梁鉉、彭指揮諸人，用之如故，視吾諸將，恩均義一。長張破安慶水寨，梁鉉等攻江北，並膺厚賞。此數人者，其自視無復生理，尚待之如此，況如足下不勞一卒，以完城來歸者耶？得失之機，間不容髮，足下當早為計。」美得書，乃遣康泰至九江來降。太祖遂如龍興，至樵舍。美以陳氏所授丞相印及軍民糧儲之數來獻，迎謁於新城門。太祖慰勞之，俾仍舊官。

Hu Mei was a native of Mianyang. Originally named Tingrui, he changed his name to Mei to avoid the character used in the Taizu's personal name. He first entered Chen Youliang's service as grand counselor of the Jiangxi Branch Secretariat and held Longxing. After the Taizu captured Jiangzhou, he sent envoys to summon and persuade Mei. Mei sent Zheng Renjie to Jiujiang to offer surrender and asked that his troops not be broken up. The Taizu hesitated at first; Liu Ji kicked the camp-chair he was sitting on. The Taizu took the point and wrote back: "Zheng Renjie has come and tells me you mean to submit in good faith—that is clear-sighted of you; and that you fear your command will be broken up—that is needless worry. In ten years of raising armies I have drawn rare talent and outstanding men from every quarter. Men who read the times, foresee how affairs will turn, and before a blow is struck step forward and give themselves to me—I have always met them with an open heart, used them according to their gifts, given troops where they were few, raised rank where it was low, and heaped rewards where they were poor. Why would I break up their commands, set men doubting themselves, and poison the will to come over? Judge by Chen's own generals: Zhao Pusheng was bold and skilled in war, yet suspicion brought him to the blade. With jealousy like that, what could ever be won? At the recent fight at Longwan near Jianye, Zhang the Elder, Liang Xuan, Commander Peng, and the rest whom I took I use as before; I treat them with the same favor and fairness as my own commanders. Zhang the Elder stormed Anqing's river stockade; Liang Xuan and the others fought north of the Yangzi—all were richly rewarded. These men had already written themselves off for dead, yet I still treated them so—how much more should I honor one who surrenders a whole city without costing me a single soldier? The moment for gain or loss turns on a hair—you should decide soon. When Mei received the letter, he sent Kang Tai to Jiujiang to submit. The Taizu then went to Longxing and came as far as Qiaoshe. Mei presented the grand counselor's seal Chen had given him, together with tallies of military and civilian grain stores, and went out to meet the Taizu at the New City Gate. The Taizu comforted him and let him keep his former post.

美之降也，同僉康泰、平章祝宗不欲從，美微言于太祖。太祖命將其兵，從徐達征武昌。二人果叛，攻陷洪都。達等還兵擊定之。祝宗走死，執康泰歸於建康。太祖以泰為美甥，赦勿誅。美從征武昌，復與達等帥馬步舟師取淮東，進伐張士誠，下湖州，圍平江，別將取無錫，降莫天祐。師還，加榮祿大夫。

When Mei submitted, Associate Censor Kang Tai and Grand Counselor Zhu Zong refused to follow; Mei let the Taizu know in guarded words. The Taizu ordered their armies commandeered and sent them with Xu Da against Wuchang. The two did rebel and seized Hongdu. Xu Da and the others turned back and crushed the rebellion. Zhu Zong fled to his death; Kang Tai was taken and brought to Jianye. Because Kang Tai was Mei's nephew, the Taizu spared him from execution. Mei campaigned at Wuchang, then again with Xu Da and the others led horse, foot, and river forces through Huaidong, marched against Zhang Shicheng, took Huzhou, besieged Pingjiang, and as a separate commander seized Wuxi and brought Mo Tianyou to surrender. When the army returned, he was promoted to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness.

其冬，命為征南將軍，帥師由江西取福建，諭之曰：「汝以陳氏丞相來歸，事吾數年，忠實無過，故命汝總兵取閩。左丞何文輝為爾副，參政戴德聽調發，二人雖皆吾親近，勿以其故廢軍法。聞汝嘗攻閩中，宜深知其地利險易。今總大軍攻圍城邑，必擇便宜可否為進退，無失機宜。」美遂渡杉關，下光澤，邵武守將李宗茂以城降。次建陽，守將曹復疇亦降。進圍建寧，守將同僉達裏麻、參政陳子琦謀堅守以老我師。美數挑戰，不出，急攻之，乃降。整軍入城，秋毫無所犯。執子琦等送京師，獲將士九千七百餘人，糧糗馬畜稱是。會湯和等亦取福州、延平、興化，美遂遣降將諭降汀、泉諸郡。福建悉平。美留守其地。尋召還，從幸汴梁。

That winter he was made Southern Campaign General and ordered to lead troops from Jiangxi into Fujian. The Taizu told him: "You came over as Chen's grand counselor and have served me these years with loyalty and without fault, so I put you in command to take Min. Left Vice Counselor He Wenhui is your deputy; Grand Counselor Dai De will answer your deployments. Though both are men close to me, do not for that slacken military law. I hear you have campaigned in Min before—you should know its ground, its strengths, and its hazards. Now that you command a great host against walled towns, choose what is expedient for advance or retreat and do not miss your moment. Mei crossed Shan Pass and took Guangze; Li Zongmao, the defending general of Shaowu, surrendered the city. At Jianyang next, the defending general Cao Fuchou submitted as well. He advanced to besiege Jianning, where Associate Censor Dalima and Grand Counselor Chen Ziqi planned to hold fast and wear our army down. Mei challenged them again and again, but they would not come out; he pressed the assault hard and they surrendered. He marched his troops into the city in good order and harmed nothing, not even a hair. Chen Ziqi and the rest were seized and sent to the capital; more than nine thousand seven hundred officers and men were taken, with grain, fodder, horses, and livestock to match. When Tang He and the others had also taken Fuzhou, Yanping, and Xinghua, Mei sent surrendered generals to proclaim submission and win over the prefectures of Ting and Quan. Fujian was wholly pacified. Mei remained to garrison the region. Before long he was recalled and accompanied the court on its visit to Bianliang.

贊曰：馮勝、傅友德，百戰驍將也。考當日功臣位次，與太祖褒美之詞，豈在湯和、鄧愈下哉。廖永忠智勇超邁，功亞宋、潁，皆不得以功名終，身死爵除，為可慨矣。江夏侯周德興之得罪也，太祖宥之，因誡諭公、侯，謂多粗暴無禮，自取敗亡。又謂永忠數犯法，屢宥不悛。然則洪武功臣之不獲保全者，或亦有以自取歟。楊璟、胡美功雖不逮，然嘗別將，各著方面勳，故次列之雲。

The appraiser writes: Feng Sheng and Fu Youde were generals hardened in a hundred fights. Weigh their standing among the founding ministers of the day and the Taizu's words of praise—how could they rank below Tang He and Deng Yu? Liao Yongzhong's wisdom and courage stood above the common run; his merit was second only to the dukes of Song and Ying—yet none of them finished their lives in merit and fame; they died and their titles were struck away. How lamentable. When Marquis of Jiangxia Zhou Dexing fell under accusation, the Taizu pardoned him and used the occasion to warn the dukes and marquises that many were crude, violent, and without decorum and had brought ruin on themselves. He also said Yongzhong had broken the law again and again and, though repeatedly spared, would not mend his ways. So among the Hongwu founding ministers, those who could not keep themselves safe to the end may in part have had only themselves to blame. Yang Jing and Hu Mei, though their merit did not match this, each once led armies on his own and won notable service in his region; they are therefore set down here in the next rank—as the foregoing shows.

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