Volume 247 Biographies 135: Liu Ting, Li Yingxiang, Chen Lin, Deng Zilong, Ma Kongying

劉綎〈（喬一琦）〉李應祥〈（童元鎮）〉陳璘〈（吳廣）〉鄧子龍馬孔英

Liu Ting (Qiao Yiqi)〉 Li Yingxiang (Tong Yuanzhen)〉 Chen Lin (Wu Guang)〉 Deng Zilong and Ma Kongying

劉綎，字省吾，都督顯子。勇敢有父風，用蔭為指揮使。

Liu Ting, courtesy name Shenwu, was the son of Commander Liu Xian. He was courageous and took after his father; through inherited privilege he became a garrison commander.

萬歷初，從顯討九絲蠻。先登，擒其酋阿大。以功遷雲南迤東守備，改南京小教場坐營。

Early in the Wanli era he accompanied his father on the expedition against the Nine Silk Miao. He led the assault and captured the rebel chieftain A Da. For this he was promoted to frontier guard of eastern Yunnan, then transferred to command the small training camp at Nanjing.

十年冬，緬甸犯永昌、騰越，巡撫劉世曾請濟師。明年春，擢綎遊擊將軍，署騰沖守備事。緬甸去雲南遠，自其酋莽瑞體以兵服諸番，勢遂強，數擾邊境。江西人嶽鳳者，商隴川，驍桀多智，為宣撫多士寧記室，士寧妻以妹。鳳誘士寧往見瑞體，潛與子曩烏鴆殺之，並殺其妻子，奪金牌印符，受瑞體偽命，代士寧為宣撫。瑞體死，子應裏嗣。鳳結耿馬賊罕虔、南甸土舍刀落參、芒市土舍放正堂，與應裏從父猛別、弟阿瓦等，各率象兵數十萬攻雷弄、盞達、幹崖、南甸、木邦、老姚、思甸諸處，殺掠無算。窺騰越、永昌、大理、蒙化、景東、鎮沅、元江。已，陷順寧，破盞達，又令曩烏引緬兵突猛淋。指揮吳繼勛等戰死。鄧川土官知州何鈺，鳳僚婿也，使使招之，鳳縶獻應裏。

In the winter of Wanli year 10, Burmese forces raided Yongchang and Tengyue, and Grand Coordinator Liu Shizeng asked the court for troops. The following spring he was promoted to mobile corps general and placed in acting command of the Tengchong defense. Burma was distant from the heart of Yunnan, but after the chieftain Mang Ruiti had conquered the surrounding tribes by force, Burmese power grew and border raids became frequent. A Jiangxi trader named Yue Feng did business in Longchuan. Bold and shrewd, he became secretary to Pacification Commissioner Duo Shinning, who married him to his younger sister. Feng induced Shinning to visit Ruiti, then conspired with his son Nang Wu to poison him, murdering his family as well. He seized the gold tablet and seal, took a forged appointment from Ruiti, and installed himself as pacification commissioner in Shinning's place. After Ruiti died, his son Yingli succeeded to the chieftainship. Feng joined forces with the Gengma rebel Han Qian, the Nandian native officer Dao Luocan, the Mangshi native officer Fang Zhengtang, Yingli's uncle Mengbie, his brother Awa, and others. Each led vast elephant armies—tens of thousands strong—against Leilong, Zhanda, Ganyai, Nandian, Mubang, Laoyao, Sidian, and other districts, slaughtering and looting without measure. They threatened Tengyue, Yongchang, Dali, Menghua, Jingdong, Zhenyuan, and Yuanjiang. Before long they captured Shunning and overran Zhanda; Feng then sent Nang Wu to lead Burmese troops in a raid on Menglin. Commander Wu Jixun and others were killed in the fighting. He Yu, the native magistrate of Dengchuan and Feng's son-in-law by marriage, sent envoys to win him over, but Feng seized him and handed him over to Yingli.

當是時，車裏、八百、孟養、木邦、孟艮、孟密、蠻莫皆以兵助賊，賊勢益盛。黔國公沐昌祚聞警，移駐洱海，巡撫劉世曾亦移楚雄。大征漢土軍數萬，令參政趙睿壁蒙化，副使胡心得壁騰沖，陸通霄壁趙州，僉事楊際熙壁永昌，與監軍副使傅寵、姜忻督參將胡大賓等分道進擊。大小十余戰，積級千六百有奇，猛別、落參皆殪。參將鄧子龍擊斬罕虔於姚關。應裏趣鳳東寇姚關，北據灣甸、芒市。會綎至軍，軍大振。鳳懼，乃令妻子及部曲來降，綎責令獻金牌印符及蠻莫、孟密地。乃以送鳳妻子還隴川為名，分兵趨沙木籠山，據其險，而己馳入隴川境。鳳度四面皆兵，遂詣軍門降。綎復率兵進緬，緬將先遁，留少兵隴川。綎攻之，鳳子曩烏亦降。綎乃攜鳳父子往攻蠻莫，乘勝掩擊。賊窘，縛緬人及象馬來獻，蠻莫平。遂招撫孟養賊，賊將乘象走，追獲之。復移師圍孟璉，生擒其魁。

By then Cheli, Babai, Mengyang, Mubang, Menggen, Mengmi, and Manmo had all sent troops to aid the rebels, and rebel power swelled. On hearing the alarm, the Duke of Qian, Mu Changzuo, moved his headquarters to Erhai Lake, and Grand Coordinator Liu Shizeng relocated to Chuxiong. Tens of thousands of regular and native troops were mobilized. Vice Commissioner Zhao Rui encamped at Menghua, Vice Commissioner Hu Xinde at Tengchong, Lu Tongxiao at Zhao Prefecture, and Commissioner Yang Jixi at Yongchang. Supervising vice commissioners Fu Chong and Jiang Xin directed brigade generals including Hu Dabin to strike along several routes. After more than ten engagements they had taken over sixteen hundred heads; Mengbie and Luocan were both slain. Brigade General Deng Zilong attacked and killed Han Qian at Yaoguan. Yingli pressed Feng to raid Yaoguan in the east and seize Wandian and Mangshi in the north. When Ting joined the army, morale soared. Feng grew afraid and sent his family and followers to surrender. Ting demanded the gold tablet, seal, and the territories of Manmo and Mengmi. Under the pretext of escorting Feng's family back to Longchuan, he sent detachments to seize the passes on Mount Shamulong while he himself rode swiftly into Longchuan. Seeing himself surrounded on all sides, Feng went to headquarters and surrendered. Ting advanced again into Burma. The Burmese commanders fled first, leaving only a small garrison in Longchuan. Ting attacked them, and Feng's son Nang Wu surrendered as well. Ting then took Feng and his sons against Manmo and followed up with a surprise attack. Hard pressed, the rebels bound their Burmese allies and presented elephants and horses in surrender. Manmo was pacified. He then offered terms to the Mengyang rebels. One rebel leader fled on an elephant but was pursued and captured. He moved his forces to besiege Menglian and captured its leader alive.

雲南平，獻俘於朝。帝為告謝郊廟，受百官賀。大學士申時行以下，悉進官蔭子。綎亦進副總兵，予世蔭。乃改孟密安撫司為宣撫，增設安撫二，曰蠻莫，曰耿馬，長官司二，曰孟璉，曰孟養；千戶所二，一居姚關，一居猛淋。皆名之曰「鎮安」。命綎以副總兵署臨元參將，移鎮蠻莫。初，鳳降本以計誘，而巡撫世曾稱陣擒，遂行獻俘禮，敘功及閣部。

With Yunnan pacified, captives were presented at court. The emperor offered thanks at the suburban altars and received congratulations from the whole court. From Grand Secretary Shen Shixing downward, all the chief ministers were promoted and granted hereditary privileges for their sons. Ting was promoted to vice commander-in-chief and granted a hereditary privilege as well. The Mengmi Pacification Commission was elevated to a Pacification Superintendency; two new superintendencies were created at Manmo and Gengma, and two chieftaincies at Menglian and Mengyang. Two battalion offices were established, one at Yaoguan and one at Menglin. All were given the collective name "Pacifying the Frontier." Ting was ordered to serve as acting brigade general of Linyuan while holding the rank of vice commander-in-chief, and was transferred to garrison Manmo. Feng had in fact been lured into surrender by stratagem, but Grand Coordinator Shizeng reported a capture on the battlefield. The court therefore held the captive-presentation ceremony and rewarded the Grand Secretariat and ministries along with the field commanders.

未幾，緬人復大舉寇孟密。孟密兵戰敗，賊遂圍五章。把總高國春率五百人援，破賊數萬，連摧六營，為西南戰功第一，進官，世蔭副千戶。綎亦優敘。蠻莫設安撫，以土官思順有功，特授之。綎納其重賄，又縱部將謝世祿等淫虐，思順大怨。

Before long the Burmese invaded Mengmi again in great strength. The Mengmi garrison was defeated, and the rebels laid siege to Wuzhang. Battalion Commander Gao Guochun led five hundred men to the relief, routed a rebel force tens of thousands strong, and destroyed six camps in succession—the greatest feat of the southwest campaign. He was promoted and granted a hereditary vice battalion command for his son. Ting received a favorable merit citation as well. When the Manmo pacification post was created, the native officer Sishun was specially appointed to it in recognition of his service. Ting accepted heavy bribes from him and allowed subordinates such as Xie Shilu to abuse the population. Sishun came to hate him bitterly.

綎，將家子。父顯部曲多健兒，綎擁以自雄。征緬之役，勒兵金沙江，築將臺於王驥故址，威名甚盛。然性貪，禦下無法。兵還至騰沖，甲而噪，焚民居。綎在蠻莫，聞之馳至，犒以金錢，始定。思順恐禍及，叛歸莽酋。詔革綎任，以遊擊候調。

Ting came from a military family. His father Xian had kept many seasoned fighters in his service, and Ting relied on them to build his own power. During the Burma campaign he drew up his army on the Jinsha River and built a command platform on the old site used by Wang Ji. His fame was immense. Yet he was greedy by nature and ruled his men without discipline. On the march back to Tengchong his soldiers donned armor, rioted, and burned civilian homes. Ting was at Manmo. When he heard what had happened he rode there at once and quieted them with gold and cash. Fearing that disaster would overtake him, Sishun rebelled and went over to the Mang chieftain. An edict stripped him of his post and reduced him to mobile corps general awaiting reassignment.

無何，羅雄變起。羅雄者，曲靖屬州也，者氏世為知州。嘉靖時，者浚嗣職，殺營長而奪其妻，生子繼榮。浚年老無他子，繼榮得襲職，遂弒浚。妖僧王道、張道以繼榮有異相，奉為主。用符術練丁甲，煽聚徒黨，獨外弟隆有義不從。十三年冬，繼榮分黨四剽，廣西師宗、陸涼諸府州咸被患。巡撫劉世曾檄調漢土軍，屬監司程正誼、鄭璧等分禦之。會綎解官至沾益，世曾喜，令與裨將劉紹桂、萬鏊分道討。綎直搗繼榮寨，拔之，獲其妻妾數人，繼榮逸去。綎連克三砦，斬王道、張道，追亡至阿拜江。隆有義部卒斬繼榮首以獻，賊盡平。時首功止五十余級，而撫降者萬余人，論者稱其不妄殺。初，綎破繼榮，有論其私財物者，功不錄。世曾為辨誣，乃賜白金。尋用為廣西參將，移四川。

Before long rebellion broke out in Luoxiong. Luoxiong was a subprefecture under Qujing, where the Zhe clan had held the magistracy for generations. In the Jiajing reign Zhe Jun succeeded to office, murdered a company commander and took his wife, and fathered a son named Jirong. When Jun grew old and had no other heirs, Jirong succeeded to the post and then murdered his father. The sorcerer-monks Wang Dao and Zhang Dao, claiming that Jirong bore a prophetic countenance, set him up as their leader. They used talisman rites to drill the militia and stirred up a rebel following. Only his younger brother-in-law Long Youyi refused to join them. In the winter of year 13 Jirong sent four raiding bands abroad, and the Guangxi prefectures of Shizong, Luliang, and others were all ravaged. Grand Coordinator Liu Shizeng mobilized regular and native troops and assigned supervising officials Cheng Zhengyi, Zheng Bi, and others to meet the raids in separate sectors. Ting happened to reach Zhanyi while traveling after his dismissal. Shizeng was delighted and ordered him, together with lieutenant generals Liu Shaogui and Wan Ao, to suppress the rebels along separate routes. Ting drove straight at Jirong's stronghold, captured it, seized several of his wives and concubines, and Jirong himself escaped. He took three forts in succession, beheaded Wang Dao and Zhang Dao, and pursued the fugitives to the Abai River. One of Long Youyi's soldiers beheaded Jirong and presented his head. The rebellion was completely suppressed. Battle heads numbered only a little more than fifty, yet more than ten thousand rebels surrendered. Commentators praised him for not slaughtering indiscriminately. At first, after Ting defeated Jirong, some accused him of seizing private goods, and his merit went unrecorded. Shizeng cleared his name, and the court rewarded him with silver. He was soon appointed brigade general of Guangxi, then transferred to Sichuan.

二十年召授五軍三營參將。會朝鮮用師，綎請率川兵五千赴援，詔以副總兵從征。至則倭已棄王京遁，綎趨尚州烏嶺。嶺亙七十里，峭壁通一線，倭拒險。別將查大受、祖承訓等間道逾槐山，出烏嶺後。倭大驚，遂移駐釜山浦。綎及承訓等進屯大邱、忠州，以金羅水兵布釜山海口，朝鮮略定。未幾，倭遣小西飛納款，遂犯咸安、晉州，逼全羅。提督李如松急遣李平胡、查大受屯南原，祖承訓、李寧屯咸陽，綎屯陜川，扼之。倭果分犯，請將並有斬獲。倭乃從釜山移西生浦，送王子歸朝鮮。帝命撤如松大軍還，止留綎及遊擊吳惟忠合七千六百人，分扼要口。總督顧養謙力主盡撤，綎、惟忠亦先後還。

In year 20 he was summoned to court and appointed brigade general of the third camp of the Five Armies. When war broke out in Korea, Ting asked to lead five thousand Sichuan troops to the relief. An edict appointed him vice commander-in-chief on the expedition. By the time he arrived the Japanese had already abandoned Wangjing and fled. Ting pressed on to Wuling in Sang Prefecture. The ridge ran seventy li, with sheer cliffs leaving only a narrow pass. The Japanese held the heights. Lieutenant generals Zha Dashou, Zu Chengxun, and others took a hidden route over Huai Mountain and emerged behind Wuling. The Japanese were thrown into alarm and withdrew to Pusan harbor. Ting, Chengxun, and the others advanced to Daegu and Chungju, while Gyeongsang naval forces blockaded the mouth of Pusan harbor. Korea was largely restored to order. Before long the Japanese sent Konishi Yukinaga to negotiate, then struck Xian'an and Jinju and pressed into Jeolla. Commander-in-Chief Li Rusong urgently sent Li Pinghu and Zha Dashou to Naju, Zu Chengxun and Li Ning to Xianyang, and Ting to Sancheong to block the advance. The Japanese did divide their forces to attack, and the generals all scored kills and captures. The Japanese then withdrew from Pusan to Sacheon and returned the Korean princes. The emperor ordered Rusong's main army withdrawn, leaving only Ting and Mobile Corps General Wu Weizhong with seventy-six hundred men to hold the strategic passes. Grand Coordinator Gu Yangqian strongly urged a complete withdrawal, and Ting and Weizhong soon returned as well.

屬播酋楊應龍作亂，擢綎四川總兵官。綎戍朝鮮二年，勞甚，覬勘功優敘，乃賄御史宋興祖。興祖以聞，法當褫。部議綎功多，請盡革雲南所加功級，以副總兵鎮四川。尋以應龍輸款，而青海寇數擾邊，特設臨洮總兵官，移綎任之。

When the Bozhou chieftain Yang Yinglong rebelled, Ting was promoted to commander-in-chief of Sichuan. After two arduous years in Korea, Ting hoped for a favorable merit review and bribed Censor Song Xingzu. Xingzu reported the matter, and by law Ting should have been stripped of rank. The ministry ruled that his merits were considerable and recommended revoking all the ranks he had gained in Yunnan while leaving him as vice commander-in-chief in Sichuan. Soon afterward Yinglong offered surrender, but Qinghai raiders were repeatedly harassing the frontier. A special post of commander-in-chief of Lintao was created and Ting was transferred to it.

二十四年三月，火落赤、真相、昆都魯、歹成、他卜囊等掠番窺內地。綎部將周國柱等擊之莽剌川腦，斬首百三十有奇，獲馬牛雜畜二萬計。帝為告郊廟宣捷。綎等進秩予蔭有差。

In the third month of year 24, Huoluo Chi, Zhenxiang, Kundulu, Daicheng, Tabunang, and others raided Tibetan tribes and threatened the interior. Ting's subordinates Zhou Guozhu and others attacked them at Mangla River Head, taking more than one hundred thirty heads and capturing some twenty thousand horses, cattle, and other livestock. The emperor offered thanks at the suburban altars and proclaimed the victory. Ting and the others were promoted and granted hereditary privileges in varying degrees.

明年五月，朝鮮再用師。詔綎充禦倭總兵官，提督漢土兵赴討。又明年二月抵朝鮮，則楊鎬、李如梅已敗。經略邢玠乃分軍為三，中董一元，東麻貴，西則綎，而陳璘專將水兵。綎營水源。倭亦分三路，西行長據順天，壕砦深固。綎欲誘執之，遣使請與期會。使者三反，綎皆單騎俟道中。行長覘知之，乃信，期以八月朔定約。至期，綎部卒泄其謀，行長大驚，逸去。綎進攻失利。監軍參政王士琦怒，縛其中軍。綎懼，力戰破之，賊退不敢出。諸將三道進，綎挑戰破之，驅賊入大城。已，賊聞平秀吉死，將遁。綎夜半攻奪栗林、曳橋，斬獲多。石曼子引舟師救，陳璘邀擊之海中。行長遂棄順天，乘小艘遁。

In the fifth month of the following year the court sent troops to Korea again. An edict appointed Ting commander-in-chief against the Japanese pirates and ordered him to lead regular and native troops against them. He reached Korea in the second month of the following year, only to find that Yang Hao and Li Rumei had already been defeated. Commissioner Xing Jie divided the army into three wings: the center under Dong Yiyuan, the east under Ma Gui, the west under Ting, while Chen Lin commanded the fleet alone. Ting encamped at Suyuan. The Japanese also divided into three columns. Konishi Yukinaga held Suncheon in the west behind deep trenches and strong forts. Ting hoped to lure him into capture and sent envoys to request a parley. The envoys went back and forth three times, and each time Ting waited alone on horseback along the road. Konishi learned of this through reconnaissance, came to trust him, and agreed to meet on the first day of the eighth month. When the day came, one of Ting's soldiers leaked the plot. Konishi was alarmed and fled. Ting's assault failed. Supervising Vice Commissioner Wang Shiqi was furious and had his chief of staff bound. Alarmed, Ting fought fiercely and broke them. The enemy withdrew and dared not venture out again. The generals advanced on three routes. Ting challenged the enemy, defeated them, and drove them into the great city. Before long the enemy heard that Hideyoshi had died and prepared to flee. At midnight Ting stormed Kuribayashi and Yegyo, taking many heads and prisoners. Shimazu led a fleet to the relief, but Chen Lin intercepted and defeated them at sea. Konishi then abandoned Suncheon and fled in small boats.

班師，進綎都督同知，世蔭千戶。遂移師征楊應龍。會四川總兵官萬鏊罷，即以綎代之。時兵分八道，川居其四。川東又分為二，以綦江道最要，令綎當之。應龍熟綎才，頗懼，益兵守要害。二十八年正月，諸將克丁山、銅鼓、嚴村，遂直搗楠木、山羊、簡臺三峒。峒絕險，賊將穆照等眾數萬連營，諸將憚之。綎分兵攻其三面，大戰於李漢壩，生擒其魁，余賊奔入峒。乘勢克三關，直搗峒前，焚之，賊多死。盡克三峒，擒穆照及賊魁吳尚華。是日，綎督戰，左持金，右挺劍，大呼曰：「用命者賞，不用命者齒劍！」鬥死者四十人，遂大捷。應龍乃遣子朝棟、惟棟及其黨楊珠統銳卒數萬，由松坎、魚渡、羅古池三道並進。綎伏萬人羅古，待松坎賊；以萬人伏營外，待魚渡賊；而別以一軍策應。賊果至，伏盡起。綎率部下轉戰，斬首數百，追奔五十里。賊聚守石虎關，綎亦掘塹守。

On withdrawal Ting was promoted to vice commissioner of the chief military commission and granted a hereditary battalion command. He then turned his army against Yang Yinglong. When Sichuan commander-in-chief Wan Ao was dismissed, Ting replaced him. The army was divided into eight routes, four of them in Sichuan. Eastern Sichuan was split in two. The Qijiang route was the most critical, and Ting was assigned to it. Yinglong knew Ting's ability well and was deeply afraid. He reinforced the strategic passes. In the first month of year 28 the generals took Dingshan, Tonggu, and Yancun, then drove straight at the three stockades of Nanmu, Shanyang, and Jiantai. The stockades were extremely perilous. Rebel generals including Mu Zhao had tens of thousands in linked camps, and the other commanders hesitated. Ting divided his forces to attack on three sides and fought a great battle at Li Hanba. He captured the rebel leader alive, and the rest fled into the stockades. Pressing the advantage he took three passes, stormed the stockades, burned them, and killed many rebels. He captured all three stockades and took Mu Zhao and rebel leader Wu Shanghua alive. That day Ting directed the battle with gold in his left hand and a sword in his right, shouting: Those who fight shall be rewarded; those who refuse shall taste my blade! Forty men died in the fighting, but the victory was complete. Yinglong then sent his sons Chaodong and Weidong and his partisan Yang Zhu with tens of thousands of elite troops along the three routes of Songkan, Yudu, and Luogu Pool. Ting lay in ambush with ten thousand men at Luogu to await the Songkan column. He placed another ten thousand outside the camp to await the Yudu column. A third force was held in reserve to support them. The rebels arrived as expected, and every ambush sprang up at once. Ting led his men through successive engagements, taking several hundred heads and pursuing the fugitives fifty li. The rebels gathered at Shihu Pass, and Ting dug trenches and held his ground as well.

初，綎聞征播命，逗遛，多設難以要朝廷。言官交劾，議調南京右府僉書。綎至是聞之，即辭任。總督李化龍以平播非綎不可，固留之，力薦於朝。綎乃復受事，逾夜郎舊城，攻克賊滴淚、三坡、瓦窯坪、石虎諸隘，直抵婁山關。婁山萬峰插天，叢箐中一徑才數尺，賊設木關十三座，排柵置深坑，百險俱備。綎分奇兵為左右路，間道趨關後，而自督大軍仰攻，奪其關，追至永安莊，兩路軍亦會。綎老將持重，慮賊沖突，聯諸營：一據婁山關為老營，一據白石口為腰營，一據永安莊為前營。都指揮王芬者，勇而寡謀，每戰輒請為前鋒，連勝有輕敵心，獨營松門埡之沖，距大營數里。賊方有烏江之勝，謀再奪婁山。適穆照遣使泄芬孤軍狀，賊乃襲殺芬，守備陳大剛、天全招討楊愈亦死，失亡士卒二千人。綎聞，親率騎卒往救，部將周以德、周敦吉分兩翼夾攻，賊始大奔，追至養馬城而還。是日，應龍幾被獲，乃不敢窺婁山。綎懲前失，劄近關堅壁，且請濟師。逾十余日，克後水囤，營於冠子山。尋會馬孔英、吳廣諸軍，逼海龍囤下，與諸將共平賊，綎功為多。

When Ting first received orders to campaign against Bozhou, he lingered and raised many difficulties to extract concessions from the court. Censors impeached him in succession, and the court proposed transferring him to secretary of the right military commission at Nanjing. When Ting heard of this he resigned at once. Grand Coordinator Li Hualong insisted that Bozhou could not be pacified without Ting. He kept him in post and strongly recommended him at court. Ting resumed command, crossed the old Yelang city, took the rebel passes of Dilei, Sanpo, Wayao Plain, and Shihu, and drove straight to Loushan Pass. At Loushan ten thousand peaks pierced the sky. Through dense bamboo a path only a few feet wide wound upward. The rebels had built thirteen wooden barriers, palisades, and deep pits—every defense was in place. Ting sent elite detachments along hidden paths to the rear of the pass while he led the main army uphill. He seized the pass, pursued to Yong'an Manor, and the flank columns joined him there. The veteran Ting, fearing a rebel breakout, linked his camps: one at Loushan Pass as the rear camp, one at Baishi Pass as the center camp, and one at Yong'an Manor as the forward camp. Regional Commander Wang Fen was brave but rash. In every battle he asked to lead the vanguard. After successive victories he grew contemptuous of the enemy and encamped alone on the height of Songmenya, several li from the main camp. Fresh from their victory at Wujiang, the rebels planned to retake Loushan. Mu Zhao sent an envoy who revealed that Fen's army stood alone. The rebels surprised and killed him. Garrison Commander Chen Dagang and Tianquan Pacification Commissioner Yang Yu also died, and two thousand soldiers were lost. Hearing the news, Ting personally led cavalry to the relief. His subordinates Zhou Yide and Zhou Dunji attacked from both flanks, and the rebels fled in disorder. He pursued to Yangma City and withdrew. That day Yinglong was nearly captured and never again threatened Loushan. Chastened by the earlier loss, Ting fortified his camps near the pass and requested reinforcements. After more than ten days he took Houshuidun and encamped on Guanzi Mountain. He soon joined the armies of Ma Kongying, Wu Guang, and others, pressed Hai Longtun, and with the other generals pacified the rebels. Ting's contribution was the greatest.

初，李化龍薦綎，言官謂綎嘗納應龍賄，宜奪官從軍。部議謫為事官，戴罪辦賊。綎德化龍，使使賫玉帶一、黃金百、白金千投化龍家，為化龍父所叱。投巡按御史崔景榮家，亦如之。化龍、景榮並奏其事，詔革綎任，永不收錄，沒其物於官。已，錄平播功，進左都督，世蔭指揮使。

When Li Hualong first recommended Ting, censors said he had once accepted bribes from Yinglong and ought to be stripped of office and sent to serve in the ranks. The ministry ruled that he be reduced to an officer on probation and allowed to fight the rebels while under sentence. Grateful to Hualong, Ting sent envoys bearing a jade belt, one hundred taels of gold, and one thousand taels of silver to Hualong's house. Hualong's father drove them away. They went to Touring Censor Cui Jingrong's house and met the same rebuff. Hualong and Jingrong both reported the matter. An edict stripped Ting of office, barred him from future appointment, and confiscated the gifts for the state. Later, when the merit of pacifying Bozhou was recorded, he was promoted to left commander-in-chief and granted a hereditary garrison command.

三十六年，雲南阿克反，起綎討賊總兵官。未至，賊已平，寢前命。四十年，四川建昌倮亂，命綎為總兵官討之。偕參政王之機分八道督諸將攻，而己居中節制，克桐槽、沈渣、阿都、廈卜、越北諸砦，大小五十六戰，斬馘三千三百有奇，諸倮巢穴一空。

In year 36, when Ake rebelled in Yunnan, Ting was appointed commander-in-chief to suppress the rebels. Before he arrived the rebels had already been pacified, and the earlier order was set aside. In year 40, when the Luo of Jianchang in Sichuan rebelled, Ting was appointed commander-in-chief to suppress them. With Vice Commissioner Wang Zhiji he divided into eight routes to direct the generals while he held the center. He took the forts of Tongcao, Shenzha, Adu, Xiabu, and Yuebei. In fifty-six engagements he took more than thirty-three hundred heads, and every Luo stronghold was cleared.

綎為將，數被黜抑，性驕恣如故。嘗拳毆馬湖知府詹淑，淑改調，綎奪祿半年。久之，以軍政拾遺罷歸。

Though repeatedly demoted and restrained, Ting remained as proud and willful as ever. He once beat the prefect of Mahu, Zhan Shu, with his fists. Shu was transferred elsewhere, and Ting had his salary withheld for half a year. Eventually he was dismissed and sent home on account of a military administration oversight.

四十六年，帝念遼警，召為左府僉書。明年二月，經略楊鎬令綎及杜松、李如柏、馬林四路出師。綎兵四萬，由寬佃，副使康應乾監之，遊擊喬一琦別監朝鮮軍並進。綎鎮蜀久，好用蜀兵。久待未至，遂行。而所分道獨險遠，重岡疊嶺，馬不成列。次深河，連克牛毛、馬家二砦。大清兵五百守董鄂路，聞綎軍至，逆戰。綎縱兵圍數重，大清兵眾寡不敵，失二裨將，傷五十人，余潰圍出。綎已深入三百里，杜松軍覆猶不知。復整眾進，遇大清兵，綎引軍登阿布達裏岡，將布陣，大清兵亦登岡，出其上，而別以一軍趨綎西。岡上軍自高馳下，奮擊綎軍，綎殊死戰。趨綎西者復從旁夾擊，綎軍不能支。大清兵乘勢追擊，遇綎後二營軍。未及陳，復為大清兵所乘，大潰，綎戰死。養子劉招孫者，最驍勇，突圍，手格殺數人，亦死。士卒脫者無幾。

In year 46, mindful of the Liaodong crisis, the emperor summoned him as secretary of the left military commission. In the second month of the following year Commissioner Yang Hao ordered Ting, Du Song, Li Rubai, and Ma Lin to advance on four routes. Ting's army of forty thousand marched by Kuandian under Vice Commissioner Kang Yingqian, while Mobile Corps General Qiao Yiqi supervised the Korean forces advancing alongside. Ting had long served in Sichuan and preferred Sichuan troops. He waited a long time for them, and when they failed to arrive he set out anyway. His assigned route alone was perilous and remote, with layered ridges where horses could not march in formation. At Shen River he took the forts of Niumao and Majia in succession. Five hundred Qing troops guarded the Dong'e route. Hearing of Ting's approach, they met him in battle. Ting surrounded them in several rings. Outnumbered, the Qing lost two lieutenant generals and fifty wounded before the rest broke out and escaped. Ting had already advanced three hundred li and still did not know that Du Song's army had been destroyed. He re-formed and advanced again, met Qing troops, and led his army up Mount Abudali to deploy. The Qing climbed the ridge above him and sent another force around his western flank. The troops on the ridge charged down and struck fiercely at Ting's army. Ting fought to the death. The force on his western flank attacked from the side, and Ting's army could not hold. The Qing pressed the pursuit and fell upon Ting's two rear camps. Before they could form ranks the Qing struck again. The army collapsed in rout, and Ting died in battle. His adopted son Liu Zhaosun, the bravest of his men, broke through the encirclement and killed several enemies in hand-to-hand combat before he too fell. Few of his soldiers escaped.

時應乾及朝鮮軍營富察之野，大清遂移師邀之。應乾兵及朝鮮兵列械將戰，狂風驟起，揚沙石。應乾發火器，反擊己營，大亂。大清兵趨擊，大破之，掩殺幾盡，應乾以數百騎免。一琦亦為大清兵所破，走入朝鮮營。朝鮮都元帥姜弘立、副元帥金景瑞懼，率眾降，一琦投崖死。楊鎬聞杜松、馬林師敗，馳召綎及李如柏還。騎未至，綎已覆，獨如柏全。事聞，帝遣中使祭陣亡將士，恤綎家。

Meanwhile Yingqian and the Korean army were encamped in the fields of Fucha. The Qing shifted troops to intercept them. Yingqian's troops and the Koreans drew up for battle when a sudden gale whirled sand and stones across the field. Yingqian fired his firearms, but the shots struck his own camp instead. His army fell into chaos. The Qing rushed in and routed them utterly, killing nearly all. Yingqian escaped with a few hundred cavalry. Yiqi was also defeated and fled into the Korean camp. Korean commander-in-chief Jiang Hongli and vice commander Jin Jingrui were terrified and surrendered with their forces. Yiqi threw himself from a cliff and died. Yang Hao, hearing that Du Song's and Ma Lin's armies had been defeated, urgently ordered Ting and Li Rubai to withdraw. Before the messengers arrived Ting had already been destroyed. Only Rubai's force remained intact. When news reached the court, the emperor sent a palace envoy to sacrifice for the fallen and grant relief to Ting's family.

綎於諸將中最驍勇。平緬寇，平羅雄，平朝鮮倭，平播酋，平倮，大小數百戰，威名震海內。綎死，舉朝大悚，邊事日難為矣。綎所用鑌鐵刀百二十斤，馬上輪轉如飛，天下稱「劉大刀」。天啟初，贈少保，世蔭指揮僉事，立祠曰「表忠」。

Among all the generals Ting was the most valiant. He pacified the Burma raiders, Luoxiong, the Japanese in Korea, the Bozhou chieftain, and the Luo tribes. In several hundred battles his fame shook the realm. When Ting died the whole court was shaken, and frontier affairs grew harder to manage with each passing day. The patterned steel blade he wielded weighed one hundred twenty jin and spun like lightning from horseback. All under heaven called him "Liu the Great Blade." At the beginning of the Tianqi reign he was posthumously made Junior Guardian, his hereditary privilege was raised to battalion vice commander, and a shrine called "Manifesting Loyalty" was established in his honor.

喬一琦

Qiao Yiqi

一琦，字伯珪，上海人。

Yiqi, courtesy name Bogui, was a native of Shanghai.

李應祥

Li Yingxiang

李應祥，湖廣九溪衛人。以武生從軍，積功至廣西思恩參將。

Li Yingxiang was a native of the Jiuxi Guard in Huguang. He entered the army as a military licentiate and through accumulated merit rose to brigade general of Si'en in Guangxi.

萬歷七年，巡撫張任大征十寨，應祥與有功。即其地設三鎮，築城列戍。應祥方職營建，會擢松潘副總兵，當事者奏留之，以新秩蒞舊任。從總兵王尚文大破馬平賊韋王明，尋以署都督僉事，入為五軍營副將。

In Wanli year 7, Grand Coordinator Zhang Ren conducted a great campaign against the Ten Stockades, and Yingxiang distinguished himself. Three garrisons were established there, with walled posts and frontier guards arrayed along the line. Yingxiang was overseeing the construction when he was promoted to vice commander-in-chief of Songpan. The authorities memorialized to keep him in place, and he continued his old duties with his new rank. He followed Commander-in-Chief Wang Shangwen in defeating the Maping rebel Wei Wangming, and soon afterward, as acting commissioner of the chief military commission, became vice general of the Five Armies camp.

十三年，改南京左府僉事，出為四川總兵官。松、茂諸番列砦四十八，歲為吏民患。王廷瞻撫蜀時，嘗遣副將吳子忠擊破丟骨、人荒、沒舌三砦，諸酋乃降。故事，諸番歲有賞賚，番恃強要索無已。其來堡也，有下馬、上馬、解渴、過堡酒及熱衣氣力偏手錢；戍軍更番，亦奉以錢，曰新班、架梁、放狗、屣草、掛彩。廷瞻一切除之，西陲稍靖。僅六七年，勢復猖獗。是年夏，楊柳番出攻普安堡，犯歸水崖、石門坎，遂入金瓶堡，殺守將。巡撫雒遵屬應祥討之。提卒三千入茂州，克一巖。番恃險，剽如故。

In year 13 he was transferred to secretary of the left military commission at Nanjing, then appointed commander-in-chief of Sichuan. The tribes of Song and Mao maintained forty-eight stockaded camps and plagued officials and commoners year after year. When Wang Tingzhan governed Shu he sent Vice General Wu Zizhong to break the three stockades of Diugu, Renhuang, and Moshe, and the chieftains submitted. By precedent the tribes received yearly gifts, and relying on their strength they made endless demands. When they came to the forts they collected fees for dismounting, mounting, quenching thirst, pass-fort wine, hot clothing, and various other pretexts. When garrison troops changed shifts they paid as well, under names such as new shift, beam-raising, releasing the dog, straw shoes, and hanging colors. Tingzhan abolished all of these exactions, and the western frontier grew somewhat quieter. Within only six or seven years their power grew rampant again. That summer the Yangliu tribe attacked Pu'an Fort, raided Guiishui Cliff and Shimen Slope, then stormed Jinping Fort and killed the defending general. Grand Coordinator Luo Zun assigned Yingxiang to suppress them. He led three thousand soldiers into Maozhou and took one cliff stronghold. The tribes relied on the terrain and raided as before.

無何，遵罷，徐元泰代。檄諭之，使三反，番不應。窺蒲江關，斷歸水崖、黃土坎道，築墻五哨溝，絕東南聲援。見官軍少，相顧笑曰：「如此磨子兵，奈我何？」磨子者，謂屢旋轉而數不增也。其冬突平夷堡，掠良民，刳其腸，繞二牛角，牛奔，腸寸裂。明年正月，遂圍蒲江關，炮毀雉堞。守將朱文達出，斬數十人。賊稍解，東南路始通。

Before long Zun was dismissed and Xu Yuantai replaced him. He issued proclamations summoning them. Envoys went back and forth three times, but the tribes did not respond. They watched Pujiang Pass, cut the roads at Guiishui Cliff and Huangtu Slope, walled Wushao Gully, and severed support from the southeast. Seeing how few the government troops were, they laughed among themselves and said: With millstone soldiers like these, what can they do to us? Millstone soldiers meant troops that went round and round without ever growing in number. That winter they raided Pingyi Fort, seized peaceful subjects, disemboweled them, wound their intestines around two ox horns, and set the oxen running so the guts tore apart inch by inch. In the first month of the following year they besieged Pujiang Pass and battered down the battlements with cannon. Defending general Zhu Wenda sallied out and killed several dozen men. The rebels slackened their pressure, and the southeastern route was at last opened.

元泰決計大征。諸路兵悉集，乃命遊擊周於德將播州兵為前鋒，遊擊邊之垣將酉陽兵為後拒，故總兵郭成將敘、馬兵扼其吭，參將朱文達將平茶兵擊其脅，而應祥居中節制，參議王鳳監之。應祥令軍中各樹赤、白幟一，良民陷賊者徒手立赤幟下，熟番不附賊者徒手立白幟下，即免罪。番雖多，遇急不相救。國師喇嘛者，狡猾，聯姻青海酋丙兔與灣仲、占柯等，刻木連大小諸姓，歃血詛盟。至是，邀灣仲、占柯先犯歸化以嘗官軍。於德誘擒喇嘛、灣仲，守備曹希彬復擊斬占柯。丟骨、人荒、沒舌三砦最強，於德皆攻克，復連破卜洞王諸砦。文達、成、之垣亦各拔數砦，與於德軍合，遂攻破蜈蚣、茹兒諸巢。嘉靖初，之垣祖輪以指揮討茹兒賊，被殺，漆其頭為飲器。及是六十年，之垣乃得之，以還葬焉。

Yuantai resolved on a major campaign. When troops from all routes had assembled, he ordered Zhou Yude to lead Bozhou troops as vanguard, Bian Zhiyuan to lead Youyang troops as rear guard, former commander-in-chief Guo Cheng to seize the enemy's throat with Xu and Ma troops, Zhu Wenda to strike their flank with Pingcha troops, while Yingxiang held the center and Vice Commissioner Wang Feng supervised the army. Yingxiang ordered red and white banners planted throughout the army. Peaceful subjects trapped among the rebels were to stand unarmed beneath the red banner; friendly tribes not with the rebels beneath the white banner. All would be pardoned. Though the tribes were numerous, in emergencies they did not rescue one another. A state-preceptor lama, crafty by nature, formed marriage alliances with the Qinghai chieftain Bingtu and with Wanzhong, Zhanke, and others. He carved wooden tokens linking great and small clans and swore blood oaths with curses. He then induced Wanzhong and Zhanke to invade Guihua first and test the government troops. Yude lured and captured the lama and Wanzhong. Garrison Commander Cao Xibin attacked and killed Zhanke. The three stockades of Diugu, Renhuang, and Moshe were the strongest. Yude took them all and went on to break the stockades of the Budong kings. Wenda, Cheng, and Zhiyuan each took several stockades as well. They joined Yude's army and broke the lairs of Wugong, Ru'er, and others. In the early Jiajing reign Zhiyuan's grandfather Lun campaigned against the Ru'er rebels as a garrison commander, was killed, and had his head lacquered into a drinking cup. Sixty years later Zhiyuan recovered it and returned it for burial.

賊屢北，窘，悉棄輜重餌官軍。官軍不顧，斬關入，賊多死，河東平。尋渡河而西，連破西坡、西革、歪地、乾溝、樹底諸巢。有小粟谷者，首亂，覘大軍西，不設備。郭成夜襲之，大獲。牛尾砦尤險惡，將士三路夾攻，火其柵，斬酋合兒結父子。河西亦平。諸軍得所積稞粟，留十日，盡焚其砦，以六月班師。其逃窮谷者，求偏頭結賽乞降，應祥令埋奴設誓，然後許之。埋奴者，番人反接其奴，獻軍前，呼天而誓，即牽至要路，掘坎埋之，露其首，凡埋二十三人。偏頭結賽雅善天竺僧，僧言歲在雞犬，番有厄。偏頭信之，預匿山谷中，逸賊以為神，跡而拜求之，故偏頭為之請。是役也，焚碉房千六百有奇，生擒賊魁三十余人，俘馘以千余計。自是群番震驚，不敢為患，邊人樹碑記績焉。

Repeatedly driven north, the rebels abandoned their baggage and supplies to bait the government troops. The government troops ignored the bait, cut through the passes, and killed many rebels. The region east of the river was pacified. They soon crossed west and in succession broke the lairs of Xipo, Xige, Waidi, Gangan, and Shudi. A minor chieftain named Sugugu had led the rebellion. Seeing the main army go west, he made no preparations. Guo Cheng raided him by night and won a great victory. Niwei Stockade was especially perilous. The troops attacked on three routes, burned the palisades, and killed the chieftains He'erjie father and son. The region west of the river was pacified as well. The armies seized the stored grain, remained ten days, burned every stockade to the ground, and withdrew in the sixth month. Those who fled into remote valleys asked Piantou Jiesai to beg for surrender. Yingxiang required the burial-slave oath before granting terms. In the burial-slave rite tribesmen bound their slaves hand and foot, presented them before the army, called on heaven and swore, then buried them at a strategic road with their heads exposed. Twenty-three were buried in all. Piantou Jiesai was close to an Indian monk who prophesied calamity for the tribes in a year of the cock or dog. Piantou believed him and hid in the valleys beforehand. Fugitive rebels thought him divine, tracked him down, and begged his aid, which is why Piantou pleaded for them. In this campaign more than sixteen hundred blockhouses were burned, more than thirty rebel leaders were taken alive, and captives and heads numbered over a thousand. From then on the tribes were shaken with alarm and dared not make trouble. Frontier people erected steles to record the achievement.

建昌、越巂諸衛，番倮雜居。建昌逆酋曰安守，曰五咱，曰王大咱，與越巂邛部黑骨夷並起為亂。巡撫徐元泰議討，征兵萬八千。仍以文達、之垣分將，應祥統之，副使周光鎬監其軍。十一月，光鎬先渡瀘，黑骨與大咱已據相嶺，焚三峽橋；五咱等亦寇禮州、德昌二所。時征兵未集，光鎬先設疑，以嘗相嶺賊，賊果退據桐槽。桐槽者，大咱巢穴也。已而諸道兵盡抵越巂，應祥令文達攻五咱，之垣攻大咱，姑置黑骨夷弗問。夜半走三百里抵禮州，賊半渡，文達擊敗之，遂渡河搗其巢。之垣亦屢破桐槽，大咱亡入山峪中。

In the guards of Jianchang and Yuexi, tribes and Luo peoples lived intermixed. The rebel chieftains of Jianchang were An Shou, Wu Za, and Wang Daza. Together with the Heigu Yi of the Qiong tribes in Yuexi they rose in rebellion. Grand Coordinator Xu Yuantai planned a campaign and levied eighteen thousand troops. Wenda and Zhiyuan commanded separate columns under Yingxiang's overall command, supervised by Vice Commissioner Zhou Guanghao. In the eleventh month Guanghao crossed the Lu first. The Heigu and Daza had already seized Xiang Ridge and burned Sanxia Bridge. Wu Za and the others also raided the battalions of Lizhou and Dechang. The levied troops had not yet assembled. Guanghao set up a feint to test the Xiang Ridge rebels, and they withdrew to Tongcao. Tongcao was Daza's stronghold. Before long troops from all routes reached Yuexi. Yingxiang ordered Wenda to attack Wu Za and Zhiyuan to attack Daza, leaving the Heigu Yi for later. At midnight he marched three hundred li to Lizhou. The rebels were half across the river when Wenda attacked and defeated them, then crossed and struck their lair. Zhiyuan also repeatedly broke Tongcao, and Daza fled into the mountain ravines.

無何，五咱據磨旗山挑戰。官軍夾擊，賊退保毛牛山。山延袤六七百里，連大小西番界，文達兵大破之。五咱西遁，與安守合，結砦西溪。會所征鹽井剌馬兵三千至，猙獰跳躍，類非人形，諸番所深畏。應祥偵賊將劫營，乃潛移己營，而令剌馬兵屯其處。夜分賊來襲，馬剌起擊之，伏屍狼籍。諸將遂進攻西溪，逐北至磨砦七板番，連兵圖五咱，而令裨將田中科營麥達，逼安守。會諜者報守謀襲中科，應祥夜飲材官高逢勝三巨觥，令率敢死士三百疾趨七十里，抵麥達而伏。守夜至，遇伏被擒。守為群寇魁，守殪，西南邛笮、苴蘭、靡莫諸酋皆震怖。商山四堡番乞降於之垣，大小七板番乞降於文達，各埋奴道左，呼號頓首，誓世世不敢叛。五咱勢窮，走昌州，亦為裨將王言所獲。

Before long Wu Za held Moji Mountain and offered battle. Government troops attacked from both flanks. The rebels withdrew to Maoniu Mountain. The mountain stretched six or seven hundred li along the borders of the western tribes. Wenda's troops routed them utterly. Wu Za fled west, joined An Shou, and fortified a stockade at Xixi. When three thousand Lama troops levied from the salt wells arrived—fierce, leaping creatures scarcely human in form—they inspired the deep fear of every tribe. Learning that the rebels planned a night raid, Yingxiang secretly moved his camp and placed the Lama troops in his old position. In the depth of night the rebels attacked. The Lama troops rose and struck them down, leaving corpses strewn across the field. The generals advanced on Xixi, pursued north to the Mozhai Qiban tribes, joined forces against Wu Za, and sent Lieutenant General Tian Zhongke to encamp at Maida and press An Shou. When spies reported that Shou planned to raid Zhongke, Yingxiang made officer Gao Fengsheng drink three great goblets at night and sent him with three hundred dare-to-die troops to hurry seventy li to Maida and lie in ambush. Shou arrived at night, walked into the ambush, and was captured. Shou was the leader of all the bandits. Once he was destroyed, the chieftains of Qiong, Ze, Julan, Mimo, and others in the southwest were shaken with terror. The tribes of the four forts of Shangshan surrendered to Zhiyuan; the great and small Qiban tribes surrendered to Wenda. Each performed the burial-slave rite by the roadside, kowtowed, and swore never to rebel for generations. Hard pressed, Wu Za fled to Chang Prefecture and was captured by Lieutenant General Wang Yan.

土木安四兒者，居連昌城中，潛剽掠於外。至是知禍及，率黨數百人走據虛郎溝。諸軍既滅五咱，應祥遣之北，示將討黑骨者，四兒遂弛備。將士忽還軍襲之，獲四兒。

Tumu Ansier lived in Liancheng city and secretly raided the surrounding country. Seeing disaster approach, he led several hundred followers in flight to Xulang Gully. After Wu Za was destroyed, Yingxiang sent his troops north as if to campaign against the Heigu. Ansier relaxed his guard. The troops suddenly turned back and attacked him, capturing Ansier.

復討大咱。初，大咱敗，匿所親普雄酋姑咱所。大軍至，姑咱懼，密告裨將王之翰，之翰搜得大咱；而黑夷酋阿弓等七人在大孤山，亦先為之翰所擒。於是建昌、越巂諸番盡平。上首功二千有奇，撫降者三千余人。時萬歷十五年七月也。

They campaigned against Daza again. When Daza was first defeated, he hid with his ally, the Puxiong chieftain Guza. When the main army arrived Guza was afraid and secretly informed Lieutenant General Wang Zhihan, who searched him out and captured Daza. Meanwhile the seven Heiyi chieftains including A Gong on Great Solitary Mountain had already been captured by Zhihan. With that all the tribes of Jianchang and Yuexi were pacified. Battle heads numbered a little more than two thousand, and more than three thousand surrendered. This was in the seventh month of Wanli year 15.

邛部屬夷膩乃者，地近馬湖。其酋撒假與外兄安興、木瓜夷白祿、雷坡賊楊九乍等，數侵掠內地。巡撫曾省吾議討之。會有都蠻之役，不果。乃建六堡，益戍兵千二百人，而諸蠻鴟張如故。及建、越興師，又藏納叛人。元泰乃令都指揮李獻忠等分剿。賊詐降，誘執獻忠等三將，殺士卒數千人，勢益猖獗。應祥等師旋，元泰益征播州、酉陽諸土兵，合五萬人，令應祥督文達、之垣及周於德諸將三道入，故總兵郭成亦從征。十一月，於德首敗白祿兵，追至馬蝗山，懸索以登，賊潰。乘勢攻木瓜夷，射殺白祿。追至利濟山，雪深數尺，於德先登，復大敗賊，毀其巢。初，撒假與九乍率萬人據山，播州兵擊走之。至是，文達復破之大田壩，合於德兵追逐，所向皆捷。遊擊萬鏊躡擊撒假於鼠囤，獲其妻子。郭成復至三寶山大戰，生擒撒假。安興據巢守，文達、鏊分道入，獲其母妻。安興擲金於途，以緩追者，遂得脫。已，諸軍深入，竟獲之。他夷倮畏威降者二千余人，悉獻還土田，願修職貢，兵乃罷。凡斬首一千六百九十余，俘獲七百三十有奇，以其地置屏山縣。論功，應祥屢加都督同知，元泰亦至兵部尚書。

The dependent tribe Ninai of the Qiong region lay near Mahu. Its chieftain Sajia, together with his cousin An Xing, the Mugua Yi Bailu, the Leipo bandit Yang Jiuzha, and others, repeatedly raided the interior. Grand Coordinator Zeng Shengwu planned to suppress them. The Duduman campaign intervened, and the plan came to nothing. Six forts were built and the garrison increased by twelve hundred men, yet the tribes remained as arrogant as before. When campaigns were raised in Jianchang and Yuexi, they again harbored rebels. Yuantai then ordered Regional Commanders Li Xianzhong and others to suppress them in separate detachments. The rebels feigned surrender, lured and captured Xianzhong and three other generals, killed several thousand soldiers, and grew still more rampant. When Yingxiang's army returned, Yuantai levied more native troops from Bozhou, Youyang, and elsewhere, totaling fifty thousand men. He ordered Yingxiang to direct Wenda, Zhiyuan, Zhou Yude, and other generals along three routes. Former commander-in-chief Guo Cheng joined the campaign as well. In the eleventh month Yude won the first victory over Bai Lu's forces, pursued them to Mount Mahuang, scaled the heights on ropes, and the rebels broke and fled. Pressing the advantage, they attacked the Mugua Yi and killed Bai Lu with arrows. The pursuit reached Mount Liji, where snow lay several feet deep. Yude led the climb, routed the rebels again, and destroyed their stronghold. Earlier Sajia and Jiuzha had led ten thousand men to hold the mountains, but Bozhou troops attacked and drove them off. Now Wenda defeated them again at Datianba, joined Yude's forces in pursuit, and won victory after victory. Mobile Corps General Wan Ao pursued Sajia to Shutun and captured his wife and children. Guo Cheng fought another great battle at Sanbao Mountain and took Sajia alive. An Xing held his stronghold in defense. Wenda and Ao entered by separate routes and captured his mother and wife. An Xing scattered gold along the road to slow his pursuers and escaped. The armies pressed deeper inland and eventually captured him. More than two thousand other Luoyi submitted in awe of Ming power, returned their lands, pledged to resume tribute, and the campaign was ended. In all more than 1,690 heads were taken and more than 730 prisoners captured. The conquered territory was organized as Pingshan County. In the merit review Yingxiang was repeatedly promoted to vice commander-in-chief, and Yuantai rose as far as Minister of War.

當是時，蜀中劇寇盡平，應祥威名甚著。御史傅霈按部，詰應祥冒饟。應祥賄以千金，為所奏，罷職。兵部舉應祥僉書南京右府，給事中薛三才持不可。

By then the worst bandits in Shu had all been pacified, and Yingxiang's reputation as a commander stood very high. Censor Fu Pei, on an inspection tour, accused Yingxiang of padding supply claims. Yingxiang tried to bribe him with a thousand taels of gold, but Fu reported the attempt and Yingxiang was dismissed. The Ministry of War recommended Yingxiang for a post as assistant secretary of the Nanjing Right Military Commission, but Supervising Secretary Xue Sancai opposed the appointment.

二十八年大征播州。貴州總兵官童元鎮逗遛，總督李化龍劾之，薦應祥代。時分兵八道，貴州分烏江、興隆二道。詔元鎮充為事官，由烏江入，應祥由興隆入，諸道克二月望進兵。應祥未受事，副將陳寅等已連克數囤，拒賊四牌高囤下，別遣兵從間道直搗龍水囤。他將蔡兆吉又自乾坪抵箐岡，過四牌。賊首謝朝俸營其地，四面峭壁深箐，前二關。賊從高鼓噪，官軍殊死戰，俘朝俸妻子，乘勢抵河畔。會烏江敗書聞，斂兵不進者旬日。及應祥受任，益趣諸將急渡。寅等乃取他道渡河，而潛為浮橋以濟師。諸軍渡，賊失險，乞降者相繼，應祥悉受之。賊所恃止黃灘一關，壁立，眾死守。會賊徒石勝俸等率萬余人降，告曰：「去黃灘三十里有三關，入播門戶也，先襲破之，則黃灘孤難守。」應祥然其計，令偕陳寅率精卒四千夜抵關下。勝俸以數十騎誘開門，殲其戍卒。黃灘賊懼。寅督諸將渡河攻關前，勝俸由墳林暗渡襲關後，賊乃大敗。應祥直抵海龍囤，合諸道兵共滅楊應龍。

In year 28 a great expedition was launched against Bozhou. Guizhou commander-in-chief Tong Yuanzhen dawdled. Grand Coordinator Li Hualong impeached him and recommended Yingxiang as his replacement. The army was divided into eight routes; the Guizhou force was split between the Wujiang and Xinglong columns. An edict demoted Yuanzhen to penal service and ordered him in by Wujiang while Yingxiang entered by Xinglong. Every column was to advance on the fifteenth of the second month. Before Yingxiang had even taken command, Vice General Chen Yin and others had already captured several stockades in succession, pinned the rebels below the high stockade at Sipai, and sent another force by a hidden route straight at Longshui Stockade. Another general, Cai Zhaoji, advanced from Ganping to Qinggang and passed through Sipai. The rebel leader Xie Chaofeng held the position. Cliffs and deep ravines ringed it on every side, with two passes guarding the front. The rebels shouted down from the heights. The government troops fought desperately, captured Chaofeng's wife and children, and pressed on to the riverbank. News then arrived of the defeat at Wujiang, and the army halted for ten days. Once Yingxiang took command, he pressed the generals to cross the river at once. Yin and the others crossed by another route while secretly building a pontoon bridge to ferry the army over. Once the army had crossed, the rebels lost their defensive advantage. Surrenders came in one after another, and Yingxiang accepted them all. The rebels' last strongpoint was the pass at Huangtan, a sheer cliff face defended to the death. Then the defector Shi Shengfeng and others surrendered with more than ten thousand men and said, "Thirty li from Huangtan are three passes—the gateway into Bozhou. Take them first and Huangtan will be isolated and impossible to hold. Yingxiang approved the plan and ordered Shengfeng and Chen Yin to lead four thousand picked troops to the passes by night. Shengfeng used a few dozen horsemen to lure the garrison into opening the gate, then wiped out the defenders. The garrison at Huangtan panicked. Yin led the generals across the river to attack the front of the pass while Shengfeng crossed secretly at Fenlin and struck from the rear. The rebels were routed. Yingxiang pressed on to Hailong Stockade, joined forces from every column, and together they destroyed Yang Yinglong.

播既平，還鎮銅仁。明年，改鎮四川。播遺賊吳洪、盧文秀等惡有司法嚴，而遵義知縣蕭鳴世失眾心。洪等遂稱應龍有子，聚眾為亂。應祥偕副使傅光宅捕之，盡獲。應祥尋卒於官。以平播功，贈左都督，世蔭千戶。

After Bozhou was pacified, he returned to garrison Tongren. The following year he was transferred to garrison Sichuan. Bozhou remnant rebels such as Wu Hong and Lu Wenxiu resented the strict enforcement of Ming law, while Zunyi magistrate Xiao Mingshi had lost popular support. Hong and his followers claimed that Yinglong had left a son, rallied supporters, and rose in rebellion. Yingxiang and Vice Commissioner Fu Guangzhai captured them all. Yingxiang soon died in office. For pacifying Bozhou he was posthumously honored as Left Commander-in-Chief, with hereditary enfeoffment as a chiliarch.

應祥為將，謀勇兼資，所至奏績。平蜀三大寇，功最多。

As a commander Yingxiang combined strategic skill with battlefield courage and won success wherever he served. Of all who pacified the three great bandit confederations of Shu, his contribution was the greatest.

童元鎮

(Tong Yuanzhen)

童元鎮，桂林右衛人。萬歷中為指揮，從討平樂賊莫天龍有功，屢遷遊擊將軍。高江瑤反，從呼良朋破平之。歷永寧、潯、梧參將，進副總兵。擢署都督僉事，為廣西總兵官。未幾，改廣東。

Tong Yuanzhen was a native of the Guilin Right Guard. During the Wanli reign he served as a guard commander, distinguished himself campaigning against the Pingle bandit Mo Tianlong, and rose repeatedly to mobile corps general. When the Gaojiang Yao rebelled, he served under Hu Liangpeng and helped defeat and pacify them. He served as brigade general at Yongning, Xun, and Wu in turn, then was promoted to vice commander-in-chief. He was promoted to acting regional commander and appointed commander-in-chief of Guangxi. Before long he was transferred to Guangdong.

二十三年，總督陳大科以元鎮熟蠻事，仍移廣西。岑溪西北為上、下七山，介蒼藤間，有平田、黎峒、白板、九密等三十七巢。東南為六十三山，有孔亮、陀田、桑園、古欖、魚修等百余巢，與廣東羅旁接。山險箐深，環數百里無日色，賊首潘積善等據之，久為民患。及羅旁平，積善懼，乞降。為設參將於大峒，兵千余戍之。其後，將領多掊克，士卒又疲弱，賊復生心，時出剽。會歲饑，粵東亡命浪賊數百人潛入七山，誘諸瑤為亂。元鎮先以參將戍岑溪，得諸瑤心。至是，積善及其黨韋月咸願招撫自效，六十三山諸瑤多受約束。有訛言將剿北科瑤者，諸瑤謂紿己，大恨，遂與孔亮山賊攻月，殺之，火大峒參將署。督撫陳大科、戴耀屬元鎮討之。時副將陳璘、參將吳廣罷官裏居，大科起令將兵，與元鎮並進。賊伐大木塞道，環布箛簽，元鎮佯督軍開道，而潛從小徑上。孔亮山賊憑高，弩矢雨下。諸軍用火器攻，大破之。俘馘千五百有奇，余招撫復業。時府江韋扶仲等亦據險亂，元鎮與參政陸長庚謀，募瑤為間，乘夜獲其妻子，誘出劫，伏兵擒之。余黨悉平。元鎮以功增秩賜金。

In year 23 Grand Coordinator Chen Dake, finding Yuanzhen experienced in tribal affairs, transferred him back to Guangxi. Northwest of Cenxi lay the Upper and Lower Seven Mountains amid the Cangteng ranges, with thirty-seven rebel lairs including Pingtian, Litong, Baiban, and Jiumi. To the southeast lay the Sixty-Three Mountains, with more than a hundred lairs including Kongliang, Tuotian, Sangyuan, Gulian, and Yuxiu, bordering Luopang in Guangdong. The mountains were treacherous and the ravines deep; for hundreds of li around sunlight barely reached the ground. Bandit leaders such as Pan Jishan held the region and had long terrorized the people. After Luopang was pacified, Jishan feared for himself and submitted. A brigade general was posted at Datong with more than a thousand troops to garrison the area. Later the garrison commanders mostly extorted the locals, the troops grew weak, the bandits grew bold again, and raids resumed. Then famine struck. Several hundred outlaw bandits from eastern Guangdong slipped into the Seven Mountains and incited the Yao to revolt. Yuanzhen had earlier garrisoned Cenxi as brigade general and won the Yao people's trust. By then Jishan and his follower Wei Yuexian were willing to submit and serve the court, and most of the Yao in the Sixty-Three Mountains accepted government control. A rumor spread that the Beike Yao were to be wiped out. The Yao believed they had been betrayed, rose in fury, joined the Kongliang Mountain bandits in attacking Yue, killed him, and burned the brigade general's headquarters at Datong. Grand coordinators Chen Dake and Dai Yao ordered Yuanzhen to suppress the revolt. Vice General Chen Lin and Brigade General Wu Guang had been dismissed and were living at home. Dake recalled them to lead troops and advance alongside Yuanzhen. The bandits felled trees to block the roads and ringed the approaches with sharpened bamboo stakes. Yuanzhen feigned a frontal effort to clear the way while secretly ascending by a hidden path. The Kongliang Mountain bandits held the heights and rained crossbow bolts down on the attackers. The government troops attacked with firearms and routed them. More than 1,500 were killed or captured; the rest were pacified and allowed to resume their livelihoods. Meanwhile Wei Fuzhong and others were also in revolt along the Fujiang. Yuanzhen and Administrative Commissioner Lu Changgeng recruited Yao agents, seized the rebels' families by night, lured the rebels out on a raid, and took them in an ambush. The remaining rebels were all pacified. Yuanzhen was promoted and rewarded with gold for his service.

會日本破朝鮮。廷議由浙、閩泛海搗其巢，牽制之，乃改元鎮浙江。既而事寢，移鎮貴州。

Then Japan invaded and overran Korea. The court debated a seaborne strike from Zhejiang and Fujian against the Japanese base to pin them down, and Yuanzhen was transferred to Zhejiang. The plan was soon dropped, and he was transferred to garrison Guizhou.

二十八年，李化龍大征楊應龍，令元鎮督永順、鎮雄、泗城諸土軍，由烏江進。元鎮憚應龍，久駐銅仁不進，屢趣乃行。時劉綎、吳廣諸軍已進，群賊議分兵守，其黨孫時泰曰：「兵分則力薄。乘官軍未集，先破其弱者，余自退矣。」應龍善之。聞元鎮發烏江，應龍喜曰：「此易與耳。」謀縱之渡江，密以計取。監軍按察使楊寅秋言烏江去播不遠，宜俟諸道深入，與俱進，元鎮不從。於是永順兵先奪烏江，賊遣千余人沿江叫罵以誘之。諸軍既濟，復奪老君關。前哨參將謝崇爵乘勢督泗城及水西兵再拔河渡關。三月望，賊以步騎數千先沖水西軍，軍中驅象出戰，賊多傷。俄駕象者斃，象反走，擲火器者又誤擊己營，陣亂。泗城兵先走，崇爵亦走，爭浮橋，橋斷，殺溺死者數千人。

In year 28 Li Hualong launched the great campaign against Yang Yinglong and ordered Yuanzhen to lead the native armies of Yongshun, Zhenxiong, Sicheng, and other domains in through Wujiang. Yuanzhen feared Yinglong, lingered at Tongren without advancing, and moved only after repeated orders. Liu Ting, Wu Guang, and the other columns had already advanced. The rebels debated dividing their forces to hold every approach, but Sun Shitai said, "Split the army and each part grows weak. Strike before the government columns fully assemble—break the weakest first and the rest will fall back on their own. Yinglong approved the plan. When he heard Yuanzhen had set out from Wujiang, Yinglong rejoiced and said, "That one will be easy to handle. He planned to let them cross the river and then destroy them by a secret stratagem. Supervising Secretary and Surveillance Commissioner Yang Yinqiu argued that Wujiang was close to Bozhou and that Yuanzhen should wait until the other columns had penetrated deep before advancing together. Yuanzhen refused. The Yongshun troops seized the Wujiang crossing first. The rebels sent more than a thousand men along the riverbank to taunt and lure them on. After the army crossed, it captured Laojun Pass as well. Vanguard Brigade General Xie Chongjue pressed the advantage and led the Sicheng and Shuixi troops to capture Heduguan Pass. On the fifteenth of the third month the rebels sent several thousand foot and horse soldiers against the Shuixi force first. The Shuixi army sent war elephants into battle and inflicted heavy casualties. Then the mahouts were killed, the elephants stampeded backward, gunners fired into their own ranks by mistake, and the formation collapsed. The Sicheng troops broke first. Chongjue fled as well. Men scrambled for the pontoon bridge; it collapsed, and several thousand were killed or drowned.

河渡既敗，烏江相去六十里，猶未知。明日，參將楊顯發永順兵三百出哨，道遇賊數萬，咸為水西裝。永順兵不之疑，賊掩殺三百人，亦襲其裝，直趨烏江。烏江軍信為水西、永順軍，不設備，遂為賊所破，爭先渡江。賊先斷浮橋，士卒多溺死，顯及二子與焉。元鎮所部三萬人，不存什一，將校止崇爵等三人，江水為不流。

After the defeat at Heduguan, the army at Wujiang—sixty li away—still knew nothing of it. The next day Brigade General Yang Xian sent three hundred Yongshun troops out on reconnaissance. On the road they met tens of thousands of rebels disguised in Shuixi uniforms. The Yongshun troops suspected nothing. The rebels slaughtered all three hundred, donned their uniforms, and marched straight for Wujiang. The Wujiang garrison took them for Shuixi and Yongshun allies and stood unprepared. The rebels broke them and the men scrambled to cross the river. The rebels cut the pontoon bridge first. Many soldiers drowned, including Xian and his two sons. Of Yuanzhen's thirty thousand men fewer than one in ten survived; only three officers including Chongjue remained. So many bodies filled the river that men said its waters had ceased to flow.

貴陽聞警，居民盡避入城，遠近震動。化龍用上方劍斬崇爵，益征兵，檄鎮雄土官隴澄邀賊歸路。隴澄者，即安堯臣，水西安疆臣弟也。軍不與元鎮合，獨全，當事頗疑其通賊。寅秋以鎮雄去播止二日，令搗巢立效，澄許之。河渡未敗時，澄已遣部將劉嶽、王嘉猷攻拔苦竹關及半壩嶺。暨敗，二將移新站。賊伏兵大水田，別以五千人來襲，敗還。嘉猷乃揚聲搗大水田，而潛以一軍拔大夫關，直抵馬坎，斷賊歸路，與疆臣合，賊遂遁。會都指揮徐成將兵至，合泗城土官岑紹勛兵，再克河渡關。賊將張守欽、袁五受據長箐、萬丈林，永順兵擊破之，生擒守欽。攻清潭洞，復擒五受。會朝議責元鎮敗狀，令李應祥並將其軍，遂合水西、鎮雄諸部，直抵海龍囤，竟滅賊。

When Guiyang heard the alarm, the populace fled into the city and shock spread through the region. Hualong executed Chongjue with the imperial sword of authority, raised more troops, and ordered the Zhenxiong native official Long Cheng to block the rebels' retreat. Long Cheng was in fact An Yaochén, younger brother of the Shuixi chieftain An Jiangchen. His force did not join Yuanzhen's column and emerged unscathed, so the authorities strongly suspected he had colluded with the rebels. Yinqiu argued that Zhenxiong was only two days' march from Bozhou and ordered Long Cheng to strike Yinglong's base at once. Cheng agreed. Before the defeat at Heduguan, Long Cheng had already dispatched Liu Yue and Wang Jiayou to capture Kuchuguan and Banba Ridge. After the defeat, both generals withdrew to Xinzhan. The rebels lay in ambush at Dashuitian and sent five thousand men in a separate assault, but were beaten back. Jiayou feigned an assault on Dashuitian while secretly taking Dafuguan and advancing to Makan to cut off the enemy's retreat. He joined An Jiangchen, and the rebels fled. Regional Commander Xu Cheng arrived with his troops. Joining with the native force of Cen Shaoxun of Sichang, they recaptured Heduguan. Rebel commanders Zhang Shouqin and Yuan Wushou held Changqing and Wanzhanglin. Yongshun troops routed them and took Shouqin alive. An assault on Qingtandong netted Yuan Wushou as well. The court blamed Tong Yuanzhen for the disaster and placed Li Yingxiang in command of his troops as well. Li united the Shuixi and Zhenxiong columns, marched straight to Hailong Fort, and at last destroyed the rebellion.

兵初興，元鎮坐逗遛，謫為事官。及是，逮至京，下吏，罪當死。法司援前岑溪功，謫戍煙瘴。遇赦，廣西巡撫戴耀為請，部議不許，竟卒於戍所。

At the outset of the campaign Yuanzhen had been demoted for stalling to the rank of service officer. Now he was brought to the capital in chains, tried, and sentenced to death. The judiciary cited his earlier victory at Cenxi and commuted the sentence to exile in the malarial south. When an amnesty was declared, Grand Coordinator Dai Yao of Guangxi petitioned for his release, but the ministry refused. He died in exile.

陳璘，字朝爵，廣東翁源人。嘉靖末，為指揮僉事。從討英德賊有功，進廣東守備。與平大盜賴元爵及嶺東殘寇。萬歷初，討平高要賊鄧勝龍，又平揭陽賊及山賊鐘月泉，屢進署都指揮僉事，僉書廣東都司。

Chen Lin, styled Chaojue, came from Wengyuan in Guangdong. At the close of the Jiajing reign he held the rank of assistant regional military commissioner. He served in the campaign against rebels in Yingde and, for his merits, was promoted to garrison commander of Guangdong. He helped suppress the great bandit Lai Yuanjue and the remaining outlaws east of the Nanling. Early in the Wanli reign he put down Deng Shenglong in Gaoyao, then the rebels in Jieyang and the mountain bandit Zhong Yuequan. He rose repeatedly to acting assistant regional commander and secretary of the Guangdong regional military commission.

官軍攻諸良寶，副將李成立戰敗。總督殷正茂請假璘參將，自將一軍。賊平，授肇慶遊擊將軍，徙高州參將。總督淩雲翼將大征羅旁，先下令雕剿。璘所破凡九十巢。已，分十道大征。璘從信宜入，會諸軍，覆滅之，以其地置羅定州及東安、西寧二縣。即遷璘副總兵，署東安參將事。未幾，余孽殺吏民，責璘戴罪辦賊。璘會他將朱文達攻破石牛、青水諸巢，斬捕三百六十余人，授俸如故。

When government forces moved against Zhu Liangbao, Major General Li Chengli was routed. Governor-general Yin Zhengmao requested Chen Lin as a brigade general and led a column in person. After the rebels were suppressed he was made mobile corps general of Zhaoqing, then transferred to brigade general of Gaozhou. Governor-general Ling Yunyi planned a major campaign against Luopang and first ordered preemptive raids to destroy rebel nests. Lin destroyed ninety rebel strongholds in all. A ten-pronged general assault was then mounted. Lin advanced from Xinyi, united with the other columns, and annihilated the rebels. The pacified territory was organized as Luoding Prefecture with the counties of Dong'an and Xining. Lin was promptly promoted to deputy commander-in-chief and placed in charge of the Dong'an brigade. Before long rebel remnants murdered officials and civilians. Lin was ordered to hunt them down while still under disciplinary charge. Chen Lin joined Zhu Wenda in storming the Shiniu and Qingshui strongholds, killing or capturing more than three hundred and sixty rebels. His regular pay was restored.

時東安初定，璘大興土木，營寺廟，役部卒，且勒其出貲。卒咸怒，因事倡亂，掠州縣，為巡按御史羅應鶴所劾，詔奪璘官。既而獲賊，乃除罪，改狼山副總兵。

Dong'an had only just been pacified when Lin launched grand construction projects—temples and fortifications—conscripting his troops and forcing them to pay for the work. The men rose in fury and, seizing a pretext, mutinied and pillaged the surrounding prefectures and counties. Touring Censor Luo Yinghe impeached Lin, and an edict stripped him of rank. Later, when the rebels were captured, his punishment was lifted and he was reassigned as deputy commander at Langshan.

璘有謀略，善將兵，然所至貪黷，復被劾褫官。廢久之，朝士多惜其才，不敢薦。二十年，朝鮮用兵，以璘熟倭情，命添註神機七營參將，至則改神樞右副將。無何，擢署都督僉事，充副總兵官，協守薊鎮。明年正月詔以本官統薊、遼、保定、山東軍，禦倭防海。會有封貢之議，暫休兵，改璘協守漳、潮。坐賄石星，為所奏，復罷歸。

Chen Lin was a capable tactician and soldier, but wherever he served he plundered and bribed. He was impeached again and dismissed. He languished in disgrace for years. Many at court valued his talent but none dared recommend him. In the twentieth year of Wanli, war broke out in Korea. Because Lin knew the ways of the Japanese invaders, he was appointed brigade general of the seven Divine Engine battalions and, on arrival, promoted to right deputy general of the Divine Pivot corps. Soon he was made acting assistant commander-in-chief and deputy garrison commander, serving jointly at Jimizhen. The following year, in the first month, an edict placed him in command of the Ji, Liaodong, Baoding, and Shandong forces to defend the coast against Japanese raiders. When the court debated investiture and tribute missions, active operations were suspended and Lin was reassigned to joint garrison duty in Zhangzhou and Chaozhou. Accused of bribing the minister Shi Xing, he was denounced and dismissed once more.

二十五年，封事敗，起璘故官，統廣東兵五千援朝鮮。明年二月，擢禦倭總兵官，與麻貴、劉綎並將。部卒次山海關鼓噪，璘被責。尋令提督水軍，與貴、綎及董一元分道進，副將陳蠶、鄧子龍，遊擊馬文煥、季金、張良相等皆屬焉，兵萬三千余人，戰艦數百，分布忠清、全羅、慶尚諸海口。初，賊泛海出沒，官軍乏舟，故得誌。及見璘舟師，懼不敢往來海中。會平秀吉死，賊將遁，璘急遣子龍偕朝鮮將李舜臣邀之。子龍戰沒，蠶、金等軍至，邀擊之，倭無鬥誌，官軍焚其舟。賊大敗，脫登岸者又為陸兵所殲，焚溺死者萬計。時綎方攻行長，驅入順天大城。璘以舟師夾擊，復焚其舟百余。石曼子西援行長，璘邀之半洋，擊殺之，殲其徒三百余。賊退保錦山，官軍挑之不出。已，渡匿乙山。崖深道險，將士不敢進。璘夜潛入，圍其巖洞。比明，炮發，倭大驚，奔後山，憑高以拒。將士殊死攻，賊遁走。璘分道追擊，賊無脫者。論功，璘為首，綎次之，貴又次之。進璘都督同知，世蔭指揮僉事。

When the investiture negotiations collapsed in the twenty-fifth year, Lin was reinstated and sent to Korea with five thousand Guangdong troops. The following February he was promoted to supreme commander against the Japanese invaders and placed on equal footing with Ma Gui and Liu Ting. His troops caused a riot at Shanhaiguan and Lin was censured. He was then put in charge of the navy. He, Ma Gui, Liu Ting, and Dong Yiyuan advanced on separate routes, with Deputy Generals Chen Can and Deng Zilong and Mobile Corps Generals Ma Wenhuan, Ji Jin, Zhang Liangxiang, and others under his command—more than thirteen thousand men and several hundred warships deployed across the harbors of Chungcheong, Jeolla, and Gyeongsang. At first the invaders raided freely at sea while government forces lacked ships, and so the enemy had had their way. Once they saw Lin's fleet, they were too afraid to venture onto the open sea. When Hideyoshi died, the enemy commanders tried to flee. Lin urgently sent Deng Zilong with the Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin to cut them off. Deng Zilong fell in battle, but Chen Can, Ji Jin, and the others arrived to intercept the fleet. The Japanese had lost all fight; government forces burned their ships. The enemy was routed. Survivors who reached shore were cut down by land forces; tens of thousands died by fire or drowning. Meanwhile Liu Ting was pressing Konishi Yukinaga into the fortress of Sunten. Lin's fleet attacked from both flanks and burned another hundred-odd ships. Shimazu Yoshihiro sailed west to relieve Konishi, but Lin intercepted him at sea, killed him, and wiped out more than three hundred of his men. The enemy fell back to Jinsan. Government forces baited them, but they refused to emerge. They then crossed over and took cover on Mount Yi. The cliffs were sheer and the paths treacherous; the troops hesitated to advance. Chen Lin stole in by night and encircled their cave stronghold. At daybreak cannons opened fire. The Japanese panicked and fled to the rear slopes, holding the heights to resist. The troops attacked with reckless ferocity and the enemy broke and ran. Lin sent columns in pursuit; none of the enemy escaped. In the tally of honors Lin ranked first, Liu Ting second, and Ma Gui third. Lin was promoted to assistant commander-in-chief with hereditary enfeoffment as assistant regional military commissioner for his descendants.

師甫旋，會有征播之役。命璘為湖廣總兵官，由偏橋進，副將陳良比由龍泉，受璘節制。二十八年二月，軍次白泥，楊應龍子朝棟率眾二萬渡烏江迎戰。璘前禦之，而分兩翼躡其後。賊少挫，追奔至龍溪山，賊合四牌賊共拒。四牌在江外，與江內七牌皆五司遺種、九股惡苗，素助賊。璘廣招撫，乃進軍龍溪。偵知賊有伏，令遊擊陳策用火器擊之，賊據險，矢石雨下。璘先登，斬小校退者以徇，把總吳應龍等陷陣，賊大潰，退四牌保兒囤。璘二裨將逼之，中伏。璘募死士從應龍等奮擊，賊復潰，奔據囤巔，夜由山後遁。黎明追及於袁家渡，復敗之。四牌之賊遂盡。

His forces had barely returned when the Bozhou campaign began. Lin was appointed commander-in-chief in Huguang, to advance via Pianqiao. Major General Chen Liangbi would enter by Longquan under Lin's command. In the second month of the twenty-eighth year the army encamped at Baini. Yang Yinglong's son Chaodong crossed the Wujiang with twenty thousand men to give battle. Lin met them head-on while sending flanking columns to steal up behind them. The enemy staggered under the blow but rallied at Longxi Mountain, where they joined with the Sipayi tribes to make a stand. The four Sipayi lie beyond the river; together with the seven Qiwan within it they are descendants of the Five Offices' subjects and the notorious Nine Stock Miao—longtime allies of the rebels. Lin offered generous terms of surrender, then marched on Longxi. Learning of an ambush, he ordered Mobile Corps General Chen Ce to attack with firearms. The enemy held the heights and arrows and stones poured down like rain. Chen Lin led the climb himself and executed a retreating officer as an example. Platoon Commander Wu Yinglong and others broke through the enemy lines. The rebels collapsed and fell back to the Baozhi stockade in Sipayi. Two of Lin's subordinate commanders pressed the pursuit and walked into an ambush. Lin rallied volunteers for a desperate assault alongside Wu Yinglong and the others. The enemy broke again, fled to the mountaintop stockade, then slipped away under cover of night by the mountain's rear. At dawn the pursuers caught them at Yuanjia Ford and routed them once more. The Sipayi rebels were wiped out.

三月望，諸軍為浮橋渡江。知賊將張佑、謝朝俸、石勝俸等營七牌野豬山，璘即夜發抵苦練坪。前鋒與戰，後軍至，夾擊之，賊敗逃深箐，官軍遂入苦菜關。會童元鎮烏江師敗，璘懼，請退師，總督李化龍不可。璘乃進營楠木橋，次湄潭。賊悉聚青蛇、長坎、瑪瑙、保子四囤，地皆絕險，而青蛇尤甚。璘議，同日攻則兵力弱，止攻一囤，則三囤必相助，乃先攻三囤，次及青蛇。良比師亦來會，令伏囤後，別以一軍守板角關，防賊逸。璘督諸將力攻三日，賊死傷無算，三囤遂下。青蛇四面陡絕，璘圍其三面，購死士從瑪瑙後附葛至山背舉炮，賊惶駭，諸軍進攻，焚其茅屋。賊退入囤內，木石交下。將士冒死上，毀大柵二重，前後擊之，賊大敗，斬首一千九百有奇，七牌之賊亦盡。

On the fifteenth of the third month the allied armies threw a pontoon bridge across the river. Learning that rebel commanders Zhang You, Xie Chaofeng, and Shi Shengfeng held Yezushan in Qiwan, Lin marched by night to Kulianping. The vanguard engaged them; when the main body arrived the government forces struck from both sides. The rebels fled into deep ravines and the army pushed through Kucai Pass. When Tong Yuanzhen's force was destroyed at the Wujiang, Lin grew alarmed and asked to retreat. Governor-general Li Hualong refused. Lin pressed on instead, encamping first at Nanmu Bridge and then at Meitan. The rebels concentrated in four stockades—Qingshe, Changkan, Manau, and Baozi—all on nearly impregnable ground, Qingshe most forbidding of all. Lin reasoned that a simultaneous assault would spread his forces too thin, while attacking one stockade alone would draw reinforcements from the other three. He decided to take the three lesser strongholds first, then Qingshe. Chen Liangbi's column joined him. Lin hid troops behind the stockades and detached a force to hold Banjiao Pass and block any breakout. For three days Lin drove his commanders in relentless assault. Rebel casualties were beyond count and the three stockades fell. Qingshe was sheer on every side. Lin invested three faces of it while paid daredevils climbed from the Manau rear up vines to the ridge behind and emplaced cannon. Terrified, the defenders watched as government forces advanced and burned their huts. The rebels pulled back inside the stockade and rained down timber and boulders. Troops stormed upward at mortal risk, broke two rings of palisades, and attacked from front and rear. The enemy was shattered—nearly two thousand heads taken—and the Qiwan rebels were annihilated.

乃分兵六道，攻克大小三渡關，乘勝抵海龍囤下。諸將俱攻囤前，獨水西安疆臣攻其後，相持四十余日。其下受賊重賄，多與通，且潛以火藥遺賊，故賊不備。其後璘知之，與監軍者謀，令疆臣退一舍，璘移其處，置鐵牌百余，距囤丈許，賊強弩無所施，又為箛板於柵前，賊每夜出劫，為釘傷，不敢復出。應龍勢窮，相聚哭。化龍初有令，諸將分日攻。六月六日，璘與吳廣當進兵。璘夜四更銜枚上，賊鼾睡，斬其守關者，樹白幟，鳴炮，賊大驚潰散，應龍自焚。廣軍亦至，賊盡平。

Lin then split his force into six columns, took the Great and Small Sandu passes, and pressed the victory to the foot of Hailong Stockade. The commanders all assaulted from the front while An Jiangchen of Shuixi alone attacked from the rear. The siege dragged on for more than forty days. Jiangchen's men had taken heavy bribes from the enemy, maintained secret contact, and even supplied them with gunpowder—so the rebels left their rear undefended. When Lin learned of the collusion he conspired with the army intendant and ordered Jiangchen to pull back one stage. Lin moved into the vacated position and laid down more than a hundred iron plates a zhang from the stockade, neutralizing the enemy's heavy crossbows. He also set nail-studded boards before the palisades. Night after night rebel raiders were impaled on the spikes and soon ceased to venture out. Yang Yinglong's cause was lost. His followers gathered and wept together. Li Hualong had initially ordered the generals to attack on a rotating schedule. On the sixth day of the sixth month it was Lin and Wu Guang's turn to attack. In the fourth watch Chen Lin led his men up in silence with gags in their mouths. The defenders slept soundly. Lin's troops cut down the gate guards, raised white banners, and opened fire. The garrison panicked and fled. Yang Yinglong set himself ablaze. Wu Guang's column arrived as well and the rebellion was fully suppressed.

遂移師討皮林。皮林在湖、貴交，與九股苗相接。有吳國佐者，洪州司特峒寨苗也，桀黠無賴，其從父大榮以叛誅，國佐收其妾。黎平府持之急，遂反，自稱「天皇上將」，其黨石纂太稱「太保」，合攻上黃堡，誘敗參將黃沖霄，追至永從縣，殺守備張世忠，炙而啖之，掠屯堡七十余，焚五開南城，陷永從，圍中潮所。時方征播州，未暇討。既平播，偏沅巡撫江鐸命璘與良比合兵討之，良比失利。明年，鐸移駐靖州，命璘率副將李遇文等七道進，璘擒苗酋銀貢等。遊擊宋大斌攻破特峒，焚之。國佐逃天浦四十八寨，復入古州毛洞，追獲之。石纂太逃廣西上巖山，指揮徐時達誘縛之。賊黨楊永祿率眾萬余屯白沖。遊擊沈弘猷等夾攻，生擒永祿。諸苗悉平。

The army then turned to suppress Pilin. Pilin lay on the Hunan-Guizhou border, adjoining the territory of the Nine Stock Miao. A Miao chieftain named Wu Guozuo of the Tedong stockade in Hongzhou Office was cruel, clever, and utterly lawless. When his uncle Darong was executed for rebellion, Guozuo seized his concubine for himself. When Liping Prefecture pressed him hard, Guozuo rose in rebellion, proclaiming himself 'Heavenly Emperor General' while his lieutenant Shi Zuotai took the title 'Grand Tutor.' They stormed Shanghuang Fort, lured Brigade General Huang Chongxiao into defeat, and pursued him to Yongcong County, where they killed Garrison Commander Zhang Shizhong, roasted his flesh, and ate it. They ravaged more than seventy stockade forts, burned the south gate quarter of Wukai, seized Yongcong, and besieged Zhongchao Station. The court was fully occupied with the Bozhou campaign and could spare no force to deal with him. Once Bozhou fell, Grand Coordinator Jiang Duo of Pianyuan ordered Lin and Chen Liangbi to join forces against Guozuo. Liangbi suffered a defeat. The following year Jiang Duo relocated to Jingzhou and dispatched Lin with seven columns under Major General Li Yuwen and others. Lin captured the Miao chieftain Yin Gong and others. Mobile Corps General Song Dabin stormed the Tedong stockade and burned it to the ground. Guozuo fled to the forty-eight stockades of Tianpu and then slipped back into Maodong in Guzhou, but pursuers ran him down and took him captive. Shi Zuotai escaped to Shangyanshan in Guangxi, where Commander Xu Shida tricked him into capture and had him bound. The rebel lieutenant Yang Yonglu gathered more than ten thousand men and fortified himself at Baichong. Mobile Corps General Shen Hongyou and others struck from two sides and took Yonglu alive. Every Miao group in the region was brought to heel.

征播時，璘投賄李化龍家。會劉綎使為化龍父所麾，璘使走。化龍疏於朝，綎獲罪，璘獨免。後兵部尚書田樂推璘鎮貴州，給事中洪瞻祖遂劾璘營求。帝以璘東西積戰功，卒如樂議。貴東西二路苗：曰仲家苗，盤踞貴龍、平新間，為諸苗巨魁；在水硍山介銅仁、思石者曰山苗，紅苗之羽翼也。自平播後，貴州物力大屈，苗益生心，剽掠無虛日。三十三年冬，巡撫郭子章請於朝。明年四月，令璘軍萬人攻水硍，遊擊劉嶽督宣慰安疆臣兵萬人攻西路，並克之。乃令璘移新添，獨攻東路，復克之。生獲酋十二人，斬首三千余級，招降者萬三千余人，部內遂靖。改鎮廣東，卒官。先敘平播功，加左都督，世蔭指揮使。既卒，以平苗功，贈太子太保，再蔭百戶。

While the Bozhou campaign was underway, Chen Lin paid bribes into Li Hualong's household. As it happened, Liu Ting's messenger was waved off by Hualong's father, and Lin's envoy took flight. Li Hualong reported the matter to the throne. Liu Ting was punished, but Lin alone escaped censure. Later, Minister of War Tian Le recommended Chen Lin for the Guizhou command, whereupon Supervising Secretary Hong Zanzu impeached Lin for lobbying for the post. The Emperor, weighing Lin's long record of service in campaigns east and west, approved Tian Le's recommendation in the end. Among the Miao of eastern and western Guizhou were the Zhongjia Miao, entrenched between Guilong and Pingxin and foremost among all the Miao chiefs; Those dwelling on Shuiyin Mountain between Tongren and Sishi were known as the Shan Miao—the auxiliaries of the Red Miao. After Bozhou fell, Guizhou's resources were badly drained. The Miao grew bolder by the day, and raids scarcely ceased for a single day. In the winter of the thirty-third year, Grand Coordinator Guo Zizhang submitted a request to the court. The following fourth month, Lin was sent with ten thousand men against Shuiyin while Mobile Corps General Liu Yue directed ten thousand troops under An Jiangchen of Xuanyi along the western route. Both columns succeeded. Lin was then shifted to Xintian to take the eastern route on his own, and he captured that as well. Twelve chieftains were taken alive, more than three thousand heads were counted, and over thirteen thousand submitted peacefully. The region was finally quiet. He was reassigned to command Guangdong and died while still in post. For his role in pacifying Bozhou he was first granted the rank of Left Chief Commander and a hereditary commander's commission for his heirs. After his death he was posthumously made Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent for pacifying the Miao, and his family received a second hereditary grant of one hundred households.

吳廣，廣東人。以武生從軍，累著戰功，歷福建南路參將，坐事罷歸。會岑溪瑤反，總督陳大科檄廣從總兵童元鎮討之。將士少卻，廣手斬一卒以徇，遂大破之。論功，復故官。

Wu Guang was a native of Guangdong. He entered service as a military licentiate, won repeated distinction in battle, rose to brigade general on Fujian's southern circuit, and was dismissed for an offense and sent home. When the Yao of Cenxi rose in revolt, Governor-General Chen Dake ordered Wu Guang to serve under Regional Commander Tong Yuanzhen in suppressing them. When the troops faltered, Guang personally beheaded a soldier before the ranks as an example, then drove the enemy to a crushing defeat. For his service he was restored to his former rank.

萬歷二十五年，以副總兵從劉綎禦倭朝鮮，領水軍與陳璘相犄角，俘斬甚眾。甫班師，大征播州，擢廣總兵官，以一軍出合江。副將曹希彬以一軍出永寧，受廣節制。廣屯二郎壩，大行招徠。賊驍將郭通緒迎戰，將士襲走之。陶洪、安村、羅村三砦土官各出降，他部來歸者數萬，廣擇其壯者從軍。通緒扼穿崖囤，廣督土漢軍擊破之。劉綎、馬孔英已入播，廣猶頓二郎，總督李化龍趣之。乃議分四哨進攻崖門，別遣永寧女土官奢世續等督夷兵二千，扼桑木埡諸要害，以防餉道。諸將連破數囤，進營母豬塘。楊應龍懼，令通緒盡發關外兵拒敵。廣伏炮手五百於磨搶埡外南岡下，而遣裨將趙應科挑戰。埡夾兩山中，甚隘，通緒橫槊沖應科，應科佯北。通緒追出埡，遇伏，急旋馬，中炮墜，方躍上他馬，伏兵攢刺之殪，余賊大奔。官軍逐北，賊盡降，遂薄崖門。徑小止容一騎，賊眾萬余出關拒戰。希彬懸賞千金，士攀崖競進，追至第四關，關上男婦盡哭。賊黨自殺其魁羅進恩，率萬余人出降。其第一關猶拒不下，廣乘夜疾進，奪其關，關內民爭獻牛酒。劉綎、馬孔英已入關，李應祥、陳璘猶在關外。廣合希彬軍連戰紅碗、水土崖、分水關皆捷，遂進營水牛塘，應龍大懼。知廣軍孤深入，謀欲襲之，乃遣人詐降。廣測其詐，堅壁以待，應龍擁眾三萬直沖大營，諸將殊死戰。會他將來援，賊乃退。廣遂與諸道軍逼海龍囤。賊詐令婦人乞降，哭囤上，又詐報應龍仰藥死，廣信之。已，知其詐，急燒第二關，奪三山，絕賊樵汲，賊益窘。旋與陳璘從囤後登，應龍急自焚死。獲其子朝棟，出應龍屍烈焰中。廣中毒矢，失聲，絕而復蘇，遂以本官鎮四川。逾年卒。

In the twenty-fifth year of Wanli he served as vice commander under Liu Ting against the Japanese in Korea, leading the fleet in a pincer with Chen Lin and taking a great toll in prisoners and heads. Hardly had the army withdrawn when the great Bozhou campaign began. Guang was promoted to regional commander and led one column out from Hejiang. Deputy commander Cao Xibin took another column out from Yongning under Guang's overall command. Guang encamped at Erlangba and launched a broad campaign to win over local groups. The rebel champion Guo Tongxu came out to fight, but Guang's men struck and put him to flight. The native officials of the Tao Hong, Ancun, and Luocun stockades surrendered one after another. Tens of thousands of others came over as well, and Guang drafted the able-bodied among them into his ranks. Tongxu held the Chuanyai stockade, but Guang directed native and Han troops against it and broke the position. Liu Ting and Ma Kongying had already pushed into Bozhou, yet Guang still lingered at Erlang until Governor-General Li Hualong pressed him to advance. He then planned a four-column assault on Yamen and separately sent the Yongning native official She Shixu with two thousand tribal auxiliaries to hold the key points around Sangmu Pass and protect the supply line. The commanders took several stockades in succession and pushed forward to encamp at Muzhutang. Yang Yinglong, alarmed, ordered Tongxu to commit every soldier outside the pass to block the advance. Guang concealed five hundred gunners on the southern slope below Moqiang Pass and sent staff general Zhao Yingke forward to draw the enemy out. The pass ran between two mountains and was extremely tight. Tongxu charged Yingke with leveled spear while Yingke feigned retreat. Tongxu pursued through the pass into the ambush. He wheeled his mount in haste, was struck by cannon fire and thrown down, and had barely vaulted onto another horse when hidden troops closed in and ran him through. The rest of the enemy broke and fled. Government forces chased the rout until the rebels surrendered en masse, then pressed up to Yamen itself. The trail was so narrow that only one horse could pass at a time. More than ten thousand rebels sallied from the pass to meet them. Xibin posted a reward of a thousand taels of gold, and soldiers scrambled up the cliffs in a race to the front. They pursued the enemy to the fourth pass, where men and women on the ramparts wept together. The rebels killed their own leader Luo Jinen and led more than ten thousand men out to surrender. The first pass still held out, but Guang rushed it by night, seized the gate, and the people inside vied to bring him cattle and wine. Liu Ting and Ma Kongying had already passed through the gate, while Li Yingxiang and Chen Lin remained outside. Guang joined Xibin's force and won successive victories at Hongwan, Shuituya, and Fenshui Pass, then pushed forward to encamp at Shuiniutang. Yang Yinglong was deeply alarmed. Seeing that Guang's column had penetrated deep and alone, Yinglong plotted a surprise attack and sent men to feign surrender. Guang saw through the ruse and held his fortified camp. Yinglong then led thirty thousand men in a direct assault on the main camp, and Guang's officers fought as if for their lives. When other commanders arrived with reinforcements, the rebels withdrew. Guang then advanced with the other columns to invest Hailong Stockade. The rebels sent women to weep atop the stockade and plead for surrender, and also spread word that Yinglong had poisoned himself. Guang believed them. When he realized the trick, he swiftly burned the second gate, seized Three Mountains, and cut off the enemy's firewood and water. The rebels grew still more desperate. Soon afterward he and Chen Lin climbed in from the rear of the stockade. Yang Yinglong, in desperation, set himself ablaze and died. They captured his son Chaodong and recovered Yinglong's body from the fire. Guang was hit by a poisoned arrow, lost his voice, and briefly stopped breathing before reviving. He retained his rank and was assigned to command Sichuan. A little more than a year later he died.

初，廣之頓二郎也，有言其受賄養寇者，詔謫充為事官。後論功贈都督同知，世蔭千戶。

Earlier, while Guang was lingering at Erlang, reports circulated that he had taken bribes and deliberately fed the rebellion. An imperial edict demoted him to probationary service. When his merits were reviewed after death, he was posthumously made Vice Commander-in-Chief and granted a hereditary battalion command for his heirs.

鄧子龍

Deng Zilong

鄧子龍，豐城人。貌魁梧，驍捷絕倫。嘉靖中，江西賊起，掠樟樹鎮。子龍應有司募，破平之。累功授廣東把總。

Deng Zilong was a native of Fengcheng. He was tall and powerfully built, with courage and quickness beyond compare. During the Jiajing reign rebels rose in Jiangxi and raided Zhangshu Town. Zilong answered the local officials' call for recruits, routed the band, and restored order. For repeated service he was appointed platoon commander in Guangdong.

萬歷初，從大帥張元勛討平巨盜賴元爵。已，從平陳金鶯、羅紹清。賊魁黃高暉逸，子龍入山生獲之。遷銅鼓石守備。尋擢署都指揮僉事，掌浙江都司。被論當奪職，帝以子龍犯輕，會麻陽苗金道侶等作亂，擢參將討之。大破賊，解散其黨。五開衛卒胡若盧等火監司行署，撻逐守備及黎平守。靖州、銅鼓、龍裏諸苗咸響應為亂。子龍火其東門以致賊，而潛兵入北門，賊遂滅。

Early in the Wanli reign he followed Grand Commander Zhang Yuanxun in suppressing the great outlaw Lai Yuanjue. He then took part in pacifying Chen Jinying and Luo Shaoqing. When the bandit chief Huang Gaohui fled, Zilong went into the hills and took him alive. He was transferred to serve as garrison commander at Tonggushi. He was soon promoted to acting assistant regional commander and placed in charge of the Zhejiang regional command. He was impeached and due to lose his post, but the Emperor judged his offense minor. When the Mayang Miao under Jing Daolu and others rebelled, Zilong was promoted to brigade general and sent to suppress them. He routed the rebels and broke up their following. Soldiers of Wukai Guard under Hu Rulu and others burned the surveillance commissioner's yamen and drove out the garrison commander and the magistrate of Liping. Miao groups across Jingzhou, Tonggu, and Longli rose in answer. Zilong set fire to the east gate to draw the rebels out, then sent men secretly through the north gate and wiped them out.

十一年閏二月，緬甸犯雲南。詔移子龍永昌。木邦部耿馬奸人罕虔與嶽鳳同為逆，說緬酋莽應裏內侵，虔從掠千崖、南甸。已，引渡查理江，直犯姚關，灣甸土知州景宗真及弟宗材助之。子龍急戰攀枝樹下，陣斬宗真、虔，生獲宗材。虔子招罕、招色奔三尖山，令叔罕老率蒲人藥弩手五百阻要害，子龍餌蒲人以金，盡知賊間道。乃命裨將鄧勇等提北勝、蒗渠諸番兵，直搗賊巢，而預伏兵山後夾擊。夜半上，生擒招罕、招色、罕老及其黨百三十余人，斬首五百余級，尖山巢空，乃撫流移數千人。會劉綎亦俘嶽鳳以獻。帝悅，進子龍副總兵，予世蔭。無何，緬人復寇猛密，把總高國春大破之。子龍以犄角功，亦優敘。自是，蠻人先附緬者，多來附。

In the intercalary second month of the eleventh year Burma invaded Yunnan. An imperial order transferred Zilong to Yongchang. Han Qian, a traitor from Gengma in the Mubang domain, joined Yue Feng in rebellion, urged the Burmese chief Mang Yingli to invade, and followed in the sack of Qianya and Nandian. They then crossed the Chali River and struck straight at Yao Pass, aided by Jing Zongzhen, native sub-prefect of Wandian, and his younger brother Zongcai. Zilong fought them urgently below Panzhishu, killed Zongzhen and Qian on the field, and took Zongcai alive. Qian's sons Zhao Han and Zhao Se fled to Sanjianshan and sent their uncle Han Lao with five hundred Pu poison-dart archers to hold the passes. Zilong bought off the Pu with gold and learned every secret route the rebels used. He then sent staff general Deng Yong with tribal forces from Beisheng, Langqu, and elsewhere straight at the rebel stronghold, while troops hidden behind the mountain closed in from both sides. They climbed up at midnight, took Zhao Han, Zhao Se, Han Lao, and more than 130 of their followers alive, and counted more than five hundred heads. With Sanjianshan cleared, Zilong resettled several thousand displaced people. About the same time Liu Ting also captured Yue Feng and presented him to the court. The Emperor was pleased, promoted Zilong to vice commander, and granted him a hereditary commission. Before long the Burmese raided Mengmi again, and platoon commander Gao Guochun routed them. Zilong also received special commendation for his part in the coordinated action. From then on, many tribes that had once sided with Burma came over to the Ming.

永昌、騰沖夙號樂土，自嶽、罕猖亂，始議募兵，所募多亡命，乃立騰沖、姚安兩營。劉綎將騰軍，子龍將姚軍，不相能，兩軍鬥。帝以兩將皆有功，置不問。既而綎罷，劉天俸代；天俸逮，遂以子龍兼統之。子龍抑騰兵，每工作，輒虐用之，而右姚兵。及用師隴川，子龍故為低昂，椎牛饗士，姚兵倍騰兵，騰兵大不堪，欲散去。副使姜忻令他將轄之，乃定。而姚兵久驕，因索餉作亂，由永昌、大理抵會城，所過剽掠。諸兵夾擊之，斬八十四級，俘四百余人，亂始靖。子龍坐褫官下吏。

Yongchang and Tengchong had long been known as peaceful country, but after the rebellions of Yue Feng and Han Qian the court began recruiting troops—mostly desperate men—and set up separate camps at Tengchong and Yaoan. Liu Ting led the Tengchong force and Zilong the Yaoan force. They could not work together, and the two armies came to blows. Because both commanders had served with distinction, the Emperor let the matter pass without punishment. Liu Ting was later removed from command and Liu Tianfu took his place; when Tianfu was arrested, Zilong was placed in command of both forces. Zilong looked down on the Tengchong men, worked them brutally at every task, and openly favored the Yaoan troops. During the Longchuan campaign Zilong deliberately skewed rewards: when he slaughtered cattle to feast the men, the Yaoan soldiers received twice what the Tengchong soldiers did. The Tengchong troops could bear it no longer and wanted to disband. Vice Commissioner Jiang Xin assigned another officer to take charge of them, and the crisis subsided. The Yaoan troops, long spoiled by favor, then mutinied over back pay, marching from Yongchang and Dali to the provincial capital and looting wherever they passed. Government forces struck them from two sides, took eighty-four heads and more than four hundred prisoners, and the disturbance was finally quelled. Zilong was stripped of rank for his role and handed over to the judicial authorities.

十八年，孟養賊思箇叛。子龍方對簿，巡撫吳定請令立功自贖，帝許之。命未至，定已與黔國公沐昌祚遣將卻之。無何，丁改十寨賊普應春、霸生等作亂，勢張甚。定大征漢土軍，令子龍軍其右，遊擊楊威軍其左，大破之，斬首一千二百級，招降六千六百人。帝為告謝郊廟，宣捷受賀，復子龍副總兵，署金山參將事。先是，猛廣土官思仁烝其嫂甘線姑，欲妻之，弗克。偕其黨丙測叛歸緬，數導入寇。二十年攻孟養，犯蠻莫，土同知思紀奔等練山。子龍擊敗之，乃去。子龍尋被劾罷歸。

In the eighteenth year the Mengyang rebel Si Ge rose in revolt. While Zilong was still on trial, Grand Coordinator Wu Ding asked that he be allowed to redeem himself by military service, and the Emperor agreed. Before the order arrived, Ding had already joined the Duke of Qian, Mu Changzuo, in sending generals to repulse them. Before long the Dinggai Ten Stockades rebels Pu Yingchun, Basheng, and others rebelled, and their power swelled. Ding raised a great levy of regular and native troops, placed Zilong on the right and Mobile Corps General Yang Wei on the left, routed the rebels, took twelve hundred heads, and received six thousand six hundred in surrender. The emperor offered thanks at the suburban altars, proclaimed victory and received congratulations, restored Zilong as vice commander-in-chief, and gave him acting command of the Jinshan garrison. Earlier, the Mengguang native officer Siren had violated his sister-in-law Gan Xianggu and tried to take her as wife but failed. With his partisan Bing Ce he rebelled and fled to Burma, repeatedly guiding raids into Ming territory. In year 20 he attacked Mengyang, raided Manmo, and the native vice magistrate Siji fled to Denglian Mountain. Zilong defeated him and drove him off. Soon afterward Zilong was impeached, dismissed, and sent home.

二十六年，朝鮮用師。詔以故官領水軍，從陳璘東征。倭將渡海遁，璘遣子龍偕朝鮮統制使李舜臣督水軍千人，駕三巨艦為前鋒，邀之釜山南海。子龍素慷慨，年逾七十，意氣彌厲，欲得首功，急攜壯士二百人躍上朝鮮舟，直前奮擊，賊死傷無算。他舟誤擲火器入子龍舟，舟中火，賊乘之，子龍戰死。舜臣赴救，亦死。事聞，贈都督僉事，世蔭一子，廟祀朝鮮。

In year 26 the court sent troops to Korea. An edict ordered him, in his former rank, to lead the fleet and follow Chen Lin on the eastern expedition. The Japanese generals fled across the sea. Lin sent Zilong with Korean commander Yi Sun-sin to lead a thousand sailors in three great ships as vanguard and intercept them off southern Pusan. Zilong had always been high-spirited. Though past seventy his ardor burned fiercer than ever. Eager for first merit, he took two hundred stalwarts, leaped aboard a Korean ship, and charged straight in. Enemy dead and wounded were beyond count. Another ship mistakenly fired into Zilong's vessel. His ship caught fire, the enemy pressed the advantage, and Zilong died fighting. Sun-sin rushed to the rescue and died as well. When news reached the court, he was posthumously made commissioner of the chief military commission, granted a hereditary privilege for one son, and given a temple sacrifice in Korea.

馬孔英

Ma Kongying

馬孔英者，宣府塞外降丁也，積戰功為寧夏參將。

Ma Kongying was a surrendered tribesman from beyond the Xuanfu frontier who through accumulated battle merit became brigade general of Ningxia.

萬歷二十年，哱拜反，引套寇入掠，孔英屢擊敗之。卜失兔入下馬關，從麻貴邀擊，大獲。進本鎮副總兵。二十四年九月，著力兔、宰僧犯平虜、橫城。孔英偕參將鄧鳳力戰，斬首二百七十有奇，賜金幣。令推大將缺，乃擢署都督僉事，以總兵官蒞舊任，尋進秩為真。二十七年，著力兔、宰僧復犯平虜、興武，孔英與杜桐等分道襲敗之。再入，又敗之。

In Wanli year 20, Paba rebelled and led Tatar raiders in plundering. Kongying repeatedly defeated them. When Bushitu entered Xiamaguan, Kongying joined Ma Gui in intercepting him and won a great victory. He was promoted to vice commander-in-chief of his own garrison. In the ninth month of year 24 Zhuli Tu and Zaiseng invaded Pinglu and Hengcheng. Kongying and Brigade General Deng Feng fought fiercely, took more than two hundred seventy heads, and were rewarded with gold and silks. When a senior command opened, he was promoted to acting commissioner of the chief military commission, resumed his old post as commander-in-chief, and soon received full rank. In year 27 Zhuli Tu and Zaiseng again invaded Pinglu and Xingwu. Kongying and Du Tong attacked along separate routes and defeated them. When they invaded again he defeated them once more.

會大征播州楊應龍。詔發陜西四鎮兵，令孔英將以往。兵分八道，孔英道南川，獨險遠，去應龍海龍囤六七百里。未至，重慶推官高折枝監紀軍事，請獨當一面。乃與參將周國柱先以石砫宣撫馬千乘兵破賊金築，復督酉陽宣撫冉禦龍敗賊於官壩。孔英至軍，平茶、邑梅兵亦集，軍容甚壯。先師期一日入真州，用土官鄭葵、路麟為鄉道，別遣邊兵千扼明月關。諸軍鼓行前，連破四寨，次赤崖，抵清水坪、封寧關，破賊營十數，逼桑木關，關內民降者日千計。折枝結三大砦處之，禁殺掠，降者日眾，賊益孤。關為賊要害，山險箐深，賊憑高拒。乃令千乘、禦龍出關左右，國柱搗其中。賊用標槍藥矢，銳甚。官軍殊死戰，奪其關，逐北至風坎關，賊復大敗。連破九杵、黑水諸關，苦竹、羊崖、銅鼓諸寨。國柱攻金子壩，無一人，疑有伏，焚空砦十九，嚴兵以待，賊果突出，擊敗之。孔英乃留王之翰兵守白玉臺，衛餉道，平茶、邑梅兵守桑木關，而親帥大軍進營金子壩。

Just then came the great campaign against Yang Yinglong of Bozhou. An edict mobilized troops from the four Shaanxi garrisons and ordered Kongying to lead them. The army was divided into eight routes. Kongying took Nanchuan, the most perilous and remote route, six or seven hundred li from Yinglong's Hailong Stockade. Before he arrived, Chongqing investigating censor Gao Zhezhi supervised military records and asked to hold an independent sector. He and Brigade General Zhou Guozhu first used Shizhu Pacification Commissioner Ma Qiansheng's troops to break the rebel Jinzhu, then directed Youyang Pacification Commissioner Ran Yulong to defeat the rebels at Guanba. When Kongying reached the army, the Pingcha and Yimei troops had assembled as well, and the force looked formidable. They entered Zhen Prefecture one day ahead of schedule, using native officers Zheng Kui and Lu Lin as guides, and sent a thousand frontier troops to hold Mingyue Pass. The armies advanced to the beat of drums, took four stockades in succession, reached Chiya, then Qingshuiping and Fengning Pass, destroyed more than ten rebel camps, and pressed Sangmu Pass. Submissions within the pass numbered a thousand a day. Zhezhi settled them in three great stockades, forbade killing and plunder, and as submissions mounted the rebels grew ever more isolated. The pass was the rebels' strategic point. Mountains were perilous and bamboo thickets deep, and the rebels held the heights. He ordered Qiansheng and Yulong to attack on the left and right of the pass while Guozhu struck the center. The rebels fought with javelins and poisoned arrows, both deadly. Government troops fought to the death, seized the pass, pursued north to Fengkan Pass, and routed the rebels again. In succession they broke the passes of Jiuchu and Heishui and the stockades of Kuzhu, Yangya, and Tonggu. Guozhu attacked Jinzi Dam and found it empty. Suspecting an ambush, he burned nineteen abandoned stockades and waited in battle order. When the rebels burst forth he defeated them. Kongying left Wang Zhihan's troops at Baiyu Terrace to guard the supply route, Pingcha and Yimei troops at Sangmu Pass, and personally led the main army to encamp at Jinzi Dam.

應龍聞桑木關破，大懼，遣弟世龍及楊珠以銳卒劫之翰營。之翰走，殺餉卒無算。平茶兵來援，賊始退，孔英還擊世龍，復卻。裨將劉勝奮擊，賊乃奔。官軍進朗山口，由郎山進蒙子橋，深箐蓊翳，賊處處設伏，悉剿平之。應龍益懼，遣其黨詐降，謀為內應，折枝盡斬之，伏以待。珠果夜劫營，伏發，賊驚潰，追奔至高坪。已，奪賊養馬城，直抵海龍第二關下，賊守兵益多。孔英軍已深入，而諸道未有至者。酉陽、延綏兵皆退，賊躡殺官軍六十人。居數日，劉綎兵至，乃合兵連克海崖、海門諸關。賊走保囤上，竟覆滅。

When Yinglong heard Sangmu Pass had fallen he was terrified and sent his brother Shilong and Yang Zhu with elite troops to raid Zhihan's camp. Zhihan fled, and countless supply soldiers were killed. Pingcha troops came to the relief and the rebels withdrew. Kongying turned back, attacked Shilong, and drove him off. Lieutenant General Liu Sheng fought fiercely and the rebels fled. Government troops advanced through Langshan Pass and from Lang Mountain to Mengzi Bridge. In deep, dark bamboo thickets the rebels laid ambushes everywhere, and all were hunted down. Yinglong grew more afraid and sent men to feign surrender and plot treachery within the camp. Zhezhi beheaded them all and laid an ambush. Zhu did raid the camp by night. The ambush sprang up, the rebels fled in alarm, and were pursued to Gaoping. They soon seized the rebels' Yangma City and drove to the second pass of Hailong, where rebel defenders grew ever more numerous. Kongying's army had penetrated deep, but no other column had yet arrived. The Youyang and Yansui troops withdrew, and pursuing rebels killed sixty government soldiers. After several days Liu Ting's troops arrived. They joined forces and in succession took the passes of Haiya and Haimen. The rebels fled to the stockade heights and were at last utterly destroyed.

初，總督李化龍克師期，諸將莫利先入。孔英所將邊卒及諸土兵，皆獷悍，監紀折枝勇而有謀，故師獨先。八道圍海龍，諸將以囤後易攻，爭走其後，孔英獨壁關前。錄功，進都督同知，世蔭千戶。

At first Grand Coordinator Li Hualong had set a rendezvous date, and none of the generals wished to advance first. The frontier soldiers and native troops Kongying led were fierce and hardy, and supervising recorder Zhezhi was brave and resourceful. His column alone advanced first. Eight columns besieged Hailong. The generals, thinking the rear of the stockade easier to attack, all vied for that sector while Kongying alone held the front of the pass. When merit was recorded he was promoted to vice commissioner of the chief military commission and granted a hereditary battalion command.

久之，以總兵官鎮貴州。平金築、定番叛苗，生擒首惡阿包、阿牙等。已而欲襲黃柏山苗。苗知之，先發，敗官兵，匿不報。又誘執苗酋石阿四，稱陣擒冒功。為巡撫胡桂芳所劾，罷歸卒。

After a long time he served as commander-in-chief at Guizhou. He pacified the rebellious Miao of Jinzhu and Dingfan and captured the ringleaders A Bao, A Ya, and others alive. Soon afterward he planned to attack the Miao of Huangbai Mountain. The Miao learned of it, struck first, defeated government troops, and concealed the defeat. He also lured and seized Miao chieftain Shi Asi and falsely claimed a battlefield capture. Grand Coordinator Hu Guifang impeached him. He was dismissed, sent home, and died there.

【贊】

Historian's commendation

贊曰：播州之役，諸將用命，合八道師，歷時五月，僅乃克之，可謂勞矣。劉綎勇略冠諸將，勞最多，其後死事亦最烈。鄧子龍始事姚安，名與綎幹，垂老致命，廟祀海隅。昔人謂「武官不惜死」，兩人者蓋無愧於斯言也夫。

The historian comments: In the Bozhou campaign the generals gave their all. Eight columns were combined, and only after five months was victory won—a truly arduous affair. Liu Ting's courage and strategy topped all the generals. His labor was greatest, and his death in service was the most heroic of all. Deng Zilong began his career at Yao'an, rivaled Ting in fame, gave his life in old age, and received a temple sacrifice on the seacoast. Men of old said, "Military officers do not spare their lives." These two men surely had no cause to blush before such words.

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