1
俞大猷附:盧鏜湯克寬戚繼光弟:繼美附:硃先劉顯附:郭成李錫附:黃應甲尹鳳張元勛
Biography of Yu Dayou, with supplementary accounts of Lu Zhen and Tang Kekuan; biography of Qi Jiguang, with his younger brother Jimei and Zhu Xian; biography of Liu Xian, with Guo Cheng; biography of Li Xi, with Huang Yingjia, Yin Feng, and Zhang Yuanxun.
2
俞大猷
Yu Dayou
3
俞大猷，字志輔，晉江人。 少好讀書。 受《易》於王宣、林福，得蔡清之傳。 又聞趙本學以《易》推衍兵家奇正虛實之權，復從受其業。 嘗謂兵法之數起五，猶一人之身有五體，雖將百萬，可使合為一人也。 已，又從李良欽學劍。 家貧屢空，意嘗豁如。 父歿，棄諸生，嗣世職百戶。
Yu Dayou, courtesy name Zhifu, was a native of Jinjiang. From boyhood he loved books. He studied the Book of Changes under Wang Xuan and Lin Fu, inheriting the line of Cai Qing. Learning that Zhao Benxue applied the Changes to military theory—how to deploy forces in orthodox and unorthodox formations and to exploit emptiness and fullness—he took instruction from him as well. He once remarked that military arithmetic begins with the number five, as a single body has five limbs: even an army of a million can be made to move as one man. Later he studied swordsmanship under Li Liangqin. Though his household was often destitute, his spirit remained unburdened. After his father's death he gave up his degree candidacy and inherited the hereditary post of company commander.
4
舉嘉靖十四年武會試。 除千戶，守御金門。 軍民囂訟難治，大猷導以禮讓，訟為衰止。 海寇頻發，上書監司論其事。 監司怒曰：「小校安得上書？」 杖之，奪其職。 尚書毛伯溫征安南，覆上書陳方略，請從軍。 伯溫奇之。 會兵罷，不果用。
In the fourteenth year of the Jiajing reign he passed the military civil-service examination. He was appointed battalion commander and posted to defend Jinmen. Soldiers and civilians were quarrelsome and hard to govern; Dayou led them with courtesy and deference until lawsuits dwindled away. Pirates struck repeatedly, and he memorialized the regional inspector on how to deal with them. The inspector flew into a rage. "What business has a junior officer writing memorials?" He had him flogged and removed from office. When Minister Mao Bowen marched against Annam, Dayou again sent in a plan of campaign and asked to serve in the field. Bowen was impressed. The campaign was called off before he could be used.
5
二十一年，俺答大入山西，詔天下舉武勇士。 大猷詣巡按御史自薦，御史上其名兵部。 會伯溫為尚書，送之宣大總督翟鵬所。 召見論兵事，大猷屢折鵬。 鵬謝曰：「吾不當以武人待子。」 下堂禮之，驚一軍，然亦不能用。 大猷辭歸，伯溫用為汀漳守備。 蒞武平，作讀易軒，與諸生為文會，而日教武士擊劍。 連破海賊康老，俘斬三百餘人。 擢署都指揮僉事，僉書廣東都司。 新興恩平峒賊譚元清等屢叛，總督歐陽必進以屬大猷。 乃令良民自為守，而親率數人遍詣賊峒，曉以禍福，且教之擊劍，賊駭服。 有蘇青蛇者，力格猛虎，大猷紿斬之，賊益驚。 乃詣何老貓峒，令歸民侵田，而招降渠魁數輩。 二邑以寧。
In the twenty-first year Altan Khan raided deep into Shanxi, and the throne ordered the realm to recommend brave fighters. Dayou presented himself to the touring censor, who forwarded his name to the Ministry of War. Bowen was now minister of war and sent him to the Xuan-Da supreme commander Zhai Peng. When summoned to discuss strategy, Dayou repeatedly bested Peng in debate. Peng apologized: "I should not have treated you as an ordinary soldier." He came down from the dais to pay him honor, astonishing the entire army, yet still did not give him a command. Dayou went home; Bowen appointed him garrison commander of Tingzhou and Zhangzhou. At Wuping he built a study hall for reading the Changes, held literary salons with the local scholars, and every day drilled his troops in swordsmanship. He repeatedly routed the pirate Kang Lao, capturing or killing more than three hundred men. He was promoted to acting assistant regional commander and made secretary of the Guangdong command. The Yao bandit Tan Yuanqing and others in the Xinxing and Enping hill country rebelled again and again; Supreme Commander Ouyang Bijin put Dayou in charge of suppressing them. He had loyal villagers organize their own defense, then personally led a handful of men through the bandit strongholds, explaining the consequences of resistance and even teaching them swordplay until they were awed into submission. A bandit chief called Su Qingshe, famed for killing tigers bare-handed, was lured out and executed; the rest were thoroughly terrified. He then went to the He Laomao stronghold, made them return stolen farmland, and induced several chiefs to surrender. The two districts were pacified.
6
二十八年，硃紈巡視福建，薦為備倭都指揮。 會安南入寇，必進奏留之。 先是，安南都統使莫福海卒，子宏瀷幼。 其大臣阮敬謀立其婿莫敬典，范子儀謀立其黨莫正中，互讎殺。 正中敗，挈百餘人來歸。 子儀收殘卒遁海東。 至是妄言宏瀷死，迎正中歸立。 剽掠欽、廉等州，嶺海騷動。 必進檄大猷討之。 馳至廉州，賊攻城方急。 大猷以舟師未集，遣數騎諭降，且聲言大兵至。 賊不測，果解去。 無何，舟師至，設伏冠頭嶺。 賊犯欽州，大猷遮奪其舟。 追戰數日，生擒子儀弟子流，斬首千二百級。 窮追至海東雲屯，檄宏瀷殺子儀函首來獻。 事平，嚴嵩抑其功不敘，但賚銀五十兩而已。
In the twenty-eighth year Zhu Wan, touring Fujian, recommended him as regional commander for anti-pirate defense. But Annam invaded just then, and Bijin had him kept in Guangdong. Earlier the Annamese military commissioner Mo Fuha had died, leaving a young son, Hongye. Minister Ruan Jing sought to put his son-in-law Mo Jingdian on the throne; Fan Ziyi backed his own candidate Mo Zhengzhong; the factions fought each other. Zhengzhong was defeated and fled to China with a hundred followers. Fan Ziyi gathered the survivors and escaped by sea. Now he spread the lie that Hongye was dead and brought Zhengzhong back to claim the throne. They raided Qinzhou, Lianzhou, and neighboring districts until the whole Lingnan coast was in uproar. Bijin ordered Dayou to destroy them. He raced to Lianzhou while the rebels were storming the walls. His fleet was not yet ready, so he sent a few horsemen to offer terms while spreading word that a great army had arrived. The rebels, unable to tell what they faced, broke off the siege and withdrew. Soon his ships arrived and he laid an ambush at Guantou Ridge. When they struck at Qinzhou, Dayou cut them off and captured their vessels. After several days of pursuit he took Fan Ziyi's nephew Ziliu alive and counted twelve hundred enemy heads. He chased them to Yuntun on the coast and demanded that Hongye execute Fan Ziyi and send his head. When the campaign ended, Yan Song blocked recognition of his merit; Dayou received only fifty taels of silver.
7
是年，瓊州五指山黎那燕構感恩、昌化諸黎共反，必進復檄大猷討。 而朝議設參將於崖州，即以大猷任之。 乃會廣西副將沈希儀諸軍，擒斬賊五千三百有奇，招降者三千七百。 大猷言於必進曰：「黎亦人也，率數年一反一征，豈上天生人意？ 宜建城設市，用漢法雜治之。」 必進納其言。 大猷乃單騎入峒，與黎定要約，海南遂安。
That same year the Li chief Nayyan of Wuzhi Mountain in Qiongzhou stirred up the Li of Ganshi and Changhua to rebel; Bijin again ordered Dayou against them. The court meanwhile created a vice-command post at Yazhou and gave it to Dayou. He joined forces with the Guangxi vice-commander Shen Xiyi, killed more than five thousand three hundred rebels, and accepted the surrender of thirty-seven hundred more. Dayou told Bijin, "The Li are human beings too. To have them rebel every few years and then be put down by force—can that be what Heaven intends? We should build towns and markets and govern them with a mixture of Chinese institutions." Bijin adopted his advice. Dayou rode alone into the hill country, made treaties with the Li chiefs, and Hainan was pacified.
8
三十一年，倭賊大擾浙東。 詔移大猷寧、台諸郡參將。 會賊破寧波昌國衛，大猷擊卻之。 復攻陷紹興臨山衛，轉掠至松陽。 知縣羅拱辰力御賊，而大猷邀諸海，斬獲多，竟坐失事停俸。 未幾，逐賊海中，焚其船五十余，予俸如故。 越二年，賊據寧波普陀。 大猷率將士攻之，半登，賊突出，殺武舉火斌等三百人，坐戴罪辦賊。 俄敗賊吳淞所，詔除前罪，仍賚銀幣。 賊自健跳所入掠，大猷運戰破之。 旋代湯克寬為蘇松副總兵。 所將卒不三百人，徵諸道兵未集，賊犯金山，大猷戰失利。 時倭屯松江枯林者盈二萬，總督張經趣之戰，大猷固不可。 及永順、保靖兵稍至，乃從經大破賊於王江涇，功為趙文華、胡宗憲所攘，不敘。 坐金山失律，謫充為事官。
In the thirty-first year Japanese pirates ravaged eastern Zhejiang. An edict transferred him to be regional vice-commander of Ningbo, Taizhou, and neighboring districts. When pirates overran Changguo Guard at Ningbo, Dayou drove them back. They next took Linshan Guard in Shaoxing and raided as far inland as Songyang. Magistrate Luo Gongchen held them off on land while Dayou cut off many at sea, yet Dayou was still penalized with suspended pay for the overall failure. Soon afterward he chased them at sea, burned more than fifty of their ships, and had his pay restored. Two years later the pirates seized Putuo near Ningbo. Dayou led an assault; when half his men had scaled the heights the enemy sallied out and killed three hundred men including the military graduate Huo Bin. He was ordered to redeem himself by catching the pirates. He soon defeated them at Wusong, and the throne cleared his record and rewarded him with silver and silks. When they raided inland from Jiantiao Guard, he defeated them in a running fight. He soon succeeded Tang Kekuan as deputy supreme commander of the Suzhou-Songjiang sector. He had fewer than three hundred men under him and reinforcements had not arrived when the pirates struck Jinshan; Dayou was beaten. More than twenty thousand Japanese were camped at Kulín in Songjiang; Supreme Commander Zhang Jing pressed for battle, but Dayou firmly opposed it. When the Yongshun and Baojing tribal troops finally arrived, he joined Zhang Jing in a great victory at Wangjiangjing, but Zhao Wenhua and Hu Zongxian claimed the credit and his reward was passed over. For the defeat at Jinshan he was reduced to the rank of officer on probation.
9
柘林倭雖敗，而新倭三十余艘突青村所，與南沙、小烏口、浪港諸賊合，犯蘇州陸涇壩，直抵婁門，敗南京都督周於德兵。 賊復分為二，北掠滸墅，南掠橫塘，延蔓常熟、江陰、無錫之境，出入太湖。 大猷偕副使任環大敗賊陸涇壩，焚舟三十余。 又遮擊其自三丈浦出海者，沉七艘，賊乃退泊三板沙。 頃之，他倭犯吳江。 大猷及環又邀破之鶯脰湖，賊走嘉興。
Though the Zhelin pirates were beaten, more than thirty fresh ships burst into Qingcun, joined forces with bands at Nansha, Xiaowukou, and Langgang, struck Luzhen Dam in Suzhou, pushed to Lou Gate, and routed the Nanjing commander Zhou Yude. They split in two, one band raiding north toward Hushu and the other south toward Hengtang, spreading through Changshu, Jiangyin, and Wuxi and ranging across Lake Tai. Dayou and Vice Commissioner Ren Huan routed them at Luzhen Dam and burned more than thirty ships. He intercepted another group leaving by Sanzhangpu, sank seven boats, and drove the rest to shelter at Sanbansha. Soon another pirate force struck Wujiang. Dayou and Ren Huan ambushed and defeated them at Yingdou Lake, and they fled toward Jiaxing.
10
三板沙賊掠民舟將遁，大猷追擊於馬跡山，擒其魁。 金涇、許浦、白茅港賊俱出海，大猷追擊於茶山，焚五舟。 賊走保馬跡山、三板沙，將士復追及，壞其三舟。 江陰蔡港倭亦去，官兵分擊於馬跡、馬圖、寶山。 值颶風作，賊舟多覆。 柘林倭亦為官兵所擊沉二十余舟，余賊退登陸。 已，復泛舟出海。 大猷及僉事董邦政分擊，獲九舟。 而賊又遭風壞三舟，余三百人登岸，走據華亭陶宅鎮，屢敗趙文華等大軍。 夜屯周浦永定寺，官兵四集進圍之。 而柘林失風賊九舟巢於川沙窪，糾合至四十余艘，勢猶未已。 巡撫曹邦輔劾大猷縱賊，帝怒，奪其世廕，責取死罪招，立功自贖。 時周浦賊圍急，乘夜東北奔，為游擊曹克新所邀，斬首百三十，遂與川沙窪賊合。 諸軍日夜擊海。 大猷偕副使王崇古入洋追之，及於老鸛觜，焚巨艦八，斬獲無算。 余賊奔上海浦東。
The Sanbansha pirates seized civilian boats to escape; Dayou caught them at Maji Mountain and took their leader. Pirates at Jinjing, Xupu, and Baimaogang put to sea; Dayou chased them to Chashan and burned five ships. They fled to Maji Mountain and Sanbansha; government troops caught up again and smashed three more boats. The pirates at Cai Harbor in Jiangyin withdrew as well, and government forces struck them at Maji, Matu, and Baoshan. A typhoon struck and many pirate ships went down. Government troops also sank more than twenty Zhelin ships; the survivors went ashore. Before long they took to boats again and put out to sea. Dayou and Commissioner Dong Bangzheng attacked from different directions and seized nine ships. Another storm wrecked three more ships; the three hundred survivors landed, seized Taozhai in Huating, and repeatedly routed the armies of Zhao Wenhua and others. They encamped at Yongding Temple in Zhoupu; government troops converged from all sides. Meanwhile nine storm-battered Zhelin ships had taken refuge at Chuanshawa and mustered more than forty vessels; the threat was far from over. Grand Coordinator Cao Bangfu accused Dayou of letting the pirates escape; the emperor in his wrath stripped his hereditary rank and ordered him to earn a pardon by capturing the enemy dead or alive. The Zhoupu band broke out at night toward the northeast; Mobile Commander Cao Kexin intercepted them and took one hundred thirty heads, after which they joined the Chuanshawa fleet. Government forces battled them at sea day and night. Dayou and Vice Commissioner Wang Chonggu pursued them onto the open sea, caught them at Laoguanzui, burned eight large ships, and killed or captured without number. The survivors fled to the east bank of the Huangpu at Shanghai.
11
初，以倭患急，特命都督劉遠為浙江總兵官，兼轄蘇、松諸郡，數月無所為。 廷臣爭言大猷才。 三十五年三月遂罷遠，以大猷代。 賊犯西庵、沈庄及清水窪。 大猷偕邦政擊敗之，賊走陶山，詔還世廕。 賊自黃浦遁出海，大猷追敗之。 其年冬，以與平徐海功，加都督僉事。 海既平，浙西倭悉靖。 獨寧波舟山倭負險，官兵環守不能克。 是時土兵狼兵悉已遣歸，而川、貴所調麻寮、大剌、鎮溪、桑植兵六千始至。 大猷乘大雪，四面攻之。 賊死戰，殺土官一人。 諸軍益競，進焚其柵，賊多死，其逸出者復殪，賊盡平。 加大猷署都督同知。
Earlier, with the pirate crisis acute, the throne had specially appointed Commander Liu Yuan supreme commander of Zhejiang with authority over Suzhou and Songjiang as well; for months he achieved nothing. Court officials repeatedly praised Dayou's ability. In the third month of the thirty-fifth year Liu Yuan was removed and Dayou took his place. The pirates struck Xian, Shenzhuang, and Qingshuiwa. Dayou and Dong Bangzheng defeated them; the pirates fled to Taoshan, and an edict restored Dayou's hereditary rank. The pirates fled down the Huangpu and out to sea; Dayou pursued and defeated them. That winter he was promoted to assistant commander-in-chief for helping pacify Xu Hai. With the coastal war over, Japanese pirates in western Zhejiang were finally subdued. Only the pirates on Zhoushan near Ningbo held their stronghold; government forces besieged them without success. The tribal auxiliaries had been sent home, but six thousand troops from Maliao, Dala, Zhenxi, and Sangzhi in Sichuan and Guizhou had only just arrived. Dayou attacked from all four sides in a heavy snowfall. The pirates fought to the last man, and one tribal officer was killed. The troops pressed harder, burned the stockade, and killed most of the enemy; the few who escaped were hunted down until the island was cleared. Dayou was promoted to acting vice commander-in-chief.
12
明年，胡宗憲方圖汪直，用盧鏜言將與通市，大猷力爭不可。 及直誘入下吏，其黨毛海峰等遂據舟山，阻岑港自守。 大猷環攻之，時小勝。 然苦仰攻，將士先登多死，新倭又大至。 朝廷趣宗憲甚急，宗憲謾為大言以對。 廷臣競詆宗憲，並劾大猷。 乃奪大猷及參將戚繼光職，期一月內平賊。 大猷等懼，攻益力，賊益死守。 三十七年七月乃自岑港移柯梅，造舟成，泛海去。 大猷等橫擊之，沈其一舟，余賊遂揚帆而南，流劫閩、廣。 大猷先後殺倭四五千，賊幾平。 而官軍圍賊已一年，宗憲亦利其去，陰縱之，不督諸將邀擊。 比為御史李瑚所劾，則委罪大猷縱賊以自解。 帝怒，逮系詔獄，再奪世廕。
The next year Hu Zongxian was scheming against the pirate leader Wang Zhi and, on Lu Zhen's advice, planned to trade with him; Dayou protested vigorously. When Wang Zhi was tricked into custody, his lieutenant Mao Haifeng seized Zhoushan and fortified Cengang. Dayou besieged them and won minor skirmishes. Uphill assaults cost many lives among the first climbers, and fresh pirate reinforcements kept arriving. The court pressed Zongxian hard; he replied with empty boasts. Officials denounced Zongxian and impeached Dayou as well. Dayou and Vice Commander Qi Jiguang were removed from office and given one month to destroy the pirates. Terrified of punishment, they attacked harder while the pirates dug in. In the seventh month of the thirty-seventh year they shifted from Cengang to Keme, built ships, and put to sea. Dayou intercepted them, sank one ship, and the rest sailed south to raid Fujian and Guangdong. Dayou had killed four or five thousand pirates in all; the menace was nearly ended. Government forces had besieged them for a year, but Zongxian wanted them gone and secretly let them escape without ordering an interception. When Censor Li Hu impeached him, he blamed Dayou for letting the pirates go. The emperor in his wrath had Dayou thrown into prison and stripped his hereditary rank again.
13
陸炳與大猷善，密以己資投嚴世蕃解其獄，令立功塞上。 大同巡撫李文進習其才，與籌軍事。 乃造獨輪車拒敵馬。 嘗以車百輛，步騎三千，大挫敵安銀堡。 文進上其制於朝，遂置兵車營。 京營有兵車，自此始也。 文進將襲板升，謀之大猷，果大獲，詔還世廕。 寇掠廣武，大猷拒卻之。 先論平汪直功，許除罪錄用。 及是，鎮篁有警，川湖總督黃光升薦大猷，即用為鎮篁參將。
Lu Bing, a friend, secretly paid Yan Shifan to secure his release and sent him to earn merit on the northern frontier. Li Wenjin, grand coordinator of Datong, valued his ability and consulted him on strategy. He designed single-wheeled war carts to break cavalry charges. With a hundred carts and three thousand foot and horse he routed the enemy at Anyin Fort. Wenjin reported the design to court, and a war-cart battalion was created. From that time the capital army had war carts. When Wenjin raided the Mongols at Ban Sheng, Dayou helped plan a great victory, and the throne restored his hereditary rank. When raiders struck Guangwu, Dayou drove them back. Earlier his service against Wang Zhi had been ruled sufficient to clear his record. When trouble broke out at Zhenhuang, Supreme Commander Huang Guangsheng recommended him, and he was appointed regional vice-commander there.
14
廣東饒平賊張璉數攻陷城邑，積年不能平。 四十年七月詔移大猷南贛，合閩、廣兵討之。 時宗憲兼制江西，知璉遠出，檄大猷急擊。 大猷謂：「宜以潛師搗其巢，攻其必救，奈何以數萬眾從一夫浪走哉？」 乃疾引萬五千人登柏嵩嶺，俯瞰賊巢。 璉果還救，大猷連破之，斬首千二百余級。 賊懼，不出。 用間誘璉出戰，從陣後執之，並執賊魁蕭雪峰。 廣人攘其功，大猷不與較。 散余黨二萬，不戮一人。 擢副總兵，協守南、贛、汀、漳、惠、湖諸郡。 遂乘勝征程鄉盜，走梁寧，擒徐東洲。 林朝曦者，獨約黃積山大舉。 官軍攻斬積山，朝曦遁，後亦為徐甫宰所滅。 大猷尋擢福建總兵官，與戚繼光復興化城，共破海倭。 詳《繼光傳》。 繼光先登，受上賞，大猷但賚銀幣。
The Raoping rebel Zhang Lian had stormed cities for years without being subdued. In the seventh month of the fortieth year an edict moved Dayou to southern Ganzhou to lead Fujian and Guangdong troops against him. Zongxian, who also controlled Jiangxi, learned Zhang Lian was away and ordered Dayou to strike at once. Dayou said, "Send a hidden force against their base and strike what they must defend—why march tens of thousands on a wild chase after one man? He swiftly led fifteen thousand men up Baisong Ridge overlooking the rebel stronghold. Zhang Lian rushed back; Dayou routed him repeatedly and took more than twelve hundred heads. The rebels were afraid to come out. Agents lured Zhang Lian into battle; Dayou seized him from the rear along with the chieftain Xiao Xuefeng. Guangdong officers claimed the credit; Dayou did not quarrel with them. He dispersed twenty thousand followers without executing anyone. He was made deputy supreme commander over Nan, Gan, Ting, Zhang, Hui, and Hu. He then marched on bandits in Chengxian, who fled to Liangning, where Xu Dongzhou was captured. Lin Chaoxi plotted a major uprising with Huang Jishan. Government troops killed Jishan; Lin Chaoxi fled and was later destroyed by Xu Fuzai. Soon he became Fujian supreme commander; with Qi Jiguang he retook Xinghua and defeated the sea pirates. The details are given in Qi Jiguang's biography. Jiguang, who led the assault, received the highest reward; Dayou received only silver and silks.
15
四十二年十月徙鎮南贛。 明年改廣東。 潮州倭二萬與大盜吳平相掎角，而諸峒藍松三、伍端、溫七、葉丹樓輩日掠惠、潮間。 閩則程紹錄亂延平，梁道輝擾汀州。 大猷以威名懾群盜，單騎入紹祿營，督使歸峒，因令驅道輝歸，兩人卒為他將所滅。 惠州參將謝敕與伍端、溫七戰，失利。 以「俞家軍」至，恐之，端乃驅諸酋以歸。 無何，大猷果至，七被擒。 端自縛，乞殺倭自效。 大猷使先驅，官軍繼之，圍倭鄒塘，一日夜克三巢，焚斬四百有奇，又大破之海豐。 倭悉奔崎沙、甲子諸澳，奪漁舟入海。 舟多沒於風，脫者二千餘人，還保海豐金錫都。 大猷圍之兩月，賊食盡，欲走。 副將湯克寬設伏邀之，手斬其梟將三人。 參將王詔等繼至，賊遂大潰。 乃移師潮州，以次降藍松三、葉丹樓。 遂使招降吳平，居之梅嶺。 平未幾復叛，造戰艦數百，聚眾萬余，築三城守之，行劫濱海諸郡縣。 福建總兵官戚繼光襲平，平遁保南澳。 四十四年秋入犯福建，把總硃璣等戰沒於海中。 大猷將水兵，繼光將陸兵，夾擊平南澳，大破之。 平僅以身免，奔據饒平鳳凰山。 繼光留南澳。 大猷部將湯克寬、李超等躡賊後，連戰不利，平遂掠民舟出海。 閩廣巡按御史交章論之，大猷坐奪職。 平卒為克寬所追擊，遠遁以免，不敢入犯矣。
In the tenth month of the forty-second year he was transferred to command southern Ganzhou. The following year he was posted to Guangdong. Twenty thousand Japanese pirates in Chaozhou joined the great outlaw Wu Ping, while hill bandits Lansong San, Wu Duan, Wen Qi, and Ye Danlou raided between Huizhou and Chaozhou. In Fujian Cheng Shaolu's rebels troubled Yanping and Liang Daohui raided Tingzhou. Dayou's reputation alone cowed many bandits; he rode alone into Shaolu's camp and made him withdraw, then ordered him to drive off Daohui—both were eventually destroyed by other generals. Vice Commander Xie Chi of Huizhou fought Wu Duan and Wen Qi and was beaten. When the "Yu Family Army" arrived, the bandits were terrified and Duan drove the chiefs to surrender. Dayou soon arrived and Wen Qi was captured. Wu Duan bound himself and offered to kill Japanese pirates to prove his loyalty. Dayou sent him ahead with government troops behind; they stormed three pirate camps at Zoutang in one night, killing more than four hundred, and won another great victory at Haifeng. The Japanese fled to Qisha, Jiazi, and other harbors and seized fishing boats to escape. Storms sank many boats; more than two thousand survivors held Jinxidu in Haifeng. Dayou besieged them two months until their food ran out and they tried to break out. Vice Commander Tang Kekuan ambushed them and personally killed three chieftains. Vice Commander Wang Zhao and others arrived, and the pirates collapsed. He moved to Chaozhou and induced Lansong San and Ye Danlou to surrender. He induced Wu Ping to surrender and settled him at Meiling. Wu Ping soon rebelled again, built hundreds of warships, gathered ten thousand men, fortified three cities, and raided the coast. Fujian Supreme Commander Qi Jiguang attacked him; Wu Ping fled to Nan'ao. In the autumn of the forty-fourth year he invaded Fujian; Battalion Commander Zhu Ji and others were killed at sea. Dayou led the fleet and Jiguang the army; together they crushed Wu Ping at Nan'ao. Wu Ping barely escaped to Fenghuang Mountain in Raoping. Jiguang stayed at Nan'ao. Dayou's generals Tang Kekuan and Li Chao pursued but fought without success, and Wu Ping seized civilian boats and fled to sea. Fujian and Guangdong censors impeached him, and Dayou was stripped of office. Wu Ping was finally chased far out to sea by Kekuan and never raided again.
16
河源、翁源賊李亞元等猖獗。 總督吳桂芳留大猷討之，征兵十萬，分五哨進。 大猷使間攜賊黨而親搗其巢，生擒亞元，俘斬一萬四百，奪還男婦八萬餘人。 乃還大猷職，以為廣西總兵官。 故事：以勛臣總兩廣兵，與總督同鎮梧州。 帝用給事中歐陽一敬議，兩廣各置大帥，罷勛臣，乃召恭順侯吳繼爵還京，以大猷代，予平蠻將軍印。 而以劉顯鎮廣東。 兩廣並置帥，自大猷及顯始也。 伍端死，其黨王世橋復叛，劫執同知郭文通。 大猷連敗之，其部下執以獻。 進署都督同知。
Li Yayuan and other bandits in Heyuan and Wengyuan were rampant. Supreme Commander Wu Guifang kept Dayou to suppress them with a hundred thousand troops in five columns. Dayou used agents and a direct assault on their base, captured Li Yayuan alive, killed ten thousand four hundred, and freed more than eighty thousand captives. Dayou's rank was restored and he was appointed supreme commander of Guangxi. By precedent a noble commanded both Guang provinces together with the supreme commander at Wuzhou. The emperor, on Ouyang Yijing's advice, placed a supreme commander in each province, recalled Marquis Wu Jijue, and gave Dayou the Pacification General seal. Liu Xian commanded Guangdong. Separate supreme commanders for the two Guang provinces began with Dayou and Liu Xian. After Wu Duan died, his follower Wang Shiqiao rebelled and seized Vice Prefect Guo Wentong. Dayou defeated him repeatedly until his own men handed him over. He was promoted to acting vice commander-in-chief.
17
海賊曾一本者，吳平黨也。 既降復叛，執澄海知縣，敗官軍，守備李茂才中砲死。 詔大猷暫督廣東兵協討。 隆慶二年，一本犯廣州，尋犯福建。 大猷合郭成、李錫軍擒滅之。 錄功，進右都督。
The pirate Zeng Yiben had been Wu Ping's follower. He rebelled again, seized the Chenghai magistrate, defeated government troops, and Garrison Commander Li Maocai was killed by cannon fire. An edict put Dayou temporarily in charge of Guangdong forces to suppress him. In the second year of Longqing he attacked Guangzhou and then Fujian. Dayou joined Guo Cheng and Li Xi and destroyed him. His merit was recorded and he was promoted to right regional commander.
18
廣西古田僮黃朝猛、韋銀豹等，嘉靖末嘗再劫會城庫，殺參政黎民表。 巡撫殷正茂征兵十四萬，屬大猷討之。 分七道進，連破數十巢。 賊保潮水，巢極巔，攻十余日未下。 大猷佯分兵擊馬浪賊，而密令參將王世科乘雨夜登山設伏。 黎明砲發，賊大驚。 諸軍攀援上，賊盡死。 馬浪諸巢相繼下。 斬獲八千四百有奇，擒朝猛、銀豹，百年積寇盡除。 進世廕為指揮僉事。
The Zhuang chiefs Huang Chaomeng and Wei Yinbao of Gutian in Guangxi had twice raided Huicheng and killed Vice Commissioner Li Minbiao late in the Jiajing reign. Grand Coordinator Yin Zhengmao raised a hundred and forty thousand men and put Dayou in command. Seven columns advanced and broke dozens of strongholds. The rebels held Chaoshui on a mountain peak; ten days of assault failed. Dayou feigned an attack on Malang while secretly sending Vice Commander Wang Shike up the mountain in a rainy night to set an ambush. At dawn the guns opened fire and the rebels panicked. The troops scaled the heights and wiped out the rebels. One Malang stronghold after another surrendered. More than 8,400 enemies were killed or captured; Chaomeng and Yinbao were seized, and banditry that had festered for a century was wiped out. He was promoted to vice commandant by hereditary succession.
19
大猷為將廉，馭下有恩。 數建大功，威名震南服。 而巡按李良臣劾其奸貪，兵部力持之，詔還籍候調。 起南京右府僉書。 未任，以都督僉事為福建總兵官。 萬曆元年秋，海寇突閭峽澳，坐失利奪職。 復以署都督僉事起後府僉書，領車營訓練。 三疏乞歸。 卒，贈左都督，諡武襄。
As a commander Dayou was upright and treated his men with generosity. He won repeated victories, and his fame resounded throughout the south. Censor Li Liangchen accused him of corruption; the Ministry of War sided with the accuser, and Dayou was ordered home to await a new appointment. He was recalled to serve as secretary of the Nanjing right military commission. Before he could take up that post, he was appointed acting vice commissioner and regional commander of Fujian. In the autumn of Wanli 1 pirates raided Lüxia harbor; Dayou lost his post for the setback. He was later restored as acting vice commissioner and secretary of the rear military commission, in charge of training the chariot camps. He submitted three memorials asking to retire. He died and was posthumously honored as Left Chief Commandant with the title Martial Helper.
20
大猷負奇節，以古賢豪自期。 其用兵，先計後戰，不貪近功。 忠誠許國，老而彌篤，所在有大勛。 武平、崖州、饒平旨為祠祀。 譚綸嘗與書曰：「節制精明，公不如綸。 信賞必罰，公不如戚。 精悍馳騁，公不如劉。 然此皆小知，而公則甚大受。」 戚謂威繼光，劉謂劉顯也。
Dayou possessed rare moral stature and measured himself against the great men of antiquity. In war he planned first and fought second, never chasing quick gains. He served the dynasty with loyalty that deepened with age, and wherever he was posted he achieved great things. Shrines were erected to him by imperial decree in Wuping, Yazhou, and Raoping. Tan Lun once wrote to him: "In strategic oversight you are not my equal. In rewarding merit and enforcing discipline you fall short of Qi. In bold, swift action on the field you are not Liu's match. Yet these are petty talents; you, sir, possess far greater capacity. By Qi he meant Qi Jiguang; by Liu he meant Liu Xian.
21
子咨皋，福建總兵官。
His son Zigao served as regional commander of Fujian.
22
附盧鏜
Appendix: Lu Zhen
23
盧鏜，汝寧衛人。 嘉靖時由世廕歷福建都指揮僉事，為都御史硃紈所任。 紈自殺，鏜亦論死。 尋赦免，以故官備倭福建。 遷都指揮。 擊賊嘉興，敗，責戴罪。 尋擢參將，分守浙東濱海諸郡，與副將大猷大破賊王江涇。 旋督保靖土兵及蜀將陳正元兵擊賊張庄，焚其壘。 追擊之後港，為賊所敗。 賊出沒台州外海，都指揮王沛敗之大陳山。 賊登山，官軍焚其舟。 鏜會剿，擒其酋林碧川等，余倭盡滅。 別賊掠諸縣，指揮閔溶等敗死，鏜奪職，戴罪。
Lu Zhen was from Runing Guard. During the Jiajing reign he inherited office and rose to vice commissioner of the Fujian regional chief-commander corps, serving under Censor-in-Chief Zhu Wan. When Wan took his own life, Zhen too was condemned to death. He was soon pardoned and returned to his former rank to defend Fujian against Japanese pirates. He was promoted to regional chief commander. He attacked pirates at Jiaxing, was defeated, and was ordered to serve while under penalty. He was soon made vice general with charge of the coastal prefectures of eastern Zhejiang and, with Vice Commander Dayou, won a great victory over the pirates at Wangjiangjing. He then led Baojing native troops and the forces of the Sichuan general Chen Zhengyuan against the rebels at Zhangzhuang and burned their camp. Pursuing them to Hougang, he was beaten by the enemy. Pirates raided the open seas off Taizhou; Regional Chief Commander Wang Pei defeated them at Mount Dachen. The pirates went ashore; government forces burned their ships. Zhen joined the joint operation, captured chieftains including Lin Bichuan, and wiped out the remaining Japanese raiders. Separate raiders looted several counties; Commander Min Rong and others were killed in defeat; Zhen lost his rank and served under penalty.
24
旋以薦擢協守江浙副總兵。 賊陷仙居，趨台州，鏜破之彭溪。 乃與胡宗憲共謀滅徐海。 宗憲招汪直，鏜亦說日本使善妙令擒直。 直與日本貳，卒伏誅。 倭犯江北，鏜馳援破之，又敗北洋倭二十余舨。 賊斂舟三沙，復流劫江北。 巡撫李遂劾鏜縱賊，鏜已擢都僉事，為江南、浙江總兵官，奪職視事。 以通政唐順之薦復職如初。 尋以誅汪直功，進都督同知。 倭復犯浙東。 水陸十余戰，斬首千四百有奇。 總督宗憲以蕩平聞，鏜復增俸賚金。 鏜擢用由宗憲，宗憲敗，給事中丘橓劾鏜八罪。 逮治，免歸。
He was soon recommended and promoted to deputy regional commander with joint charge of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Pirates seized Xianju and marched on Taizhou; Zhen routed them at Pengxi. He then joined Hu Zongxian in a plan to destroy Xu Hai. Zongxian recruited Wang Zhi, and Zhen also persuaded the Japanese envoy Zenmyo to seize him. Wang Zhi broke with his Japanese allies and was eventually put to death. When Japanese raiders struck north of the Yangtze, Zhen rushed to the rescue and broke them, then destroyed more than twenty pirate vessels on the northern coast. The pirates massed at Sansha, then spread out again to raid north of the Yangtze. Grand Coordinator Li Sui accused Zhen of letting pirates escape; though already promoted to regional vice commissioner and commander of Jiangnan and Zhejiang, he was demoted yet kept on duty. On the recommendation of Secretariat Director Tang Shunzhi he was restored to his former rank. He was soon promoted to vice chief commandant for his role in Wang Zhi's capture and execution. Japanese raiders again struck eastern Zhejiang. In a dozen land and sea engagements they took more than 1,400 heads. Governor-General Zongxian reported the region pacified, and Zhen received another raise and a grant of gold. Zhen had risen through Zongxian's patronage; when Zongxian was ruined, Supervising Secretary Qiu Peng charged Zhen with eight offenses. He was arrested, tried, and dismissed to his home district.
25
鏜有將略。 倭難初興，諸將悉望風潰敗，獨鏜與湯克寬敢戰，名亞俞、戚雲。
Zhen possessed genuine strategic talent. When the pirate war began, most commanders fled at the first alarm; only Zhen and Tang Kekuan stood and fought, ranking just below Yu Dayou and Qi Jiguang in renown.
26
附湯克寬
Appendix: Tang Kekuan
27
克寬，邳州衛人。 父慶，嘉靖中江防總兵官。 克寬承世廕，歷官都指揮僉事，充浙江參將。 倭犯溫州，克寬擊敗之。 別賊寇嘉興屬邑，克寬至海鹽被圍。 偕參政潘恩等拒守，賊不能克，乃焚掠而去。 無何，陷乍浦城，轉掠奉化、寧海。 克寬追圍於獨山民家，火焚之。 賊半死，余奪圍遁。
Tang Kekuan was from Pizhou Guard. His father Qing had been regional commander of river defense in the Jiajing reign. Kekuan inherited office, rose to vice commissioner of the regional chief-commander corps, and was posted as vice general in Zhejiang. When Japanese raiders struck Wenzhou, Kekuan beat them back. Separate pirates looted Jiaxing's subordinate counties; Kekuan reached Haiyan and found himself surrounded. With Administrator Pan En and others he held the walls; the enemy failed to take the city and withdrew after burning and looting. Soon afterward the raiders seized Zhapu and turned to sack Fenghua and Ninghai. Kekuan tracked them to a private house on Dushan, surrounded it, and set it ablaze. Half the pirates perished; the rest fought their way out and escaped.
28
時濱海多被倭患，而將士無紀律，賊至輒奔，議設大將統制江、淮。 乃命克寬為副總兵，駐金山衛，提督海防諸軍。 倭三百人泊崇明南沙。 克寬偕僉事任環攻之，敗績。 賊移舟寶山，克寬追敗之南家觜。 賊乃轉寇嘉定、上海間，被劾奪官從軍。 倭二千余分掠蘇、松。 克寬逆戰採淘港，斬首八百余級。 都御史王忬薦為浙西參將。 遇賊嘉、湖，復失利，詔以白衣辦賊。 總督張經議搗賊柘林，令克寬將廣西土兵屯乍浦，與副將大猷等相掎角。 大戰王江涇，斬級二千。 會趙文華劾經惑克寬言縱倭飽揚，遂並逮問，論死。 久之，赦免。
The coast was ravaged by pirates while troops lacked discipline and broke at every attack; officials proposed appointing a senior commander over the Jiang and Huai defenses. Kekuan was made deputy regional commander, based at Jinshan Guard, with overall charge of coastal defense. Three hundred Japanese raiders landed at Nansha in Chongming. Kekuan and Vice Commissioner Ren Huan attacked them and were beaten. The pirates shifted to Baoshan; Kekuan pursued and routed them at Nanjiazui. They then raided between Jiading and Shanghai; Kekuan was impeached, dismissed, and ordered to serve as a common soldier. Over two thousand pirates fanned out to loot Suzhou and Songjiang. Kekuan intercepted them at Caitaogang and took more than 800 heads. Censor-in-Chief Wang Yu recommended him as vice general of western Zhejiang. He met pirates again in the Jiaxing and Huzhou area, lost once more, and was ordered to fight in undress. Governor-General Zhang Jing planned an assault on the pirate stronghold at Zhelin, posting Kekuan with Guangxi native troops at Zhapu to pincer with Vice Commander Dayou and others. At the great battle of Wangjiangjing they took 2,000 heads. Zhao Wenhua then impeached Jing, alleging that Kekuan had said the pirates were being deliberately supplied and turned loose toward Yangzhou; both men were arrested, tried, and condemned to death. Long afterward they were pardoned.
29
廣東用兵，命赴軍前自效。 從大猷大破倭海豐，還世廕。 俄以為惠、潮參將，復從大猷破吳平。 平未幾復振，克寬已擢狼山副總兵，命留討賊。 俄敗之陽江烏豬洋。 平窘，奔安南。 都御史吳桂芳檄安南協討，遣克寬以舟師會，夾擊平萬橋山下。 焚其舟，擒斬四百人，平遠竄。 乃進克寬署都督僉事，為廣東總兵官。 曾一本突海豐、惠來間，克寬倡議撫之，令居潮陽下澮地。 未幾，激民變，一本亦反，詔逮克寬訊治。 尋赦免，赴蘇鎮立功。 萬曆四年，炒蠻入掠古北口。 克寬偕參將苑宗儒追出塞，遇伏，戰死。
When war broke out in Guangdong, he was ordered to the front to win back honor by his deeds. Serving under Dayou, he helped win a great victory over pirates at Haifeng and regained his hereditary rank. He was soon appointed vice general of Huizhou and Chaozhou and again followed Dayou in defeating Wu Ping. Wu Ping soon regrouped; by then Kekuan had been promoted to deputy regional commander at Langshan but was kept on to finish the campaign. He soon routed them at Wuzhuyang off Yangjiang. Cornered, Wu Ping fled to Annam. Censor-in-Chief Wu Guifang called on Annam to help and sent Kekuan's fleet to join a pincer strike on Wu Ping below Mount Wanqiao. They burned Wu Ping's ships, killed or captured 400 men, and he fled deep into hiding. Kekuan was then promoted to acting vice commissioner and appointed regional commander of Guangdong. When Zeng Yiben raided between Haifeng and Huilai, Kekuan proposed offering terms and settled him on land at Xiaohui in Chaoyang. Soon the settlement sparked a local revolt; Yiben rebelled as well; the court ordered Kekuan arrested and tried. He was soon pardoned and sent to serve under the Suzhou command to redeem himself. In Wanli 4 Chao tribesmen raided Gubeikou. Kekuan and Vice General Yuan Zongru pursued them beyond the pass, walked into an ambush, and were killed.
30
戚繼光
Qi Jiguang
31
戚繼光，字元敬，世登州衛指揮僉事。 父景通，歷官都指揮，署大寧都司，入為神機坐營，有操行。 繼光幼倜儻負奇氣。 家貧，好讀書，通經史大義。 嘉靖中嗣職，用薦擢署都指揮僉事，備倭山東。 改僉浙江都司，充參將，分部寧、紹、台三郡。
Qi Jiguang, styled Yuanjing, succeeded to the hereditary post of centurion at Dengzhou Guard. His father Jingtong rose to regional chief commander, served as acting commander of Daning, entered court as commander of the Divine Engine camp, and was a man of integrity. As a youth Jiguang was free-spirited and full of bold talent. Though his family was poor, he loved books and grasped the essential teachings of the classics and histories. During Jiajing he inherited office; on recommendation he was made acting vice commissioner and posted to defend Shandong against Japanese pirates. He was transferred to the Zhejiang regional command as vice commissioner and vice general with responsibility for Ningbo, Shaoxing, and Taizhou.
32
三十六年，倭犯樂清、瑞安、臨海，繼光援不及，以道阻不罪。 尋會俞大猷兵，圍汪直余黨於岑港。 久不克，坐免官，戴罪辦賊。 已而倭遁，他倭復焚掠台州。 給事中羅嘉賓等劾繼光無功，且通番。 方按問，旋以平汪直功復官，改守台、金、嚴三郡。
In year 36 pirates struck Yueqing, Ruian, and Linhai; Jiguang could not reach them in time but was excused because the routes were blocked. He soon joined Yu Dayou to besiege Wang Zhi's remaining followers at Cengang. The siege dragged on without success; he was stripped of rank and ordered to fight on while under penalty. The pirates withdrew, but fresh raiders burned and looted Taizhou. Supervising Secretary Luo Jiabin and others accused Jiguang of futility and even collusion with foreign traders. While the inquiry was underway he was restored for his role in pacifying Wang Zhi and reassigned to Taizhou, Jinhua, and Yanzhou.
33
繼光至浙時，見衛所軍不習戰，而金華、義烏俗稱慓悍，請召募三千人，教以擊刺法，長短兵迭用，由是繼光一軍特精。 又以南方多藪澤，不利馳逐，乃因地形制陣法，審步伐便利，一切戰艦、火器、兵械精求而更置之。 「戚家軍」名聞天下。
On reaching Zhejiang, Jiguang found guard garrisons untrained for battle; he recruited three thousand men from the famously tough Jinhua and Yiwu districts, drilled them in alternating long and short weapons, and built the core of his famous army. The waterlogged south ill suited cavalry; he adapted his formations to the ground, refined marching drill, and overhauled ships, guns, and arms. The "Qi Family Army" became famous across the empire.
34
四十年，倭大掠桃渚、圻頭。 繼光急趨寧海，扼桃渚，敗之龍山，追至雁門嶺。 賊遁去，乘虛襲台州。 繼光手殲其魁，蹙余賊瓜陵江盡死。 而圻頭倭復趨台州，繼光邀擊之仙居，道無脫者。 先後九戰皆捷，俘馘一千有奇，焚溺死者無算。 總兵官盧鏜、參將牛天錫又破賊寧波、溫州。 浙東平，繼光進秩三等。 閩、廣賊流入江西。 總督胡宗憲檄繼光援。 擊破之上坊巢，賊奔建寧。 繼光還浙江。
In year 40 pirates raided Taozhu and Qitou on a large scale. Jiguang raced to Ninghai, blocked Taozhu, routed the enemy at Longshan, and chased them to Yanmen Ridge. The pirates slipped away and, finding an opening, struck Taizhou. Jiguang slew their leader himself and drove the survivors to the Gualing River, where they were wiped out. The Qitou pirates meanwhile turned on Taizhou again; Jiguang ambushed them at Xianju and cut off every escape. In nine consecutive victories he took more than a thousand prisoners and heads; countless others burned or drowned. Regional Commander Lu Zhen and Vice General Niu Tianxi also broke pirate forces at Ningbo and Wenzhou. With eastern Zhejiang pacified, Jiguang received a three-rank promotion. Pirates from Fujian and Guangdong spilled into Jiangxi. Governor-General Hu Zongxian ordered Jiguang to the rescue. He smashed their base at Shangfang; the rebels fled toward Jianning. Jiguang then returned to Zhejiang.
35
明年，倭大舉犯福建。 自溫州來者，合福寧、連江諸倭攻陷壽寧、政和、寧德。 自廣東南澳來者，合福清、長樂諸倭攻陷玄鐘所，延及龍嚴、松溪、大田、古田、莆田。 是時寧德已屢陷。 距城十里有橫嶼，四面皆水路險隘，賊結大營其中。 官軍不敢擊，相守逾年。 其新至者營牛田，而酋長營興化，東南互為聲援。 閩中連告急，宗憲復檄繼光剿之。 先擊橫嶼賊。 人持草一束，填壕進。 大破其巢，斬首二千六百。 乘勝至福清，搗敗牛田賊，覆其巢，余賊走興化。 急追之，夜四鼓抵賊柵。 連克六十營，斬首千數百級。 平明入城，興化人始知，牛酒勞不絕。 繼光乃旋師。 抵福清，遇倭自東營澳登陸，擊斬二百人。 而劉顯亦屢破賊。 閩宿寇幾盡。 於是繼光至福州飲至，勒石平遠台。
The following year Japanese raiders invaded Fujian in force. Forces from Wenzhou joined pirates from Funing and Lianjiang to seize Shouning, Zhenghe, and Ningde. A second column from Nan'ao in Guangdong joined raiders from Fuqing and Changle to overrun Xuanzhong Guard and spread through Longyan, Songxi, Datian, Gutian, and Putian. Ningde by then had fallen more than once. Ten li from the city lay Hengyu, a choke point ringed by waterways where the pirates built a major camp. Government forces hesitated to assault it and the stalemate lasted over a year. Fresh arrivals camped at Niutian while chieftains held Xinghua, the two groups supporting each other across the southeast. Fujian sent one urgent report after another; Zongxian again dispatched Jiguang to destroy them. He struck first at Hengyu. Each soldier carried a bundle of straw to fill the ditches and press forward. He overran the stronghold and took 2,600 heads. Pressing the advantage at Fuqing he destroyed the Niutian camp; survivors fled to Xinghua. He pursued hard and at the fourth watch of the night reached the enemy stockade. He stormed sixty camps in succession and took several hundred heads. At daybreak he entered the city; the people of Xinghua, only then realizing he had come, poured out with feasts of beef and wine. Jiguang then withdrew his army. At Fuqing he met pirates landing from Dongying Ao and cut down 200 of them. Meanwhile Liu Xian won repeated victories as well. The old pirate strongholds of Fujian were nearly cleared. Jiguang then went to Fuzhou for a victory banquet and erected a stele at Pingyuantai.
36
及繼光還浙後，新倭至者日益眾，圍興化城匝月。 會顯遣卒八人齎書城中，衣刺「天兵」二字。 賊殺而衣其衣，紿守將得人，夜斬關延賊。 副使翁時器、參將畢高走免，通判奚世亮攝府事，遇害，焚掠一空。 留兩月，破平海衛，據之。 初，興化告急，時帝已命俞大猷為福建總兵官，繼光副之。 及城陷，劉顯軍少，壁城下不敢擊。 大猷亦不欲攻，需大軍合以困之。 四十二年四月，繼光將浙兵至。 於是巡撫譚綸令將中軍，顯左，大猷右，合攻賊於平海。 繼光先登，左右軍繼之，斬級二千二百，還被掠者三千人。 綸上功，繼光首，顯、大猷次之。 帝為告謝郊廟，大行敘賚。 繼光先以橫嶼功，進署都督僉事，及是進都督同知，世廕千戶，遂代大猷為總兵官。
After Jiguang left for Zhejiang, fresh pirates gathered in ever greater numbers and besieged Xinghua for a month. Liu Xian sent eight men with a dispatch into the city, their garments marked "Imperial Army." The pirates killed the messengers, wore their clothes, tricked the defenders, and at night opened the gates to the enemy. Vice Commissioner Weng Shiqi and Vice General Bi Gao escaped; Acting Prefect Xi Shiliang was killed and the city was burned bare. They stayed two months, overran Pinghai Guard, and held it. When Xinghua first cried for help, the court had already named Yu Dayou regional commander of Fujian with Jiguang as his deputy. When the city fell Liu Xian had too few men and camped outside the walls, afraid to attack. Dayou likewise held back, waiting for a combined force to trap the enemy. In the fourth month of year 42 Jiguang arrived with his Zhejiang troops. Grand Coordinator Tan Lun then put Jiguang in the center, Xian on the left, and Dayou on the right for a joint assault on Pinghai. Jiguang led the climb; the flanks followed; 2,200 heads were taken and 3,000 captives recovered. Lun submitted the victory roll with Jiguang credited first, then Xian and Dayou. The emperor gave thanks at the suburban altars and distributed lavish rewards. Already promoted for Hengyu, Jiguang now rose to vice chief commandant with a hereditary chiliarchship and succeeded Dayou as regional commander.
37
明年二月，倭余黨復糾新倭萬余，圍仙游三日。 繼光擊敗之城下，又追敗之王倉坪，斬首數百級，余多墜崖谷死，存者數千奔據漳浦蔡丕嶺。 繼光分五哨，身持短兵緣崖上，俘斬數百人，余賊遂掠漁舟出海去。 久之，倭自浙犯福寧，繼光督參將李超等擊敗之。 乘勝追永寧賊，斬馘三百有奇。 尋與大猷擊走吳平於南澳，遂擊平餘孽之未下者。
The following February remnant pirates mustered more than ten thousand fresh raiders and besieged Xianyou for three days. Jiguang routed them below the walls, chased them to Wangcangping, took several hundred heads, and drove survivors to hold out on Cai Pileng in Zhangpu. Jiguang split five columns, scaled the cliffs with a short weapon in hand, killed or captured hundreds, and the rest fled by fishing boat to sea. Later, pirates from Zhejiang struck Funing; Jiguang directed Vice General Li Chao and others to defeat them. He pursued Yongning raiders and took more than 300 heads. He then joined Dayou in driving Wu Ping from Nan'ao and mopping up Wu's remaining followers.
38
繼光為將號令嚴，賞罰信，士無敢不用命。 與大奠均為名將。 操行不如，而果毅過之。 大猷老將務持重，繼光則飈發電舉，屢摧大寇，名更出大猷上。
Jiguang commanded with iron discipline and sure reward and punishment; his men obeyed without question. He and Yu Dayou ranked among the empire's foremost generals. He lacked Dayou's personal rectitude but exceeded him in fierce decisiveness. Where the aging Dayou favored caution, Jiguang struck like lightning, repeatedly crushing major enemies until his fame eclipsed even Dayou's.
39
隆慶初，給事中吳時來以薊門多警，請召大猷、繼光專訓邊卒。 部議獨用繼光，乃召為神機營副將。 會譚綸督師遼、薊，乃集步兵三萬，征浙兵三千，請專屬繼光訓練。 帝可之。 二年五月命以都督同知總理薊州、昌平、保定三鎮練兵事，總兵官以下悉受節制。 至鎮，上疏言：
Early in Longqing, Supervising Secretary Wu Shilai urged summoning Dayou and Jiguang to train border troops as Jimen alarms multiplied. The ministry chose Jiguang alone and recalled him as vice general of the Divine Engine camp. When Tan Lun took command on the Liaodong and Jizhou front, he mustered thirty thousand foot soldiers and three thousand Zhejiang troops and asked that Jiguang alone drill them. The emperor agreed. In the fifth month of year 2 he was made vice chief commandant with overall charge of training in Jizhou, Changping, and Baoding; every commander beneath him fell under his authority. On reaching his post he memorialized the throne:
40
薊門之兵，雖多亦少。 其原有七營軍不習戎事，而好末技，壯者役將門，老弱僅充伍，一也。 邊塞逶迄，絕鮮郵置，使客絡釋，日事將迎，參游為驛使，營壘皆傳舍，二也。 寇至，則調遣無法，遠道赴期，卒斃馬僵，三也。 守塞之卒約束不明，行伍不整，四也。 臨陣馬軍不用馬，而反用步，五也。 家丁盛而軍心離，六也。 乘障卒不擇沖緩，備多力分，七也。 七害不除，邊備曷修？
The troops at Jimen are numerous in name but weak in fact. The seven original camps know drill in name only: the able serve officers' households while the old and weak merely fill rolls—first. The long frontier lacks proper couriers, so officers spend their days escorting visitors and camps become inns—second. When enemies strike, troops are summoned from afar without plan, arriving exhausted—third. Frontier garrisons lack clear discipline and proper formations—fourth. Cavalrymen fight on foot instead of on horseback—fifth. Officers' private retinues thrive while regular troops lose cohesion—sixth. Defenders are spread without regard to danger points, diluting strength everywhere—seventh. Until these seven evils are removed, border defense cannot be restored.
41
而又有士卒不練之失六，雖練無益之弊四。 何謂不練？ 夫邊所藉惟兵，兵所藉惟將； 今恩威號令不足服其心，分數形名不足齊其力，緩急難使，一也。 有火器不能用，二也。 棄土著不練，三也。 諸鎮入衛之兵，嫌非統屬，漫無紀律，四也。 班軍民兵數盈四萬，人各一心，五也。 練兵之要在先練將。 今注意武科，多方保舉似矣，但此選將之事，非練將之道，六也。 何謂雖練無益？ 今一營之卒，為砲手者常十也。 不知兵法五兵迭用，當長以衛短，短以救長，一也。 三軍之士各專其藝，金鼓旗幟，何所不蓄？ 今皆置不用，二也。 弓矢之力不強於寇，而欲藉以制勝，三也。 教練之法，自有正門。 美觀則不實用，實用則不美觀，而今悉無其實，四也。
He also listed six failures of untrained troops and four abuses that make training useless. What did he mean by "not drilled"? The frontier depends on soldiers, and soldiers depend on generators; Yet neither authority nor organization binds them, so they cannot be used when needed—first. They have firearms they cannot use—second. Local militia are neglected and untrained—third. Capital reinforcements resent outside command and fall into indiscipline—fourth. More than forty thousand rotating militia, each going his own way—fifth. The first task is to train the generals themselves. The court selects generals by examination but does not train them—sixth. What did he mean by "drilled yet useless"? In a typical camp one man in ten is a gunner. They ignore the principle that long and short weapons must support each other—first. Every signal device is stocked, yet none are used in practice—second. Archery weaker than the enemy is still treated as decisive—third. Real training follows proper methods. Drill favors display over combat readiness—fourth.
42
臣又聞兵形象水，水因地而制流，兵因地而制勝。 薊之地有三。 平原廣陌，內地百里以南之形也。 半險半易，近邊之形也。 山谷仄隘，林薄蓊翳，邊外之形也。 寇入平原，利車戰。 在近邊，利馬戰。 在邊外，利步戰。 三者迭用，乃可制勝。 今邊兵惟習馬耳，未嫻山戰、林戰、谷戰之道也，惟浙兵能之。 願更予臣浙東殺手、砲手各三千，再募西北壯士，足馬軍五枝，步軍十枝，專聽臣訓練，軍中所需，隨宜取給，臣不勝至願。
He added: troops are like water—water follows the terrain, and troops must follow the terrain to win. The Jizhou frontier falls into three types of ground. Open plains south of the interior—a hundred li from the passes. Semi-mountainous border country—the near frontier. Deep gorges and thick forest—the outer frontier. On open ground chariots are decisive. Near the passes cavalry dominates. In the outer mountains infantry must carry the fight. Only by alternating all three can victory be won. Border troops know only cavalry, not mountain, forest, or valley fighting—skills the Zhejiang men alone possessed. He asked for three thousand Zhejiang shock troops and three thousand gunners, plus northwest recruits forming five cavalry and ten infantry units under his sole command, with supplies as needed.
43
又言：「臣官為創設，諸將視為綴疣，臣安從展佈？」
He also warned that his new post was treated as an excrescence by other commanders, leaving him no room to act.
44
章下兵部，言薊鎮既有總兵，又設總理，事權分，諸將多觀望，宜召還總兵郭琥，專任繼光。 乃命繼光為總兵官，鎮守薊州、永平、山海諸處，而浙兵止弗調。 錄破吳平功，進右都督。 寇入青山口，拒卻之。
The Ministry of War replied that Jizhou already had a regional commander and a new overseer split authority; Guo Hu should be recalled and Jiguang given sole command. Jiguang was made regional commander of Jizhou, Yongping, and Shanhai; the requested Zhejiang reinforcements were not sent. For breaking Wu Ping he was promoted to Right Chief Commandant. When raiders entered Qingshan Pass he drove them back.
45
自嘉靖以來，邊牆雖修，墩台未建。 繼光巡行塞上，議建敵台。 略言：「薊鎮邊垣，延袤二千里，一瑕則百堅皆瑕。 比來歲修歲圮，徒費無益。 請跨牆為台，睥睨四達。 台高五丈，虛中為三層，台宿百人，鎧仗糗糧具備。 令戍卒畫地受工，先建千二百座。 然邊卒木強，律以軍法將不堪，請募浙人為一軍，用倡勇敢。」 督撫上其議，許之。 浙兵三千至，陳郊外。 天大雨，自朝至日昃，植立不動。 邊軍大駭，自是始知軍令。 五年秋，台功成。 精堅雄壯，二千里聲勢聯接。 詔予世廕，賚銀幣。
Since Jiajing the border wall had been patched but no watchtowers built. Patrolling the frontier, Jiguang proposed building signal towers. He argued that the two-thousand-li wall was only as strong as its weakest point. Annual repairs collapsed again the next year, wasting effort without result. He proposed towers straddling the wall with clear views in every direction. Each tower would stand five zhang high, hollow in three stories, garrisoned by a hundred men with arms and stores. Garrison troops would build twelve hundred towers to start. Border troops were stubborn; he asked for a Zhejiang unit to model discipline and courage. The frontier governors approved and the court agreed. Three thousand Zhejiang soldiers arrived and formed ranks outside the walls. A downpour lasted from morning until midafternoon; they stood unmoving throughout. The northern garrisons were stunned into respect for military discipline. In the autumn of year 5 the towers were finished. Solid and imposing, they linked defenses for two thousand li. The court granted hereditary rank and gifts of silver and silk.
46
繼光乃議立車營。 車一輛用四人推挽，戰則結方陣，而馬步軍處其中。 又制拒馬器，體輕便利，遏寇騎衝突。 寇至，火器先發，稍近則步軍持拒馬器排列而前，間以長槍、筤筅。 寇奔，則騎軍逐北。 又置輜重營隨其後，而以南兵為選鋒，入衛兵主策應，本鎮兵專戍守。 節制精明，器械犀利，薊門軍容遂為諸邊冠。
Jiguang next organized a chariot battalion. Four men pushed each cart; in battle the carts formed a square with horse and foot inside. He devised light portable barriers to block cavalry charges. When enemies approached, guns opened first; infantry then advanced behind barriers, mixing long spears and langxian forks. When the enemy broke, cavalry pursued. A supply train followed; southern troops led attacks, capital guards supported, and local garrisons held the line. With tight command and superior arms, Jimen became the best-drilled frontier in the empire.
47
當是時，俺答已通貢，宣、大以西，烽火寂然。 獨小王子后土蠻徙居插漢地，控弦十余萬，常為薊門憂。 而朵顏董狐狸及其兄子長昂交通土蠻，時叛時服。 萬曆元年春，二寇謀入犯。 馳喜峰口，索賞不得，則肆殺掠，獵傍塞，以誘官軍。 繼光掩擊，幾獲狐狸。 其夏，復犯桃林，不得志去。 長昂亦犯界嶺。 官軍斬獲多，邊吏諷之降，狐狸乃款關請貢。 廷議給以歲賞。 明年春，長昂復窺諸口不得入，則與狐狸共逼長禿令入寇。 繼光逐得之以歸。 長禿者，狐狸之弟，長昂叔父也。 於是二寇率部長親族三百人，叩關請死罪，狐狸服素衣叩頭乞赦長禿。 繼光及總督劉應節等議，遣副將史宸、羅端詣喜峰口受其降。 皆羅拜，獻還所掠邊人，攢刀設誓。 乃釋長禿，許通貢如故。 終繼光在鎮，二寇不敢犯薊門。
By then Altan was paying tribute; west of Xuanfu and Datong the frontier was quiet. Only Queen Tumen of the Little Prince, holding more than a hundred thousand archers in Chahan, kept Jimen on alert. Duoyan chieftain Donghuli and his nephew Chang'ang colluded with Tumen, shifting between rebellion and submission. In the spring of Wanli 1 the two chieftains planned an invasion. They rushed to Xifeng Pass, were denied tribute, then raided the border to bait government troops. Jiguang counterattacked and nearly captured Donghuli. That summer they struck Taolin again but gained nothing and withdrew. Chang'ang also raided Jieling. After heavy losses border officials urged submission; Donghuli opened the pass and asked to pay tribute. The court agreed to an annual stipend. The next spring Chang'ang probed the passes in vain and with Donghuli forced Changtu to join a raid. Jiguang pursued and captured Changtu. Changtu was Donghuli's brother and Chang'ang's uncle. Both chiefs then brought three hundred kinsmen to the pass to surrender; Donghuli kowtowed in white robes begging Changtu's life. Jiguang and Governor-General Liu Yingjie sent Vice Generals Shi Chen and Luo Duan to Xifeng Pass to accept surrender. They bowed, returned captives, piled knives, and swore oaths. Changtu was released and tribute resumed as before. While Jiguang held the frontier the two chieftains never again breached Jimen.
48
尋以守邊勞，進左都督。 已，增建敵台，分所部十二區為三協，協置副將一人，分練士馬。 炒蠻入犯，湯克寬戰死，繼光被劾，不罪。 久之，炒蠻偕妻大嬖只襲掠邊卒，官軍追破之。 土蠻犯遼東，繼光急赴，偕遼東軍拒退之。 繼光已加太子太保，錄功加少保。
He was soon promoted to Left Chief Commandant for frontier service. He added more towers, divided his command into three zones each under a vice general, and drilled troops separately. When Chao tribesmen raided and Tang Kekuan was killed, Jiguang was impeached but not punished. Later the Chao chieftain and his wife Dabiji raided again; government forces pursued and defeated them. When Tumen struck Liaodong Jiguang rushed there and with Liaodong forces drove him back. Already Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, he received the additional title Junior Guardian for this victory.
49
自順義受封，朝廷以八事課邊臣：曰積錢谷、修險隘、練兵馬、整器械、開屯田、理鹽法、收塞馬、散叛黨。 三歲則遣大臣閱視，而殿最之。 繼光用是頻廕賚。 南北名將馬芳、俞大猷前卒，獨繼光與遼東李成梁在。 然薊門守甚固，敵無由入，盡轉而之遼，故成梁擅戰功。
After Altan's submission at Shunyi the court graded frontier officials on eight tasks: stores, fortifications, training, arms, colonies, salt, horses, and pacification. Every three years a senior inspector ranked their performance. Jiguang repeatedly won hereditary honors and gifts on these reviews. Of the great generals north and south, Ma Fang and Yu Dayou were dead; only Jiguang and Li Chengliang of Liaodong remained. But Jimen was too strong to breach, so enemies turned to Liaodong and Chengliang reaped the glory.
50
自嘉靖庚戌俺答犯京師，邊防獨重薊。 增兵益餉，騷動天下。 復置昌平鎮，設大將，與薊相脣齒。 猶時躪內地，總督王忬、楊選並坐失律誅。 十七年間，易大將十人，率以罪去。 繼光在鎮十六年，邊備修飭，薊門宴然。 繼之者，踵其成法，數十年得無事。 亦賴當國大臣徐階、高拱、張居正先後倚任之。 居正尤事與商確，欲為繼光難者，輒徙之去。 諸督撫大臣如譚綸、劉應節、梁夢龍輩咸與善，動無掣肘，故繼光益發舒。
Since Altan reached Beijing in Jiajing gengxu, the empire leaned hardest on the Ji frontier. Reinforcements and supplies strained the whole empire. Changping was re-established as a paired command beside Ji. Yet raids still pierced inland; Governors-General Wang Yu and Yang Xuan were executed for failure. In seventeen years ten commanders were replaced, almost all in disgrace. Jiguang held the post sixteen years; the frontier was rebuilt and Jimen knew peace. Successors followed his system and the north stayed quiet for decades. He also enjoyed steady support from Xu Jie, Gao Gong, and Zhang Juzheng in turn. Zhang Juzheng consulted him closely and removed officials who obstructed him. Frontier governors such as Tan Lun, Liu Yingjie, and Liang Menglong worked smoothly with him, so he could act without hindrance.
51
居正歿半歲，給事中張鼎思言繼光不宜於北，當國者遽改之廣東。 繼光悒悒不得志，強一赴，逾年即謝病。 給事中張希皋等復劾之，竟罷歸。 居三年，御史傅光宅疏薦，反奪俸。 繼光亦遂卒。
Half a year after Zhang Juzheng's death, Supervising Secretary Zhang Dingsi declared Jiguang unfit for the north and the court moved him to Guangdong. Depressed and thwarted, Jiguang went south once, then asked to retire within a year. Supervising Secretaries Zhang Xigao and others impeached him again and he was dismissed home. Three years later Censor Fu Guangzhu recommended him and was himself fined. Jiguang died soon afterward.
52
繼光更歷南北，並著聲。 在南方戰功特盛，北則專主守。 所著《紀效新書》、《練兵紀實》，談兵者遵用焉。
Jiguang served north and south and won fame in both. In the south his victories were greatest; in the north he focused on defense. His "New Treatise on Effective Discipline" and "Record of Military Training" became standard military texts.
53
弟繼美
Younger brother: Jimei
54
弟繼美，亦為貴州總兵官。
His younger brother Jimei also became regional commander of Guizhou.
55
附硃先
Appendix: Zhu Xian
56
有硃先者，嘉興人。 當繼光時，為薊鎮南兵營參將，遷副總兵。 後數為廣東、福建總兵官。
Zhu Xian was a native of Jiaxing. Under Jiguang he was vice general of the southern battalion at Jizhou and rose to deputy regional commander. He later served repeatedly as regional commander of Guangdong and Fujian.
57
初起家武舉，募海濱鹽徒為一軍。 自胡宗憲為御史至總督，皆倚任。 先大小數十戰，皆先登，殺倭甚眾。 以功授都司。
He began as a military licentiate and recruited salt smugglers along the coast into a private army. From censor onward Hu Zongxian relied on him throughout. In dozens of battles Zhu Xian always led the climb and killed many Japanese raiders. For merit he was made a regional commander.
58
宗憲被逮，先解官護行。 宗憲釋還，先乃歸。 御史按福建，巡撫王詢侵軍費，檄先證之。 先曰：「先，王公部將也，不敢誣府主。」 御史怒，坐先萬金，論死系獄，閱八年始白。 萬曆初，用薦起圜山把總。 歷登閫帥，以年老謝事歸。 復起，辭不赴。
When Zongxian was arrested Zhu Xian resigned to escort him. After Zongxian was freed Zhu Xian went home. A censor auditing Fujian found Grand Coordinator Wang Xun had embezzled funds and ordered Zhu Xian to testify. Zhu Xian replied: "I am General Wang's subordinate and will not falsely accuse my commander. The censor fined him ten thousand taels, condemned him to death, and held him eight years before he was cleared. Early in Wanli he was restored as commander of Yuan Shan battalion. He rose to high command and retired in old age. Recalled once more, he declined to serve.
59
先為將有膽智，砥節首公。 其處宗憲、詢二事，時論以為有國士風。
Zhu Xian was brave, shrewd, and incorruptibly devoted to duty. His loyalty to Hu Zongxian and refusal to frame Wang Xun won him praise as a man of noble character.
60
劉顯，南昌人。 生而膂力絕倫，稍通文義。 家貧落魄，之叢祠欲自經，神護之不死。 間行入蜀，為童子師。 已，冒籍為武生。 嘉靖三十四年，宜賓苗亂，巡撫張臬討之。 顯從軍陷陣，手格殺五十餘人，擒首惡三人。 諸軍繼進，賊盡平。 顯由是知名。 官副千戶，輸貲為指揮僉事。
Liu Xian was a native of Nanchang. He was born with extraordinary strength and had some literary education. Destitute, he went to a roadside shrine to hang himself but was somehow spared. He slipped into Sichuan and taught schoolboys. He then enrolled under false credentials as a military student. In Jiajing 34 the Yibin Miao rebelled and Grand Coordinator Zhang Nie marched against them. Xian charged into the enemy ranks, killed more than fifty men by hand, and captured three chieftains. The main force followed and the rebellion was crushed. Xian won fame from this exploit. He rose to vice chiliarch and bought promotion to vice commandant.
61
南京振武營初設，用兵部尚書張鏊薦，召令訓練。 擢署都指揮僉事，僉書浙江都司。 遷參將，分守蘇、松。 倭犯江北，逼泗州，鏊檄顯防浦口。 顯測賊將遁，追擊至安東。 方暑，披單衣，率四騎誘賊，伏精甲岡下。 賊出，斬一人。 所乘馬中矢，下拔其鏃，射殺追者。 誘至岡下，大敗之去。 賊出所俘女子蠱將士。 顯悉送有司。 明日伺賊出，潛毀其舟。 賊敗走舟，舟已焚，死者無算。 顯進秩三等。 尋遷副總兵，協守江、浙。
When Nanjing's Zhenwu camp was formed, Zhang Ao recommended him to drill the troops. He was promoted to acting vice commissioner and secretary of the Zhejiang regional command. He became vice general with charge of Suzhou and Songjiang. When pirates raided north of the Yangtze toward Sizhou, Ao ordered Xian to hold Pukou. Xian guessed the enemy would flee and pursued them to Andong. In midsummer heat he rode out in a thin shirt with four men to bait the enemy while elite troops waited below a hill. When pirates appeared he cut one down. His horse was hit; he pulled out the arrow, remounted, and killed a pursuer. He drew them to the ambush and routed them. The pirates paraded captured women to distract the troops. Xian sent every one of them to the civil authorities. The next day, when the enemy sallied out, he secretly burned their boats. They fled to the shore but their boats were ashes; countless drowned or burned. Xian received a three-rank promotion. He was soon made deputy regional commander for Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
62
三沙倭復劫江北，被圍於劉家庄。 顯以銳卒數千至，巡撫李遂令盡護江北軍。 顯率所部直入，諸營繼之，自辰迄酉，賊巢破，逐北至白駒場、茅花墩，斬首六百有奇，賊盡殄。 而遂謂賊由三沙來，實盧鏜及顯罪。 顯坐停俸。 已，應天巡撫翁大立薦顯驍勇，請久任，帝可之。 振武營兵變後，諸將務姑息，兵益驕。 給事中魏元吉薦顯署都督僉事，節制其軍。 顯挈蜀卒五百人往，一軍貼然。 閩賊流入江西，大掠石城、臨州、東鄉、金溪，殺吏民萬計。 詔顯赴剿，擊敗之陽湖，賊乃遁。
Sansha pirates raided the north again and were trapped at Liujiazhuang. Xian arrived with several thousand crack troops; Grand Coordinator Li Sui put all northern forces under his command. Xian led the charge from morning until evening, broke the nest, and pursued to Baiju Field and Maohuadun, taking more than 600 heads and wiping out the force. Yet Li Sui blamed Lu Zhen and Xian, claiming the pirates had come from Sansha. Xian was stripped of pay. Later Grand Coordinator Weng Dali praised Xian's valor and secured his long tenure. After the Zhenwu mutiny other commanders indulged the troops and discipline collapsed. Supervising Secretary Wei Yuanji recommended Xian as acting vice commissioner to restore order. He took five hundred Sichuan veterans and brought the camp under control. Fujian raiders spilled into Jiangxi, looting Shicheng, Linzhou, Dongxiang, and Jinxi and killing tens of thousands. The court ordered Xian to pursue them; he defeated them at Yanghu and they fled.
63
四十一年五月，廣東賊大起。 詔顯充總兵官鎮守。 會福建倭患棘，顯赴援。 與參將戚繼光連破賊，賊略盡。 而新倭大至，攻陷興化城。 顯以兵少，逼城未敢戰，被劾，戴罪。 賊以間攻據平海衛。 他倭劫福清，謀與平海倭合。 顯及俞大猷合於遮浪，盡殲之。 平海倭欲遁，為把總許朝光所邀敗。 乃盡焚其舟，退還舊屯。 戚繼光亦至，顯與大猷共助擊之，遂復興化。 錄功，進先所廕世職二秩。 江北倭未平，廷議設總兵官於狼山，統制大江南北，改顯任之。 顯行部通州，以敕書許節制知府以下，而同知王汝言不為禮，劾奏，鐫其秩。 已，移鎮浙江。
In the fifth month of year 41 Guangdong erupted in rebellion. Xian was appointed regional commander of Guangdong. When Fujian's pirate crisis peaked he rushed to help. With Vice General Qi Jiguang he broke the enemy again and again until little remained. Fresh pirates then seized Xinghua city. With too few men he camped outside the walls and was impeached and penalized. The enemy exploited the delay and took Pinghai Guard. Other pirates looted Fuqing, planning to link up with the Pinghai force. Xian and Yu Dayou joined at Zhelang and destroyed them. The Pinghai pirates tried to escape but Battalion Commander Xu Chaoguang cut them off. They burned every ship and fell back to their old camp. When Qi Jiguang arrived, Xian and Dayou helped him retake Xinghua. For the victory his hereditary rank rose two steps. With pirates still active north of the Yangtze the court created a Langshan command; Xian was transferred there. Inspecting Tongzhou, Xian punished Assistant Prefect Wang Runyan for disrespect and had his rank reduced. He was then moved to Zhejiang.
64
顯有將略，居官不守法度。 巡按御史劾之，革任候勘。 用巡撫劉幾薦，命充為事官，鎮守如故。 隆慶改元，以軍政拾遺被劾，貶秩視事。 用巡撫谷中虛薦，還故官，移鎮貴州。 廣西儂賊者念父子僭稱王，攻剽安順。 巡撫阮文中檄顯剿，俘斬五百餘人。 四川巡撫會省吾議征都掌蠻，令顯移鎮其地。 復被劾罷，省吾奏留之。
Xian was a skilled tactician but a lawless administrator. A touring censor impeached him and he was suspended pending investigation. Grand Coordinator Liu Ji restored him as an officer under penalty with the same command. At the start of Longqing he was demoted for military irregularities but kept on duty. Recommended by Grand Coordinator Gu Zhongxu, he recovered rank and was posted to Guizhou. In Guangxi the Nian father-and-son chieftains styled themselves kings and raided Anshun. Grand Coordinator Ruan Wenzhong sent Xian against them; he killed or captured more than 500. Sichuan Grand Coordinator Hui Shengwu planned a campaign against the Duzhang tribes and moved Xian there. He was impeached again but Shengwu persuaded the court to keep him.
65
都掌蠻者，居敘州戎縣，介高、珙、筠連、長寧、江安、納溪六縣間，古滬戎也。 成化初為亂，程信討平之。 正德中，普法惡復為亂，馬昊討平之。 至是，其酋阿大、阿二、方三等據九絲山，剽遠近。 其山修廣，而四隅峭仄。 東北則雞冠嶺、都都寨、凌霄峰三岡，峻壁數千仞。 有阿苟者，居凌霄峰，為賊耳目，威儀出入如王者。 省吾議討之，屬顯軍事。 起故將郭成、安大朝為佐，調諸土兵，合官軍凡十四萬人。 萬厲改元三月，畢集敘州，誘執阿苟，攻拔凌霄，進逼都都寨。 三酋遣其黨阿墨固守。 官軍頓匝月，鑿灘以通漕，擊斬阿墨，拔其寨。 阿大自守雞冠。 顯令人誘以官，而分五哨盡壁九絲城下。 乘無備，夜半腰糹亙上，斬關入。 遲明，諸將畢至。 阿二、方三走保牡豬寨。 郭成破雞冠，獲阿大。 諸軍攻牡豬，擒方三。 阿二走，追獲於貴州大盤山。 克寨六十余，獲賊魁三十六，俘斬四千六百，拓地四百余里，得諸葛銅鼓九十三，銅鐵鍋各一。 阿大泣曰：「鼓聲宏者為上，可易千牛，次者七八百。 得鼓二三，便可僭號稱王。 鼓山顛，群蠻畢集，今已矣。」 鍋狀如鼎，大可函牛，刻畫有文彩。 相傳諸葛亮以鼓鎮蠻。 鼓失，則蠻運終矣。 錄功，進顯都督同知。 已而剿餘孽，復俘斬千一百有奇。
The Duzhang tribes lived in Rong county of Xuzhou among six neighboring counties—the ancient Lu Rong region. They rebelled early in Chenghua and Cheng Xin suppressed them. Under Zhengde chieftain Pufa'e rebelled again and Ma Hao put him down. Now chieftains Ada, A'er, and Fang San held Mount Jiusi and raided the countryside. The mountain was broad on top with sheer cliffs on every side. To the northeast rose Jiguan Ridge, Dudu Stockade, and Lingxiao Peak, cliffs thousands of ren high. A chieftain named Agou on Lingxiao Peak served as their lookout and lived like a king. Shengwu planned the campaign and gave Xian military command. He recalled Guo Cheng and An Dachao, mobilized native allies, and gathered 140,000 troops. In the third month of Wanli 1 the army assembled at Xuzhou, seized Agou by ruse, took Lingxiao, and closed on Dudu Stockade. The three chieftains sent Amo to hold the stockade. Government troops besieged it a month, cut supply channels, killed Amo, and took the stockade. Ada himself held Jiguan Ridge. Xian offered Ada an official title as bait while five columns encircled Jiusi. At midnight his men scaled the cliffs with ropes, cut the gate, and broke in. By dawn the other generals had arrived. A'er and Fang San fled to Muzhu Stockade. Guo Cheng took Jiguan and captured Ada. The army stormed Muzhu and captured Fang San. A'er fled but was caught on Dapan Mountain in Guizhou. They took sixty-odd camps, thirty-six chieftains, 4,600 heads, and four hundred li of land, plus ninety-three Zhuge war drums and bronze cauldrons. Ada wept: "The loudest drum is worth a thousand oxen, the next seven or eight hundred. With two or three drums a man could proclaim himself king. When the drum mountain falls the tribes gather—and now all is lost. The cauldron was ding-shaped, large enough to hold an ox and richly decorated. Tradition said Zhuge Liang had used the drums to subdue the tribes. When the drums were lost, tribal power was finished. For the victory Xian was promoted to vice chief commandant. Mopping up afterward he took another 1,100 heads.
66
都掌蠻既滅，顯引疾求去，而以有司阻撓為言。 詔聽顯節制，顯益行其志。 擊西川番沒舌、丟骨、人荒諸砦，斬其首惡，撫余眾而還。 建昌傀廈、洗馬諸番，咸獻首惡。 西陲以寧。 九年冬卒官。 子綎，自有傳。
After the Duzhang campaign Xian asked to retire, complaining that local officials obstructed him. The court granted him broader authority and he ruled as he pleased. He struck Moshe, Diugu, and Renhuang, killed chieftains, pacified the rest, and withdrew. Tribes at Jianchang Kui'sha and Xima surrendered their chiefs. The western frontier was quieted. He died in office in the winter of year 9. His son Cheng has a separate biography.
67
附郭成
Appendix: Guo Cheng
68
萬曆改元，命劉顯大征，詔成充為事官，為之副。 先登九絲山，生縶阿大。 初，成父為蠻殺，乃以所斬首級及生擒諸蠻置父墓前，剖心致祭，鄉人壯之。 尋僉書南京後府，出為貴州總兵官，鎮守銅仁。 成有膽智。 每苗出掠，潛遺壯士入其砦，斬馘而出。 嘗挺身入林箐察賊。 苗一日數驚，曰：「郭將軍至矣。」 相戒莫敢犯。 復被劾，罷歸。
At the start of Wanli Liu Xian launched the great campaign; Guo Cheng was appointed his deputy under penalty. He was first up Mount Jiusi and took Ada alive. His father had been killed by the tribes; Cheng placed captured heads and prisoners at the tomb, cut out their hearts as offerings, and neighbors praised his filial vengeance. He later served as secretary of the Nanjing rear office and then as regional commander of Guizhou at Tongren. Guo Cheng was bold and resourceful. Whenever the Miao raided he sent men into their stockades to take heads and escape. He once walked alone into the jungle to scout the enemy. The Miao panicked daily, saying, "General Guo is here. They warned one another and dared not raid. Impeached again, he was dismissed home.
69
起四川總兵官。 永寧宣撫奢效忠卒，其妻奢世統無子，妾奢世續子崇周幼。 前總兵劉顯因命世續署宣撫印。 世統怒，攻奪其落紅寨。 世續奔永寧。 成遣義兒郭天心偕指揮禹嘉績按問。 天心遂據世續永寧私第，罄取其資，而成亦入落紅，盡掠奢氏九世之積。 效忠弟沙卜遂拒殺裨將三人，執天心等。 撫、按交章劾成，下吏，遣戍雲南。 會有松茂之役，薦從軍。 成乃將七千人，直抵黃沙。 屢破賊，與總兵官李應祥盡平河東西諸巢，以功授參將。 復偕應詳大破膩乃諸賊，增世職二級。 膩乃黨楊九乍復出為亂，成討平之。 火落赤擾西寧，四川巡撫李尚思以地近松潘，檄成軍鬆林，游擊萬鏊軍漳臘。 寇不敢逼，西陲獲安。 楊應龍叛，成進討，無功，戴罪辦理。 尋卒於官。
He was recalled as regional commander of Sichuan. When Yongning Pacification Commissioner She Xiaozhong died, his wife She Shitong had no son and concubine She Shixu's son Chongzhou was still a child. Former Regional Commander Liu Xian had Shixu hold the pacification seal. Shitong rebelled and seized Luohong Stockade. Shixu fled to Yongning. Cheng sent his adopted son Guo Tianxin and Commander Yu Jiaji to investigate. Tianxin seized Shixu's house and wealth in Yongning while Cheng looted nine generations of She family treasure at Luohong. Xiaozhong's brother Shabu killed three officers and captured Tianxin. Frontier officials impeached Cheng; he was tried and exiled to Yunnan. When the Songmao campaign began he was recommended for service. He led seven thousand men straight to Huangsha. He won repeated victories and with Regional Commander Li Yingxiang cleared both banks of the river, earning promotion to vice general. With Yingxiang he crushed the Ninai rebels and gained two steps in hereditary rank. Yang Jiuzha of the Ninai faction rebelled again; Cheng suppressed him. When Huoluo Chi threatened Xining, Grand Coordinator Li Shangsi posted Cheng at Songlin and Wan Mao at Zhangla. The enemy did not press further and the west was calmed. When Yang Yinglong rebelled Cheng attacked without success and served under penalty. He soon died in office.
70
海寇曾一本橫行閩、廣間，俞大猷將赴廣西，總督劉燾令會閩師夾擊。 一本至閩，錫出海稟之，與大猷遇賊柘林澳，三戰皆捷。 賊遁馬耳澳復戰。 會廣東總兵官郭成率參將王詔等以師會，次菜蕪澳，分三哨進。 一本駕大舟力戰，諸將連破之，毀其舟。 詔生擒一本及其妻，斬首七百余，死水火者萬計。 時廣寇惟一本最強，錫、大猷、成共平之，而錫功最鉅。 其後一本余黨梁本豪復亂，為黃應甲所擒，然視錫時力較易。 錫論功，加署都督同知。 倭入寇，擊卻之。
The pirate Zeng Yiben raided Fujian and Guangdong; as Yu Dayou prepared to leave for Guangxi, Governor-General Liu Tao ordered a joint Fujian strike. Yiben reached Fujian; Li Xi put to sea and with Dayou fought three victories at Zhelinao. The pirates fled to Ma'er Ao and fought again. Guangdong Regional Commander Guo Cheng and Vice General Wang Zhao joined at Caiwu Ao and advanced in three columns. Yiben fought from a large ship; the allied commanders broke his fleet and burned his boats. The court wanted Yiben alive; more than 700 heads were taken and tens of thousands drowned or burned. Yiben was Guangdong's strongest pirate; Xi, Dayou, and Cheng together destroyed him, but Xi won the greatest credit. Later Yiben's follower Liang Benhao rebelled and was taken by Huang Yingjia—a lesser foe than Yiben. Li Xi was promoted to acting vice chief commandant for the victory. When Japanese raiders struck he drove them back.
71
六年春，以征蠻將軍代大猷鎮廣西平樂。 府江者，桂林抵梧州驛道也。 南北亙五百里，兩岸崇山深箐，賊巢盤互。 自嘉靖間張岳破平後，至是復猖獗。 嘗執知州邀重賄。 道路梗塞，城門晝閉。 大猷議討之，會罷官去。 巡撫郭應聘與錫計，征兵六萬，令參將錢鳳翔、王世科，都指揮王承恩、董龍各將一軍，以副使鄭茂、金柱，僉事夏道南監之，錫居中節制。 破賊巢數十，斬馘五千有奇，僮酋楊錢甫等悉授首。 錄功，進世職二等。
In the spring of year 6 he replaced Dayou as barbarian-campaigning general at Pingle in Guangxi. The Fujiang route linked Guilin and Wuzhou. For five hundred li steep mountains lined both banks and rebel camps dotted the gorge. Zhang Yue had pacified them in Jiajing; they had risen again. They once kidnapped a prefect and demanded ransom. Travel halted and city gates stayed shut by day. Dayou planned to attack them but was dismissed before he could. Grand Coordinator Guo Yingpin and Xi raised sixty thousand men under Qian Fengxiang, Wang Shike, Wang Chengen, and Dong Long with Xi in overall command. They stormed dozens of camps, took more than 5,000 heads, and chieftains including Yang Qianfu submitted. Xi gained two steps in hereditary rank.
72
柳州懷遠，瑤、僮、伶、侗環居之，瑤尤獷悍。 侵據縣治久，吏民率寓郡城。 隆慶時大征古田，諸瑤懼而聽命。 知縣馬希武之官，繕城塹，程役過嚴，諸瑤殺希武及經歷等五人，復反。 巡撫應聘與總督殷正茂議征之。 萬曆元年正月，錫進次長安鎮。 會連雨雪，乃退師。 益征浙東鳥銃手、湖廣永順鉤刀手及狼兵十萬人，令參將鳳翔、世科，都指揮楊照、戚繼美，故參將亦孔昭、魯國賢，六道併進，監以副使沈子木。 錫自統水師，次羅江，獨當其沖。 時賊屯板江大洲，累石樹柵，潛以舟來襲。 錫伏舟敗之，水陸併進。 會鳳翔等亦至，賊悉舟西遁。 追擊，連破數巢。 賊據楓木大山，前阻堤澗，鼓噪出。 諸軍奮擊，而別以奇兵繞其後。 賊大奔，保天鵝嶺。 錫以水軍截潯江，督諸將攻斬渠魁二人。 乘勝復破數巢，直抵清州界。 賊奔大巢，亙數里，崖壁峭絕，為重柵拒官軍，鏢弩矢石雨下。 婦人裸體揚箕，擲牛羊犬首為厭勝。 諸軍大呼直上，四面舉火，賊盡殲。 先後破巢一百四十，獻馘三千五百有奇，俘獲撫降者無算。
At Liuzhou Huaiyuan Yao, Zhuang, Ling, and Dong peoples lived together; the Yao were fiercest. They had held the county seat so long that officials lived in the prefectural city. After the Longqing campaign against Gutian the Yao submitted. Magistrate Ma Xiwu overworked the people repairing walls; the Yao killed him and five officials and rebelled. Grand Coordinator Yingpin and Governor-General Yin Zhengmao planned a punitive campaign. In the first month of Wanli 1 Xi advanced to Chang'an town. Continuous rain forced a withdrawal. He raised a hundred thousand arquebusiers, hook-blade men, and Lang troops under six columns supervised by Shen Zimu. Xi himself led the fleet at Luojiang on the main axis. The rebels fortified Banjiang Great Isle and tried a secret boat attack. Xi ambushed their boats and pressed the attack by land and water. When Fengxiang arrived the enemy fled west by boat. Pursuit broke camp after camp. They made a stand on Maple Wood Mountain behind ditches and rushed out shouting. Government troops charged while a flanking force circled behind. The rebels broke and fled to Swan Ridge. Xi's fleet blocked the Xun River while generals killed two chieftains. Pressing on he cleared several more camps to the Qingzhou border. They held a vast cliff camp behind heavy palisades under a rain of poisoned bolts and stones. Women stripped and waved baskets, hurling animal heads as charms. Troops stormed from every side with fire and wiped out the camp. They took 140 camps and 3,500 heads; captives and surrenders were countless.
73
永福、永寧、柳城並以賊告，洛容僮又殺典史。 錫令王瑞討永寧，楊照討柳城，參將門崇文討永福，亦孔昭討洛容，己帥舟師屯理定江，節制諸軍。 甫二旬，四道並捷。 斬首四千五百有奇，洛容賊首陶浪金等俱伏誅。 錫以功進秩二等。 巡按御史唐鍊言錫一年內破賊二百一十四巢，獲首功一萬二千余級，宜久其任。 帝可之。 尋從凌雲翼大破羅旁賊，授世廕百戶。 六年，卒官。
Revolts broke out at Yongfu, Yongning, Liucheng, and Luorong. Xi sent Wang Rui, Yang Zhao, Men Chongwen, and Yi Kongzhao on four fronts while he held the river line. Within twenty days all four columns won. They took 4,500 heads; Luorong chieftain Tao Langjin and others were executed. Xi received a two-rank promotion. Touring Censor Tang Lian urged the court to keep Xi after 214 camps and 12,000 heads in one year. The emperor agreed. He later joined Ling Yunyi in crushing the Luopang rebels and gained a hereditary chiliarchship. He died in office in year 6.
74
附黃應甲
Appendix: Huang Yingjia
75
黃應甲者，不知何許人。 隆慶中，以潯梧左參將從俞大猷討平韋銀豹，進秩二等。 萬曆五年屢遷浙江總兵官。 改鎮廣東。 龍川鮑時秀者，妻杜氏，有妖術。 乃據義都緱嶺，立二十四方大總，自號無敵峒王，既降復反。 應甲討平之。 醿戶蘇觀陛、周才雄招亡命數千人，縱掠雷、廉間，殺斷州千戶田治。 應甲率五軍併進，生擒觀陛、才雄，斬首四百余級，其黨縛酋長陳泉以降。
Huang Yingjia's origins are unrecorded. In Longqing, as left vice general at Xunwu he followed Dayou against Wei Yinbao and rose two ranks. By Wanli 5 he had become regional commander of Zhejiang. He was transferred to Guangdong. At Longchuan, Bao Shixiu's wife Du Shi was said to wield sorcery. He seized Gouling in Yidu, styled himself Cave King, submitted, then rebelled again. Huang Yingjia suppressed him. Distillery workers Su Guanlong and Zhou Caixiong recruited thousands of outlaws, raided Leizhou and Lianzhou, and killed Chiliarch Tian Zhi. Huang Yingjia advanced in five columns, captured Guanlong and Caixiong alive, took 400 heads, and accepted Chen Quan's surrender.
76
未幾，梁本豪亂。 本豪，故曾一本黨，亦醿戶也。 一本誅，竄海中，習水戰，遠通西洋。 且結倭兵為助，殺千戶，掠通判以去。 十年六月，總督陳瑞與應甲謀，分水軍二，南駐老萬山備倭，東駐虎門備醿，別以兩軍備外海，兩軍扼要害。 水軍沈醿舟二十，生禽本豪。 諸軍競進，大破之石茅洲。 賊復奔潭洲沙灣，聚舟二百，及倭舟十，相掎角。 諸將合追，先後俘斬千六百有奇，沈其舟二百余，撫降者二千五百。 帝為告郊廟，大行敘賚，應甲等進秩有差。 他倭寇瓊崖，應甲斬首二百余，奪其舟。 再賜金。 旋入僉左軍府。 罷歸，卒。
Soon Liang Benhao rebelled. Benhao had been Zeng Yiben's follower and a distillery worker. After Yiben's death he fled to sea, mastered naval fighting, linked with Western traders and Japanese pirates, killed a chiliarch, and kidnapped an assistant prefect. In June of year 10 Governor-General Chen Rui and Huang Yingjia split the fleet to block pirates, distillers, and Japanese raiders. The fleet sank twenty distillery ships and captured Benhao alive. All columns then crushed the enemy at Shimaozhou. They regrouped at Tanzhou Shawan with two hundred boats and ten Japanese vessels. Allied pursuit took 1,600 heads, sank 200 boats, and accepted 2,500 surrenders. The emperor celebrated at the altars and promoted Huang Yingjia and others. Other pirates raided Qiongya; he took 200 heads and captured their ships. He received another grant of gold. He was soon made secretary of the left military commission. He was soon made secretary of the left military commission. He retired and died.
77
附尹鳳
Appendix: Yin Feng
78
尹鳳，字德輝，南京人。 錫總兵福建時部將也，世府軍後衛指揮同知。 鳳早孤。 讀書，嫻騎射。 嘉靖中舉武科，鄉、會試皆第一。 擢署都指揮僉事，備倭福建。 徙僉浙江都司，進福建參將。 倭陷福清、南安，連宗出海。 鳳邀擊，沈其七舟。 追至外洋，連戰滸嶼、東洛、七礁，擒斬二百人。 擊倭梅花洋，走之，追至橫山，擒斬二百六十。 大小凡十數戰，內地賴以稍寧。 改掌浙江都司，謝病歸。 隆慶初，以故官蒞福建，從錫平曾一本。 萬曆初，累官署都督僉事，提督京城巡捕。 未幾，謝事歸。
Yin Feng, styled Dehui, was a native of Nanjing. He had served under Li Xi in Fujian and inherited a vice command in the capital rear guard. Yin Feng was orphaned young. He studied the classics and mastered riding and archery. In Jiajing he topped both the provincial and metropolitan military examinations. He was made acting vice commissioner and posted against pirates in Fujian. He moved to the Zhejiang command and rose to Fujian vice general. Pirates seized Fuqing and Nan'an, burned the coast, and put to sea. Yin Feng intercepted them and sank seven ships. He pursued to open sea and fought at Huyu, Dongluo, and Qijiao, taking 200 heads. At Meihua Ocean he drove them off and at Hengshan took 260 heads. In dozens of engagements he brought the coast a measure of peace. He transferred to the Zhejiang command and retired for illness. Early in Longqing he returned to Fujian and helped Li Xi destroy Zeng Yiben. Early in Wanli he rose to acting vice commissioner supervising capital patrols. He soon retired again.
79
張元勛
Zhang Yuanxun
80
張元勛，字世臣，浙江太平人。 嗣世職為海門衛新河所百戶。 沈毅有謀。 值倭警，隸戚繼光麾下。 有功，進千戶。 從破橫嶼諸賊，屢進署都指揮僉事，充福建游擊將軍。 隆慶初，破倭福安，改南路參將。 從李錫破曾一本，進副總兵。
Zhang Yuanxun, styled Shichen, was from Taiping in Zhejiang. He inherited the chiliarchship at Xinhe Guard in Haimen. He was steady, resolute, and shrewd. When the pirate crisis broke out he served under Qi Jiguang. For merit he was promoted to chiliarch. After the Hengyu campaign he rose to acting vice commissioner and Fujian mobile commander. Early in Longqing he defeated pirates at Fu'an and became southern route vice general. He helped Li Xi destroy Zeng Yiben and became deputy regional commander.
81
五年春，擢署都督僉事，代郭成為總兵官，鎮守廣東。 惠州河源賊唐亞六、廣州從化賊萬尚欽、韶州英德賊張廷光劫掠郡縣，莫能制。 明年，元勛進剿。 斬馘六百有奇，亞六等授首，余黨悉平。 肇慶恩平十三村賊陳金鶯等，與鄰邑苔村三巢賊羅紹清、林翠蘭、譚權伯，藤峒、九逕十寨賊黃飛鶯、丘勝富、黃高暉、諸可行、黃朝富等，相煽為亂。 故事：兩粵惟大征得敘功，雕剿不敘，故諸將不樂雕剿。 總督殷正茂與元勛計，令雕剿得論功，諸軍爭奮。 正茂又密遣副將梁守愚、游擊王瑞等屯恩平，若常戍者，掩不備，斬翠蘭等，生擒紹清、權伯以獻。 其諸路雕剿者，效首功二千四百有奇，還被掠子女千三百餘人，生得金鶯，惟高暉等亡去。 元勛逐北至藤峒，又生獲勝富、可行、朝富等八十人。 部將鄧子龍等亦獲高暉、飛鶯。 三巢、十寨、十三村諸賊盡平，余悉就撫。
In the spring of year 5 he replaced Guo Cheng as acting vice commissioner and regional commander of Guangdong. Tang Yaliu in Heyuan, Wan Shangqin in Conghua, and Zhang Tingguang in Yingde looted the country beyond control. The next year Zhang Yuanxun marched against them. He took 600 heads; Yaliu and others were killed and the rest pacified. Chen Jin'ying of Enping, Luo Shaoqing's three nests, and ten stockades under Huang Feiying and others joined in revolt. Only major campaigns counted for honors in Guangdong and Guangxi, not small sweeps—so generals avoided them. Governor-General Yin Zhengmao and Zhang Yuanxun ruled that small sweeps would count; troops fought eagerly. Yin Zhengmao also sent Liang Shouyu and Wang Rui to raid Enping unexpectedly, killing Cuilan and capturing Shaoqing and Quanbo. Other columns reported 2,400 heads, recovered 1,300 captives, and took Jin'ying alive while Gaohui escaped. Zhang Yuanxun pursued to Tengdong and captured Shengfu, Kexing, Chaofu, and eighty others. Deng Zilong and others also captured Gaohui and Feiying. The three nests, ten stockades, and thirteen villages were cleared; the rest submitted.
82
惠、潮地相接，山險木深。 賊首藍一清、賴元爵與其黨馬祖冒、黃民太、曾廷鳳、黃鳴時、曾萬璋、李仲山、卓子望、葉景清、曾仕龍等各據險結砦，連地八百余里，黨數萬人。 正茂議大征。 會金鶯等已滅，諸賊頗懼。 廷鳳、萬璋並遣子入學，祖昌、景清亦佯乞降。 正茂知其詐，征兵四萬，令參將李誠立、沈思學、王詔，游擊王瑞等分將之，元勛居中節制，監司陳奎、唐九德、顧養謙、吳一介監其軍，數道併進。 賊敗，乃憑險自守。 官軍遍搜深箐邃谷間。 而元勛偕九德，追亡至南嶺。 一日夜馳至養謙所，擊破李坑，生得子望等。 明年破烏禽嶂。 仕龍阻高山，元勛佯飲酒高會，忽進兵擊擒之。 先後獲大賊首六十一人，次賊首六百餘人，破大小巢七百余所，擒斬一萬二千有奇。 帝為宣捷，告郊廟，進元勛署都督同知，世廕百戶。 元勛復討斬余賊千三百有奇，撫定降者。 巨寇皆靖。
Huizhou and Chaozhou shared rugged mountain country. Lan Yiqing, Lai Yuanjue, and chiefs such as Ma Zumao held fortified camps across eight hundred li with tens of thousands of followers. Yin Zhengmao planned a major campaign. With Jin'ying destroyed the mountain rebels grew fearful. Tingfeng and Wanzhang sent sons to school; others feigned surrender. Yin Zhengmao saw through the ruse, raised forty thousand men under Zhang Yuanxun with multiple supervising officials, and advanced on several axes. Beaten, the rebels held the high ground. Government troops combed every ravine. Zhang Yuanxun and Tang Jiude pursued fugitives to Nanling. In a day and a night they reached Yangqian's camp, broke Li Pit, and captured Ziwang alive. The next year they stormed Wuqinzhang. Shilong held a peak; Zhang Yuanxun feigned a feast then stormed the height and captured him. They took 61 major chiefs, 600 minor chiefs, 700 camps, and 12,000 heads. The court celebrated; Zhang Yuanxun rose to acting vice chief commandant with a hereditary chiliarchship. He mopped up another 1,300 rebels and settled surrendering bands. The major rebels were eliminated.
83
潮州賊林道乾之黨諸良寶既撫復叛，襲殺官軍，掠六百人入海。 再犯陽江，敗走。 乃據潮故巢，居高山巔，不出戰。 官軍營淤泥中。 副將李誠立挑戰，墜馬傷足，死者二百人。 賊出掠而敗，走巢固守。 元勛積草土與賊壘平，用火攻之，斬首千一百余級。 時萬曆二年三月也。 捷聞，進世廕一級。 遺孽魏朝義等四巢亦降。 尋與胡宗仁共平良寶黨林鳳。 惠、潮遂無賊。 其冬，倭陷銅鼓石、雙魚城。 元勛大破之儒峒，俘斬八百余級。 進秩為真。 五年，從總督凌雲翼大征羅旁賊，斬首萬六千余級。 進都督，改廕錦衣。 尋以疾致仕，卒於家。
Zhu Liangbao, follower of Lin Daogan, rebelled after submitting, killed troops, and carried six hundred captives to sea. He raided Yangjiang again but was beaten and fled. He reoccupied an old Chaozhou stronghold on a peak and refused battle. Government troops camped in swampy ground. Vice General Li Chengli challenged them, fell and injured his foot, and lost 200 men. The rebels sallied, were beaten, and retreated to the nest. Zhang Yuanxun built earthworks level with the walls and burned them out, taking 1,100 heads. This was the third month of Wanli 2. Victory brought a one-rank hereditary promotion. Survivors including Wei Chaoyi and four nests also surrendered. He then joined Hu Zongren in suppressing Lin Feng, Liangbao's follower. Huizhou and Chaozhou were finally clear. That winter pirates took Tonggu Shi and Shuangyu city. Zhang Yuanxun routed them at Rudong with 800 heads. His acting rank was confirmed as permanent. In year 5 he joined Ling Yunyi against the Luopang rebels and took 16,000 heads. He became chief commandant with hereditary rank in the Embroidered Uniform Guard. He retired ill and died at home.
84
元勛起小校。 大小百十戰，威名震嶺南。 與廣西李錫並稱良將。
Zhang Yuanxun had risen from the ranks. In more than 110 battles his fame shook Lingnan. He and Li Xi of Guangxi were hailed as the region's finest commanders.
85
贊曰：世宗朝，老成宿將以俞大猷為稱首，而數奇屢躓。 以內外諸臣攘敓，而掩遏其功者眾也。 戚繼光用兵，威名震寰宇。 然當張居正、譚綸任國事則成，厥後張鼎思、張希皋等居言路則廢。 任將之道，亦可知矣。 劉顯平蠻引疾，而以有司阻撓為辭，有以夫！ 李錫、張元勛首功甚盛，而不蒙殊賞，武功所由不競也。
The historians write: Under Emperor Shizong, Yu Dayou stood first among veteran generals, yet fate repeatedly thwarted him. Court factions grabbed credit and blocked his achievements at every turn. Qi Jiguang's martial fame shook the empire. Under Zhang Juzheng and Tan Lun he flourished; under Zhang Dingsi and Zhang Xigao he was cast aside. The lesson of how the court uses its generals is plain enough. Liu Xian pleaded illness after pacifying the tribes because local officials obstructed him—a telling complaint. Li Xi and Zhang Yuanxun won vast victories yet received no extraordinary honors—the empire undervalues martial merit.