Volume 277 Biographies 165: Yuan Jixian, Jin Sheng, Qiu Zude, Shen Youlong, Chen Zilong, Hou Dongceng, Yang Wencong, Chen Qianfu, Shen Tingyang, Lin Ruzhu, Zheng Weihong

袁繼鹹〈（張亮）〉金聲〈（江天一）〉丘祖德〈（溫璜吳應箕尹民興等）〉沈猶龍〈（李待問章簡）〉陳子龍〈（夏允彜徐孚遠）〉侯峒曾〈（閻應元等朱集璜等）〉楊文驄〈（孫臨等）〉陳潛夫〈（陸培）〉沈廷揚林汝翥〈（林惣）〉鄭為虹〈（黃大鵬王士和胡上琛熊緯）〉

Yuan Jixian (Zhang Liang)]〉 Jin Sheng (Jiang Tianyi)]〉 Qiu Zude (Wen Huang, Wu Yingji, Yin Minxing, and others)]〉 Shen Youlong (Li Daiwen and Zhang Jian)]〉 Chen Zilong (Xia Yunyi and Xu Fuyuan)]〉 Hou Dongceng (Yan Chengyuan and others; Zhu Jihuang and others)]〉 Yang Wencong (Sun Lin and others)]〉 Chen Qianfu (Lu Pei)]〉 Shen Tingyang and Lin Ruzhu (Lin Song)]〉 Zheng Weihong (Huang Dapeng, Wang Shihe, Hu Shangchen, and Xiong Wei)]〉

袁繼鹹，字季通，宜春人。天啟五年進士。授行人。崇禎三年冬，擢御史，監臨會試，坐縱懷挾舉子，謫南京行人司副，遷主客員外郎。七年春，擢山西提學僉事。未行，總理戶、工二部中官張彜憲有朝覲官賫冊之奏。繼鹹疏論之，謂：「此令行，上自藩臬，下至守令，莫不次第參謁，屏息低眉，跪拜於中官之座，率天下為無恥事，大不便。」彜憲大恚，與繼鹹互訐奏。帝不聽，乃孑身赴任。久之，巡撫吳甡薦其廉能。而巡按御史張孫振以請屬不應，疏誣繼鹹臟私事。帝怒，逮繼鹹，責甡回奏。甡賢繼鹹，斥孫振。諸生隨至都，伏闕訴冤，繼鹹亦列上孫振請屬狀及其贓賄數事。詔逮孫振，坐謫戍；繼鹹得復官。十年，除湖廣參議，分守武昌。以兵搗江賊巢興國、大冶山中，擒賊首呂瘦子，降其黨十余人。詔兼僉事，分巡武昌、黃州。擊退賊老回回、革裏眼等七大部黃陂、黃安，築黃岡城六千余丈。

Yuan Jixian, courtesy name Jitong, was from Yichun. He received his jinshi degree in the fifth year of the Tianqi reign. He was appointed a courier in the Ministry of Rites. In the winter of Chongzhen year three he was promoted to censor and oversaw the metropolitan examination. Because he had allowed candidates to smuggle in crib notes, he was demoted to vice commissioner of the Nanjing courier service and later made vice director in the Bureau of Receptions. In the spring of the seventh year he was promoted to educational intendant in Shanxi. Before he could take up the post, Zhang Yixian, the eunuch in charge of the Ministries of Revenue and Works, memorialized that officials coming to court should submit tribute registers. Jixian submitted a memorial opposing it, writing: "If this order takes effect, from provincial governors and intendants down to prefects and magistrates, everyone will have to pay calls in succession, breath held and brows lowered, kneeling before a eunuch's seat. The whole empire would be reduced to shamelessness. This would be a grave evil." Zhang Yixian was furious and exchanged impeachment memorials with Jixian. The emperor paid him no heed, and Jixian went to his post alone. In time Grand Coordinator Wu Shen recommended him for integrity and ability. But Touring Censor Zhang Sunzhen, whose request for a favor had gone unanswered, memorialized falsely accusing Jixian of graft. The emperor was enraged, had Jixian arrested, and ordered Shen to report back. Shen spoke up for Jixian and rebuked Sunzhen. Students followed him to the capital and knelt at the palace gate to plead his case. Jixian also submitted evidence of Sunzhen's solicitations and several counts of bribery. An edict ordered Sunzhen arrested, and he was banished to military service on the frontier; and Jixian was restored to office. In the tenth year he was made vice commissioner of Huguang with responsibility for defending Wuchang. He led troops against river bandit strongholds in the Xingguo and Daye mountains, captured the chief Lü Shouzi, and induced more than ten of his followers to surrender. He was ordered to serve concurrently as intendant with jurisdiction over Wuchang and Huangzhou. He drove back the seven great bandit armies of Lao Huihui, Ge Liyan, and others at Huangpi and Huang'an, and built more than six thousand zhang of wall at Huanggang.

十二年，移淮陽，忤中官楊顯名，奏鐫二秩調用。督師楊嗣昌以其知兵，引參軍事。明年四月擢右僉都御史，撫治鄖陽。未一年，襄陽陷，被逮，戍貴州。十五年，廷臣交薦，起故官，總理河北屯政。未赴，賊逼江西。廷議設重臣總督江西、湖廣、應天、安慶軍務，駐九江。擢繼鹹兵部右侍郎兼右僉都御史以行。賊已陷武昌，左良玉擁兵東下。繼鹹遇良玉於蕪湖，激以忠義。良玉即還，恢復武昌。廷議呂大器來代，繼鹹仍督屯政。大器、良玉不協，長沙、袁州俱陷，仍推繼鹹代之。甫抵鎮而京師陷。

In the twelfth year he was transferred to Huaiyang. He offended the eunuch Yang Xianming and was reduced two ranks and reassigned. Grand Secretary Yang Sichang, judging him skilled in military matters, took him on as a staff adviser. The following year, in the fourth month, he was promoted to right vice censor-in-chief and charged with pacifying Yunyang. Within a year Xiangyang fell. He was arrested and exiled to Guizhou. In the fifteenth year officials at court repeatedly recommended him. He was restored to his former rank and placed in charge of military colonies north of the Yellow River. Before he could take up the post, rebels threatened Jiangxi. The court decided to appoint a senior official to supervise military affairs in Jiangxi, Huguang, Yingtian, and Anqing, with headquarters at Jiujiang. Jixian was promoted to right vice minister of War with the concurrent rank of right vice censor-in-chief and sent to take command. The rebels had already taken Wuchang, and Zuo Liangyu was marching east with his army. Jixian met Liangyu at Wuhu and roused him with appeals to loyalty and duty. Liangyu turned back at once and recovered Wuchang. The court decided that Lü Daqi would replace him while Jixian continued to supervise military colonies. Daqi and Liangyu could not work together. Changsha and Yuanzhou both fell, and the court again turned to Jixian to replace Daqi. He had scarcely reached his post when the capital fell.

福王立南都，頒詔武昌，良玉不拜詔。繼鹹致書言倫序正，良玉乃拜受詔。繼鹹入朝，高傑新封興平伯。繼咸曰：「封爵以勸有功。無功而封，有功者不勸。跋扈而封，跋扈愈多。」王曰：「事已行，奈何？」繼咸曰：「馬士英引傑渡江，宜令往輯。」王曰：「彼不欲往，輔臣史可法願往。」繼咸曰：「陛下嗣位，固以恩澤收人心，尤宜以紀綱肅眾誌。乞振精神，申法紀。冬春間，淮上未必無事。臣雖駑，願奉六龍為澶淵之舉。」王有難色。因詣榻前密奏曰：「左良玉雖無異圖，然所部多降將，非孝子順孫。陛下初登大寶，人心危疑，意外不可不慮，臣當星馳回鎮。」許之。因赴閣責可法不當封傑，士英嗛之。俄陳致治守邦大計，引宋高宗用黃潛善、汪伯彥事，語復侵士英。會湖廣巡按御史黃澍劾奏士英十大罪，士英擬旨逮治。澍與良玉謀，陰諷將士大嘩，欲下南京索餉，保救澍。繼鹹為留江漕十萬石、餉十三萬金給之，且代澍申理，以良玉依仗澍為言。士英不得已，免逮澍。繼鹹既與士英隙，所奏悉停寢。

When the Prince of Fu established the Southern Court and issued an edict at Wuchang, Liangyu refused to accept it. Jixian wrote to explain that the succession was legitimate, and Liangyu then accepted the edict with obeisance. Jixian went to court, where Gao Jie had just been enfeoffed as Marquis of Xingping. Jixian said: "Titles and fiefs are meant to reward merit. Enfeoffing the undeserving will not encourage those who have earned reward. Enfeoffing the insubordinate will only breed more insubordination." The prince said: "The deed is already done. What can be done now?" Jixian said: "Ma Shiying brought Jie across the Yangzi. He should be ordered to go and restore order there." The prince said: "He does not wish to go. Grand Secretary Shi Kefa is willing to go instead." Jixian said: "Your Majesty has taken the throne and rightly uses favor to win hearts, but you must also use discipline to steady the will of the court. I beg you to rouse your spirit and enforce the law. Between winter and spring there may well be trouble on the Huai front. Though I am unworthy, I am willing to follow Your Majesty's carriage as in the covenant of Chanyuan." The prince looked troubled. He then went to the couch and spoke in confidence: "Although Zuo Liangyu has no rebellious intent, his troops are mostly surrendered generals, not men of filial loyalty. Your Majesty has just taken the throne, and hearts are uneasy. The unexpected cannot be ignored. I should ride back to my post at once." The prince granted his request. He then went to the Grand Secretariat and reproached Kefa for improperly enfeoffing Jie. Shiying took offense. Soon after he set forth his plan for governing and defending the realm, citing how Emperor Gaozong of Song had employed Huang Qianshan and Wang Boyan—language that again struck at Shiying. At the same time Huang Shu, touring censor of Huguang, memorialized ten grave charges against Shiying. Shiying drafted an edict for his arrest. Shu plotted with Liangyu, secretly stirring the troops to mutiny with the aim of marching on Nanjing to demand pay and save Shu. Jixian set aside one hundred thousand piculs of Yangzi grain transport and one hundred thirty thousand taels in pay for them, pleaded Shu's case, and cited Liangyu's dependence on Shu. Shiying had no choice but to drop the arrest of Shu. Once Jixian had fallen out with Shiying, none of his memorials received action.

明年正月，繼鹹言：「元朔者，人臣拜手稱觴之日，陛下嘗膽臥薪之時。念大恥未雪，宜以周宣之未央問夜為可法，以晚近長夜之飲、角之戲為可戒。省土木之功，節浮淫之費。戒諭臣工，後私鬥而急公仇。臣每嘆三十年來，徒以三案葛藤血戰不已。若《要典》一書，已經先帝焚毀，何必復理其說。書茍未進，宜寢之；即已進，宜毀之。至王者代興，從古亦多異同。平、勃迎立漢文，不聞窮治朱虛之過；房、杜決策秦邸，不聞力究魏征之非。固其君豁達大度，亦其大臣公忠善謀，翊贊其美。請再下寬大之詔，解圜扉疑入之囚，斷草野株連之案。」王降旨俞其言。

In the first month of the following year Jixian said: "The new year's day is when ministers bow and offer congratulations; it should be a time for Your Majesty to taste gall and sleep on brushwood. Great shame is not yet avenged. You should take King Xuan of Zhou's midnight vigil at Weiyang as your model, and regard recent all-night revelry and wrestling games as warnings. Cut back construction projects and curb wasteful spending. Admonish your ministers to set aside private quarrels and unite against the common foe. I often lament that for thirty years men have fought in bloody strife over nothing but the entanglements of the Three Cases. The book Summaries of Essentials was already burned by the late emperor. Why revisit its doctrines? If the book has not yet been submitted, let it lie; if it has been submitted, destroy it. When one dynasty succeeds another, history offers many parallels and contrasts. Chen Ping and Zhou Bo installed Emperor Wen of Han, yet they did not pursue to the end the crimes of the Lü clan; Fang Xuanling and Du Ruhui decided affairs at the Prince of Qin's residence, yet they did not press hard on Wei Zheng's past errors. This was because their rulers were magnanimous, and their ministers loyal, public-spirited, and skilled in counsel, assisting and praising their sovereign's virtue. He urged that another edict of mercy be issued—to free those jailed on mere suspicion and to halt cases that dragged innocent families across the countryside into ruin. The prince issued an edict granting his request.

群小皆不喜繼鹹，汰其軍餉六萬，軍中有怨言，繼鹹疏爭不得。又以江上兵寡，鄭鴻逵戰艦不還，議更造，檄九江僉事葉士彥於江流截買材木。士彥家蕪湖，與諸商昵，封還其檄。繼鹹以令不行，疏劾士彥。士彥同年御史黃耳鼎亦劾繼鹹，言繼鹹有心腹將校勸左良玉立他宗，良玉不從雲。良玉嘗不拜監國詔，聞之益疑懼，上疏明與繼鹹無隙，耳鼎受指使而言，《要典》宜再焚。江東人乃由是交口言繼鹹、良玉倡和，脅制朝廷矣。會都下又有偽太子之事，良玉爭不得，遂與士英輩有隙。繼鹹疏言：「太子真偽，非臣所能懸揣。真則望行良玉言，偽則不妨從容審處，多召東宮舊臣辨識，以解中外之疑。」疏未達，良玉已反。

The court clique resented Jixian; they slashed his army's pay by sixty thousand taels, sparking muttering in the ranks. Jixian memorialized in protest, but his plea went unheeded. With too few troops on the Yangzi and Zheng Hongkui's warships still absent, the court resolved to build replacements and ordered Ye Shiyan, intendant at Jiujiang, to buy timber cut from the riverbanks. Shiyan's family was based in Wuhu, where he was on cozy terms with the merchant guilds; he sealed the order and sent it back unopened. When the order went unexecuted, Jixian memorialized the throne to impeach Shiyan. Shiyan's examination-year colleague, Censor Huang Erding, also impeached Jixian, alleging that Jixian's trusted officers had urged Zuo Liangyu to put forward a rival claimant to the throne—a proposal Liangyu refused. Liangyu, who had once refused to acknowledge the regency edict, grew still more alarmed. He memorialized to declare that he and Jixian were not at odds, that Erding spoke at someone's bidding, and that the Summaries of Essentials ought to be burned once more. From that point, voices across the lower Yangzi converged on a single claim: Jixian and Liangyu were working in tandem to intimidate the court. About then the capital was shaken by the case of the supposed crown prince. Liangyu failed to get his way and fell out with Ma Shiying and his allies. Jixian submitted a memorial: "Whether the crown prince is genuine or an impostor lies beyond this minister's power to decide. If he is real, I would ask that Your Majesty heed Liangyu's counsel. If he is false, the matter can be examined at leisure—summon former officials of the eastern palace to identify him and lay to rest the suspicions of court and country alike. Before the memorial even reached the capital, Liangyu had already risen in revolt.

初，繼鹹聞李自成兵敗南下，命部將郝效忠、陳麟、鄧林奇守九江，自統副將汪碩畫、李士元等援袁州，防賊由岳州、長沙入江西境。既已登舟，聞良玉反，復還九江。良玉舟在北岸，貽書繼鹹，願握手一別，為皇太子死。九江士民泣請繼鹹往，紓一方難。繼鹹會良玉於舟中，良玉語及太子下獄事，大哭。次日，舟移南岸，良玉袖出皇太子密諭，劫諸將盟。繼鹹正色曰：「密諭何從來？先帝舊德不可忘，今上新恩亦不可負，密諭何從來？」良玉色變，良久乃曰：「吾約不破城，改檄為疏，駐軍侯旨。」繼鹹歸，集諸將於城樓而灑泣曰：「兵諫非正。晉陽之甲，《春秋》惡之，可同亂乎？」遂約與俱拒守。而效忠及部將張世勛等則已出與良玉合兵，入城殺掠。繼鹹聞之，欲自盡。黃澍入署拜泣曰：「寧南無異圖。公以死激成之，大事去矣。」副將李士春亦密白繼鹹隱忍，至前途，王文成之事可圖也。繼鹹以為然，遂出責良玉。良玉已疾篤，夜望見城中火起，大哭曰：「予負臨侯！」臨侯，繼鹹別號也。嘔血數升，遂死。其子夢庚秘不發喪，諸將推為帥，移舟東。中朝皆疑繼鹹、良玉同反。而南都時已破，諸鎮多納款。繼鹹勸夢庚旋師，不聽。遣人語林奇、碩畫、士元毋為不忠事，林奇、碩畫、士元避皖湖中，遣人陰逆繼鹹。繼鹹已為效忠紿赴其軍。將及湖口，而夢庚、效忠降於我大清，遂執繼鹹北去，館內院。至明年三月，終不屈，乃殺之。

Earlier, on hearing that Li Zicheng's forces had been broken and were fleeing south, Jixian ordered Hao Xiaozhong, Chen Lin, and Deng Linqi to hold Jiujiang while he himself marched with Wang Shuohua, Li Shiyuan, and other deputies to relieve Yuanzhou, blocking any rebel advance into Jiangxi through Yuezhou and Changsha. He had already put to water when word came of Liangyu's rebellion; he turned back at once to Jiujiang. Liangyu's fleet lay on the north bank. He wrote to Jixian asking for one final meeting, saying he was ready to die for the crown prince. The people of Jiujiang, weeping, pleaded with Jixian to go and spare the city its ordeal. Jixian went aboard to meet Liangyu, who spoke of the crown prince's imprisonment and broke into loud weeping. The following day the vessel crossed to the south bank. Liangyu produced from his sleeve a secret order purportedly from the crown prince and compelled his officers to swear allegiance to it. Jixian answered coldly, "Where did this secret edict come from? The late emperor's kindness must not be forgotten, and the reigning sovereign's favor must not be cast aside—where did this secret edict come from? Liangyu's face darkened. At length he said, "I will not assault the city. I shall recast my proclamation as a memorial and hold my troops in camp until I receive the throne's command." Jixian returned to the city, assembled his officers on the tower, and said through tears, "To remonstrate with arms is not the right path. When the Jin raised troops at Jinyang, the Spring and Autumn Annals marked it as evil. Are we to share in such disorder? He then bound them all by oath to stand firm and defend the city together. Yet Hao Xiaozhong, Zhang Shixun, and other officers had already gone over to Liangyu, joined his forces, and entered the city to kill and loot. On hearing this, Jixian wanted to take his own life. Huang Shu came into the yamen, bowed, and wept. "The Prince of Ningnan has no treacherous intent, but if you die now and goad him into worse, all will be lost. Deputy General Li Shichun also sent a private message urging Jixian to swallow his grief: patience now might yet allow them to accomplish what Wang Wencheng had once done. Jixian accepted the counsel and went out to rebuke Liangyu in person. Liangyu was already near death. That night, seeing flames leap up within the city, he sobbed, "I have betrayed Lord Linhou! Linhou was Jixian's courtesy name. He coughed up bowl after bowl of blood and died. His son Zuo Menggeng concealed the death and withheld the funeral rites. The officers proclaimed him commander and steered the fleet eastward. At court, many now suspected that Jixian and Liangyu had rebelled in concert. By then the Southern Capital had already fallen, and one garrison after another was surrendering. Jixian pleaded with Menggeng to march his troops home, but Menggeng refused. He sent word to Deng Linqi, Wang Shuohua, and Li Shiyuan not to commit any act of disloyalty. They withdrew into the lakes of Wan and dispatched envoys in secret to receive Jixian. Jixian, however, had already been lured by Hao Xiaozhong into joining his camp. Just before they reached Hukou, Menggeng and Xiaozhong surrendered to Our Great Qing. They seized Jixian and marched him north, housing him in an inner court residence. When the third month of the following year came and he still would not yield, they put him to death.

有張亮者，四川人。舉於鄉。崇禎時，歷榆林兵備參議，用薦改安廬兵備，監禁軍討賊，頻有功。十七年擢右僉都御史，巡撫其地。福王既立，亮聞李自成兵敗西奔，奏言賊勢可乘，請解職視賊所向，督兵進討，從之。尋召入京議事，復遣還任。明年四月，左夢庚陷安慶，亮被執。夢庚北行，挾亮與俱，乘間赴河死。

There was one Zhang Liang, a man of Sichuan. He earned his juren degree in the provincial examinations. Under Chongzhen he served as military intendant at Yulin, then, on recommendation, was transferred to the An-Lu command, where he led imperial troops against bandits and won repeated victories. In the seventeenth year of the reign he was promoted to right vice censor-in-chief and appointed grand coordinator of the territory. Once the Prince of Fu took the throne, Liang learned that Li Zicheng's army had been broken and was fleeing west. He memorialized that the moment was ripe to strike, asked to leave his post to track the rebels' movements, and offered to lead troops in pursuit. The court agreed. Shortly afterward he was called to the capital for consultation, then returned to his command. The next year, in the fourth month, Zuo Menggeng took Anqing and captured Liang. As Menggeng marched north he took Liang with him. Liang found an opening, threw himself into the river, and drowned.

申甫者，僧也，好談兵，方私制戰車火器。帝納聲言，取其車入覽，授都司僉書。即日召見，奏對稱旨，超擢副總兵，敕募新軍，便宜從事。改聲御史，參其軍。甫倉猝募數千人，皆市井遊手，所需軍裝戎器又不時給。而是時大清兵在郊圻久，勢當速戰，急出營柳林。總理滿桂節制諸軍，甫不肯為下。桂卒掠民間，甫軍捕之，桂輒索去。聲以兩軍不和聞，帝即命聲調護。亡何，桂歿，甫連敗於柳林、大井，乃結車營盧溝橋。大清兵繞出其後，禦車者惶懼不能轉，殲戮殆盡，甫亦陣亡。聲痛傷之，言甫受事日淺，直前沖鋒，遺骸矢刃殆遍，非喋血力戰不至此。帝亦傷之，命予恤典。

Shen Fu was a monk with a passion for military affairs who had been secretly constructing war chariots and gunpowder weapons. The emperor heeded Jin Sheng's recommendation, examined the chariot himself, and appointed Shen Fu registrar in the staff supervisorate. Shen Fu was summoned the same day. His replies so pleased the emperor that he was abruptly promoted to deputy surveillance commissioner, charged with raising a new army and given full discretion to act. Jin Sheng was reassigned as censor to supervise the new force. Shen Fu hurriedly raised several thousand men, most of them idle street hands from the markets, while the arms and kit they needed never arrived on schedule. Our Great Qing armies had by then lingered long outside the capital walls, and the moment demanded a quick fight. Shen Fu rushed his men into camp at Willow Grove. Man Gui, the supreme commander, held authority over all forces, but Shen Fu refused to take orders from him. Man Gui's troops preyed on the populace; when Shen Fu's men seized them, Man Gui insistently demanded their return. Jin Sheng reported the feud between the two armies to the throne, and the emperor at once ordered him to reconcile them. Before long Man Gui died. Shen Fu lost battle after battle at Willow Grove and Dajing, then drew up his chariot formation at Lugou Bridge. Our Great Qing forces swung around to their rear. The charioteers panicked and could not wheel their vehicles about; the unit was cut to pieces, and Shen Fu fell on the field. Jin Sheng mourned him bitterly, saying that Shen Fu had served only a short while yet had led from the front; his body was pierced almost everywhere by arrow and blade—nothing but blood-soaked combat could have brought him to such an end. The emperor grieved as well and ordered posthumous honors.

聲恥無功，請率參將董大勝兵七百人，甫遺將古壁兵百人，及豪傑義從數百人，練成一旅，為劉之綸奇兵，收桑榆之效，不許。俄以清核軍需告竣，奏繳關防，請按律定罪，再疏請罷斥，皆不許。東江自毛文龍被殺，兵力弱，勢孤。聲因東宮冊立，自請頒詔朝鮮，俾聯絡東江，張海外形勢。帝雖嘉其意，亦不果用。

Humiliated by his own failure, Jin Sheng asked to take seven hundred men under Dong Dasheng, the hundred survivors led by Gu Bi, and several hundred local volunteers, drill them into a single force, and serve as a flanking strike under Liu Zhigang to snatch victory from defeat. The request was denied. When the audit of army supplies was finished, he submitted his seal and asked to be punished under the law; he memorialized again begging to be dismissed. Both pleas were refused. Ever since Mao Wenlong's death, the Eastern Jiang garrison had been understrength and cut off. When the crown prince was formally installed, Jin Sheng offered to carry an edict to Korea, reestablish contact with Eastern Jiang, and show the empire's reach beyond the seas. The emperor approved the idea in principle, but nothing came of it.

尋上疏言：「陛下曉夜焦勞，日親天下之事，實未嘗日習天下之人。必使天下才不才，及才長短，一一程量不爽，方可斟酌位置。往者，陛下數召對群臣，問無所得，鮮當聖心，遂厭薄之。臣愚妄謂陛下泰交尚未殷，顧問尚未數，不得謂召對無益也。願自今間日禦文華，令京卿、翰林、臺諫及中行、評博等官，輪番入直，博咨廣詢。而內外有職業者，亦得不時進見。政事得失，軍民利病，廟堂舉錯，邊塞情形，皆與臣工考究於燕閑之間。歲月既久，品量畢呈。諸臣才不才，及才長短，豈得逃聖鑒。」帝未及報，聲再疏懇言之，終不用，遂屢疏乞歸。

He soon submitted a long memorial: "Your Majesty wears yourself thin with care, attending to the business of empire from dawn till midnight, yet you have not truly come to know the men who serve it. Only when you have weighed every man's ability—who has talent, who lacks it, and how much each can bear—can you place men where they belong. In the past Your Majesty often called ministers in for questioning, yet the sessions yielded little that satisfied you, and you grew tired of them. This humble servant dares to think that you have not yet grown close enough to your officials, nor consulted them often enough, to conclude that such audiences serve no purpose. I ask that hereafter, on alternate days, Your Majesty receive audiences in the Wenhua Hall, with ministers of state, Hanlin scholars, censors, and junior officials such as secretaries and evaluation editors serving in rotation, so that counsel may be sought far and wide. Men of proven skill, whether inside the capital or beyond it, should also be allowed to come forward when needed. In quiet hours you could then examine with your officials what policies succeed and fail, what burdens the people and the army, what the court does amiss, and what the frontiers require. Given time, every man's measure would become clear. Who is fit for office and who is not—none could hide from Your Majesty's discerning eye. Before the throne could answer, Jin Sheng wrote again with greater urgency. When his plan was rejected, he began sending memorial after memorial asking to retire.

後大學士徐光啟薦聲同修歷書，辭不就。以御史召，亦不赴。八年春，起山東僉事，復兩疏力辭。鄉郡多盜，聲團練義勇，為捍禦。十六年，鳳陽總督馬士英遣使者李章玉征貴州兵討賊，迂道掠江西，為樂平吏民所拒擊。比抵徽州境，吏民以為賊，率眾破走之。章玉諱激變，謂聲及徽州推官吳翔風主使。士英以聞，聲兩疏陳辨。帝察其無罪，不問。其年冬，廷臣交薦，即命召用，促入都陛見，未赴而京師陷。

Later Xu Guangqi, the grand secretary, recommended him to help revise the calendar; he declined. When the court summoned him to serve as censor, he again refused to come. In the spring of the eighth year he was recalled as assistant commissioner in Shandong, and twice submitted firm refusals. Banditry was rife in his native region, and Jin Sheng raised local militia to defend it. In the sixteenth year Ma Shiying, grand coordinator of Fengyang, sent Li Zhangyu to levy Guizhou troops against the bandits. The column detoured through Jiangxi, looting as it went, and was driven off by the people of Leping. When they entered Huizhou, the local officials and populace mistook them for raiders and mustered in force to break and scatter them. Zhangyu hid the fact that his men had provoked the clash and accused Jin Sheng and Wu Xiangfeng, the Huizhou magistrate's assistant, of masterminding the attack. Ma Shiying relayed the accusation to court; Jin Sheng answered with two memorials in his own defense. The emperor found him innocent and took no action. That winter officials across the court recommended him en masse, and he was ordered at once to take office and hurry to the capital for audience. He never arrived: the city fell first.

福王立於南京，超擢聲左僉都御史，聲堅不起。大清兵破南京，列郡望風迎降。聲糾集士民保績溪、黃山，分兵扼六嶺。寧國丘祖德、徽州溫璜、貴池吳應箕等多應之。乃遣使通表唐王，授聲右都御史兼兵部右侍郎，總督諸道軍。拔旌德、寧國諸縣。九月下旬，徽故御史黃澍降於大清，王師間道襲破之。

When the Prince of Fu established his court at Nanjing, he elevated Jin Sheng to left vice censor-in-chief in a special appointment. Jin Sheng steadfastly refused to serve. After Our Great Qing armies took Nanjing, county after county surrendered at the first rumor of their approach. Jin Sheng gathered local gentry and commoners to hold Jixi and Huangshan, posting troops to guard the six mountain passes. Qiu Zude of Ningguo, Wen Huang of Huizhou, Wu Yingji of Guichi, and others rallied to his call. Envoys were sent to declare allegiance to the Tang Prince, who appointed Jin Sheng right censor-in-chief and concurrent vice minister of War, with overall command of the allied armies. They recovered Jingde, Ningguo, and several neighboring counties. In late ninth month Huang Shu, formerly a Huizhou censor, went over to the Qing side. Imperial troops took a concealed route and struck the loyalist camp by surprise, shattering it.

聲被執至江寧，語門人江天一曰：「子有老母，不可死。」對曰：「天一同公起兵，可不同公殉義乎！」遂偕死。唐王贈聲禮部尚書，謚文毅。天一，歙諸生。

Jin Sheng was taken to Jiangning in captivity. He told his student Jiang Tianyi, "Your mother is still alive. You must not die with me. Tianyi answered, "I took up arms when you did. How can I fall short of sharing your fate?" And so they died together. The Tang Prince posthumously honored him as Minister of Rites, with the temple name Wenyi. Jiang Tianyi had been a student of She county.

丘祖德，字念修，成都人。崇禎十年進士。授寧國推官，以才調濟南。用薦超擢僉事，分巡東昌。山東土寇猖獗，帝因給事中張元始言，令祖德及東兗道李恪專任招撫，寇多解散。十五年調官沂州。其冬用兵部尚書張國維薦，擢右僉都御史，巡撫保定。十六年罣察典，解職侯勘。事白，以故官代王永吉撫山東。京師覆，賊遣使招降。祖德斬之，謀發兵拒守。會中軍梅應元叛，率部卒索印，祖德乃南奔。

Qiu Zude, courtesy name Nianxiu, was a native of Chengdu. He passed the jinshi examinations in the tenth year of the Chongzhen reign. Appointed investigating magistrate of Ningguo, he was soon transferred to Jinan on account of his ability. Recommended for exceptional merit, he was promoted out of turn to vice commissioner and assigned to tour and pacify Dongchang. With bandits ravaging Shandong, the Emperor—acting on a memorial from supervising secretary Zhang Yuanshi—charged Zude and Li Ke of the East Yan circuit with the sole task of winning the rebels over by conciliation; many bands then broke up and went home. In the fifteenth year he was reassigned to a post at Yizhou. That winter, on the recommendation of Minister of War Zhang Guowei, he was elevated to Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and appointed Grand Coordinator of Baoding. In the sixteenth year he was caught up in an irregularity during the grand inspection, stripped of his post, and held awaiting investigation. Once exonerated, he was restored to his former rank and sent to replace Wang Yongji as Grand Coordinator of Shandong. When the capital fell, the rebels sent envoys offering terms of surrender. Zude had the envoys executed and set about raising troops to hold the province. At that moment Mei Yingyuan, commander of the middle army, mutinied; his troops demanded the official seal, and Zude fled south.

福王時，御史沈宸荃劾祖德及河南總督黃希憲輕棄封疆，詔削籍提訊，久之獲釋。而成都亦陷，無家可歸，流寓寧國。金聲起兵績溪，祖德與寧國舉人錢文龍，諸生麻三衡、沈壽蕘等各舉兵應之。時郡城已失，祖德駐華陽，三衡駐稽亭，他蜂起者又十余部，約共攻郡城。不克，壽蕘陣歿，祖德退還山中。大清兵攻拔其寨，被獲，磔死，其子亦死。越四日，三衡軍敗，亦死。壽蕘，都督有容子。三衡，布政使溶孫也。三衡兵既起，旁近吳太平、阮恒、阮善長、劉鼎甲、胡天球、馮百家與俱起，號七家軍，皆諸生也。三衡既敗，太平等亦死。

Under the Prince of Fu, censor Shen Chenquan impeached Zude and Grand Coordinator Huang Xixian of Henan for abandoning their posts lightly; an edict struck them from the rolls and ordered them brought up for trial. After long imprisonment they were released. Chengdu had also fallen; with nowhere to return, he took refuge in Ningguo. When Jin Sheng raised the banner at Jixi, Zude joined with the Ningguo juren Qian Wenlong and the students Ma Sanheng and Shen Shourao, each of them mustering troops in reply. The prefectural seat was already lost. Zude held Huayang, Sanheng held Jiting, and more than ten other bands that had risen nearby pledged to assault the city together. The attack failed. Shourao fell on the field; Zude withdrew into the hills. Our Great Qing forces stormed his stronghold. Taken alive, he was executed by dismemberment; his son died as well. Four days later Sanheng's force was broken, and he too perished. Shourao was the son of the regional commander Yourong. Sanheng was the grandson of the provincial administration commissioner Rong. When Sanheng took up arms, Wu Taiping, Ruan Heng, Ruan Shanchang, Liu Dingjia, Hu Tianqiu, and Feng Baijia of the neighboring districts rose with him. They styled themselves the Seven Households Army—all of them were students. After Sanheng's defeat, Taiping and the rest likewise died.

溫璜，初名以介，字於石，烏程人。大學士體仁再從弟也。母陸守節被旌。璜久為諸生，有學行。崇禎十六年秋舉進士。授徽州推官。甫蒞任，聞京師陷，亟練民兵，為保障計。明年，南京亦覆。知府秦祖襄及諸僚屬皆遁，璜乃盡攝其印，召士民慰諭之。金聲舉兵績溪，璜與掎角，且轉餉給其軍，而徙家屬於村民舍。未幾，聲敗，璜嚴兵自守。郡中故御史黃澍以城獻，璜趨歸村舍，刃其妻茅氏及長女，遂自剄死。

Wen Huang, born Yijie and styled Yushi, came from Wucheng. He was a third cousin of Grand Secretary Wen Ti Ren. His mother, Lu Shoujie, had been publicly honored for her steadfast chastity. Huang had long been a licentiate, renowned for learning and upright conduct. In the autumn of the sixteenth year of Chongzhen he passed the metropolitan examinations and received his jinshi degree. He was appointed investigating magistrate of Huizhou. Hardly had he assumed his post when word came that the capital had fallen. He at once drilled the militia and laid plans for local defense. The following year Nanjing fell as well. The prefect Qin Zuxiang and the rest of the official staff fled. Huang collected their seals, summoned gentry and townspeople, and spoke to them words of reassurance. When Jin Sheng raised troops at Jixi, Huang coordinated with him in a pincer and kept his army supplied, while sending his own family to lodge with villagers. Before long Jin Sheng was defeated. Huang tightened discipline among his troops and held his position. The former censor Huang Shu surrendered the city. Huang hurried back to the village house, killed his wife Lady Mao and his elder daughter, then cut his own throat.

吳應箕，字次尾，貴池人。善今古文，意氣橫厲一世。阮大鋮以附珰削籍，僑居南京，聯絡南北附珰失職諸人，劫持當道。應箕與無錫顧杲、桐城左國材、蕪湖沈士柱、餘姚黃宗羲、長洲楊廷樞等為《留都防亂公揭》討之，列名者百四十余人，皆復社諸生也。後大鋮得誌，謀殺周鑣，應箕獨入獄護視。大鋮聞，急遣騎捕之，應箕夜亡去。南都不守，起兵應金聲，敗走山中，被獲，慷慨就死。其同時舉兵者有尹民興、吳漢超、龐昌胤、謝球、司石磐、王湛、魯之玙。

Wu Yingji, courtesy name Ciwie, was a native of Guichi. He excelled in both classical and contemporary prose, and carried himself with a fierce, world-striding pride. Ruan Dacheng, stripped of rank for his ties to the eunuch faction, lived in Nanjing and knit together a network of disgraced eunuch partisans from north and south, bullying those who held power. Yingji joined Gu Gao of Wuxi, Zuo Guocai of Tongcheng, Shen Shizhu of Wuhu, Huang Zongxi of Yuyao, Yang Tinghu of Changzhou, and others in issuing the Public Manifesto to Guard the Southern Capital against Disorder, denouncing Ruan. More than a hundred and forty men signed—every one of them a member of the Fushe literary society. Later, when Dacheng at last got his way, he plotted to kill Zhou Biao. Yingji alone entered the prison to stand watch over him. Dacheng heard of it and sent horsemen in haste to seize him; Yingji escaped by night. When the southern capital could no longer be held, he took up arms in answer to Jin Sheng. Routed, he fled into the mountains, was captured, and went to his death without flinching. Others who rose in arms at the same time included Yin Minxing, Wu Hanchao, Pang Changyin, Xie Qiu, Si Shipan, Wang Zhan, and Lu Zhiyu.

民興，字宣子，崇禎初舉進士。歷知寧國、涇二縣，除奸厘蠹，有神明之稱。行取入都，為陳啟新所訐，謫福建按察司檢校。十五年春，疏陳時務十四事，帝喜，召為職方主事。數召對，言多當帝意，即擢本司郎中。周延儒出督師，命從軍贊畫。延儒被譴，下民興吏，除名，久之始釋。福王立，起故官，尋謝病歸，流寓涇縣。南京失，與諸生趙初浣等據城拒守，大清兵攻破城，初浣死之，民興走免。唐王以為御史，事敗歸，卒於家。

Minxing, courtesy name Xuanzi, received his jinshi degree early in the Chongzhen reign. He served in turn as magistrate of Ningguo and Jing, rooting out villains and clearing away corruption, and won a reputation as an incorruptible, clear-sighted magistrate. Selected for appointment in the capital, he was denounced by Chen Qixin and demoted to inspector of the Fujian surveillance commission. In the spring of the fifteenth year he submitted a memorial setting forth fourteen urgent matters of state. The Emperor was pleased and summoned him to serve as a director in the Bureau of Appointments. Called repeatedly to audience, his counsel mostly struck the Emperor's mind, and he was promptly promoted to director of that bureau. When Zhou Yanru went out as grand commander, Minxing was ordered to accompany the army as strategic planner. When Yanru fell under censure, Minxing was handed over to the judicial authorities, struck from the rolls, and was not released until long afterward. When the Prince of Fu was enthroned, Minxing was restored to his former post; soon he pleaded illness and withdrew, taking refuge in Jing County. When Nanjing fell, he and the student Zhao Chuhuan and others held the city in defense. Our Great Qing forces broke through the walls; Chuhuan died in the fighting, and Minxing escaped. The Tang Prince appointed him censor. When that cause collapsed he returned home and died there.

漢超，宣城諸生。崇禎十七年聞都城變，謀募兵赴難，會福王立，乃已。明年，南都覆，棄家走涇縣，從尹民興起兵。兵敗，匿華陽山中。先是，丘祖德、麻三衡諸軍潰，保華陽，有徐淮者部署之。漢超與合，連取句容、溧水、高淳、溧陽、涇、太平諸縣。明年正月襲寧國，夜緣南城登。兵潰，城中按首事者。漢超已出城，念母在，且恐累族人，入見曰：「首事者我也。」剖其腹，膽長三寸。妻戚自擲樓下死。

Hanchao was a licentiate of Xuancheng. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, on hearing of the catastrophe at the capital, he planned to raise troops and hurry to the rescue; when the Prince of Fu was enthroned, he held back. The next year, when the southern capital fell, he abandoned his household and fled to Jing County, where he joined Yin Minxing in raising troops. When the army was broken, he hid in the Huayang hills. Earlier, the shattered forces of Qiu Zude, Ma Sanheng, and others had fallen back on Huayang, where a man named Xu Huai organized them. Hanchao joined them and in succession recovered Jurong, Lishui, Gaochun, Liyang, Jing, and Taiping. In the first month of the following year they struck at Ningguo, scaling the south wall under cover of night. The force was routed. Inside the city they searched for the ringleader. Hanchao had already slipped out of the city, but his mother was still within, and he feared his clansmen would be implicated. He went back in and said, "I am the one who started this. They cut open his belly; his gall bladder measured three inches. His wife Qi threw herself from a tower and died.

昌胤，西充人。崇禎十年進士。授青陽知縣。南京覆，走匿九華山，謀舉兵。事泄被執，夜死旅店中。球，溧陽諸生，僉事鼎新子也。毀家募兵。兵散，被執而死。

Changyin came from Xichong. He passed the jinshi examinations in the tenth year of Chongzhen. He was appointed magistrate of Qingyang. When Nanjing fell, he fled and hid on Mount Jiuhua, plotting to take up arms. When the plot leaked out he was seized and died that night in a roadside inn. Qiu was a licentiate of Liyang and the son of vice commissioner Xie Dingxin. He spent his family's entire fortune to raise an army. When his force broke up he was captured and put to death.

石磐，鹽城諸生，與都司酆某同舉兵，兵敗被執。酆言：「此儒生，吾劫之為書記耳。」石磐曰：「吾首事，奈何諱之！」系獄六十余日，與酆偕死。

Shipan, a licentiate of Yancheng, rose in arms together with the regional commander Feng; when defeated, both were taken. Feng said, "He is only a scholar—I forced him to serve as my secretary. Shipan cried, "I was the ringleader—how dare you deny it!" Held in prison for more than sixty days, he died together with Feng.

湛，太倉諸生。城已下，與兄淳復集裏人數百圍城。城中兵出擊，淳赴水死，湛被斫死。

Zhan was a licentiate of Taicang. After the city had fallen, he and his elder brother Chun rallied several hundred neighbors and besieged it anew. Soldiers sallied out against them. Chun drowned himself; Zhan was cut down.

之玙，歷官副總兵，駐福山。蘇州既降，諸生陸世鑰聚眾焚城樓。之玙率千人入城，與大清兵戰，潰走，之玙戰死。

Zhiyu had risen to deputy regional commander and was stationed at Fushan. After Suzhou surrendered, the student Lu Shiyao gathered a crowd and set fire to the city tower. Zhiyu led a thousand men into the city to fight Our Great Qing forces. Routed, he fell on the field.

其時以諸生死者，有六合馬純仁、邳州王臺輔。南京既下，六合即歸附，純仁題銘橋柱，抱石投水死。臺輔，當崇禎末，聞宦官復出鎮，將草疏極諫。甫入都，都城陷，乃還。福王時，東平伯劉澤清、御史王燮張樂大宴於睢寧。臺輔衰糸至直入，責之曰：「國破君亡，此公等臥薪嘗膽、食不下咽時，顧置酒大會耶！」左右欲鞭之，燮曰：「狂生也。」命引去。及南京覆，臺輔視其廩曰：「此吾所樹，盡此死。」明年，粟盡，北面再拜，自縊死。

Among the students who died at that time were Ma Chunren of Liuhe and Wang Taifu of Pizhou. After Nanjing fell, Liuhe submitted at once. Chunren carved an epitaph on a bridge pillar, clasped a stone to his breast, and drowned himself. Taifu, near the end of the Chongzhen reign, heard that eunuchs were to be sent out again to command garrisons and prepared a memorial of the strongest remonstrance. He had barely reached the capital when it fell, and he turned back. Under the Prince of Fu, the Earl of Dongping Liu Zeqing and censor Wang Xie gave a great feast with music at Suining. Taifu arrived in full mourning garb, walked straight in, and rebuked them: "The realm is shattered and the sovereign lost—this is the hour for you to sleep on brushwood and taste gall, when grief should choke every morsel—yet you hold a wine feast! Those beside them would have had him whipped. Wang Xie said, "A mad student." He ordered them to lead Taifu out. When Nanjing fell, Taifu looked at his granary and said, "I planted this myself. When it is gone, I shall die. The next year the grain was spent. He bowed twice toward the north and hanged himself.

沈猶龍，字雲升，松江華亭人。萬歷四十四年進士。除鄞縣知縣。天啟初，征授御史，出為河南副使。崇禎元年，召復故官，進太仆少卿，拜右僉都御史，巡撫福建。江西妖賊張普薇等作亂，猶龍遣遊擊黃斌卿協剿，大破之。增秩賜金，以憂歸。服闋，起兵部右侍郎兼右僉都御史，總督兩廣軍務，兼廣東巡撫。

Shen Youlong, courtesy name Yunsheng, was a native of Huating in Songjiang. He received his jinshi degree in the forty-fourth year of the Wanli reign. He was appointed magistrate of Yin County. At the opening of the Tianqi reign he was summoned to serve as censor, then sent out as vice commissioner of Henan. In the first year of Chongzhen he was recalled to his former rank, promoted to Vice Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud, appointed Right Vice Censor-in-Chief, and made Grand Coordinator of Fujian. The sorcerer-rebel Zhang Puwei and his confederates rose in Jiangxi. Youlong sent the mobile corps commander Huang Binqing to join the suppression and broke them completely. His rank was raised and gold was bestowed upon him; he then retired to observe mourning. When his mourning was complete, he was appointed Vice Minister of War and Right Vice Censor-in-Chief, Grand Coordinator of military affairs in the Two Guang, with concurrent duty as Grand Coordinator of Guangdong.

十七年冬，福王召理部事，不就，乞葬親歸。明年，南京失守，列城望風下。閏六月，吳淞總兵官吳誌葵自海入江，結水寨於泖湖。會總兵官黃蜚擁千艘自無錫至，與合。猶龍乃偕裏人李待問、章簡等，募壯士數千人守城，與二將相掎角，而參將侯承祖守金山。八月，大清兵至，二將敗於春申浦，城遂被圍。未幾破，猶龍出走，中矢死。待問守東門，簡守南門，城破，俱被殺。華亭教諭眭明永題詩明倫堂，投繯死。諸生戴泓赴池死。嘉定舉人傅凝之參誌葵軍事，兵敗，赴水死。大清兵遂攻金山，承祖與子世祿猶固守。城既破，巷戰逾時，世祿中四十矢，被獲，死之。承祖亦被獲，說之降，不從，遂被殺。誌葵、蜚既敗，執至江陰城下，令說城中人降。誌葵說之，蜚不語，城迄不下，後皆被殺。

In the winter of the seventeenth year, the Prince of Fu summoned Shen Youlong to take charge of ministry affairs. He declined, asking instead for leave to bury his parent and return home. The following year Nanjing fell, and city after city surrendered at the first rumor of approach. In the intercalary sixth month, Wu Zhikui, regional commander at Wusong, came in from the sea and up the river, establishing a floating camp on Dahu Lake. At the same time Huang Fei, regional commander, arrived from Wuxi with a thousand ships, and the two forces united. Youlong then joined with fellow townsmen Li Daiwen, Zhang Jian, and others to raise several thousand stalwart men for the city's defense, coordinating with the two generals in a pincer while vice commander Hou Chengzu held Jinshan. In the eighth month Our Great Qing armies arrived. The two generals were routed at Chunshen Creek, and the city was soon under siege. Before long the city fell. Youlong fled but was struck by an arrow and killed. Daiwen defended the east gate and Jian the south gate; when the walls were breached, both were slain. Su Mingyong, district instructor of Huating, wrote a poem in the Hall of Bright Ethics and hanged himself. The student Dai Hong threw himself into a pool and drowned. Fu Ningzhi, a provincial graduate of Jiading who had joined Zhikui's staff, drowned himself after the army was defeated. Our Great Qing forces then moved against Jinshan, but Chengzu and his son Shilu continued to hold out. After the city fell they fought house to house for hours. Shilu took forty arrows, was taken alive, and died defending the position. Chengzu was captured as well. They pressed him to surrender; he refused and was executed. Zhikui and Fei, once defeated, were brought beneath the walls of Jiangyin and ordered to persuade the garrison to surrender. Zhikui obeyed and pleaded for surrender; Fei kept silent. The city never yielded, and in the end both were put to death.

待問，字存我，崇禎末進士。授中書舍人。工文章，兼精書法。簡，字坤能。舉於鄉，官羅源知縣。

Li Daiwen, courtesy name Cunwo, received his jinshi degree in the final years of the Chongzhen reign. He was appointed a drafting officer in the Secretariat. He was accomplished in belles-lettres and equally masterful in calligraphy. Zhang Jian, courtesy name Kunneng. Having passed the provincial examinations, he served as magistrate of Luoyuan.

陳子龍，字臥子，松江華亭人。生有異才，工舉子業，兼治詩賦古文，取法魏、晉，駢體尤精妙。崇禎十年進士。選紹興推官。

Chen Zilong, courtesy name Wolzi, was a native of Huating in Songjiang. Gifted from youth, he mastered the examination essay and also poetry, fu, and ancient prose, modeling himself on Wei and Jin writers; his parallel prose was especially exquisite. He passed the jinshi examinations in the tenth year of the Chongzhen reign. He was selected as investigating magistrate of Shaoxing.

東陽諸生許都者，副使達道孫也。家富，任俠好施，陰以兵法部勒賓客子弟，思得一當。子龍嘗薦諸上官，不用，東陽令以私憾之。適義烏奸人假中貴名招兵事發，都葬母山中，會者萬人。或告監司王雄曰：「都反矣。」雄遽遣使收捕，都遂反。旬日間聚眾數萬，連陷東陽、義烏、浦江，遂逼郡城，既而引去。巡撫董象恒坐事逮，代者未至，巡按御史左光先以撫標兵，命子龍為監軍討之，稍有俘獲。而遊擊蔣若來破其犯郡之兵，都乃率余卒三千保南砦。雄欲撫賊，語子龍曰：「賊聚糧據險，官軍不能仰攻，非曠日不克。我兵萬人，止五日糧，奈何？」子龍曰：「都，舊識也，請往察之。」乃單騎入都營，責數其罪，諭令歸降，待以不死。遂挾都見雄。復挾都走山中，散遣其眾，而以二百人降。光先與東陽令善，竟斬都等六十余人於江滸。子龍爭，不能得。

Xu Du, a student of Dongyang, was the grandson of vice commissioner Dadao. His family was rich. Bold and open-handed, he quietly drilled his retainers and client youths in military order, waiting for one chance to prove himself. Zilong had once recommended him to his superiors, but they did not take him up; the magistrate of Dongyang meanwhile nursed a private grudge against him. At that moment a schemer in Yiwu was caught recruiting troops under a eunuch's name. Du was burying his mother in the hills, and ten thousand men assembled. Someone reported to intendant Wang Xiong, "Du has risen in rebellion. Xiong at once sent men to arrest him, and Du thereupon rebelled. Within ten days he mustered tens of thousands, seized Dongyang, Yiwu, and Pujiang in turn, then pressed the prefectural seat before withdrawing. Grand Coordinator Dong Xiangheng had been arrested for an offense and no successor had yet arrived. Touring censor Zuo Guangxian mobilized the pacification battalion and put Zilong in charge as army supervisor to suppress the rebels, with some captives taken. Guerrilla commander Jiang Ruolai then routed the column threatening the prefectural city, and Du withdrew with his remaining three thousand men to hold a southern stockade. Xiong wanted to win the rebels over by conciliation and told Zilong, "They have stockpiled grain and hold the high ground. Government troops cannot storm uphill positions; the place will not fall except after a long siege. We have ten thousand men and only five days' rations. What then? Zilong replied, "Du is an old acquaintance of mine. Let me go and see for myself." Alone he rode into Du's camp, rebuked him at length for his crimes, and urged him to surrender, promising that his life would be spared. He then brought Du out to meet Xiong. He took Du back into the hills, disbanded the main body, and returned with two hundred men to surrender. Guangxian was on friendly terms with the magistrate of Dongyang and in the end had Du and more than sixty others beheaded on the riverbank. Zilong objected strenuously but could not stop it.

以定亂功，擢兵科給事中。命甫下而京師陷，乃事福王於南京。其年六月，言防江之策莫過水師，海舟議不可緩，請專委兵部主事何剛訓練，從之。太仆少卿馬紹愉奉使陛見，語及陳新甲主款事。王曰：「如此，新甲當恤。」廷臣無應者，獨少詹事陳盟曰可。因命予恤，且追罪嘗劾新甲者。廷臣懲劉孔昭殿上相爭事，不敢言。子龍與同官李清交章力諫，事獲已。

For his service in putting down the rebellion he was promoted to supervising secretary in the Bureau of Military Affairs. The appointment had scarcely been issued when the capital fell; he then entered the service of the Prince of Fu at Nanjing. That sixth month he argued that no Yangzi defense could succeed without a strong navy, that the plan for a sea fleet could not wait, and that training should be entrusted to He Gang, a clerk in the Ministry of War. The court agreed. Ma Shaoyu, Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Studs, had come to audience on a diplomatic mission and spoke of Chen Xinjia's leading role in the peace negotiations. The Prince said, "In that case Xinjia deserves imperial favor. No one in court answered; only Junior Mentor Chen Meng said that would be fitting. An order followed granting posthumous honors, and the court moved to punish those who had once impeached Xinjia. The ministers, still shaken by Liu Kongzhao's brawl in open court, dared not object. Zilong and his colleague Li Qing filed memorial after memorial in fierce protest, and the matter was dropped.

未幾，列上防守要策，請召還故尚書鄭三俊，都御史易應昌、房可壯、孫晉，並可之。又言：「中使四出搜巷。凡有女之家，黃紙貼額，持之而去，閭井騷然。明旨未經有司，中使私自搜采，甚非法紀。」乃命禁訛傳誑惑者。子龍又言：「中興之主，莫不身先士卒，故能光復舊物。今入國門再旬矣，人情泄沓，無異升平。清歌漏舟之中，痛飲焚屋之內，臣不知其所終。其始皆起於姑息一二武臣，以至凡百政令皆因循遵養，臣甚為之寒心也。」亦不聽。明年二月乞終養去。

Before long he laid out essential defensive measures and asked that former Minister Zheng Sanjun and Censor-in-Chiefs Yi Yingchang, Fang Kezhuang, and Sun Jin be recalled. All were approved. He also reported, "Palace envoys are fanning out through the lanes on search missions. At every house with daughters, yellow paper was pasted on the doorframe and the girls were carried off, throwing whole neighborhoods into panic. No proper edict had come through the regular bureaucracy; the eunuch envoys were seizing people on their own authority, in gross violation of law. An order was issued forbidding rumor-mongering and deception. Zilong added, "Every sovereign who restored a fallen dynasty led from the front, and that is how the old realm was recovered. Yet we have been inside the capital gates for twenty days already, and the mood is slack, as if nothing were wrong. We sing softly in a boat already leaking, and drink deep in a house already burning. I cannot see where this ends. It began with indulgence toward one or two generals, and now every measure merely drifts along in complacency. Your servant is deeply alarmed. This too went unheeded. In the second month of the following year he asked to be released for full mourning and left office.

子龍與同邑夏允彜皆負重名，允彜死，子龍念祖母年九十，不忍割，遁為僧。尋以受魯王部院職銜，結太湖兵，欲舉事。事露被獲，乘間投水死。

Zilong and his fellow townsman Xia Yunyi both enjoyed great renown. After Yunyi's death, Zilong thought of his grandmother, then ninety, and could not bring himself to abandon her; he went into hiding and became a monk. Before long, having accepted a ministry and court commission from the Prince of Lu, he gathered forces on Lake Tai, intending to rise in arms. When the plot was discovered he was seized; finding an opening, he threw himself into the water and drowned.

夏允彜，字彜仲。弱冠舉於鄉，好古博學，工屬文。是時東林講席盛，蘇州高才生張溥、楊廷樞等慕之，結文會名復社。允彜與同邑陳子龍、徐孚遠、王光承等亦結幾社相應和。崇禎十年，與子龍同成進士，授長樂知縣，善決疑獄。他郡邑不能決者，上官多下長樂。居五年，邑大治。吏部尚書鄭三俊舉天下廉能知縣七人，以允彜為首。帝召見，大臣方嶽貢等力稱其賢，將特擢。會丁母憂，未及用。

Xia Yunyi, courtesy name Yizhong. In early manhood he passed the provincial examinations. He loved antiquity, read widely, and wrote accomplished prose. Donglin lecture halls were then at their height. Talented young men of Suzhou—Zhang Pu, Yang Tinghu, and others—looked to them and formed a literary society called Fushe, the Restoration Society. Yunyi, together with Chen Zilong, Xu Fuyuan, Wang Guangcheng, and other townsmen, formed the Jishe society in answer. In the tenth year of Chongzhen he and Zilong both received their jinshi degrees. He was appointed magistrate of Changle and had a gift for resolving hard cases. Cases that other prefectures and counties could not settle were often sent down to Changle. After five years in office the district was thoroughly well governed. Minister of Personnel Zheng Sanjun nominated the seven most incorrupt and capable magistrates in the realm, with Yunyi at the head of the list. The Emperor summoned him to audience. Minister Fang Yuegong and others spoke forcefully of his merit, and a special promotion was in the offing. Just then he entered mourning for his mother, and the appointment never came.

北都變聞，允彜走謁尚書史可法，與謀興復。聞福王立，乃還。其年五月擢吏部考功司主事。疏請終制，不赴。御史徐復陽希要人旨，劾允彜及其同官文德翼居喪授職為非制，以兩人皆東林也。兩人實未嘗赴官，無可罪。吏部尚書張捷遽議貶秩調用。

When news came of the fall of the northern capital, Yunyi went to see Minister Shi Kefa and joined in plans for restoration. Learning that the Prince of Fu had been enthroned, he returned home. That fifth month he was promoted to chief clerk in the Ministry of Personnel's Bureau of Evaluations. He memorialized asking to complete his mourning period and did not take up the appointment. Censor Xu Fuyang, currying favor with the powerful, impeached Yunyi and his colleague Wen Deyi for accepting office while still in mourning, a breach of regulation—because both were Donglin men. In fact neither man had ever taken up his post; there was no real offense. Minister of Personnel Zhang Jie hastily proposed demoting them in rank and reassigning them elsewhere.

未幾，南都失，仿徨山澤間，欲有所為。聞友人侯峒曾、黃淳耀、徐氵幵等皆死，乃以八月中賦絕命詞，自投深淵以死。允彜死後二年，子完淳、兄之旭並以陳子龍獄詞連及，亦死。而同社徐孚遠，舉於鄉，因松江破，遁入海，死於島中。

Before long the southern capital fell. He wandered among mountains and marshes, still hoping to act. When he learned that his friends Hou Tongzeng, Huang Chunyao, Xu Kai, and others had all died, he wrote a final poem in the eighth month and cast himself into deep waters. Two years after Yunyi's death, his son Wanchun and elder brother Zhixu were both implicated in Chen Zilong's trial testimony and were executed as well. Xu Fuyuan, another member of the society and a provincial graduate, fled to sea when Songjiang fell and died on an island.

侯峒曾，字豫瞻，嘉定縣人。給事中震旸子也。天啟五年成進士，授南京武選司主事，丁父憂。崇禎七年入都。兵部尚書張鳳翼薦為職方郎中，峒曾力辭，乃改南京文選司主事。由稽勛郎中遷江西提學參議。給事中耿始然督賦至，他監司以屬禮見，峒曾獨與抗禮。益王勢方熾，歲試黜兩宗生，王怒，使人誚讓，峒曾不為動。遷廣東副使，不赴。起浙江右參政，分守嘉、湖。漕卒擊傷秀水知縣李向中，峒曾請於撫按，捕戮首惡，部內肅然。吏部尚書鄭三俊舉天下賢能監司五人，峒曾與焉。召為順天府丞，未赴而京師陷。

Hou Tongzeng, courtesy name Yuzhan, was a native of Jiading County. He was the son of supervising secretary Zhenyong. He received his jinshi degree in the fifth year of Tianqi and was appointed chief clerk of the Nanjing Bureau of Military Selection, then entered mourning for his father. In the seventh year of Chongzhen he went to the capital. Minister of War Zhang Fengyi recommended him for director of the Bureau of Appointments, but Tongzeng firmly declined and was instead made chief clerk of the Nanjing Bureau of Civil Selection. Promoted from director in the Bureau of Honors, he was transferred to educational commissioner of Jiangxi. When supervising secretary Geng Shiran arrived on a tax-inspection tour, the other commissioners received him with subordinate ceremony; Tongzeng alone treated him as an equal. The Prince of Yi was then at the height of his influence. At the annual examination Tongzeng failed two members of the princely clan; the prince was furious and sent men to rebuke him, but Tongzeng would not budge. He was transferred to vice commissioner of Guangdong but did not take up the appointment. He was recalled as Right Vice Commissioner of Zhejiang, with divided duty guarding Jiaxing and Huzhou. Grain-transport soldiers wounded Xiushui magistrate Li Xiangzhong. Tongzeng petitioned the grand coordinator and censor to arrest and execute the ringleader, and order was restored throughout the region. Minister of Personnel Zheng Sanjun nominated the five most worthy and capable commissioners in the realm, and Tongzeng was among them. He was summoned to serve as vice prefect of Shuntian Prefecture, but before he could take up the post the capital fell.

福王時，用為左通政，辭不就。及南京覆，州縣多起兵自保。嘉定士民推峒曾為倡，偕裏人黃淳耀、張錫眉、董用圓、馬元調、唐全昌、夏雲蛟等誓死固守。大清兵來攻，峒曾乞師於吳淞總兵官吳誌葵。誌葵遣遊擊蔡祥以七百人來赴，一戰失利，束甲遁，外援遂絕，城中矢石俱盡。七月三日大雨，城隅崩，架巨木支之。明日雨益甚，城大崩，大清兵入。峒曾拜家廟，挈二子元演、元潔並沈於池。錫眉、用圓、元調、全昌、雲蛟皆死之。錫眉、用圓皆舉人。用圓官秀水教諭。元調、全昌、雲蛟並諸生。

Under the Prince of Fu he was appointed Left Vice Minister of Communications, but he declined and would not serve. After Nanjing fell, one prefecture and county after another took up arms to defend themselves. The gentry and people of Jiading put Hou Dongceng at their head. With Huang Chunyao, Zhang Ximei, Dong Yongyuan, Ma Yuantiao, Tang Quanchang, Xia Yunjiao, and other local men, they swore to hold the city unto death. Our Great Qing armies moved against the city. Dongceng pleaded for reinforcements from Wu Zhikui, the regional commander at Wusong. Zhikui dispatched the raiding commander Cai Xiang with seven hundred men. One clash went badly; they strapped on their armor and fled. Outside help was gone, and the city had spent its last arrows and stones. On the third day of the seventh month a downpour brought down a section of wall; the defenders raised great beams to shore it up. The next day the rain intensified and the wall gave way in a great breach. Our Great Qing troops poured in. Dongceng paid his respects at the family shrine, then took his sons Yuanyan and Yuanjie and drowned with them in a pool. Zhang Ximei, Dong Yongyuan, Ma Yuantiao, Tang Quanchang, and Xia Yunjiao all died defending the city. Zhang Ximei and Dong Yongyuan had both passed the provincial examination. Dong Yongyuan had served as instructor in Xiushui. Ma Yuantiao, Tang Quanchang, and Xia Yunjiao were all licentiates.

其時聚眾城守而死者有江陰閻應元、昆山朱集璜之屬。

Others who rallied townsfolk to hold their cities and died in the attempt included Yan Chengyuan at Jiangyin and Zhu Jihuang at Kunshan, among others.

應元，字麗亨，順天通州人。崇禎中，為江陰典史。十七年，海賊顧三麻人黃田港，應元往禦，手射殺三人。賊退，以功遷英德主簿，道阻不赴，寓居江陰。

Yan Chengyuan, styled Liheng, came from Tongzhou in Shuntian. Under Chongzhen he was registrar of Jiangyin. In the seventeenth year the pirate Gu San entered Huangtian Harbor. Chengyuan went to meet him and killed three men with his own bow. When the pirates withdrew he was promoted to chief clerk of Yingde for his service, but blocked roads kept him from taking up the post and he settled in Jiangyin.

明年五月，南京亡，列城皆下。閏六月朔，諸生許用倡言守城，遠近應者數萬人。典史陳明遇主兵，用徽人邵康公為將。而前都司周瑞龍泊江口，相掎角。戰失利，大清兵逼城下。徽人程璧盡散家貲充餉，而身乞師於吳淞總兵官吳誌葵。誌葵至，璧遂不返。康公戰不勝，瑞龍水軍亦敗去，明遇乃請應元入城，屬以兵事。

The next year, in the fifth month, Nanjing fell and one walled town after another surrendered. On the first day of the intercalary sixth month the licentiate Xu Yong called for the city to be held, and tens of thousands from near and far answered. Registrar Chen Mingyu commanded the troops; Xu Yong made Shao Kangong of Huizhou their general. Former company commander Zhou Ruilong lay at anchor in the river mouth, coordinating with them in a pincer. The defenders lost the fight, and Our Great Qing forces closed on the walls. Cheng Bi of Huizhou poured out his whole fortune to feed the army, then went in person to beg troops from Wu Zhikui at Wusong. When Zhikui came, Bi never returned. Kangong could not prevail; Ruilong's fleet was beaten and withdrew. Mingyu then brought Chengyuan into the city and put the defense in his hands.

大清兵力攻城，應元守甚固。東平伯劉良佐用牛皮帳攻城東北，城中用炮石力擊。良佐乃移營十方庵，令僧陳利害。良佐旋策馬至，應元誓以大義，屹不動。及松江破，大清兵來益眾，四圍發大炮，城中死傷無算，猶固守。八月二十一日，大清兵從祥符寺後城入，眾猶巷戰，男婦投池井皆滿。明遇、用皆舉家自焚。應元赴水，被曳出，死之。

Our Great Qing armies threw their full weight against the city, but Chengyuan's defense held firm. The Earl of Dongping, Liu Liangzuo, assaulted the northeast with ox-hide mantlets while the defenders answered with cannon and stones. Liangzuo shifted his camp to Shifang Temple and sent a monk to lay out the costs and consequences. Liangzuo soon rode up himself. Chengyuan answered with an oath to the greater cause and did not stir. After Songjiang fell, Our Great Qing forces grew ever more numerous. Great guns ringed the city on every side; casualties within the walls were beyond count, yet the defenders still held. On the twenty-first of the eighth month Our Great Qing troops broke in through the wall behind Xiangfu Temple. Fighting continued in the lanes; men and women drowned themselves in pools and wells until they were full. Mingyu and Xu Yong each burned their whole households with themselves. Chengyuan threw himself into the water, was pulled out, and was killed.

訓導馮厚敦冠帶縊於明倫堂，娣及妻王結礻任投井死。裏居中書舍人戚勛令妻及子女、子婦先縊，乃舉火自焚，從死者二十人。舉人夏維新，諸生王華、呂九韶自刎死。

Instructor Feng Houdun, cap and belt in place, hanged himself in the Hall of Bright Ethics. His sister-in-law and his wife Wang linked sleeves and cast themselves into a well. Qi Xun, a Central Secretariat secretary of the neighborhood, had his wife, children, and daughters-in-law hang themselves first, then set himself ablaze. Twenty died with him. The juren Xia Weixin and the licentiates Wang Hua and Lü Jiushao slit their own throats.

貢生黃毓祺者，好學，有盛名，精釋氏學。與門人徐趨舉兵行塘，以應城內兵。及城陷，兩人逸去。明年冬，趨偵江陰無備，率壯士十四人襲之。不克，皆死。毓祺既逸去，避江北。其子大湛、大洪被收，兄弟方爭死。而毓祺以敕印事發，逮系江寧獄，將刑，其門人告之期，命取襲衣自斂，趺坐而逝。

Huang Yuqi, a tribute student, loved learning, enjoyed wide fame, and was deeply versed in Buddhist doctrine. With his disciple Xu Qu he raised troops at Xingtang to support the defenders within the walls. When the city fell, both escaped. The following winter Xu Qu found Jiangyin undefended and led fourteen stalwart men in a surprise attack. They failed, and all were killed. Huang Yuqi, having escaped, took refuge north of the Yangzi. His sons Dazhan and Dahong were seized; each brother tried to claim death for himself. Yuqi was then implicated in a case involving an imperial seal, seized, and held in the Jiangning jail. As the day of execution drew near a disciple told him when it would come. He had his burial clothes brought, sat cross-legged, and died.

朱集璜，字以發，昆山貢生。學行為鄉里所推，教授弟子數百人。南京既亡，昆山議拒守，而縣丞閻茂才已遣使迎降。縣人共執殺茂才，以六月望，推舊將王佐才為帥，集璜及周室瑜、陶琰、陳大任等共舉兵。參將陳宏勛、前知縣楊永言率壯士百人為助。佐才亦邑人，嘗官狼山副總兵，年老矣。大清兵至，宏勛率舟師迎戰，敗還，遊擊孫誌尹戰歿。城陷，永言遁去。佐才縱民出走，而己冠帶坐帥府，被殺。集璜投東禪寺後河死。門人孫道民、張謙同日死。室瑜、琰、大任亦死之。室瑜子朝礦、大任子思翰皆同死。室瑜舉於鄉，官儀封知縣。琰、大任皆諸生。

Zhu Jihuang, styled Yifa, was a tribute student of Kunshan. His learning and conduct won the respect of his community, and he taught several hundred disciples. After Nanjing fell, Kunshan debated holding out, but Assistant Magistrate Yan Maocai had already sent envoys to welcome the conquerors. The county people seized and killed Maocai. On the fifteenth of the sixth month they chose the old general Wang Zuocai as commander; Jihuang, Zhou Shiyu, Tao Yan, Chen Daren, and others raised arms together. Brigade Commander Chen Hongxun and former Magistrate Yang Yongyan brought a hundred stalwart men to their aid. Zuocai was a local man who had once served as deputy regional commander at Langshan and was by then advanced in years. When Our Great Qing forces arrived, Hongxun led the fleet out to fight, was beaten back, and the raiding commander Sun Zhiyin fell in battle. The city fell, and Yongyan fled. Zuocai opened the gates for the people to escape, then sat in full cap and belt in the commander's hall and was killed. Jihuang drowned himself in the river behind Dongchan Temple. His disciples Sun Daomin and Zhang Qian died the same day. Zhou Shiyu, Tao Yan, and Chen Daren died as well. Shiyu's son Chaokuang and Daren's son Sihan died with them. Zhou Shiyu had passed the provincial examination and served as magistrate of Yifeng. Tao Yan and Chen Daren were both licentiates.

時以守禦死者，蘇達道、莊萬程、陸世鏜、陸雲將、歸之甲、周復培、陸彥沖。代父死者，沈征憲、朱國軾。救母死者，徐洺。自盡者，徐溵、王在中、吳行貞。

Others who died in the defense included Su Dadao, Zhuang Wancheng, Lu Shiyao, Lu Yunjiang, Gui Zhijia, Zhou Fupei, and Lu Yanchong. Shen Zhengxian and Zhu Guoshi died in their fathers' stead. Xu Ming died saving his mother. Those who killed themselves included Xu Yin, Wang Zaizhong, and Wu Xingzhen.

楊文驄，字龍友，貴陽人。浙江參政師孔子。萬歷末，舉於鄉。崇禎時，官江寧知縣。御史詹兆恒劾其貪汙，奪官侯訊。事未竟，福王立於南京，文驄戚馬士英當國，起兵部主事，歷員外郎、郎中，皆監軍京口。以金山踞大江中，控制南北，請築城以資守禦，從之。文驄善書，有文藻，好交遊，幹士英者多緣以進。其為人豪俠自喜，頗推獎名士，士亦以此附之。

Yang Wencong, styled Longyou, was a native of Guiyang. His father was Yang Shikong, who had held office as vice commissioner in Zhejiang. Near the end of the Wanli reign he passed the provincial examination. Under Chongzhen he served as magistrate of Jiangning. Censor Zhan Zhaoheng impeached him for graft; he was dismissed and held for investigation. Before the case was settled, the Prince of Fu took the throne at Nanjing. Wencong's relative Ma Shiying dominated the court; Wencong was made chief clerk in the Ministry of War, then promoted through vice director and director, all the while supervising the army at Jingkou. Since Jinshan rose from midstream in the Yangzi and commanded the crossing between north and south, he asked that walls be built there for defense, and the court agreed. Wencong wrote well, had literary gifts, and loved company; many who courted Ma Shiying's favor found their way through him. He was by nature bold and self-confident, generous in promoting men of note, and scholars gathered around him for that reason.

明年遷兵備副使，分巡常、鎮二府，監大將鄭鴻逵、鄭彩軍。及大清兵臨江，文驄駐金山，扼大江而守。五月朔，擢右僉都御史，巡撫其地，兼督沿海諸軍。文驄乃還駐京口，合鴻逵等兵南岸，與大清兵隔江相持。大清兵編大筏，置燈火，夜放之中流，南岸軍發炮石，以為克敵也，日奏捷。初九日，大清兵乘霧潛濟，迫岸。諸軍始知，倉皇列陣甘露寺。鐵騎沖之，悉潰。文驄走蘇州。十三日，大清兵破南京，百官盡降。命鴻臚丞黃家鼒往蘇州安撫，文驄襲殺之，遂走處州。時唐王已自立於福州矣。

The following year he became vice commissioner for military affairs with jurisdiction over Changzhou and Zhenjiang, overseeing the armies of the great generals Zheng Hongkui and Zheng Cai. When Our Great Qing armies reached the Yangzi, Wencong held Jinshan and barred the river. On the first day of the fifth month he was promoted to right vice censor-in-chief and made grand coordinator of the region, with added command over coastal troops. Wencong then moved back to Jingkou, massing with Hongkui on the south bank to stand off Our Great Qing forces across the water. Our Great Qing forces bound great rafts, lit them with lamps and fire, and sent them drifting into midstream at night. The southern army answered with cannon and stones, took this for victory, and sent in daily reports of triumph. On the ninth Our Great Qing troops crossed under cover of fog and closed on the bank. The southern troops realized too late and hurriedly formed battle lines at Ganlu Temple. Iron cavalry smashed into them, and the whole line collapsed. Wencong fled to Suzhou. On the thirteenth Our Great Qing forces broke Nanjing, and the officials all submitted. The court sent Huang Jiazi of the Honglu Court to Suzhou to pacify the region. Wencong waylaid and killed him, then fled to Chuzhou. By then the Tang Prince had already proclaimed himself at Fuzhou.

初，唐王在鎮江時，與文驄交好。至是，文驄遣使奉表稱賀。鴻逵又數薦，乃拜兵部右侍郎兼右僉都御史，提督軍務，令圖南京。加其子鼎卿左都督、太子太保。鼎卿，士英甥也。士英遣迎福王，遇王於淮安。王貧寠甚，鼎卿赒給之，王與定布衣交，以故寵鼎卿甚。及鼎卿上謁，王以故人子遇之，獎其父子，擬以漢朝大、小耿。然其父子以士英故，多為人詆諆。

Earlier, while the Tang Prince was at Zhenjiang, he and Wencong had been close. Wencong now sent an envoy with a memorial of congratulation. Hongkui recommended him again and again, and he was made right vice minister of War and concurrent right vice censor-in-chief with charge of military affairs, charged with planning the recovery of Nanjing. His son Dingqing was made Left Chief Commandant and Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. Dingqing was Ma Shiying's nephew. Ma Shiying had been sent to welcome the Prince of Fu and met him at Huai'an. The prince was desperately poor. Dingqing gave him aid, and the prince bound himself to him in a pact of plain-cloth friendship; for that reason he favored Dingqing deeply. When Dingqing presented himself at court, the prince received him as the son of an old friend, praised both father and son, and compared them to the Elder and Younger Geng of Han. Yet because of Ma Shiying, father and son were widely reviled.

明年，衢州告急。誠意侯劉孔昭亦駐處州，王令文驄與共援衢。七月，大清兵至，文驄不能禦，退至浦城，為追騎所獲，與監紀孫臨俱不降被戮。

The next year Quzhou sent word that it was in peril. The Marquis of Chengyi, Liu Kongzhao, was also at Chuzhou; the prince ordered Wencong to join him in relieving Quzhou. In the seventh month Our Great Qing forces arrived. Wencong could not hold them, fell back to Pucheng, was caught by pursuing horsemen, and he and the supervisory aide Sun Lin were executed for refusing to submit.

臨，字武公，桐城人，兵部侍郎晉之弟。文驄招入幕，奏為職方主事，竟與同死。

Sun Lin, styled Wugong, came from Tongcheng and was the younger brother of Vice Minister of War Jin Zhi. Wencong brought him into his staff, had him appointed director in the Bureau of Appointments, and in the end he died with Wencong.

其時起兵旁掠郡縣者有吳易，字日生，吳江人。生有膂力，跅弛不羈。崇禎末，成進士。福王時，謁史可法於揚州。可法異其才，題授職方主事，為己監軍。明年，奉檄征餉江南，未還而揚州失，已而吳江亦失。易走太湖，與同邑舉人孫兆奎，諸生沈自駉、自炳，武進吳福之等謀舉兵。旬日得千余人，屯於長白蕩，出沒旁近諸縣，道路為梗。唐王聞之，授兵部右侍郎兼右僉都御史，總督江南諸軍。文驄奏易斬獲多，進為兵部尚書。魯王亦授易兵部侍郎，封長興伯。八月，大清兵至，易遂敗走。父承緒、妻沈及女皆投水死，自駉、自炳、福之亦死焉，兆奎被獲，一軍盡殲。明年，易鄉人周瑞復聚眾長白蕩，迎易入其營。八月，事泄被獲，死之。福之，鐘巒子也。兆奎兵敗時，慮易妻女被辱，視其死而後行，故被獲。械至江寧，死之。

At that time one who raised troops and raided neighboring prefectures and counties was Wu Yi of Wujiang, styled Risheng. He was born with great strength and lived in wild, unrestrained fashion. At the end of the Chongzhen reign he passed the jinshi examination. During the reign of the Prince of Fu, he called on Shi Kefa at Yangzhou. Shi Kefa was impressed by his ability, recommended him for appointment as a director in the Bureau of Appointments, and took him on as his supervising officer. The following year, dispatched under edict to levy provisions in Jiangnan, he had not yet returned when Yangzhou fell—and before long Wujiang fell too. Yi fled to Lake Tai and, with his fellow townsman the juren Sun Zhaokui, the students Shen Zijing and Zibing, Wu Fuzhi of Wujin, and others, plotted to take up arms. In ten days they mustered more than a thousand men, encamped at Changbai Lake, and raided the surrounding counties until the roads were impassable. When the Prince of Tang learned of this, he appointed Yi Right Vice Minister of War and concurrent Right Vice Censor-in-Chief, putting him in overall command of the Jiangnan armies. Yang Wencong reported that Yi had taken many heads and prisoners in battle, and Yi was promoted to Minister of War. The Prince of Lu likewise appointed Yi Vice Minister of War and enfeoffed him as Earl of Changxing. In the eighth month Our Great Qing armies arrived; Yi was routed and fled. His father Chengxu, his wife Shen, and his daughter all drowned themselves. Zijing, Zibing, and Fuzhi died as well; Zhaokui was taken alive, and the entire force was wiped out. The following year Yi's townsman Zhou Rui rallied men again at Changbai Lake and brought Yi into his camp. In the eighth month the plot was discovered; he was captured and executed. Fuzhi was the son of Zhong Luan. When Zhaokui's force was broken, he feared Yi's wife and daughter would be violated; he made sure they were dead before he left, and was therefore captured. Bound in fetters and taken to Jiangning, he was executed.

陳潛夫，字元倩，錢塘人。家貧落魄，好大言以駴俗。崇禎九年舉於鄉，益廣交遊，為豪舉，好臧否人，里中人惡之。友人陸培兄弟為文逐潛夫，潛夫乃避居華亭。十六年冬，授開封推官。大河南五郡盡為賊據，開封被河灌，城虛無人，長吏皆寄居封丘。有勸潛夫弗往者，不聽，馳之封丘。會叛將陳永福率賊兵出山西，其子德為巡撫秦所式部將，縛巡按御史蘇京去。潛夫募民兵千，請於所式及總兵卜從善、許定國，令共剿，皆不肯行。潛夫乃以十七年正月奉周王渡河居杞縣，檄召旁近長吏，設高皇帝位，歃血誓固守。賊所設偽巡撫梁啟隆居開封，他偽官散布郡邑間甚眾，而開封東西諸土寨剽掠公行，相攻殺無已。潛夫轉側杞、陳留間，朝夕不自保。聞西平寨副將劉洪起勇而好義，屢殺賊有功，躬往說之。五月五日方誓師，而都城失守。報至，乃慟哭，令其下縞素。洪起兵萬，號五萬，潛夫兵三千，俘杞偽官，啟隆聞風遁去。遂渡河而北，大破賊將陳德於柳園。時李自成已敗走山西，而南陽賊乘間犯西平，洪起引還，潛夫亦隨而南。

Chen Qianfu, courtesy name Yuanqian, was a native of Qiantang. Born poor and adrift, he loved grand pronouncements that shocked conventional opinion. He passed the provincial examinations in the ninth year of Chongzhen, widened his circle of friends, made flamboyant gestures, and loved passing judgment on others; his neighbors despised him. His friend Lu Pei and Lu's brothers wrote an essay denouncing Qianfu, who thereupon withdrew and took refuge in Huating. In the winter of the sixteenth year he was appointed investigating magistrate of Kaifeng. All five prefectures of southern Henan had fallen to bandits. Kaifeng was inundated by the river, its walls stood empty, and the senior officials had all taken refuge at Fengqiu. Some urged Qianfu not to go; he refused to listen and rode at full speed to Fengqiu. At that moment the turncoat general Chen Yongfu led rebel troops out of Shanxi. His son De served under Grand Coordinator Qin Suoshi as a subordinate commander; he seized Surveillance Commissioner Su Jing and absconded with him. Qianfu raised a thousand militiamen and asked Suoshi and the regional commanders Bu Congshan and Xu Dingguo to join in a joint campaign of suppression; none would move. Qianfu then, in the first month of the seventeenth year, escorted the Prince of Zhou across the Yellow River to Qi County, summoned the neighboring magistrates, set up a seat for the dynastic founder, and swore a blood oath to stand fast. The rebels' puppet grand coordinator Li Qilong held Kaifeng; their other false officials were scattered across the region in great numbers, while fortified stockades east and west of the city plundered openly and fought one another without cease. Qianfu shuttled between Qi and Chenliu, never secure from one hour to the next. Hearing that Liu Hongqi, deputy commander of Xiping Stockade, was bold and public-spirited and had repeatedly routed bandits with distinction, he went to persuade him in person. On the fifth day of the fifth month they were just taking the field when word came that the capital had fallen. When the news arrived he broke into lamentation and ordered his men to don unhemmed white mourning. Hongqi mustered ten thousand men and claimed fifty thousand; Qianfu had three thousand. They seized the puppet officials at Qi, and Qilong fled at the first rumor. They then crossed the river north and routed the rebel general Chen De at Liuyuan. By then Li Zicheng had already been beaten and driven back into Shanxi, but bandits in Nanyang seized the moment to strike at Xiping. Hongqi turned back, and Qianfu withdrew south with him.

福王立南京，潛夫傳露布至，朝中大喜，即擢監軍御史，巡按河南。潛夫乃入朝言：「中興在進取，王業不偏安。山東、河南地，尺寸不可棄。豪傑結寨自固者，引領待官軍。誠分命藩鎮，以一軍出潁、壽，一軍出淮、徐，則眾心競奮，爭為我用。更頒爵賞鼓舞，計遠近，畫城堡俾自守，而我督撫將帥屯銳師要害以策應之。寬則耕屯為食，急則披甲乘墉，一方有警，前後救援，長河不足守也。汴梁一路，臣聯絡素定，旬日可集十余萬人。誠稍給糗糧，容臣自將，臣當荷戈先驅，諸藩鎮為後勁，河南五郡可盡復。五郡既復，畫河為固，南連荊楚，西控秦關，北臨趙、衛，上之則恢復可望，下之則江淮永安，此今日至計也。兩淮之上，何事多兵，督撫紛紜，並為虛設。若不思外拒，專事退守，舉土地甲兵之眾致之他人，臣恐江淮亦未可保也。」

The Prince of Fu had established his court at Nanjing. When Qianfu's victory dispatch arrived, the court rejoiced and at once promoted him to supervising censor with authority to tour Henan. Qianfu then appeared at court and said, "Restoration depends on taking the offensive; a royal enterprise is not saved by clinging to a corner of the realm. The territory of Shandong and Henan—not a single inch may be abandoned. Local heroes who have fortified their camps and hold their ground are craning their necks, waiting for the imperial armies. If Your Majesty truly divides command among the regional garrisons—one army out of Ying and Shou, another out of Huai and Xu—then every heart will burn to serve, each vying to be first. Issue still more ranks and rewards to stir them; measure distances near and far, assign walled strongholds for them to defend on their own, while our supervising officials and generals station elite troops at the key points to answer their calls. In peace let them farm and garrison for their food; in crisis let them don armor and man the ramparts. When one sector is threatened, relief can come from front and rear—the long river alone cannot save us. Along the Bianliang corridor my contacts are already in place; within ten days I can gather more than a hundred thousand men. If Your Majesty will only furnish modest supplies and let me lead in person, I will take up my spear and go in the van while the regional garrisons follow as the rear guard—and the five Henan prefectures can be wholly recovered. Once the five prefectures are recovered, make the river our bulwark—link south to Jing and Chu, hold west the Qin Pass, and face north toward Zhao and Wei. Then, at best, full restoration lies within reach; at least, the Jiang-Huai region will be secure. This is the supreme plan of the hour. North of the Two Huai, why are there so many troops? Supervising officials crowd one another in confusion, all of them hollow titles. If we refuse to resist outward and devote ourselves only to retreat and defense, handing over our lands, armor, and armies to others, I fear the Jiang-Huai region may not be kept either."

當是時，開封、汝寧間列寨百數，洪起最大；南陽列寨數十，蕭應訓最大，洛陽列寨亦數十，李際遇最大。諸帥中獨洪起欲效忠，潛夫請予掛印為將軍。馬士英不聽，而用其姻婭越其傑巡撫河南。潛夫自九月入覲，便道省親，甫五日即馳赴河上。所建白皆不用，諸鎮兵無至者。其傑老憊不知兵。兵部尚書張縉彥總督河南、山東軍務，止提空名，不能馭諸將。其冬，應訓復南陽及泌陽、舞陽、桐柏，遣子三傑獻捷。潛夫授告身，飲之灑，鼓吹旌旗前導出。三傑喜過望，往謁其傑。其傑故為尊嚴，厲辭詰責，詆為賊。三傑泣而出，萌異心。潛夫過諸寨，皆鐃吹送迎；其傑間過之，諸寨皆閉門不出。其傑恚，譖潛夫於士英。士英怒，冬盡，召潛夫還，以淩駉代。潛夫亦遭外艱歸。

At that time several hundred stockades lined the route between Kaifeng and Runing; Hongqi's was the largest. In Nanyang there were several dozen stockades, the largest under Xiao Yingxun. Around Luoyang there were several dozen as well, the largest under Li Jiyu. Of all the commanders, only Hongqi wished to serve in earnest; Qianfu asked that he be granted an official seal and appointed a general. Ma Shiying refused to listen and instead installed his in-law Yue Qijie as Grand Coordinator of Henan. Qianfu had entered court for audience in the ninth month, stopped briefly to visit his parents, and after only five days galloped back to the front on the river. None of his proposals was adopted, and no reinforcements came from the regional garrisons. Qijie was elderly, exhausted, and knew nothing of war. Minister of War Zhang Jinyan held nominal overall command of Henan and Shandong, but his title was empty and he could not command the generals. That winter Yingxun recovered Nanyang along with Biyang, Wuyang, and Tongbai, and sent his son Sanjie to report the victory. Qianfu issued him a commission, treated him to wine, and sent him off with drums, horns, and banners leading the way. Sanjie was overjoyed beyond all expectation and went to pay his respects to Qijie. Qijie deliberately assumed an air of majesty, rebuked him in harsh words, and denounced him as a bandit. Sanjie left in tears, already turning disloyal in his heart. When Qianfu passed through the stockades, each sent out drums and horns to welcome and escort him. When Qijie happened to pass through, every stockade shut its gates and refused to receive him. Qijie was furious and slandered Qianfu to Ma Shiying. Ma Shiying was enraged. When winter ended he recalled Qianfu and replaced him with Ling Bing. Qianfu also suffered the death of a parent abroad and returned home.

明年三月，給事中林有本疏劾御史彭遇颽，並及潛夫。士英以遇颽己私人，置不問，獨令議潛夫罪。先是，有童氏者，自言福王繼妃，廣昌伯劉良佐具禮送之。潛夫至壽州，見車馬騶從傳呼皇后來，亦稱臣朝謁。及童氏入都，王以為假冒，下之獄。遂責潛夫私謁妖婦，逮下獄治之。

In the third month of the following year, supervising secretary Lin Youben memorialized to impeach censor Peng Yufan and implicated Qianfu as well. Ma Shiying, because Yufan was his own man, set the matter aside; he ordered deliberation only on Qianfu's offense. Earlier a woman surnamed Tong had declared herself the Prince of Fu's consort; the Earl of Guangchang Liu Liangzuo escorted her with full ceremonial honors. When Qianfu reached Shouzhou and saw horses, outriders, and attendants proclaiming the Empress's arrival, he too styled himself a subject and paid court homage. When Lady Tong entered the capital, the Prince judged her an impostor and had her imprisoned. He then charged Qianfu with paying private homage to a fraudulent woman, had him arrested and imprisoned, and proceeded against him.

未幾，南都不守，潛夫得脫歸。聞魯王監國紹興，渡江往謁，命復故官，加太仆少卿，監軍，乃自募三百人列營江上。尋進大理寺少卿，兼御史如故。順治三年五月晦，江上師盡潰，潛夫走至山陰化龍橋，偕妻妾二孟氏同赴水死，年三十七。

Before long the southern capital fell; Qianfu managed to escape and return home. Hearing that the Prince of Lu was supervising affairs from Shaoxing, he crossed the river to pay his respects. He was restored to his former office and promoted to Vice Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud with military supervision duties; he then personally recruited three hundred men and encamped along the river. Soon he was promoted to Vice Minister of the Court of Judicial Review while retaining his censorial duties. On the last day of the fifth month in the third year of Shunzhi the river garrison collapsed entirely. Qianfu fled to Hualong Bridge in Shanyin and, together with his two wives surnamed Meng, drowned himself in the river. He was thirty-seven.

始為文逐潛夫者陸培，字鯤庭，舉進士，為行人，奉使事竣歸省。南京既覆，聞潞王又降，以繩授二仆，從容就縊而死，年二十九。培少負俊才，有文名，行誼修謹，客華亭，嘗卻奔女於室雲。

Lu Pei, who had originally written to drive Qianfu away, courtesy name Kunting, passed the jinshi examinations, served as a courier, and after completing his mission returned home to visit his parents. After Nanjing fell, on hearing that the Prince of Lu had also surrendered, he gave rope to his two servants and calmly hanged himself. He was twenty-nine. In youth Lu Pei possessed outstanding talent and literary renown; his conduct was strict and his friendships careful. While lodging in Huating as a guest, he once turned away a fleeing woman who sought refuge in his room.

沈廷揚，字季明，崇明人。好談經濟。崇禎中，由國子生為內閣中書舍人。十二年冬，帝以山東多警，運道時梗，議復海運。廷揚生海濱，習水道，上疏極言其便，且輯海運書五卷以呈。帝喜，即命造海舟試之。廷揚乘二舟由淮安出海，抵天津，僅半月。帝大喜，即加戶部郎中，往登州與巡撫徐人龍計海運事。初，寧遠軍餉率用天津船，自登州侯東南風，轉粟至天津；又侯西南風轉至寧遠。廷揚請從登州直達寧遠，帝用其議，省費多。十五年命再赴淮安督海運，事竣，加光祿少卿，仍領其事。

Shen Tingyang, courtesy name Jiming, was a native of Chongming. He loved to discourse on statecraft and practical administration. During the Chongzhen reign he entered the Imperial Academy and was appointed a secretary in the Grand Secretariat. In the winter of the twelfth year, with Shandong under frequent alarm and the grain routes often blocked, the Emperor deliberated restoring transport by sea. Tingyang was born by the sea and knew the waterways well. He memorialized at length on its advantages and compiled a five-volume work on sea transport to present to the throne. The Emperor was pleased and at once ordered seagoing vessels built for trial. Tingyang sailed two vessels from Huai'an out to sea and reached Tianjin in only half a month. The Emperor was greatly delighted and promptly promoted him to Director in the Ministry of Revenue, sending him to Dengzhou to consult with Grand Coordinator Xu Renlong on sea transport. Previously, provisions for the Ningyuan garrison were generally shipped on Tianjin vessels: from Dengzhou one waited for the southeast wind and transferred grain to Tianjin. Then one waited for the southwest wind and transferred the grain onward to Ningyuan. Tingyang proposed sailing directly from Dengzhou to Ningyuan; the Emperor adopted his plan, and costs were greatly reduced. In the fifteenth year he was again sent to Huai'an to supervise sea transport. When the task was complete he was promoted to Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments while continuing to oversee the operation.

及京師陷，福王命廷揚以海舟防江。尋命兼理餉務，饋江北諸軍。南京失守，走還鄉里。後航海至舟山，依黃斌卿。唐王在福建，授兵部右侍郎，總督水師。魯王授官亦如之。魯王航海之明年，廷揚督舟師北上，抵福山，次鹿苑。夜分颶風大作，舟膠於沙，為大清兵所執。諭之降，不從，乃就戮。

When the capital fell, the Prince of Fu ordered Tingyang to defend the river with seagoing vessels. Soon he was also charged with managing provisions and supplying the armies north of the river. When Nanjing fell he fled back to his home district. Later he sailed to Zhoushan and placed himself under Huang Binqing. The Prince of Tang, holding court in Fujian, appointed him Right Vice Minister of War with overall command of the navy. The Prince of Lu granted him the same appointment. The year after the Prince of Lu took to sea, Tingyang led the fleet north to Fushan and anchored at Luyuan. At midnight a violent hurricane struck; the vessels ran aground on the shoals and were seized by Our Great Qing forces. They urged him to surrender; he refused, and was executed.

林汝翥，字大葳，福清人。舉於鄉，授沛縣知縣。天啟二年，戰卻徐鴻儒兵，緝妖人王普光黨有功，特擢御史。四年六月，巡視京城。民曹大妻與人奴角口，服毒死。火者曹進、傅國興率眾大掠奴主家，用大錐錐其主，刑官不敢問。汝翥捕得進，進懼劾，請受杖，遂杖之五十。國興邀於道，罵不已，汝翥收系之，亦請受杖，復杖之。魏忠賢大怒，立傳旨廷杖汝翥。先數日，群奄毆殺萬璟。汝翥大懼，逸至遵化。巡撫鄧氵美為代題，都御史孫瑋、御史潘雲翼等交章論救。不聽，卒杖之，削籍歸。崇禎初，起官右參議，分守溫處道，不赴。久之，起瓊州道，坐奸民煽亂，貶秩歸。福王時，起雲南僉事，已而解職。魯王次長垣，召為兵部右侍郎，與員外郎林惣攻福寧，戰敗被執，諭降不從，系之，吞金屑而死。

Lin Ruzhu, courtesy name Dawei, was a native of Fuqing. He passed the provincial examinations and was appointed magistrate of Pei County. In the second year of Tianqi he repulsed Xu Hongru's forces in battle and helped suppress the sorcerer Wang Puguang's faction with distinction, earning special promotion to censor. In the sixth month of the fourth year, he was assigned to inspect the capital. The wife of Min Cao Da got into a quarrel with someone else's slave, swallowed poison, and died. The palace cooks Cao Jin and Fu Guoxing led a mob to plunder their masters' homes and stab them with heavy awls, and the penal authorities did not dare to inquire. Ruzhu arrested Jin. Fearing impeachment, Jin asked to take the flogging instead, and Ruzhu had him beaten fifty strokes. Guoxing waylaid him on the road and kept cursing without stop. Ruzhu seized and detained him; he likewise asked to accept the beating, and Ruzhu flogged him again. Wei Zhongxian was furious and at once transmitted an imperial order that Ruzhu be beaten at court. A few days before, a gang of eunuchs had beaten Wan Yu to death. Ruzhu was terrified and fled to Zunhua. Grand Coordinator Deng Mei submitted a memorial on his behalf, and Censor-in-Chief Sun Wei, Censor Pan Yunyi, and others sent one memorial after another pleading for his life. The court would not heed them. In the end he was flogged, struck from the register, and sent home. At the start of the Chongzhen reign he was recalled as Right Assistant Administrator to guard the Wenzhou-Chuzhou circuit, but he did not report. After some time he was recalled to the Qiongzhou circuit, but when wicked commoners stirred up rebellion he was demoted and sent home. Under the Prince of Fu he was appointed Vice Commissioner in Yunnan, but was soon removed from office. When the Prince of Lu was at Changyuan, Ruzhu was summoned as Vice Minister of War. Together with department clerk Lin Zong he attacked Funing, was defeated and taken prisoner, and when urged to surrender refused. He was imprisoned, swallowed gold filings, and died.

惣，字子野，汝翥同邑人。崇禎十六年進士。授海寧知縣。邑有妖人以劍術惑眾，聚千人，惣捕殺之。南都覆，杭州亦不守，卒乘機乞餉，環署大噪。惣罪為首者，而如其請。以城孤不能存，引去。唐王以為御史，改文選員外郎，募兵福寧。聞王被殺，大慟，走匿山中。及魯王航海至長垣，福清鄉兵請惣為主，與汝翥共攻城，歿於陣。

Zong, whose courtesy name was Ziye, came from the same district as Ruzhu. He passed the palace examination in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen. He was appointed magistrate of Haining. In the county a sorcerer used sword tricks to mislead the people and gathered a thousand followers; Zong captured and executed him. After the Southern Capital fell and Hangzhou too was lost, the troops seized the moment to demand pay and raised a great uproar around the yamen. Zong punished the ringleaders, yet granted what they asked for. Finding the city isolated and impossible to defend, he withdrew. The Tang Prince made him a censor, then transferred him to department clerk of Personnel Selection and had him raise troops at Funing. When he learned the Prince had been killed, he grieved deeply and fled into the mountains to hide. When the Prince of Lu put to sea and reached Changyuan, the local militia of Funing asked Zong to lead them. Together with Ruzhu he besieged the city and fell in battle.

鄭為虹，字天玉，江都人。崇禎十六年進士。除浦城知縣。唐王道浦城，知其廉，及自立，召為御史。部民相率乞留，有十不可去之疏。乃令以御史巡視仙霞關，駐浦城。尋令巡撫上遊四府，兼領關務。鄭芝龍部將奪民舟，為虹叱責之。芝龍訴於王，王為諭解。然是時芝龍已懷異志，盡撤守關將，仙霞嶺二百里間無一人。順治三年八月，大清兵長驅直入，為虹亟還浦城，縱士民出走，自守空城。無何，被執，與給事中黃大鵬並死之，年二十有五。

Zheng Weihong, styled Tianyu, was a native of Jiangdu. He received his jinshi degree in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen. He was appointed magistrate of Pucheng. When the Tang Prince passed through Pucheng he recognized Weihong's integrity, and once he had established his regime he summoned him as censor. The people of the district came in groups to beg him to remain, submitting a memorial listing ten reasons he must not go. He was therefore ordered to inspect Xianxia Pass as censor while remaining stationed at Pucheng. Before long he was ordered to govern the four upstream prefectures and to take charge of pass affairs as well. A subordinate general of Zheng Zhilong seized the people's boats, and Weihong rebuked him sharply. Zhilong complained to the Prince, who mediated on his behalf and smoothed the affair over. By then, however, Zhilong already nursed treacherous designs and pulled out every general guarding the pass, so that for two hundred li along Xianxia Ridge there was not a single defender. In the eighth month of the third year of Shunzhi, Our Great Qing armies swept in unopposed. Weihong raced back to Pucheng, opened the city so officials and commoners could escape, and alone held the empty town. Before long he was taken prisoner and died together with Supervising Secretary Huang Dapeng. He was twenty-five.

大鵬，字文若，建陽人。崇禎十三年進士。為義烏知縣，有能聲。唐王召為兵科給事中，從至建寧，令與為虹共守仙霞嶺，竟同死。時王在延平，聞仙霞關失守，倉猝走汀州。守延平者為王士和，從走汀州者有胡上琛、熊緯，皆以死事著。

Dapeng, whose courtesy name was Wenruo, came from Jianyang. He passed the palace examination in the thirteenth year of Chongzhen. He served as magistrate of Yiwu and won a reputation for ability. The Tang Prince summoned him as supervising secretary of the Military Affairs bureau. He followed the Prince to Jianning and was ordered to hold Xianxia Ridge together with Weihong; in the end they died the same death. The Prince was then at Yanping. When he heard that Xianxia Pass had fallen, he fled in haste to Tingzhou. Wang Shihe was left to defend Yanping. Hu Shangchen and Xiong Wei were among those who followed the Prince in flight to Tingzhou; all three became famous for dying in service.

士和，字萬育，金溪人。崇禎中，舉於鄉。南京既覆，江西亦被兵，士和避入閩，授吏部司務。疏陳時政闕失，凡數千言，唐王刊賜文武諸臣，且召士和入對，嘉獎備至，擢兵部主事。未一月擢延平知府。八月，王走汀州，留兵部侍郎曹覆泰偕士和居守。俄警報疊至，士和召父老曰：「吾雖一月郡守，當與城存亡。若等可速出，毋使數萬生靈盡膏斧锧。」眾泣，士和亦泣。退入內署，謂友人曰：「吾一介書生，數月而忝二千石，安敢偷生。」其友勸止之，正色曰：「君子愛人以德，姑息何為。」從容正衣冠，閉戶投繯死。

Shihe, styled Wanyu, was a native of Jinxi. During the Chongzhen reign he passed the provincial examination. After Nanjing fell and Jiangxi too was overrun by enemy troops, Shihe took refuge in Fujian and was appointed a clerk in the Ministry of Personnel. He submitted a memorial on the failings of the times, several thousand characters in all. The Tang Prince had it printed and distributed to civil and military officials, summoned Shihe for an audience, praised him lavishly, and promoted him to chief clerk in the Ministry of War. Within a month he was promoted again, to prefect of Yanping. In the eighth month, when the Prince fled to Tingzhou, he left Vice Minister of War Cao Futai together with Shihe to hold the city. Before long alarm after alarm arrived. Shihe summoned the elders and said, "Though I have been prefect barely a month, I will live and die with this city. Leave at once, all of you—do not let tens of thousands of lives be ground beneath axe and cleaver. The people wept, and Shihe wept with them. Retiring to the inner office, he said to a friend, "I am only an obscure scholar who in a few months was honored with a two-thousand-dan post—how dare I cling to life?" His friend tried to dissuade him. He said sternly, "A gentleman loves others through virtue—what is the use of false comfort?" Composed, he straightened his cap and robes, shut the door, and hanged himself.

上琛，字席公。世襲福州右衛指揮使。好讀書，能詩。既襲職，復舉武鄉試。唐王時，官錦衣衛指揮，遷署都督僉事，充禦營總兵官，從至汀州。王被執，上琛奔還福州，謂家人曰：「吾世臣，不可茍活，為我采毒草來。」妾劉年二十，願同死。上琛喜曰：「汝幼婦亦能死耶！」遂整冠帶與妾共飲藥酒而卒。

Shangchen, whose courtesy name was Xigong. He held the hereditary post of commander of the Fuzhou Right Guard. He loved books and could write poetry. After inheriting his post he also passed the military provincial examination. Under the Tang Prince he served as commander of the Embroidered Uniform Guard, was transferred to acting Regional Commander, and was made general commanding the Imperial Guard camp, accompanying the Prince to Tingzhou. When the Prince was taken, Shangchen fled back to Fuzhou and told his family, "I am a hereditary minister—I cannot live in disgrace. Bring me poison herbs." His concubine Liu, aged twenty, asked to die with him. Shangchen was delighted and said, "Even you, a young wife, are willing to die!" Then they straightened their caps and sashes, drank poisoned wine together, and died.

緯，字文江，南昌人。崇禎十六年進士。授行人。兩京既覆，每飲酒，輒涕泗交橫下。友人語之曰：「昔狼覃有言『吾未獲死所』，子既有誌，曷求所乎？」乃赴延平謁唐王，擢給事中。尋扈行至汀州，遘變，從官皆散，緯仍奔赴。遇大清兵，死之。

Wei, styled Wenjiang, was a native of Nanchang. He received his jinshi degree in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen. He was appointed a courier. After both capitals had fallen, whenever he drank wine tears would pour down his face. A friend said to him, "Long ago Lang Tan said, 'I have not yet found where to die.' You already have the will—why not go find that place?" Thereupon he went to Yanping to pay court to the Tang Prince and was promoted to supervising secretary. Soon he followed the Prince on the road to Tingzhou. When disaster struck, the officials in attendance all scattered, but Wei pressed on. He ran into Our Great Qing troops and was killed.

贊曰：廢興之故，豈非天道哉。金聲等以烏合之師，張皇奮呼，欲挽明祚於已廢之後，心離勢渙，敗不旋踵，何尺寸之能補。然卒能致命遂誌，視死如歸，事雖無成，亦存其誌而已矣。

The commentator says: Are the causes of rise and fall not the way of Heaven? Jin Sheng and his fellows, with a hastily gathered rabble, raised banners and shouted themselves hoarse, trying to restore the Ming mandate after it had already collapsed. Hearts were divided and their force dissipated; defeat came almost at once. What could they have mended, even by an inch? Yet in the end they gave their lives to fulfill their resolve, facing death as if returning home. Though their cause came to nothing, they kept their purpose—and that is enough.

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