Volume 154 Biographies 42: Zhang Fu, Huang Fu, Liu Jun, Lu Yi, Chen Qia, Li Bin, Liu Sheng, Liang Ming, Wang Tong

張輔〈（高士文徐政）〉黃福劉俊〈（呂毅劉昱）〉陳洽〈（侯保馮貴伍雲陳忠李任等）〉李彬柳升〈（崔聚史安陳鏞李宗昉潘禋）〉梁銘王通〈（陶季容陳汀）〉

Zhang Fu (Gao Shiwen, Xu Zheng)〉 Huang Fu and Liu Jun (Lu Yi, Liu Yu)〉 Chen Qia (Hou Bao, Feng Gui, Wu Yun, Chen Zhong, Li Ren, and others)〉 Li Bin and Liu Sheng (Cui Ju, Shi An, Chen Yong, Li Zongfang, and Pan Yin)〉 Liang Ming and Wang Tong (Tao Jirong, Chen Ting)〉

張輔，字文弼，河間王玉長子也。燕師起，從父力戰，為指揮同知。玉歿東昌，輔嗣職。從戰夾河、槁城、彰德、靈璧，皆有功。從入京師，封信安伯，祿千石，予世券。妹為帝妃。邱福、朱能言輔父子功俱高，不可以私親故薄其賞。永樂三年進封新城侯，加祿三百石。

Zhang Fu, whose style name was Wenbi, was the eldest son of Zhang Yu, Prince of Hejian. When the Prince of Yan raised his army, he fought at his father's side and was appointed assistant commander. After Zhang Yu died at Dongchang, Zhang Fu inherited his command. He took part in the battles at Jiahe, Gaocheng, Zhangde, and Lingbi, distinguishing himself in each. After the army entered the capital, he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Xin'an with an income of one thousand piculs and granted a hereditary patent of nobility. His younger sister became a consort of the emperor. Qiu Fu and Zhu Neng argued that the Zhangs, father and son, had both rendered outstanding service, and that his reward ought not to be reduced merely because of a family connection to the throne. In the third year of the Yongle reign he was promoted to Marquis of Xincheng, with three hundred piculs added to his stipend.

是時安南黎季犛弒其主，自稱太上皇，立子蒼為帝。其故王之孫陳天平自老撾來奔，季犛佯請歸國。帝遣都督黃中以兵五千送之，前大理卿薛恩.png為輔。季犛伏兵芹站，殺天平，恩.png亦死。帝大怒，命成國公朱能為征夷將軍，輔為右副將軍，帥豐城侯李彬等十八將軍，兵八十萬，會左副將軍西平侯沐晟，分道進討。兵部尚書劉俊贊軍事，行部尚書黃福、大理寺卿陳洽給饋餉。

At that time Li Jili of Annam murdered his sovereign, declared himself Retired Emperor, and enthroned his son Cang as emperor. Chen Tianping, a grandson of the former king, fled to the Ming court from Laos, and Jili feigned a request that he be restored to the throne. The emperor dispatched Regional Commander Huang Zhong with five thousand troops to escort him, assisted by the former Minister of Justice, Xue Rui. Jili laid an ambush at Qin Station, killed Tianping, and Xue Rui perished as well. The emperor was furious and appointed Zhu Neng, Duke of Chengguo, general for the punitive campaign against the Yi, with Zhang Fu as right deputy general. Zhang Fu led the Marquis of Fengcheng, Li Bin, and eighteen other generals with an army of eight hundred thousand men, while the left deputy general, Mu Sheng, Marquis of Xiping, advanced by another route; together they moved to suppress the rebels. Liu Jun, Minister of War, assisted in military planning, while Huang Fu, acting minister, and Chen Qia, chief justice of the Court of Judicial Review, managed supplies.

四年十月，能卒於軍，輔代領其眾。自憑祥進師，度坡壘關，望祭安南境內山川，檄季犛二十罪。進破隘留、雞陵二關，道芹站，走其伏兵，抵新福。晟軍亦自雲南至，營於白鶴。安南有東、西二都，依宣、洮、沲、富良四江為險，賊緣江南北岸立柵，聚舟其中，築城於多邦隘，城柵橋艦相連九百餘里，兵眾七百萬，欲據險以老輔師。輔自新福移軍三帶州，造船圖進取。會帝聞朱能卒，敕拜輔為將軍，制詞以李文忠代開平王常遇春為比，且言乘冬月瘴癘未興，宜及時滅賊。十二月，輔軍次富良江北，遣驃騎將軍朱榮破賊嘉林江，遂與晟合軍進攻多邦城。佯欲他攻以懈賊，令都督黃中等將死士，人持炬火銅角，夜四鼓，越重濠，雲梯傅其城。都指揮蔡福先登，士蟻附而上，角鳴，萬炬齊舉，城下兵鼓噪繼進，遂入城。賊驅象迎戰。輔以畫獅蒙馬沖之，翼以神機火器。象皆反走，賊大潰。斬其帥二人，追至傘圓山，盡焚緣江木柵，俘斬無算。進克東都，輯吏民，撫降附，來歸者日以萬計。遣別將李彬、陳旭取西都，又分軍破賊援兵。季犛焚宮室倉庫逃入海，三江州縣皆望風降。

In the tenth month of the fourth year, Zhu Neng died in camp, and Zhang Fu assumed command of his army. He advanced from Pingxiang, crossed Polui Pass, offered sacrifices toward the mountains and rivers of Annam, and published a proclamation listing twenty crimes of Li Jili. He stormed the passes of Ailiu and Jiling, marched through Qin Station, routed the enemy ambush, and reached Xinfu. Mu Sheng's army also arrived from Yunnan and encamped at Baihe. Annam was divided into eastern and western capitals, defended by the four rivers Xuan, Tao, Tuo, and Fuliang. The rebels erected palisades along both banks of the Red River, massed their fleet in the channel, and built a fortress at Duobang Pass. City walls, palisades, bridges, and warships stretched in a continuous line for more than nine hundred li, and they claimed a force of seven million men, hoping to hold the difficult ground and wear down Zhang Fu's army. Zhang Fu shifted his army from Xinfu to Sandai Prefecture, built boats, and prepared a further advance. When word reached the emperor that Zhu Neng had died, he issued an edict appointing Zhang Fu commander of the expedition. The patent compared him to Li Wenzhong succeeding Chang Yuchun, Prince of Kaiping, and urged that while winter had not yet brought the malarial season, he should seize the moment and destroy the rebels. In the twelfth month, Zhang Fu's army encamped north of the Fuliang River. He sent Cavalry General Zhu Rong to defeat the enemy on the Jialin River, then united with Mu Sheng and advanced on Duobang. He feigned an attack elsewhere to lull the enemy, then ordered Huang Zhong and other commanders to lead picked troops, each carrying torches and bronze horns. At the fourth watch they crossed the deep moat and raised scaling ladders against the wall. Commander Cai Fu was the first to reach the top; soldiers swarmed up behind him like ants. Horns sounded, ten thousand torches flared at once, and the troops below beat drums and charged in with a roar until the city was taken. The rebels drove war elephants into the fight. Zhang Fu sent horses draped with painted lions to charge them, supported on the flanks by firearms and cannon. The elephants wheeled about in panic and fled, and the rebel army collapsed. Two enemy commanders were beheaded. The pursuit reached Sanyuan Mountain, where every wooden palisade along the river was burned; captives and slain were beyond number. They advanced and took the eastern capital, restored order among officials and people, reassured those who submitted, and refugees returning to Ming rule numbered tens of thousands each day. He dispatched Li Bin and Chen Xu to capture the western capital and sent other detachments to defeat rebel reinforcements. Li Jili burned the palaces and granaries and fled to the sea; prefectures and counties along the three rivers surrendered as soon as the Ming banners appeared.

明年春，輔遣清遠伯王友等濟自註江，悉破籌江、困枚、萬劫、普賴諸寨，斬首三萬七千餘級。賊將胡杜聚舟盤灘江。輔使降將陳封襲走之，盡得其舟。遂定東潮、諒江諸府州。尋擊破季犛舟師於木丸江，斬首萬級，擒其將校百餘人，溺死者無算。追至膠水縣悶海口，還軍。築城咸子關，令都督柳升守之。已，賊由富良江入。輔與晟夾岸迎戰。升等以舟師橫擊，大破之，馘斬數萬，江水為赤，乘勝窮追。時天旱水淺，賊棄舟陸走。官軍至，忽大雨水漲，遂畢渡。五月至奇羅海口，獲季犛及其子蒼，並偽太子諸王將相大臣等，檻送京師。安南平。得府州四十八，縣一百八十，戶三百十二萬。求陳氏後不得，遂設交阯布政司，以其地內屬。自唐之亡，交阯淪於蠻服者四百餘年，至是復入版圖。帝為詔告天下，諸王百官奉表稱賀。

The following spring, Zhang Fu sent Wang You, Earl of Qingyuan, and others across the Zhu River. They overran the stockades of Choujiang, Kunmuo, Wanjie, Pulai, and others, taking more than thirty-seven thousand heads. The rebel commander Hu Du massed his fleet on the Pantan River. Zhang Fu sent the defector Chen Feng in a surprise attack that routed Hu Du and seized his entire fleet. He then secured the prefectures of Dongchao, Liangjiang, and the surrounding districts. Soon afterward he shattered Li Jili's fleet on the Muwan River, taking ten thousand heads, capturing more than a hundred officers, and drowning countless others. The pursuit reached Menghai mouth in Jiaoshui County before the army turned back. He fortified Xianzi Pass and left Regional Commander Liu Sheng to hold it. Before long the rebels advanced up the Fuliang River. Zhang Fu and Mu Sheng attacked them from both banks of the river. Liu Sheng's fleet struck them from the flank and broke them completely. Tens of thousands were slain until the river ran red, and the victors pressed the pursuit without pause. A drought had left the river low, and the rebels abandoned their boats and fled overland. When the imperial army arrived, a sudden downpour swelled the river, and they crossed in full force. In the fifth month they reached Qiluo sea mouth and captured Li Jili, his son Cang, the pretender crown prince, princes, generals, ministers, and other leading officials, sending them in cages to the capital. Annam was pacified. The campaign brought forty-eight prefectures, one hundred eighty counties, and more than three million registered households under Ming rule. No descendant of the Chen royal house could be found, so the court established the Jiaozhi Pacification Commission and incorporated the region directly into the empire. Since the fall of the Tang, Jiaozhi had been lost to the empire for more than four hundred years; now it was restored to the imperial domain. The emperor issued a proclamation to the empire, and princes and officials throughout the court submitted memorials of congratulation.

六年夏，輔振旅還京師。再賜宴奉天殿，帝為賦《平安南歌》，進封英國公，歲祿三千石，予世券。其年冬，陳氏故臣簡定復叛。命沐晟討之，敗績於生厥江。明年春，復命輔佩征虜將軍印，帥師往討。時簡定已僣稱越上皇，別立陳季擴為皇，勢張甚。輔就叱覽山伐木造舟，招諒江北諸避寇者復業。遂進至慈廉州，破喝門江，克廣威州孔目柵。遇賊咸子關。賊舟六百餘，保江東南岸。輔帥陳旭等以劃船戰，乘風縱火，擒賊帥二百餘人，盡得其舟。追至太平海口。賊將阮景異以三百艘迎敵，復大破之。於是季擴自言陳氏後，遣使求紹封。輔曰：「向者遍索陳王後不應，今詐也。吾奉命討賊，不知其他。」遂遣朱榮、蔡福等以步騎先進，輔帥舟師繼之。自黃江至神投海，會師清化，分道入磊江，獲簡定於美良山中，及其黨送京帥。八年正月進擊賊余黨，斬數千人，築京觀，惟季擴未獲。帝留沐晟討之，召輔班師。謁帝於興和，命練兵宣府、萬全，督運北征。

In the summer of the sixth year, Zhang Fu led his victorious army back to the capital. He was feasted again in the Hall of Imperial Heaven, and the emperor composed the "Song of Pacifying Annam" in his honor. Zhang Fu was promoted to Duke of Ying, with an annual stipend of three thousand piculs and a hereditary patent of nobility. That winter Jian Ding, a former minister of the Chen royal house, rose in rebellion again. Mu Sheng was ordered to suppress him but was defeated on the Shengjue River. The following spring Zhang Fu was again entrusted with the seal of general for the punitive campaign against the barbarians and sent to lead an army against the rebels. By then Jian Ding had proclaimed himself Retired Emperor of Yue and set up Chen Jikuo as emperor; their power was formidable. At Chilan Mountain he felled timber and built boats, and called back refugees north of the Liang River to resume their livelihoods. He advanced to Cilian Prefecture, forced the Hemen River line, and took the stockade at Guangwei. At Xianzi Pass he met the rebel army. The rebels had more than six hundred boats and held the south bank east of the river. Zhang Fu led Chen Xu and others in oared boats, used the wind to set fires, captured more than two hundred rebel commanders, and seized the entire fleet. The pursuit carried as far as Taiping sea mouth. The rebel commander Ruan Jingyi met them with three hundred boats and was routed again. Chen Jikuo then claimed descent from the Chen royal house and sent envoys to ask that his line be re-enfeoffed. Zhang Fu replied, "We searched the realm for a Chen heir and found none. This is a fraud. I have orders to punish rebels and nothing beyond that. He then sent Zhu Rong, Cai Fu, and others forward with infantry and cavalry, while he himself followed with the fleet. From the Huang River to Shentou Sea they united at Qinghua, entered the Lei River by separate routes, captured Jian Ding in the Meiliang Mountains, and sent him and his followers to the capital under guard. In the first month of the eighth year they attacked the remaining rebels, slew several thousand, and erected a victory mound of enemy heads, though Chen Jikuo himself escaped. The emperor left Mu Sheng to continue the pursuit and recalled Zhang Fu. He had an audience with the emperor at Xinghe and was ordered to train troops at Xuanfu and Wanquan and supervise supplies for the northern campaigns.

時陳季擴雖請降，實無悛心。乘輔歸，攻剽如故，晟不能制。交人苦中國約束，又數為吏卒侵擾，往往起附賊，乍服乍叛，將帥益玩寇。九年正月，仍命輔與沐晟協力進討。輔至，申軍令。都督黃中素驕，違節度。詰之不遜，斬以徇。將士惕息，無敢不用命者。其年七月破賊帥阮景異於月常江，獲船百餘，生擒偽元帥鄧宗稷等，又捕斬別部賊首數人。以瘴癘息兵。明年八月擊賊於神投海。賊舟四百餘，分三隊，銳甚。輔沖其中堅，賊卻，左右隊叠進，官軍與相鉤連，殊死戰。自卯至巳，大破賊，擒渠帥七十五人。進軍乂安府，賊將降者相繼。十一年冬，與晟會順州，戰愛子江。賊驅象前行。輔戒士卒，一矢落象奴，二矢射象鼻。象奔還，自蹂其眾。裨將楊鴻、韓廣、薛聚等乘勢繼進，矢落如雨，賊大敗。擒其帥五十六人。追至愛母江，盡降其眾。明年正月進至政平州。聞賊屯暹蠻、昆蒲諸柵，遂引兵往。懸崖側徑，騎不得進。輔與將校徒步行山箐中。夜四鼓抵其巢，悉擒阮景異、鄧容等。季擴走老撾，遣指揮師祐以兵索之，破其三關。遂縛季擴及其孥送京師。賊平。承制，以賊所取占城地，設升、華、思、義四州，增置衛所，官其降人，留軍守之而還。十三年春至京。旋命為交阯總兵官往鎮。而余寇陳月湖等復作亂，輔悉討平之。十四年冬召還。

Although Chen Jikuo had offered submission, he had no real intention of yielding. Once Zhang Fu had withdrawn, he resumed his raids as before, and Mu Sheng could not contain him. The people of Jiaozhi chafed under imperial rule and were repeatedly harassed by officials and soldiers. Many joined the rebels, submitting one month and revolting the next, while the commanders grew careless in dealing with the enemy. In the first month of the ninth year Zhang Fu was again ordered to cooperate with Mu Sheng in a joint campaign. On his arrival Zhang Fu enforced strict military discipline. Regional Commander Huang Zhong had long been arrogant and disobeyed orders. When questioned he answered insolently, and Zhang Fu had him beheaded as an example to the troops. Officers and soldiers were awed into submission, and none dared disobey. In the seventh month of that year he defeated the rebel commander Ruan Jingyi on the Yuechang River, seized more than a hundred boats, took the pretender marshal Deng Zongji alive, and captured or killed several other rebel leaders. He halted operations because of the malarial season. In the eighth month of the following year he attacked the rebels at Shentou Sea. The rebels had more than four hundred boats in three squadrons and fought with great ferocity. Zhang Fu struck their center, forcing the enemy back, while the flanking squadrons pressed in turn. The fleets locked together and fought a desperate battle. From dawn until mid-morning he broke the rebel force completely and captured seventy-five of their leaders. As he advanced into Yian Prefecture, rebel commanders surrendered one after another. In the winter of the eleventh year he joined Mu Sheng at Shun Prefecture and fought on the Aizi River. The rebels sent war elephants to the fore. Zhang Fu ordered his men to bring down the mahout with one arrow and strike the elephant's trunk with two. The elephants wheeled about in panic and trampled their own men. Lieutenant generals Yang Hong, Han Guang, Xue Ju, and others pressed the attack as arrows fell like rain, and the rebels were routed. Fifty-six enemy commanders were taken prisoner. The pursuit reached the Aimu River, where the entire rebel force submitted. In the first month of the following year he advanced into Zhengping Prefecture. Learning that the rebels held stockades at Xianman, Kunpu, and elsewhere, he marched against them. The route ran along cliffs and narrow paths where cavalry could not pass. Zhang Fu and his officers went on foot through the mountain ravines. At the fourth watch they reached the rebel stronghold and captured Ruan Jingyi, Deng Rong, and the rest. Chen Jikuo fled to Laos; Zhang Fu sent Commander Shi You in pursuit and stormed three mountain passes. Chen Jikuo and his family were bound and sent to the capital. The rebellion was suppressed. By imperial commission he established the four prefectures of Sheng, Hua, Si, and Yi on Champa territory the rebels had seized, added military garrisons, appointed surrendered leaders to office, left troops to hold the region, and withdrew. In the spring of the thirteenth year he returned to the capital. He was soon appointed regional commander of Jiaozhi and sent back to garrison the province. When remnant rebels such as Chen Yuehu rose again, Zhang Fu suppressed them completely. In the winter of the fourteenth year he was recalled.

輔凡四至交阯，前後建置郡邑及增設驛傳遞運，規畫甚備。交人所畏惟輔。輔還一年而黎利反，累遣將討之，無功。至宣德時，柳升敗沒，王通與賊盟，倉卒引還。廷議棄交阯，輔爭之不能得也。

Zhang Fu went to Jiaozhi four times in all. He established prefectures and districts, built courier stations and supply routes, and laid out the administration with great thoroughness. Of all the Ming commanders, the people of Jiaozhi feared Zhang Fu alone. A year after Zhang Fu's return, Li Li rebelled. Repeated campaigns against him failed. By the Xuande reign Liu Sheng had been killed in defeat, and Wang Tong made peace with the rebels and withdrew in haste. The court debated abandoning Jiaozhi; Zhang Fu argued against withdrawal but could not prevail.

仁宗即位，掌中軍都督府事，進太師，並支二俸。尋命輔所受太師俸於北京倉支給。時百官俸米皆給於南京，此蓋特恩雲。成祖喪滿二十七日，帝素冠麻衣以朝。而群臣皆已從吉，惟輔與學士楊士奇服如帝。帝嘆曰：「輔，武臣也，而知禮過六卿。」益見親重。尋命知經筵事，監修《實錄》。

When Emperor Renzong ascended the throne, Zhang Fu took charge of the Central Military Commission, was promoted to Grand Preceptor, and drew two salaries. He was soon ordered to receive his Grand Preceptor stipend from the Beijing granary. At that time all officials received salary grain from Nanjing; this was a special favor. When the twenty-seven days of mourning for the Yongle emperor ended, the new emperor attended court in plain cap and hemp mourning dress. The other ministers had already resumed normal dress, but Zhang Fu and Academician Yang Shiqi wore mourning garb like the emperor. The emperor sighed and said, "Zhang Fu is a military man, yet in ritual propriety he surpasses the six chief ministers. From then on the emperor held him in even greater esteem. He was soon appointed to the Classics Lecture and charged with supervising compilation of the Veritable Records.

宣德元年，漢王高煦謀反，誘諸功臣為內應，潛遣人夜至輔所。輔執之以聞，盡得其反狀，因請將兵擊之。帝決策親征，命輔扈行。事平，加祿三百石。輔威名益盛，而久握兵。四年，都御史顧佐請保全功臣。詔輔解府務，朝夕侍左右，謀畫軍國重事，進階光祿大夫左柱國，朝朔望。英宗即位，加號翊連佐理，知經筵、監修《實錄》如故。

In the first year of Xuande the Prince of Han, Zhu Gaoxu, plotted rebellion, tried to win meritorious ministers as inside collaborators, and secretly sent men to Zhang Fu's house by night. Zhang Fu seized them and reported the plot, obtained full evidence of treason, and asked to lead troops against the prince. The emperor decided to campaign in person and ordered Zhang Fu to accompany him. After the rebellion was crushed, his stipend was increased by three hundred piculs. Zhang Fu's renown grew ever greater, though he had held military command for many years. In the fourth year Censor-in-Chief Gu Zuo memorialized that meritorious ministers should be protected. An edict relieved him of commission duties and ordered him to attend the emperor morning and evening to advise on military and state affairs. He was promoted to Grand Master for Glorious Blessing and Left Pillar of the State and attended court on the first and fifteenth of each month. When Emperor Yingzong ascended the throne, he was given the additional title Assistant in Continuous Support of Governance and retained his duties over the Classics Lecture and the Veritable Records.

輔雄毅方嚴，治軍整肅，屹如山嶽。三定交南，威名聞海外。歷事四朝，連姻帝室，而小心敬慎，與蹇、夏、三楊，同心輔政。二十餘年，海內宴然，輔有力焉。王振擅權，文武大臣望塵頓首，惟輔與抗禮。也先入犯，振導英宗親征，輔從行，不使預軍政。輔老矣，默默不敢言。至土木，死於難，年七十五。追封定興王，謚忠烈。

Zhang Fu was bold, stern, and upright. He governed his troops with iron discipline and stood unshakable as a mountain. He pacified the south three times, and his fame reached beyond the seas. He served four reigns and was allied to the imperial house by marriage, yet remained careful and respectful. With Jian Yi, Xia Yuanji, and the three Yangs he shared power and governed in concert. For more than twenty years the empire enjoyed peace, and Zhang Fu had no small part in it. When Wang Zhen seized power, civil and military ministers prostrated themselves before him, but Zhang Fu alone treated him as an equal. When the Oirats invaded, Wang Zhen persuaded Emperor Yingzong to campaign in person. Zhang Fu accompanied the expedition but was excluded from military decisions. Zhang Fu was old now and kept silent, not daring to speak out. At Tumu he perished in the disaster, aged seventy-five. He was posthumously enfeoffed as Prince of Dingxing with the posthumous title Loyal and Ardent.

子懋，九歲嗣公。憲宗閱騎射西苑。懋三發連中，賜金帶。歷掌營府，累加至太師。嘗上言防邊事宜，諫止發京營兵作圓通寺。弘治中，御史李興、彭程下獄，懋論救。復請罷作真武觀，免織造，召還中官董織者。武宗即位，與群小狎遊，懋率文武大臣諫，其言皆切直。然性豪侈，又頗朘削軍士，屢為言者所糾。嗣公凡六十六年，握兵柄者四十年，尊寵為勛臣冠。正德十年卒，年亦七十五。贈寧陽王，謚恭靖。萬曆十一年與朱希忠並削王號。孫侖嗣。傳爵至世澤，流寇陷京師，遇害。

His son Zhang Mao inherited the dukedom at the age of nine. Emperor Xianzong reviewed mounted archery in the Western Park. Zhang Mao hit the target three times in succession and was rewarded with a gold belt. He successively commanded the guard commissions and rose to Grand Preceptor. He once memorialized on frontier defense and persuaded the court not to divert capital-guard troops to build Yuantong Temple. During the Hongzhi reign, when Censors Li Xing and Peng Cheng were imprisoned, Zhang Mao spoke in their defense. He also asked that construction of the Zhenwu Shrine be halted, weaving levies be remitted, and the eunuch Dong Zhi be recalled. When Emperor Wuzong took the throne and consorted with favorites, Zhang Mao led civil and military ministers in remonstrance, and their words were blunt and forthright. Yet he was extravagant by nature and often shortchanged his soldiers, and censors repeatedly impeached him. He held the dukedom for sixty-six years and military power for forty, and ranked first among the dynasty's meritorious nobles in honor and favor. He died in the tenth year of Zhengde, also at the age of seventy-five. He was posthumously enfeoffed as Prince of Ningyang with the posthumous title Respectful and Tranquil. In the eleventh year of Wanli he and Zhu Xizhong were both stripped of their princely titles. His grandson Zhang Lun inherited the title. The title passed down to Zhang Shize, who was killed when rebel armies took the capital.

初，輔之定交阯也，先後百餘戰。其從征死事最著者，有高士文、徐政。士文，咸陽人。洪武中，以小校從征雲南及金山有功，為燕山左護衛百戶。質直剛果，善騎謝。從成祖起兵，累官都督僉事。從張輔征交阯。黎季犛既擒，余黨竄山谷中，出沒為寇。五年八月，士文帥所部敗之廣源，進圍其寨。晝夜急攻，垂破，賊突走。士文追與戰，中飛石死。所部復追賊，賊失巢潰散，遂為指揮程玚所滅。朝廷念士文功，追封建平伯，令其子福嗣，祿千三百石，予世券。三傳至孫霳，無子，以義子為嗣。事覺，爵除。

In pacifying Jiaozhi, Zhang Fu fought more than a hundred battles. The most notable officers who died on campaign were Gao Shiwen and Xu Zheng. Gao Shiwen was a native of Xianyang. During the Hongwu reign he served as a junior officer in campaigns in Yunnan and at Jinshan and was appointed a company commander in the Left Guard of Yan Mountain. He was upright, forthright, and resolute, and skilled in mounted archery. He followed the Yongle emperor in his rise to power and rose to vice commissioner-in-chief. He followed Zhang Fu in the campaign against Jiaozhi. After Li Jili was captured, remnant rebels hid in the mountains and raided the countryside. In the eighth month of the fifth year he led his troops to defeat them at Guangyuan and advanced to besiege their stockade. He pressed the attack day and night until the stockade was nearly taken, then the rebels broke out and fled. Gao Shiwen pursued and fought them but was struck by a flying stone and killed. His troops pursued further; the rebels lost their stronghold and scattered, and Commander Cheng Chang destroyed them. Mindful of his service, the court posthumously enfeoffed him as Earl of Jianping. His son Fu inherited the title with a stipend of thirteen hundred piculs and a hereditary patent. After three generations the title passed to his grandson Long, who had no son and adopted an heir. When the matter was exposed, the title was revoked.

徐政，儀真人。建文時，為揚州衛副千戶，以城降成祖，累遷都指揮同知。從征交阯，奪船於三帶江以濟大軍。拔西都，戰咸子關，皆有功。陳季擴反，盤灘地最要沖，張輔遣政守之。七年八月，賊黨阮景異來攻，與戰，飛槍貫脅，猶督兵力戰，竟敗賊。賊退，腹潰而死。

Xu Zheng was a native of Yizhen. During the Jianwen reign he was deputy battalion commander of Yangzhou Guard. He surrendered the city to the Prince of Yan and rose to assistant commander-in-chief. On the Jiaozhi campaign he seized boats on the Sandai River to ferry the main army across. He distinguished himself in the capture of the western capital and the battle at Xianzi Pass. When Chen Jikuo rebelled, Pantan was the most critical point, and Zhang Fu sent Xu Zheng to hold it. In the eighth month of the seventh year the rebel Ruan Jingyi attacked. A spear pierced his side, yet he still urged his men on and finally routed the enemy. After the enemy withdrew, his wound burst open and he died.

黃福，字如錫，昌邑人。洪武中，由太學生歷金吾前衛經歷。上書論國家大計。太祖奇之，超拜工部右侍郎。建文時，深見倚任。成祖列奸黨二十九人，福與焉。成祖入京師，福迎附。李景隆指福奸黨，福曰：「臣固應死，但目為奸黨，則臣心未服。」帝置不問，復其官。未幾，拜工部尚書。永樂三年，陳瑛劾福不恤工匠，改北京行部尚書。明年坐事，逮下詔獄，謫充為事官。已，復職，督安南軍餉。

Huang Fu, whose style name was Ruxi, was a native of Changyi. During the Hongwu reign he rose from student of the Imperial Academy to registrar of the Front Guard of Golden Chariot. He submitted a memorial on the great affairs of state. The Hongwu emperor was impressed and promoted him directly to Vice Minister of Works. During the Jianwen reign he enjoyed the emperor's deep trust. When the Yongle emperor listed twenty-nine members of the treacherous faction, Huang Fu was named among them. When the Yongle emperor entered the capital, Huang Fu came out to welcome him and submit. Li Jinglong accused him of belonging to the treacherous faction. Huang Fu replied, "I deserve death, but to be called a traitor is something my conscience cannot accept. The emperor ignored the charge and restored him to office. Before long he was appointed Minister of Works. In the third year of Yongle, Chen Ying impeached him for neglecting the artisans, and he was transferred to Minister of the Beijing Branch Secretariat. The following year he was implicated in a case, imprisoned, and demoted to penal service. He was soon restored to office and put in charge of military supplies for Annam.

安南既平，郡縣其地，命福以尚書掌布政、按察二司事。時遠方初定，軍旅未息，庶務繁劇。福隨事制宜，咸有條理。上疏言：「交阯賦稅輕重不一，請酌定，務從輕省。」又請：「循瀘江北岸至欽州，設衛所，置驛站，以便往來。開中積鹽，使商賈輸粟，以廣軍儲。官吏俸廩，倉粟不足則給以公田。」又言：「廣西民饋運，陸路艱險，宜令廣東海運二十萬石以給。」皆報可。於是編氓籍，定賦稅，興學校，置官師。數召父老宣諭德意，戒屬吏毋苛擾。一切鎮之以靜，上下帖然。時群臣以細故謫交阯者眾，福咸加拯恤，甄其賢者與共事，由是至者如歸。鎮守中官馬騏怙寵虐民，福數裁抑之。騏誣福有異志。帝察其妄，不問。仁宗即位，召還，命兼詹事，輔太子。福在交阯凡十九年。及還，交人扶攜走送，號泣不忍別。福還，交阯賊遂劇，訖不能靖。仁宗崩，督獻陵工。

Once Annam was pacified, the court organized the region into prefectures and districts and appointed Huang Fu, as a minister, to oversee both the Pacification Commission and the Surveillance Commission. The frontier had only just been pacified, the army was still engaged, and civil affairs were overwhelming. Huang Fu adapted policy to each situation, and everything he handled was well ordered. He submitted a memorial stating, "Taxes in Jiaozhi are levied inconsistently. I ask that they be reassessed and kept as light as possible." He also proposed that guard posts and relay stations be established along the north bank of the Lujiang River as far as Qinzhou to ease communications. He proposed opening the kaizhong salt monopoly so that merchants could deliver grain in exchange for salt, thereby enlarging military reserves. Where granary stocks fell short of officials' salaries and rations, they should be paid from public fields." He further argued that because Guangxi relied on overland supply over difficult terrain, Guangdong should be directed to ship two hundred thousand piculs by sea." The emperor approved all of these proposals. He then registered the population, fixed tax rates, founded schools, and appointed teachers. He repeatedly summoned local elders to explain the court's benevolent intentions and warned his subordinates against oppressive conduct. He governed everything with restraint and calm, and both officials and people lived in peace. Many officials had been banished to Jiaozhi for minor offenses. Huang Fu treated them all with kindness, recruited the able among them to serve with him, and newcomers felt as though they were coming home. The eunuch garrison commissioner Ma Qi abused his imperial favor to mistreat the people, and Huang Fu repeatedly curbed him. Ma Qi falsely accused Huang Fu of disloyalty. The emperor saw through the accusation and took no action. When the Hongxi emperor came to the throne, Huang Fu was recalled and appointed concurrent Grand Secretary of the Heir Apparent to assist the crown prince. Huang Fu had served in Jiaozhi for nineteen years in all. When he departed, the people of Jiaozhi escorted him in crowds, weeping and unable to say farewell. After Huang Fu left, rebellion in Jiaozhi grew worse and was never fully suppressed. After Renzong's death, he supervised construction of the Xianling mausoleum.

四年與平江伯董漕事，議令江西、湖廣、浙江及江南北諸郡民，量地遠近，轉粟於淮、徐、臨清，而令軍士接運至北京，民大稱便。五年陳足兵食省役之要。其言足食，謂：「永樂間雖營建北京，南討交阯，北征沙漠，資用未嘗乏。比國無大費，而歲用僅給。即不幸有水旱，征調將何以濟？請役操備營繕軍士十萬人，於濟寧以北，衛輝、真定以東，緣河屯種。初年自食，次年人收五石，三年收倍之。既省京倉口糧六十萬石，又省本衛月糧百二十萬石，歲可得二百八十萬石。」帝善之，下行在戶、兵二部議。郭資、張本言：「緣河屯田實便，請先以五萬頃為率，發附近居民五萬人墾之。但山東近年旱饑，流徙初復，衛卒多力役，宜先遣官行視田以俟開墾。」帝從之。命吏部郎中趙新等經理屯田，福總其事。既而有言軍民各有常業，若復分田，役益勞擾，事竟不行。改戶部尚書。

In the fourth year of Xuande, together with the Pingjiang Earl Chen Xuan he took charge of grain transport and proposed that people in Jiangxi, Huguang, Zhejiang, and the prefectures north and south of the Yangzi deliver grain to depots at Huai'an, Xuzhou, and Linqing according to distance, with troops relaying it to Beijing. The people widely welcomed the change. In the fifth year he presented his essential proposals for securing military provisions and reducing corvée burdens. On securing adequate supplies, he argued: "During the Yongle reign, even while building Beijing, campaigning in Jiaozhi to the south, and marching into the northern deserts, the treasury never ran short. Today the state undertakes no comparable projects, yet annual expenditure barely covers our needs. If flood or drought should strike, how would we meet emergency levies? He proposed assigning one hundred thousand garrison soldiers to farm along the canal north of Jining and east of Weihui and Zhending. In the first year the soldiers would live off their own harvest; in the second each would pay five piculs in tax; in the third the levy would double. This would save six hundred thousand piculs from the capital granaries and one million two hundred thousand piculs in monthly garrison rations, producing two million eight hundred thousand piculs annually." The emperor approved the plan and referred it to the Ministries of Revenue and War for discussion. Guo Zi and Zhang Ben replied that riverside garrison farming was indeed practical and proposed starting with fifty thousand qing, assigning fifty thousand local residents to open the land. However, Shandong had recently suffered drought and famine, refugees were only beginning to return, and garrison troops were already overburdened with labor. Officials should first survey the land before cultivation began." The emperor agreed. Zhao Xin, a director in the Ministry of Personnel, and others were appointed to manage the project under Huang Fu's overall supervision. Soon critics argued that soldiers and civilians already had fixed occupations and that further land allotments would only add to their burdens, and the plan was abandoned. He was transferred to Minister of Revenue.

七年，帝於宮中覽福《漕事便宜疏》，出以示楊士奇曰：「福言智慮深遠，六卿中誰倫比者？」對曰：「福受知太祖，正直明果，一誌國家。永樂初，建北京行部，綏輯雕瘵，及使交阯，總藩憲，具有成績，誠六卿所不及。福年七十矣，諸後進少年高坐公堂理政事，福四朝舊人，乃朝暮奔走勞悴，殊非國家優老敬賢之道。」帝曰：「非汝不聞此言。」士奇又曰：「南京根本重地，先帝以儲宮監國。福老成忠直，緩急可倚。」帝曰：「然。」明日改福官南京。明年兼掌南京兵部。英宗即位，加少保，參贊南京守備襄城伯李隆機務。留都文臣參機務，自福始。隆用福言，政肅民安。正統五年正月卒，年七十八。

In the seventh year, the emperor read Huang Fu's "Memorial on Convenient Arrangements for Grain Transport" in the palace, showed it to Yang Shiqi, and asked, "Huang Fu's counsel is far-sighted. Which of the six ministers can equal him?" Yang Shiqi replied, "Huang Fu won the Hongwu emperor's trust. He is upright, decisive, and wholly devoted to the state. At the start of Yongle he helped establish the Beijing Branch Secretariat and relieve the people's distress; in Jiaozhi he governed the province with notable success. He truly surpasses the other ministers. Huang Fu is seventy years old, yet while younger officials sit at ease in the hall conducting affairs, this veteran of four reigns still toils from dawn to dusk. That is no way for the state to honor its elders and respect its worthies." The emperor said, "Only you would have told me this." Shiqi added, "Nanjing is the empire's foundation. The late emperor once had the crown prince govern the realm from there. Huang Fu is experienced, loyal, and upright—a man to rely on in any crisis." The emperor said, "You are right." The next day Huang Fu was transferred to Nanjing. The following year he was also placed in charge of the Nanjing Ministry of War. When the Zhengtong emperor came to the throne, Huang Fu was made Junior Guardian and assisted Li Long, Earl of Xiangcheng and Nanjing garrison commander, in military affairs. Huang Fu was the first civil official at the southern capital to take part in military deliberations. Li Long followed Huang Fu's advice, and administration became orderly and the people lived in peace. He died in the first month of the fifth year of Zhengtong, at the age of seventy-eight.

福豐儀修整，不妄言笑。歷事六朝，多所建白。公正廉恕，素孚於人。當官不為赫赫名，事微細無不謹。憂國忘家，老而彌篤。自奉甚約，妻子僅給衣食，所得俸祿，惟待賓客周匱乏而已。初，成祖手疏大臣十人，命解縉評之，惟於福曰：「秉心易直，確乎有守。」無少貶。福參贊南京時，嘗坐李隆側。士奇寄聲曰：「豈有孤卿而旁坐者？」福曰：「焉有少保而贊守備者邪？」卒不變。然隆待福甚恭。公退，即推福上坐，福亦不辭。士奇之省墓也，道南京，聞福疾，往候之。福驚曰：「公輔幼主，一日不可去左右，奈何遠出？」士奇深服其言。兵部侍郎徐琦使安南回，福與相見石城門外。或指福問安南來者曰：「汝識此大人否？」對曰：「南交草木，亦知公名，安得不識？」福卒，贈謚不及，士論頗不平。成化初，始贈太保，謚忠宣。

Huang Fu was imposing in bearing and restrained in speech and manner. Serving six emperors, he submitted many constructive proposals. Fair, upright, incorruptible, and forgiving, he had long enjoyed the people's trust. He sought no fame in office, yet attended meticulously to even the smallest matters. He cared for the state more than for his own household, and this devotion only deepened with age. He lived very simply, providing his family with only the barest necessities, and spent his salary chiefly on entertaining guests and helping those in need. Early in the reign, the Yongle emperor listed ten senior ministers in his own hand and asked Xie Jin to assess them. Of Huang Fu alone he wrote, "His heart is upright and plain; his integrity is unshakable." He offered not a word of criticism. While assisting at Nanjing, Huang Fu once took a seat beside Li Long. Yang Shiqi sent word asking, "How can a minister of your rank sit to one side?" Huang Fu replied, "And how can a Junior Guardian be assisting a garrison commander?" He never changed his practice. Yet Li Long treated Huang Fu with great deference. After official business, Li Long would insist that Huang Fu take the seat of honor, and Huang Fu did not refuse. When Yang Shiqi traveled to his family graves and passed through Nanjing, he heard that Huang Fu was ill and went to visit him. Huang Fu said in alarm, "You serve a young emperor and cannot leave his side for a day. How can you travel so far?" Yang Shiqi was deeply impressed. Xu Qi, Vice Minister of War, returning from a mission to Annam, met Huang Fu outside the Shicheng Gate. Someone pointed to Huang Fu and asked the visitors from Annam, "Do you know this gentleman?" They answered, "Even the grass and trees of the south know his name. How could we not recognize him?" When Huang Fu died, he received no posthumous title or honors, and scholars widely felt this was unjust. At the start of the Chenghua reign he was at last posthumously made Grand Guardian with the title Zhongxuan, "Loyal and Propagating."

劉俊，字子士，江陵人。洪武十八年進士。除兵部主事，歷郎中。遇事善剖決，為帝所器。二十八年擢右侍郎。建文時，為侍中。成祖即位，進尚書。永樂四年大征安南，以俊參贊軍務。俊為人縝密勤敏，在軍佐畫籌策有功，還受厚賚。未幾，簡定復叛，俊再出參贊沐晟軍務。六年冬，晟與簡定戰生厥江，敗績。俊行至大安海口，颶風作，揚沙晝晦，且戰且行，為賊所圍，自經死。洪熙元年三月，帝以俊陷賊不屈，有司不言，未加褒恤，敕責禮官。乃賜祭，贈太子少傅，謚節湣。官其子奎給事中。

Liu Jun, whose style name was Zishi, was a native of Jiangling. He passed the jinshi examination in the eighteenth year of Hongwu. He was appointed a clerk in the Ministry of War and rose to director. He was skilled at resolving cases and won the emperor's esteem. In the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu he was promoted to Right Vice Minister. During the Jianwen reign he served as Attendant-in-Ordinary. When the Yongle emperor came to the throne, he was promoted to Minister. In the fourth year of Yongle, during the major campaign against Annam, Liu Jun was appointed to assist in military affairs. Meticulous and industrious, Liu Jun helped plan strategy during the campaign and was richly rewarded on his return. Soon afterward Jian Ding rebelled again, and Liu Jun was sent out once more to assist Mu Sheng. In the winter of the sixth year, Mu Sheng fought Jian Ding on the Shengjue River and was defeated. Liu Jun had reached the Da'an estuary when a hurricane struck, sand darkened the sky at midday, and while fighting his way forward he was surrounded by the enemy and took his own life. In the third month of the first year of Hongxi, the emperor rebuked the Ministry of Rites because Liu Jun had died rather than submit to the enemy yet no memorial of commendation had been submitted. Sacrifices were then granted, and he was posthumously made Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent with the title Jiemin, "Steadfast and Lamented." His son Kui was appointed a supervising secretary.

與俊同死者呂毅、劉昱。

Lu Yi and Liu Yu died together with Liu Jun.

毅，項城人。以濟南衛百戶從成祖渡江，積功至都督僉事。與同官黃中充左右副將軍，佐征南將軍韓觀鎮廣西。尋與中將兵送故安南王孫陳天平歸國，至芹站，天平被劫去，坐奪官。帝薄毅罪，起為鷹揚將軍，從張輔討季犛有功，掌交阯都司事。至是與賊戰，深入陷陣死。

Lu Yi was a native of Xiangcheng. As a company commander in Jinan Guard he followed the Prince of Yan across the Yangzi, rose through merit, and became assistant commissioner-in-chief. He and his colleague Huang Zhong served as left and right vice generals under the southern expedition general Han Guan, garrisoning Guangxi. Soon he and Huang Zhong escorted Chen Tianping, grandson of the former king of Annam, homeward; at Qin Station, Tianping was abducted, and Lu Yi was stripped of his rank. The emperor judged his offense lightly, restored him as Soaring Hawk General, and he distinguished himself under Zhang Fu against Li Jili and was placed in charge of the Jiaozhi Regional Military Commission. On this occasion he fought the rebels, penetrated deep into their lines, and was killed in battle.

昱，武城人。自吏科給事中遷左通政，出為河南參政，改交阯。嚴肅有治材，吏民畏憚。軍敗，亦死之。

Liu Yu was a native of Wucheng. He rose from supervising secretary in the Office of Scrutiny for Personnel to Left Administrative Commissioner, served as administrative commissioner of Henan, and was then transferred to Jiaozhi. Stern and capable, he inspired fear and respect among officials and people alike. When the army was defeated, he died as well.

陳洽，字叔遠，武進人。好古力學，與兄濟、弟浚並有名。洪武中，以善書薦授兵科給事中。嘗奉命閱軍，一過輒識之。有再至者，輒叱去。帝嘉其能，賜金織衣。父戍五開歿，洽奔喪。會蠻叛道梗，冒險間行，負父骨以歸。建文中以茹瑺薦，起文選郎中。

Chen Qia, whose style name was Shuyuan, was a native of Wujin. Fond of antiquity and devoted to scholarship, he was renowned along with his elder brother Ji and younger brother Jun. During the Hongwu reign he was recommended for his calligraphy and appointed supervising secretary in the Bureau of Military Affairs. When ordered to inspect the troops, he could recognize every man after seeing him only once. Anyone who tried to pass through the line twice he drove off at once. The emperor commended his talent and granted him a gold-embroidered robe. His father died while serving on garrison duty at Wukai, and Chen Qia rushed home to mourn. Barbarians had risen in rebellion and the roads were cut; he made his way by perilous bypaths and returned bearing his father's remains. During the Jianwen reign Ru Chao recommended him, and he was recalled to serve as director in the Bureau of Appointments.

仁宗召黃福還，以洽掌布、按二司，仍參軍務。中官馬騏貪暴，洽不能制，反者四起，黎利尤桀黠。而榮昌伯陳智、都督方政不相能，寇勢日張。洽上疏言：「賊雖乞降，內懷詭詐，黨羽漸盛，將不可制。乞諭諸將速滅賊，毋為所餌。」宣宗降敕切責智等，令進兵，復敗於茶籠州，帝乃削智、政官爵。命成山侯王通佩征夷將軍印往討，洽仍贊其軍。宣德元年九月，通至交阯。十一月進師應平，次寧橋。洽與諸將言地險惡，恐有伏，宜駐師覘賊。通不聽，麾兵徑渡，陷泥淖中。伏發，官軍大敗。洽躍馬入賊陣，創甚墜馬。左右欲扶還，洽張目叱曰：「吾為國大臣，食祿四十年，報國在今日，義不茍生。」揮刀殺賊數人，自剄死。事聞，帝嘆曰：「大臣以身殉國，一代幾人！」贈少保，謚節湣。官其子樞刑科給事中。

When the Hongxi emperor recalled Huang Fu, Chen Qia was put in charge of the provincial administration and surveillance commissions while continuing to assist in military affairs. The eunuch Ma Qi was greedy and violent, and Chen Qia could not check him. Rebellions broke out everywhere, and Li Le in particular proved fierce and cunning. Meanwhile Chen Zhi, Marquis of Rongchang, and the regional commander Fang Zheng were at odds with each other, and the rebels grew stronger by the day. Chen Qia memorialized: "Though the rebels plead for surrender, they harbor treachery within. Their followers are growing, and before long they will be beyond control. I beg that Your Majesty order the generals to crush the rebels at once and not be lured by their feigned submission. The Xuande emperor issued a stern edict rebuking Chen Zhi and the others and ordering them forward. They suffered another defeat at Chalong Prefecture, and the emperor stripped Chen Zhi and Fang Zheng of their titles and ranks. He ordered Wang Tong, Marquis of Chengshan, to take the seal of general for the punitive campaign against the Yi and march to suppress the rebellion, with Chen Qia continuing to assist the army. In the ninth month of the first year of Xuande, Wang Tong reached Jiaozhi. In the eleventh month he led his forces toward Yingping and halted at Ningqiao. Chen Qia warned the generals that the terrain was treacherous and an ambush likely; the army should halt and scout the enemy position. Wang Tong refused to listen, ordered his men to ford directly, and they foundered in the mud. The ambush was sprung and the imperial army was routed. Chen Qia spurred his horse into the rebel ranks, was gravely wounded, and fell from his saddle. His attendants tried to carry him off, but Chen Qia glared and cried: "I have served the state as a great minister and drawn salary for forty years — today I repay that debt. I will not cling to life in dishonor. He slashed down several rebels with his blade, then cut his own throat and died. When the report reached court, the emperor sighed: "A minister who gives his life for the state — how many such men does an age produce? He was posthumously made Junior Guardian and given the posthumous title Jiemin, "Steadfast and Lamented." His son Shu was appointed supervising secretary in the Bureau of Punishments.

自黎利反，用兵三四年，將吏先後死者甚眾。

From the time of Li Le's rebellion, war went on for three or four years, and a great many officers and officials lost their lives in succession.

侯保，贊皇人。由國子生歷知襄城、贛榆、博興三縣，有善政。交阯初設府縣，擇人撫綏，以保知交州府，遷右參政。永樂十八年，黎利反，保以黃江要害，築堡守之。賊至，力拒數月，出戰，不勝死。

Hou Bao was a native of Zanhuang. Beginning as a student at the Imperial Academy, he served successively as magistrate of Xiangcheng, Ganyu, and Boxing, earning praise for effective and humane government. When prefectures and counties were first established in Jiaozhi, able men were chosen to govern and reassure the people. Hou Bao was appointed prefect of Jiaozhou and later promoted to right assistant commissioner. In the eighteenth year of Yongle, when Li Le rebelled, Hou Bao identified the Huang River as a strategic choke point and built a fort to hold it. When the rebels arrived he held them off for months; he sallied forth to fight, could not prevail, and was killed.

馮貴，武陵人。舉進士，為兵科給事中。從張輔征交阯，督兵餉。累遷左參政。涖事明敏，善撫流亡。士兵二千人，驍果善戰，貴撫以恩意，數擊賊有功，中官馬騏盡奪之。黎利反，貴以羸卒數百，禦賊於瑰縣，力屈而死。仁宗時，尚書黃福言狀，贈貴左布政使，保右布政使。然貴嘗言交阯產金，遂命以參議提督金場，時論非之。

Feng Gui was a native of Wuling. He passed the jinshi examination and was appointed supervising secretary in the Bureau of Military Affairs. He accompanied Zhang Fu on the campaign against Jiaozhi, overseeing troops and supplies. He rose through successive appointments to left assistant commissioner. He was sharp and capable in administration and skilled at succoring refugees. He had two thousand local troops, brave and battle-tested; Feng Gui won them with kindness and used them in repeated successful strikes against the rebels, until the eunuch Ma Qi seized them all for himself. When Li Le rose in rebellion, Feng Gui held the line at Gui County with only a few hundred exhausted troops, fought until he could fight no more, and died. During the Hongxi reign, Minister Huang Fu memorialized on their behalf; Feng Gui was posthumously made left provincial administrator and Hou Bao right provincial administrator. Yet Feng Gui had once mentioned that Jiaozhi produced gold, and on that account he had been assigned as participation councillor to oversee the gold fields — a posting contemporary opinion condemned.

伍雲，定遠人。以荊州護衛指揮同知從征交阯，破坡壘、隘留、多邦城，拔東、西二都，皆有功。賊平，調昌江衛。仁宗初，隨方政討黎利於茶籠，深入陷陣死。

Wu Yun was a native of Dingyuan. As assistant commander of the Jingzhou Guard he joined the campaign against Jiaozhi, stormed Polei, Yiliu, and Duobang, captured the eastern and western capitals, and distinguished himself in each action. After the rebellion was suppressed he was posted to the Changjiang Guard. Early in the Hongxi reign he followed Fang Zheng against Li Le at Chalong, fought deep in the enemy ranks, and was killed.

陳忠，臨淮人。初為寬河副千戶。以「靖難」功，積官指揮同知。坐事戍廣西。從征交阯，自個招市舁小舟入江，劫黎季犛水寨，破之。攻多邦城，先登。論功，還故官，調交州左衛。屢與賊戰有功，進都指揮同知。黎利寇清化，忠戰死。仁宗憫之，與雲皆優恤如制。

Chen Zhong was a native of Linhuai. He began as deputy commander of a thousand at Kuanhe. For his service in the Pacification campaign he rose to assistant guard commander. After conviction on a charge he was sent to serve on garrison duty in Guangxi. On the campaign against Jiaozhi he launched small boats from Gezhao market into the river, raided Li Jili's riverine camp, and destroyed it. At the assault on Duobang he was the first man over the wall. For his achievements he was restored to his former rank and posted to Jiaozhou Left Guard. After repeated victories against the rebels he was promoted to assistant regional commander. When Li Le attacked Qinghua, Chen Zhong was killed in battle. The Hongxi emperor took pity on them, and both Chen Zhong and Wu Yun received full posthumous honors according to regulation.

劉子輔，廬陵人。由國子生擢監察御史，巡按浙江。性廉平，浙人德之。按察使周新不茍許與，獨稱子輔賢。遷廣東按察使。坐累，左遷諒江知府，善撫循其民。黎利反，子輔與守將集兵民死守亦九閱月，與昌江先後同陷。子輔曰：「吾義不汙賊刃。」即自縊死。一子一妾皆死。

Liu Zifu was a native of Luling. From the Imperial Academy he was promoted to investigating censor and sent on an inspection tour of Zhejiang. Upright and equitable by nature, he won the affection of the people of Zhejiang. Surveillance Commissioner Zhou Xin was sparing with praise, yet singled out Liu Zifu as a man of talent. He was promoted to surveillance commissioner of Guangdong. After conviction on a related charge he was demoted to prefect of Liangjiang, where he governed and reassured the people with skill. When Li Le rebelled, Liu Zifu and the garrison commander rallied troops and civilians in a desperate nine-month siege; their city fell shortly after Changjiang. Liu Zifu said: "I will not let rebel steel defile my body. He hanged himself on the spot. His son and a concubine died as well.

何忠，字廷臣，江陵人。由進士為監察御史。廉慎，人莫敢幹以私。永樂中，三殿災，言事忤旨，出為政平知州。民安其政。寧橋之敗，王通詭與賊和，而請濟師於朝，為賊所遮不得達。賊遣使奉表入謝。通乃遣忠及副千戶桂勝與偕行，以奏還土地為辭，陰令請兵。至昌江，內官徐訓泄其謀。賊遂拘忠、勝，臨以白刃。二人瞋目怒罵不屈，並忠子皆被害。

He Zhong, whose style name was Tingchen, was a native of Jiangling. A jinshi degree-holder, he was appointed investigating censor. Incorruptible and careful, he brooked no private appeals. During the Yongle reign, after the fire in the three main halls, he memorialized on state affairs against the emperor's wish and was relegated to prefect of Zhengping. The people thrived under his rule. After the disaster at Ningqiao, Wang Tong pretended to treat with the rebels while secretly begging the court for reinforcements, but rebel interceptors blocked his message. The rebels dispatched envoys with a memorial of submission to the capital. Wang Tong sent He Zhong and Deputy Commander Gui Sheng to accompany the envoys, ostensibly to negotiate the return of territory while secretly instructing them to beg for troops. At Changjiang the eunuch Xu Xun betrayed their plan. The rebels seized He Zhong and Gui Sheng and put blades to their throats. The two men glared and cursed without flinching, and He Zhong's son was killed along with them.

徐麒，桂林中衛指揮使，與南寧千戶蔡颙守邱溫。時賊勢已熾，將吏多棄城遁。邱溫被圍，麒與颙猶帥疲卒固守，城陷皆死，無一降者。

Xu Qi, commander of the Guilin Middle Guard, and Cai Yong, commander of a thousand from Nanning, held Qiuwen. By then the rebels were rampant, and many officers and officials abandoned their posts and fled. When Qiuwen was besieged, Xu Qi and Cai Yong still held the walls with exhausted troops. When the city fell they died together, and not one man surrendered.

易先，湘陰人。以國子生授諒山知府，有善政。歲滿還朝，郡人乞留。詔進秩三品還任。賊破諒山，先自縊死。

Yi Xian was a native of Xiangyin. An Imperial Academy graduate, he was appointed prefect of Liangshan and governed well. When his term expired and he returned to court, the people of the prefecture petitioned to retain him. The emperor promoted him to third rank and sent him back to his post. When the rebels overran Liangshan, Yi Xian hanged himself.

周安以指揮僉事守備乂安。黎利勢張，都督蔡福以芻糧將盡，退就東關。既行，千戶包宣以其眾詣賊降。安等至富良江為賊所蹙，俱陷賊。賊逼蔡福詣諸城說降。安憤甚，潛與眾謀，俟官軍至為內應。包宣之，以告利。利收安，將殺之，安曰：「吾天朝臣子，豈死賊手！」與指揮陳麟躍起奪賊刀，殺數人，皆自刎死。所部九千餘人，悉被殺。

Zhou An, assistant guard commander, held the garrison at Yi'an. As Li Le's strength grew, Regional Commander Cai Fu, finding fodder and grain nearly spent, fell back to Dongguan. Once he had withdrawn, Commander Bao Xuan took his men over to the rebels. Zhou An and his companions, reaching the Fuliang River, were hemmed in by the rebels and taken captive. The rebels forced Cai Fu to go from city to city urging surrender. Zhou An was furious and secretly conspired with his men to serve as an inside force when imperial troops arrived. Bao Xuan betrayed the plot and reported it to Li Le. Li Le seized Zhou An and was about to execute him. Zhou An cried: "I am a subject of the Heavenly Dynasty — I shall not die at the hands of rebels! He sprang up with Commander Chen Lin, wrested blades from the rebels, cut down several men, and then both took their own lives. More than nine thousand men under his command were slaughtered.

交阯布政使弋謙以任等十二人死事聞。宣宗嘆息，贈任都督同知，福、順、麒都指揮同知，安指揮同知，颙指揮僉事，勝正千戶，並令子孫承襲。子輔、先布政司參政，忠府同知，智太監，並予誥賜祭。惟麟嘗與朱廣開門納賊，故贈恤不及。已而黎利稱臣，歸蔡福、朱廣等六人，盡棄市，籍其家。

Yi Qian, provincial administrator of Jiaozhi, memorialized on the deaths in service of Li Ren and eleven others. The Xuande emperor sighed and posthumously ennobled Li Ren as assistant regional commander; Gu Fu, Liu Shun, and Xu Qi as assistant regional commanders; Zhou An as assistant guard commander; Cai Yong as assistant guard commissioner; and Gui Sheng as commander of a thousand — with hereditary succession granted to their descendants. Liu Zifu and Yi Xian were posthumously made participation councillors; He Zhong, sub-prefect of the prefecture; the eunuch Feng Zhi, grand supervisor — all received patent edicts and state sacrifices. Chen Lin alone was denied posthumous honors, for he had once opened the gates with Zhu Guang and let the rebels in. Before long Li Le declared himself a vassal and sent back Cai Fu, Zhu Guang, and four others — six men in all. They were executed in the marketplace and their families' property was confiscated.

十年命往甘肅與西寧侯宋琥經略降酋。彬與柳升嚴兵境上，而令土官李英防野馬川。涼州酋老的罕叛，都指揮何銘戰死，英追躡，盡俘其眾。老的罕走赤斤蒙古。帝欲發兵，彬言道遠餉難繼，宜緩圖之。明年代琥鎮甘肅，赤斤蒙古縛老的罕以獻。帝嘉彬功，賜賚甚厚。十二年從北征，領右哨，破敵於忽失溫，追奔至土剌河。師還，受上賞，移鎮陜西。

In the tenth year of Yongle he was ordered to Gansu with Song Hu, Marquis of Xining, to manage the submitted tribal chieftains. Li Bin and Liu Sheng kept a tight guard along the border while assigning the native chieftain Li Ying to hold Yemachuan. The Liangzhou chieftain Lao Han rose in rebellion. Regional Commander He Ming was killed in battle, but Li Ying pressed the pursuit and took every one of his men captive. Lao Han escaped to the Chijin Mongols. The emperor wanted to send an army, but Li Bin argued that the distance was too great and provisions could not be kept up — they should take their time and plan carefully. The following year Song Hu took command in Gansu, and the Chijin Mongols seized Lao Han and delivered him up. The emperor commended Li Bin's achievement and showered him with gifts. In the twelfth year he joined the northern campaign, commanding the right wing. He routed the enemy at Hushi Wen and chased the fugitives all the way to the Tula River. When the army came home he was granted the highest honors and reassigned to command Shaanxi.

十五年二月命佩征夷將軍印，鎮交阯。至則破擒陸那縣賊阮貞，遣都督朱廣等平順州及北晝諸寨。明年，清化府土巡檢黎利反，彬遣廣討破之。利遁去。十七年遣都督同知方政襲利於可藍柵，獲其將軍阮個立等。利走老撾。師還，復出為寇。都指揮黃誠擊走之，以暑雨旋師。

In the fifteenth year, second month, he was invested with the seal of General for the Punitive Campaign against the Yi and sent to hold Jiaozhi. On reaching his post he broke and captured the rebel Ruan Zhen of Lu'na County, then sent Regional Commander Zhu Guang and others to pacify Shun Prefecture and the stockades of Beizhou. The next year Li Le, a native assistant inspector of Qinghua Prefecture, took up arms. Li Bin sent Zhu Guang against him and broke his force. Li Le slipped away. In the seventeenth year he sent Assistant Regional Commander Fang Zheng to strike Li Le at Kelan stockade, capturing his generals Ruan Gelì and others. Li Le fled into Laos. Once the troops withdrew, he emerged again to plunder. Regional Commander Huang Cheng beat him back, but summer rains forced the army to retire.

當是時，交人反者四起，彬遣諸將分道往討：方政討車綿子等於嘉興，鄭公證於南策，丁宗老於大灣；朱廣討譚興邦等於別部；都指揮徐謜討範軟於俄樂；指揮陳原瑰討陳直誠於惡江；都指揮王忠討楊恭於峽山。皆先後報捷。而賊勢尤劇者，彬輒自將往擊。潘僚者，乂安土知府也。為中官馬騏所虐，反衙儀。彬擊敗之，追至玉麻州，擒其酋，進焚賊柵。僚竄老撾，彬遣都指揮師祐帥師往。僚以老撾兵迎戰，破之農巴林，悉降其眾。範玉者，塗山寺僧也，反東潮州。彬往討，敗之江中。玉脫走，追獲之東潮。而鄭公證之黨黎侄復起，都指揮陳忠等累敗之於小黃江。彬自將追捕，至鎮蠻，盡縛其眾。於是諸賊略平，惟黎利數出沒，聚眾磊江，屢為徐謜、方政所敗，復遁去。

Rebellion was breaking out all across Jiaozhi. Li Bin sent his generals out on separate paths: Fang Zheng against Che Mianzi and his followers at Jiaxing, against Zheng Gongzheng at Nance, and against Ding Zonglao at Da Bay; Zhu Guang against Tan Xingbang and others at Biebu; Regional Commander Xu Yan against Fan Ruan at E'le; Commander Chen Yuangui against Chen Zhicheng at E River; Regional Commander Wang Zhong against Yang Gong at Xiashan. Victory reports arrived one after another. Wherever the rebels were strongest, Li Bin took the field in person. Pan Liao was the native prefect of Yi'an. Mistreated by the eunuch Ma Qi, he rose in revolt at Yayi. Li Bin routed him, chased the fugitives to Yuma Prefecture, seized their leader, and pressed on to burn the rebel camps. Pan Liao fled into Laos, and Li Bin sent Regional Commander Shi You after him at the head of an army. Pan Liao met the pursuit with Lao soldiers, but was broken at Nongbalin and his entire following surrendered. Fan Yu, a monk of Tushan Temple, rebelled in eastern Chaozhou. Li Bin marched against him and routed him on the river. Fan Yu broke free, but was run down and captured at Dongchao. Then Li Zhi, a partisan of Zheng Gongzheng, took up arms again, only to be beaten again and again at the Xiao Huang River by Regional Commander Chen Zhong and his men. Li Bin led the pursuit in person as far as Zhenman and took every last rebel captive. By then the lesser rebels were largely subdued. Only Li Le remained, slipping in and out of the hills, rallying men on the Lei River — and though Xu Yan and Fang Zheng defeated him again and again, he always got away.

十九年，彬以饋運不繼，請令官軍與土軍參錯屯田，並酌屯守征行多寡之數以聞。帝從之。將發兵入老撾索黎利。老撾懼，請自捕以獻，會彬疾作而罷。明年正月卒。繼之者孟瑛、陳智、李安、方政，皆不能討。王通代鎮，賊勢益盛，交阯遂不可守。

In the nineteenth year, with supply lines failing, Li Bin asked that regular and native troops be interspersed on garrison farms, and that the court be informed of revised numbers for garrison duty versus field operations. The emperor approved. He was preparing to march into Laos to seize Li Le. Laos, alarmed, offered to capture Li Le and deliver him up — but Li Bin fell ill, and the expedition was called off. He died the following first month. His successors — Meng Ying, Chen Zhi, Li An, and Fang Zheng — none of them could finish the job. When Wang Tong took over, rebel power swelled until Jiaozhi could no longer be defended.

彬卒，贈茂國公，謚剛毅。

After Li Bin's death he was posthumously ennobled as Duke of Mao, with the temple name Gangyi — "Resolute and Steadfast."

子賢嗣，宣德三年從出塞，還修永寧、隆慶諸城。正統初，鎮大同，尋守備南京。景泰二年卒，贈豐國公，謚忠憲。

His son Li Xian inherited the title. In the third year of Xuande he joined a campaign beyond the frontier, and on his return oversaw repairs to Yongning, Longqing, and other fortresses. At the opening of the Zhengtong reign he commanded Datong, and soon afterward was posted as garrison commander of Nanjing. He died in the second year of Jingtai and was posthumously ennobled as Duke of Feng, with the temple name Zhongxian — "Loyal and Law-abiding."

子勇嗣，再傳至孫旻。正德中鎮貴州，擒思南、石阡流賊，平武定諸蠻有功，加太子太傅。嘉靖初，鎮湖廣，有威惠，楚人安之。徙兩廣。武定侯郭勛典京營，以罪罷。世宗以旻遠鎮無內黨，召代之，尋坐事罷。卒謚武襄，無子。

His son Li Yong inherited, and two generations later the line passed to his grandson Min. During the Zhengde reign he held Guizhou, captured the roving rebels of Sinan and Shiqian, and pacified the tribes of Wuding — for which he was made Grand Tutor of the Crown Prince. At the start of the Jiajing reign he took command in Huguang. Stern when he had to be and generous when he could, he won the trust of the people of Chu. He was reassigned to the Two Guangs. Guo Xun, Marquis of Wuding, had been in charge of the capital garrison but was dismissed for misconduct. The Jiajing emperor, judging that Min's long posting left him without court allies, recalled him to replace Guo Xun — but soon afterward dismissed him over an offense. He died with the temple name Wuxiang — "Martial and Assisting" — and left no heir.

從子熙嗣，出鎮湖廣。楚世子獄，株連甚眾，熙言於御史，平反二百餘人。討平沅州、麻陽叛蠻。卒，無子。從子儒嗣，傳至孫承祚，天啟時附魏忠賢，請設海外督理內臣，又請予忠賢九錫。崇禎初，奪爵戍邊。子開先嗣為伯，都城陷。遇害。

His nephew Xi inherited the title and was posted to command Huguang. When the Chu heir apparent was imprisoned and the purge swept up hundreds, Xi appealed to the censor and won exoneration for more than two hundred people. He suppressed the rebel tribes of Yuan Prefecture and Mayang. He died without an heir. His nephew Ru inherited, and the line eventually reached his grandson Chengzuo. During the Tianqi reign Chengzuo curried favor with Wei Zhongxian, petitioned for eunuch supervisors of overseas trade, and even proposed granting Zhongxian the Nine Bestowments. At the opening of the Chongzhen reign he was stripped of his title and banished to frontier service. His son Kaixian inherited as baron — and was still in office when the capital fell. He was killed.

柳升，懷寧人。襲父職為燕山護衛百戶。大小二十餘戰，累遷左軍都督僉事。永樂初，從張輔征交阯，破賊魯江，斬其帥阮子仁等。守咸子關。賊入富良江，舟亙十餘里，截江立寨，陸兵亦數萬人。輔將步騎，升將水軍，夾攻，大敗之，獲偽尚書阮希周等。又敗賊於奇羅海口，得舟三百。部卒得季犛及其子澄。升賫露布獻俘，被賞賚。師還，封安遠伯，祿千石，予世券。

Liu Sheng was a native of Huaining. He inherited his father's post as centurion in the Yanshan Guard. After more than twenty engagements, large and small, he rose to vice commissioner of the left army. At the opening of the Yongle reign he followed Zhang Fu into Jiaozhi, routed the rebels at Lu River, and beheaded their commander Ruan Ziren and others. He held Xianzi Pass. The rebels massed on the Fu Liang River, their fleet stretching more than ten li along the water while they threw up riverine stockades; tens of thousands of infantry backed them on shore. Zhang Fu led the infantry and cavalry while Liu Sheng commanded the fleet. Attacking from both sides, they shattered the rebel force and captured the pretender's minister Ruan Xizhou and others. They won again at the mouth of Qiluo Harbor, seizing three hundred vessels. His soldiers captured Ji Li and his son Cheng. Liu Sheng bore the victory dispatch and presented the prisoners, and was richly rewarded. When the army came home he was enfeoffed as Baron of Anyuan with an income of one thousand piculs and granted a hereditary patent of nobility.

七年同陳瑄帥舟師巡海，至青州海中，大破倭，追至金州白山島而還。明年從北征，至回曲津，將神機火器為前鋒，大敗阿魯臺。進封侯，加祿五百石，仍世伯爵。出鎮寧夏，討斬叛將馮答蘭帖木兒等。召還，總京營兵。十二年復從北征，將大營兵戰忽蘭、忽失溫，以火器破敵。

In the seventh year he and Chen Xuan led the fleet on coastal patrol. Off Qingzhou they smashed a Japanese pirate force and chased the survivors as far as Baishan Island near Jin Prefecture before turning back. The next year he joined the northern campaign. At Huiqu Ford he led the vanguard with divine-engine firearms and routed Arugtai. He was promoted to marquis, given five hundred additional piculs of income, and confirmed in a hereditary marquisate. Posted to Ningxia, he hunted down and executed the rebel generals Feng Dalantiemuer and others. Recalled to court, he took overall command of the capital garrison. In the twelfth year he again joined the northern campaign, commanding the main army at Hulan and Hushi Wen and breaking the enemy with firearms.

十八年，蒲臺妖婦唐賽兒反。命升與都指揮劉忠將京軍往剿，圍其寨。升自以大將，意輕賊。賊乞降，信之。夜為所襲，忠中流矢死，賽兒遁去。及明始覺，追獲其黨百餘人。都指揮衛青力戰解安邱圍。升忌其功，摧辱之。征下獄，已，得釋。

In the eighteenth year the sorceress Tang Saier of Putai rose in rebellion. Liu Sheng and Regional Commander Liu Zhong were ordered to lead capital troops against her and encircled her stronghold. Liu Sheng, counting himself a senior commander, took the rebels lightly. When the rebels sued for surrender, he believed them. That night they were ambushed. Liu Zhong took an arrow and died, and Tang Saier got away. Not until dawn did they understand what had happened. They gave chase and took more than a hundred of her followers. Regional Commander Wei Qing fought hard and broke the siege of Anqiu. Liu Sheng, jealous of his achievement, abused and humiliated him. Wei Qing was impeached and thrown into prison; later he was released.

二十年復從北征，將中軍破兀良哈於屈裂兒河，予世侯。帝五出塞，升皆從，數有功，寵待在列侯右。仁宗即位，命掌右府，加太子太傅。

In the twentieth year he again joined the northern campaign, leading the central army to defeat the Uriankhai at the Qulie'er River, and was granted a hereditary marquisate. On all five of the emperor's frontier campaigns Liu Sheng was at his side, winning distinction again and again. His favor at court outranked that of the other marquises. When Emperor Renzong took the throne, Liu Sheng was put in charge of the right military bureau and made Grand Tutor of the Crown Prince.

宣德元年冬，成山侯王通征黎利，敗聞。命升為征虜副將軍，充總兵官，保定伯梁銘為左副總兵，都督崔聚為參將，尚書李慶贊軍務，帥步騎七萬，會黔國公沐晟往討。時賊勢已盛，道路梗絕，朝廷久不得交阯奏報。二年六月，有軍丁李茂先者三人，間道走京師，言昌江被圍急。帝授三人百戶。敕升急進援，而昌江已於四月陷。九月，升始入隘留關。利偽為國人上書，請立陳氏後，升不啟封以聞。賊緣途據險列柵，官軍連破之，抵鎮夷關。升以賊屢敗，易之。時李慶、梁銘皆病甚。郎中史安、主事陳鏞言於慶曰：「柳將軍辭色皆驕。驕者，兵家所忌。賊或示弱以誘我，未可知也。防賊設伏，璽書告誡甚切，公宜力言之。」慶強起告升，升不為意。至倒馬坡，與百餘騎先馳度橋，橋遽壞，後隊不得進。賊伏四起，升陷泥淖中，中鏢死。其日，銘病卒。明日，慶亦卒。又明日，崔聚帥軍至昌江。賊來益眾，官軍殊死鬥。賊驅象大戰。陣亂，賊大呼：「降者不死。」官軍或死或走，無降者，全軍盡沒。史安、陳鏞及李宗昉、潘禋皆死之。崔聚，懷遠人。從成祖起兵。八年從北征，敗敵於廣漠戍。洪熙元年累遷左軍都督僉事。至是力戰被執，賊百計降之，終不屈死。

In the winter of the first year of Xuande came word that Wang Tong, Marquis of Chengshan, had been beaten in his campaign against Li Le. Liu Sheng was appointed deputy general for the punitive campaign and given overall command. Liang Ming, Baron of Baoding, served as left deputy commander; Regional Commander Cui Ju as participation general; and Minister Li Qing as supervisor of military affairs. With seventy thousand infantry and cavalry they were to join Duke Mu Sheng of Qian in the expedition. By then rebel power was overwhelming, the roads were cut, and the court had heard nothing from Jiaozhi in a long while. In the sixth month of the second year, three soldiers led by Li Maoxian stole through bypaths to the capital with word that Changjiang was under desperate siege. The emperor made all three centurions. An imperial order commanded Liu Sheng to hurry to the rescue — but Changjiang had already fallen in the fourth month. Not until the ninth month did Liu Sheng reach Yailiu Pass. Li Le forged a petition, purportedly from the local people, asking that a descendant of the Chen line be restored. Liu Sheng never broke the seal to report it to the court. Rebels held the defiles along the route behind a chain of stockades, but the imperial army broke through one after another until it reached Zhenyi Pass. Because the rebels had been beaten so often, Liu Sheng began to take them lightly. By then both Li Qing and Liang Ming were gravely ill. Secretary Shi An and Chief Clerk Chen Yong told Li Qing, "General Liu's words and manner are wholly arrogant. Arrogance is what every strategist warns against. The enemy may be feigning weakness to draw us in. There is no way to be sure. We must guard against ambush — the imperial edict was most urgent on that point. You should press him hard on it." Li Qing dragged himself from his sickbed to warn Liu Sheng, but Liu Sheng took no notice. At Daoma Slope he raced ahead with a little over a hundred horsemen to cross a bridge. The bridge gave way without warning, and the troops behind could not follow. Ambushers sprang up on every side. Liu Sheng sank into the mire and was killed by a thrown dart. That same day Liang Ming died of his illness. The next day Li Qing died as well. On the following day Cui Ju marched his force to Changjiang. More and more rebels poured in, and the imperial troops fought desperately. The rebels brought war elephants into the fight. The ranks broke. The rebels roared, "Surrender and you will live." Some imperial soldiers fell and others fled, but not one surrendered. The whole army was annihilated. Shi An, Chen Yong, Li Zongfang, and Pan Yin all perished. Cui Ju was a native of Huaiyuan. He followed the Prince of Yan when the latter rose in arms. In the eighth year he joined the northern campaign and routed the enemy at Guangmo Garrison. In the first year of Hongxi he rose step by step to Vice Commissioner of the Left Army. Now he fought on until he was taken. The rebels tried every means to make him submit, but he would not bend and died defiant.

升質直寬和，善撫士卒，勇而寡謀，遂及於敗。升敗，沐晟師不得進，亦引還。王通孤軍援絕，遂棄交阯。朝議以升喪師，不令子溥襲爵，久之乃許。正統十二年贈升融國公，謚襄湣。

Liu Sheng was honest and even-tempered, and knew how to win his soldiers' loyalty, but though brave he lacked foresight — and so came to ruin. After Liu Sheng's defeat, Duke Mu Sheng's column could go no farther and turned back as well. Wang Tong, cut off and alone, abandoned Jiaozhi. Because Liu Sheng had lost his army, the court at first barred his son Li Pu from inheriting the title — permission came only after long delay. In the twelfth year of Zhengtong Liu Sheng was posthumously ennobled as Duke of Rong, with the posthumous name Xiangmin.

溥，初掌中府，出鎮廣西。廉慎，然無將略，承山雲後，不能守成法，過於寬弛。瑤、僮相煽為亂，溥先後討斬大藤峽賊渠，破柳州、思恩諸蠻寨，而賊滋蔓如故。景泰初，兵事亟，召掌右府，總神機營。事定，復出鎮。天順初召還，防宣府、大同，累進太傅。陜西有警，命佩平虜大將軍印往禦。敵再入涼州，溥閉壁不出，敵飽掠去。躡取數十級報捷，被劾，落太傅閑住。尋復起掌神機營。卒，謚武肅。

Li Pu first held command of the central military bureau, then went out to serve as military governor of Guangxi. He was honest and careful but no strategist. After Shan Yun he failed to keep the old discipline in force and grew altogether too permissive. Yao and Zhuang peoples stoked rebellion together. Li Pu campaigned repeatedly, beheading the chief bandits of Great Vine Gorge and storming the tribal strongholds around Liuzhou and Si'en — yet the unrest spread as unchecked as ever. In the early Jingtai years, with fighting constant, he was recalled to head the right military bureau and take charge of the firearms corps. When the crisis passed he returned to frontier command. Recalled at the start of the Tianshun reign, he defended Xuanfu and Datong and was eventually promoted to Grand Tutor. When Shaanxi came under attack he was sent west bearing the seal of Grand General for Pacifying the Barbarians. When the enemy raided Liangzhou again, Li Pu stayed behind his walls. The raiders looted their fill and withdrew. He trailed the enemy, took a few dozen heads, and reported a victory — then was impeached and stripped of his Grand Tutorship to live in retirement. Before long he was reappointed to command the firearms corps. He died and was given the posthumous name Wusu.

孫景嗣，景子文，文子珣，凡三世皆鎮兩廣，有平蠻功。嘉靖十九年命珣佩征夷副將軍印，征安南莫登庸。登庸乞降，加太子太傅。又以討瓊州黎賊功，加少保。卒贈太保，謚武襄。傳至明亡，爵絕。史安，字誌靜，豐城人。廉重好學，由進士歷官儀制司郎中。

Sun Jingsi was succeeded by his son Wen and Wen by Xun. For three generations the family held command in the two Guang provinces, with distinguished service against the tribes. In the nineteenth year of Jiajing, Xun was given the seal of deputy general for the punitive expedition and sent against Mac Dang Dung of Annam. When Mac Dang Dung sued for peace, Xun was made Grand Tutor of the Crown Prince. He was further promoted to Junior Guardian for his campaign against the Li rebels of Qiongzhou. At his death he was posthumously made Senior Guardian, with the posthumous name Wuxiang. The title passed down until the fall of the dynasty, when the line died out. Shi An, styled Zhijing, was a native of Fengcheng. He was upright, thoughtful, and devoted to study. A jinshi degree-holder, he served as secretary in the Bureau of Ritual Regulations.

陳鏞，字叔振，錢塘人。由庶吉士授祠祭司主事。楊士奇稱其清介端確，表裏一出於正。

Chen Yong, styled Shuzhen, was from Qiantang. After serving as a Hanlin probationer he was appointed chief clerk in the Bureau of Sacrificial Rites. Yang Shiqi praised him as incorruptible and exact in conduct, consistent in public and in private.

李宗昉，不知何許人，亦以主事從。

Li Zongfang, whose birthplace is unknown, also joined the expedition as a chief clerk.

潘禋，鄞人。以後軍都事從。嘗勸升持重，廣偵探，引芹站、寧橋事為戒，升不聽。軍敗，格鬥死。

Pan Yin was a native of Yin. He accompanied the army as adjutant of the rear corps. He had urged Liu Sheng to act cautiously, broaden scouting, and heed the lessons of Qin Station and Ning Bridge. Liu Sheng refused to listen. When the army was broken he died fighting at close quarters.

子珤嗣。正統末，充副總兵，討福建盜鄧茂七，擊斬余賊於九龍山。班師，而賊黨復作，謫充為事官。從石亨立功，復爵。景泰元年拜平蠻將軍，代王驥討貴州苗。其冬，分四道進攻，大敗之，斬首七千有奇，破寨五百。明年自沅州進兵，與都督方瑛破賊於興澤，又大破之香爐山，俘偽王韋同烈等，擒斬數千人。分兵攻都勻、草塘諸苗，悉震恐降。師還，苗復叛，珤復與瑛討平之。論功，進侯，益祿五百石。四年討平湖廣清浪叛苗。天順元年出鎮陜西，破敵涼州，又破敵靖虜堡。召還，理左府事。成化初卒。贈蠡國公，謚襄靖。

His son Liang Bao inherited the title. In the late Zhengtong years he served as deputy commander, campaigning against the Fujian rebel Deng Maoqi and killing the remnant bandits at Jiulong Mountain. After the army withdrew the rebel faction rose again. He was demoted to the rank of acting officer. Serving under Shi Heng he won distinction and had his title restored. In the first year of Jingtai he was made General for Pacifying the Barbarians and sent to relieve Wang Ji against the Guizhou Miao. That winter he attacked along four routes, routed the enemy, took more than seven thousand heads, and overran five hundred stockades. The following year he marched from Yuanzhou. With Regional Commander Fang Ying he broke the rebels at Xingze and again at Mount Xianglu, capturing the self-styled king Wei Tonglie and others and killing several thousand more. Detachments sent against the Miao strongholds at Duyun, Caotang, and elsewhere brought every tribe to terrified surrender. After the troops withdrew the Miao rose again. Liang Bao joined Fang Ying once more and put the rebellion down. For his service he was promoted to marquis and given five hundred additional piculs of income. In the fourth year he put down the rebel Miao of Qinglang in Huguang. In the first year of Tianshun he took command on the Shaanxi frontier, defeating the enemy at Liangzhou and again at Jinglü Fort. Recalled to court, he took charge of the left military bureau. He died early in the Chenghua reign. He was posthumously ennobled as Duke of Li and given the posthumous name Xiangjing.

珤天資平恕，數總兵柄，未嘗妄殺一人。子弟從征，以功授官，輒辭不受，人以為賢。傳爵至世勛，崇禎初提督京營。京師陷，遇害。

Liang Bao was even-tempered and lenient by nature. Though he held field command many times, he never put a man to death without cause. When relatives who served under him earned commissions by merit, he always refused the appointment on their behalf — a thing people judged greatly to his credit. The title descended to Shi Xun, who at the start of the Chongzhen reign became supervisor of the capital garrison. When Beijing fell he was killed.

王通，咸寧人，金鄉侯真子也。嗣父官為都指揮使，將父兵，轉戰有功，累進都督僉事。復以父死事故，封武義伯，祿千石，予世券。永樂七年董營長陵。十一年進封成山侯，加祿二百石。明年從北征，領左掖。二十年從出塞，以大軍殿，連出塞，並領右掖。仁宗即位，命掌後府，加太子太保。

Wang Tong, a native of Xianning, was the son of Wang Zhen, Marquis of Jinxiang. He inherited his father's post as regional commander, took over his troops, and won distinction in repeated campaigns, rising step by step to Vice Commissioner. Because his father had died in battle he was further enfeoffed as Baron of Wuyi with an income of one thousand piculs and a hereditary patent. In the seventh year of Yongle he supervised the building of Changling, the imperial tomb. In the eleventh year he was promoted to Marquis of Chengshan and given two hundred additional piculs of income. The following year he joined the northern campaign commanding the left flank guard. In the twentieth year he marched beyond the frontier as rear guard for the main army. On repeated frontier campaigns he commanded the right flank guard as well. When Emperor Renzong took the throne Wang Tong was put in charge of the rear military bureau and made Grand Protector of the Crown Prince.

時交阯總兵官豐城侯李彬已前卒，榮昌伯陳智、都督方政以參將代鎮，不協。黎利益張，數破郡邑，殺將吏。智出兵數敗，宣宗削智爵，而命通佩征夷將軍印，帥師往討。黎利弟善攻交州城，都督陳濬等擊卻之。會通至，分道出擊。參將馬瑛破賊於石室縣。通引軍與瑛合，至應平之寧橋中伏，軍大潰，死者二三萬人，尚書陳洽與焉。通中傷還交州，利在乂安聞之，自將精卒圍東關。通氣沮，陰遣人許為利乞封，而檄清化迤南地歸利。按察使楊時習執不可，通厲聲叱之。清化守羅通亦不肯棄城，與指揮打忠堅守。朝廷遣柳升等助通，未至。

By then Fengcheng Marquis Li Bin, overall commander of Jiaozhi, was already dead. Baron Chen Zhi of Rongchang and Regional Commander Fang Zheng shared the command as participation generals, but they could not work together. Li Le grew stronger by the day, overrunning counties and towns and killing officers and officials. Chen Zhi took the field several times and was beaten. Emperor Xuanzong stripped him of his title and gave Wang Tong the seal of General for the Punitive Campaign against the Yi to lead an expedition against Li Le. Li Le's brother Shan besieged Jiaozhou city, but Regional Commander Chen Jun and others drove him back. When Wang Tong arrived the army split into columns and attacked on several fronts. Participation General Ma Ying routed the rebels at Shishi County. Wang Tong marched to join Ma Ying, but at Ning Bridge in Yingping they walked into an ambush. The army collapsed; twenty or thirty thousand men died, including Minister Chen Qia. Wounded, Wang Tong fell back to Jiaozhou. Li Le, then at Yian, heard the news and personally led crack troops to besiege the eastern gate. Dispirited, Wang Tong secretly sent emissaries who pretended Li Le was suing for a title, and ordered that all territory from Qinghua southward be ceded to him. Surveillance Commissioner Yang Shixi objected firmly. Wang Tong shouted him down. Luo Tong, the Qinghua garrison commander, also refused to surrender the city and stood fast with Commander Da Zhong. The court sent Liu Sheng and others to reinforce Wang Tong, but they had not yet arrived.

二年二月，利攻城。通以勁兵五千出不意搗賊營，破之，斬其司空丁禮以下萬餘級。利惶懼欲走，諸將請乘勝急擊。通猶豫三日不出，賊勢復振。樹柵掘濠塹，四出攻掠，分兵陷昌江、諒江，而圍交益急。通斂兵不出。利乞和，通以聞。會柳升戰歿，沐晟師至水尾縣不得進。通益懼，更啗利和，為利馳上謝罪表。其年十月，大集官吏軍民出城，立壇與利盟，約退師。因宴利，遺利錦綺，利亦以重寶為謝。十二月，通令太監山壽與陳智等由水路還欽州，而自帥步騎還廣西。至南寧，始以聞。會廷議厭兵，遂棄交阯。交阯內屬者二十餘年，前後用兵數十萬，饋餉至百餘萬，轉輸之費不與焉，至是棄去。官吏軍民還者八萬六千餘人，其陷於賊及為賊所戮者不可勝計。而土官向義者陶季容、陳汀之屬，乃往往自拔來歸。

In the second month of the second year Li Le assaulted the city. Wang Tong led five thousand picked troops in a surprise raid on the rebel camp, broke it, and took more than ten thousand heads from Minister of Works Ding Li and his followers downward. Li Le panicked and prepared to flee. His officers urged Wang Tong to press the attack while they had the advantage. Wang Tong hesitated for three days and would not sortie. Rebel morale recovered. The rebels threw up stockades and trenches, raided in every direction, and sent detachments to take Changjiang and Liangjiang while tightening the siege of the capital. Wang Tong kept his troops behind the walls and refused to fight. Li Le sued for peace, and Wang Tong reported it to the court. About then Liu Sheng was killed in battle, and Duke Mu Sheng's column stalled at Shuiwei County. Still more frightened, Wang Tong renewed his overtures for peace and hastily forwarded Li Le's petition of apology to the throne. That October he mustered officials, soldiers, and civilians outside the walls, erected an altar, and made treaty with Li Le, pledging to withdraw his army. He then feasted Li Li and gave him brocades and silks; Li Li repaid him with lavish gifts. In the twelfth month Wang Tong sent the eunuch Shan Shou and Chen Zhi back to Qinzhou by sea, while he himself led the infantry and cavalry back to Guangxi. Only when he reached Nanning did he report what he had done. The court, weary of the war, decided to abandon Jiaozhi. Jiaozhi had been under Ming rule for more than twenty years. Hundreds of thousands of troops had been committed, and supplies worth more than a million piculs spent, not counting transport costs—and now it was abandoned. Eighty-six thousand officials, soldiers, and civilians made it back; those trapped behind or killed by the rebels were beyond number. Native officials who had remained loyal, such as Tao Jirong and Chen Ting, often broke free and came over to the Ming side.

明年，通還京，群臣交劾，論死系獄，奪券，籍其家。正統四年特釋為民。景帝立，起都督僉事，守京城。禦也先有功，進同知，守天壽山，還其家產。景泰三年卒。天順元年詔通子琮嗣成山伯。琮子鏞，成化時賜原券。傳爵至明亡。陶季容者，世為水尾土官。交阯平，以為土知縣。歷歸化知州，遷宣化府同知，守北閑堡。宣德元年遣所部阮執先等追賊，至清波縣為所獲。既而遣執先還，招季容，脅以兵，不為動。宣宗聞之，擢宣化知府，降敕獎勞。賊復遣人誘季容，季容執以送沐晟，而導官軍敗賊於水尾。王通棄交阯，季容率官屬入朝。

The following year Wang Tong returned to the capital. Ministers impeached him in turn; he was sentenced to death and imprisoned, his patent of nobility revoked, and his property confiscated. In the fourth year of Zhengtong he was specially pardoned and released as a commoner. When Emperor Jingdi ascended the throne, he was reappointed vice commissioner and charged with defending the capital. He distinguished himself in repelling the Oirat invasion, was promoted to assistant commissioner, garrisoned Tianshou Mountain, and had his property restored. He died in the third year of Jingtai. In the first year of Tianshun an edict allowed Wang Tong's son Cong to inherit the title of Earl of Chengshan. Cong's son Yong received the original hereditary patent during the Chenghua reign. The title was handed down until the fall of the dynasty. Tao Jirong came from a family that had served for generations as native officials of Shuiwei. When Jiaozhi was pacified, he was appointed native district magistrate. He rose to native prefect of Guihua, was transferred to assistant prefect of Xuanhua, and garrisoned Beixian Fort. In the first year of Xuande he sent Ruan Zhixian and others to pursue rebels; they were captured at Qingbo County. The rebels then sent Zhixian back to win Tao Jirong over, threatening him with force, but he would not yield. When the Xuande emperor heard of this, he promoted Tao Jirong to prefect of Xuanhua and issued an edict praising and rewarding him. When the rebels tried again to win him over, Tao Jirong seized their envoys and handed them to Mu Sheng, then guided the imperial army to defeat the rebels at Shuiwei. When Wang Tong abandoned Jiaozhi, Tao Jirong led his officials to the capital to pay homage.

陳汀，古雷縣千夫長，數從方政擊賊有功，政信倚之。王通棄地，汀北行，為賊所得，授以官，令守交州東關。汀挈其家九十餘人從間道走。賊追之，家屬盡陷，汀獨身入欽州。帝嘉其義，以為指揮，厚賚之。

Chen Ting was a chiliarch of Gulei County. He repeatedly distinguished himself fighting rebels under Fang Zheng, who trusted him deeply. When Wang Tong abandoned the province, Chen Ting traveled north but was captured by the rebels, who gave him an office and ordered him to hold the eastern pass of Jiaozhou. He took more than ninety members of his family and fled by a secret route. The rebels pursued them; his entire family was captured, and Chen Ting alone reached Qinzhou. The emperor praised his loyalty, appointed him a commander, and rewarded him generously.

他若土官阮世寧、阮公庭，皆不願從利，率所部來歸，乞居龍州、陳州之地。帝命加意撫恤，資糧器用官給之。

Other native officials, such as Ruan Shining and Ruan Gongting, refused to follow Li Li. They led their people to submit and asked to settle in the territories of Long and Chen. The emperor ordered that they be treated with special care; the court supplied them with grain, provisions, and equipment.

贊曰：成祖因季犛纂立，興師問罪以彰天討，求陳氏後不得，從而郡縣其地，得取亂侮亡之道矣。蠻疆險遠，易動難馴，數年之間叛者數起，柳升以輕敵喪師，王通以畏怯棄地。雖黃福惠愛在交，叛人心折，而大勢已去，再至無功。宣宗用老成謀國之言，廓然置之度外，良以其得不為益，失不為損，事勢所不必爭，非獨憚於勞民而絀於籌餉也。嘗考黃福與張輔書言：「惡本未盡除，守兵不足用。馭之有道，可以漸安。守之無法，不免再變。」權交事之始終，蓋惜張輔之不得為滇南之沐氏也。

The commentator writes: Because Li Jili had usurped the throne, the Yongle emperor raised an army to punish him and assert Heaven's judgment. When no descendant of the Chen house could be found, he organized the territory into prefectures and counties—thus following the classic principle of striking when a state is in disorder and near collapse. The southern frontier was rugged and remote, quick to rebel and hard to pacify. Within a few years uprisings broke out repeatedly. Liu Sheng lost his army through underestimating the enemy; Wang Tong abandoned the province through fear and timidity. Although Huang Fu's benevolent rule had won the hearts of the people and even rebels respected him, the larger cause was already lost, and later efforts could not succeed. Emperor Xuanzong heeded the counsel of seasoned statesmen and set the matter aside entirely. Holding the province would add little; abandoning it would cost little. The strategic situation no longer required the fight—and this was not merely reluctance to burden the people or shortage of funds. Huang Fu once wrote to Zhang Fu: "The roots of rebellion have not been fully removed, and the garrison is too weak to hold the province. Govern it wisely, and it can gradually be pacified. Hold it without proper methods, and unrest will surely return. Considering the whole course of the Jiaozhi affair, one cannot help regretting that Zhang Fu was never permitted to become to the south what the Mu clan became in Yunnan.

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