Volume 291 Biographies 179: Loyal Officials 3

潘宗顏〈（竇永澄等）〉張銓何廷魁〈（徐國全）〉高邦佐〈（顧頤）〉崔儒秀〈（陳輔堯段展）〉鄭國昌〈（張鳳奇盧成功等）〉党還醇〈（安上達任光裕等）〉李獻明〈（何天球徐澤武起潛）〉張春閻生斗〈（李師聖等）〉王肇坤〈（王一桂上官藎等）〉孫士美〈（白慧元李禎寧等）〉喬若雯〈（李崇德等）〉張秉文〈（宋學朱等）〉彥胤紹〈（趙珽等）〉吉孔嘉〈（王端冕等）〉刑國璽〈（馮守禮等）〉張振秀〈（劉源清等）〉鄧藩錫〈（王維新等）〉張焜芳

Pan Zongyan (Dou Yongcheng et al.)〉 Zhang Quan and He Tingkui (Xu Guoquan)〉 Gao Bangzuo (Gu Yi)〉 Cui Ruxiu (Chen Fuyao and Duan Zhan)〉 Zheng Guochang (Zhang Fengqi, Lu Chenggong, et al.)〉 Dang Huanchun (An Shangda, Ren Guangyu, et al.)〉 Li Xianming (He Tianqiu, Xu Ze, and Wu Qiqian)〉 Zhang Chun and Yan Shengdou (Li Shisheng et al.)〉 Wang Zhaokun (Wang Yigui, Shangguan Jin, et al.)〉 Sun Shimei (Bai Huiyuan, Li Zhenning, et al.)〉 Qiao Ruowen (Li Chongde et al.)〉 Zhang Bingwen (Song Xuezhu et al.)〉 Yan Yinshao (Zhao Cheng et al.)〉 Ji Kongjia (Wang Duanmian et al.)〉 Xing Guoxi (Feng Shouli et al.)〉 Zhang Zhenxiu (Liu Yuanqing et al.)〉 Deng Fanshi (Wang Weixin et al.)〉 Zhang Kunfang

潘宗顏，字士瓚，保安衛人。善詩賦，曉天文、兵法。舉萬曆四十一年進士，歷戶部郎中。數上書當路言遼事，當路不能用。以宗顏知兵，命督餉遼東。旋擢開原兵備僉事。四十六年，馬林將出師，宗顏上書經略楊鎬曰：「林庸懦，不堪當一面，乞易他將，以林為後繼，不然必敗。」鎬不從。宗顏監林軍，出三岔口，營稗子峪，夜聞杜松敗，林軍遂嘩。及旦，大清兵大至。林恐甚，一戰而敗，策馬先奔。守顏殿後，奮呼沖擊，膽氣彌厲。自辰至午，力不支，與遊擊竇永澄、守備江萬春、贊理通判董爾礪等皆死焉。事聞，賜祭葬，贈光祿卿，再贈大理卿，蔭錦衣世百戶，謚節湣，立祠奉祀。永澄等亦賜恤如制。

Pan Zongyan, styled Shizan, came from the Bao'an Guard. He excelled at poetry and composition and understood astronomy and the art of war. In Wanli 41 he passed the jinshi examination and rose to bureau director in the Ministry of Revenue. He repeatedly memorialized those in power about Liaodong, but they would not act on his advice. Since Zongyan was known to understand military affairs, he was ordered to supervise grain supplies in Liaodong. He was soon promoted to assistant commissioner for military preparations at Kaiyuan. In year 46, as Ma Lin was about to take the field, Zongyan wrote to the supreme commander Yang Hao: "Lin is mediocre and timid, unfit to hold one wing. I beg you replace him with another general and keep Lin in reserve—otherwise you are certain to be defeated." Hao would not listen. Zongyan supervised Lin's army, marched out through Sanchakou, and encamped at Beizi Valley. That night they heard Du Song had been defeated, and Lin's troops fell into uproar. At dawn the Qing army arrived in overwhelming strength. Lin was terrified; after a single engagement he was routed and spurred his horse to flee ahead of all others. Zongyan covered the rear, shouting as he charged; his courage only grew fiercer. From the hour chen until wu his strength gave out, and he died together with the battalion commander Dou Yongcheng, garrison commander Jiang Wanchun, supervising secretary Dong Erli, and the rest. When word reached the court, he was granted state sacrifices and burial, posthumously made Vice Minister of the Imperial Household and then Minister of Justice, his heirs granted hereditary enrollment in the Embroidered-Uniform Guard for one hundred households, given the posthumous title Jiemin, and a shrine was established for his worship. Yongcheng and the others received condolence grants according to regulation.

張銓，字宇衡，沁水人。萬曆三十二年進士。授保定推官，擢御史，巡視陜西茶馬。以憂歸，起按江西。時遼東總兵官張承蔭敗歿，而經略楊鎬方議四道出師。銓馳奏言：「敵山川險易，我未能悉知，懸軍深入，保無抄絕？且突騎野戰，敵所長，我所短。以短擊長，以勞赴逸，以客當主，非計也。昔臚朐河之戰，五將不還，奈何輕出塞。為今計，不必徵兵四方，但當就近調募，屯集要害以固吾圉，厚撫北關以樹其敵，多行間諜以攜其黨，然後伺隙而動。若加賦選丁，騷擾天下，恐識者之憂不在遼東。」因請發帑金，補大僚，宥直言，開儲講，先為自治之本。又言：「李如柏、杜松、劉綎以宿將並起，宜責鎬約束，以一事權。唐九節度相州之潰，可為明鑒。」又言：「廷議將恤承蔭，夫承蔭不知敵誘，輕進取敗，是謂無謀。猝與敵遇，行列錯亂，是謂無法。率萬餘之眾，不能死戰，是謂無勇。臣以為不宜恤。」又論鎬非大帥才，而力薦熊廷弼。

Zhang Quan, styled Yuheng, came from Qinshui. He passed the jinshi examination in Wanli 32. He was appointed investigating magistrate of Baoding, then promoted to censor and toured Shaanxi to oversee the tea-horse trade. He went home for mourning, then was recalled to serve as touring inspector of Jiangxi. At the time the Liaodong commander-in-chief Zhang Chengyin had been defeated and killed, while the supreme commander Yang Hao was planning a four-route advance. Quan urgently memorialized: "We do not fully know the enemy's terrain, steep or easy. To drive deep into hostile country—can we be sure of no ambush or cut-off? Sudden cavalry charges in open battle are what the enemy does best and we do worst. To pit our weakness against their strength, our exhaustion against their rest, and the guest against the host—this is no strategy at all. At the battle of Lujuqie River five generals never returned—why venture lightly beyond the frontier? The present plan need not levy troops from every quarter; recruit nearby, mass at critical points to hold our defenses, treat the northern passes generously to set enemies against them, send many spies to sow discord in their ranks, and then wait for an opening. If extra taxes and conscription throw the empire into turmoil, men of discernment will fear the danger lies not in Liaodong alone." He therefore asked that treasury funds be released, high offices filled, outspoken critics pardoned, and the crown prince's schooling opened—establishing self-government as the foundation first. He also said: "Li Rubai, Du Song, and Liu Ting are all veteran generals rising together. Hao should be charged to restrain them and unify command in one hand. The Tang disaster when nine frontier commissioners acted at cross purposes at Xiangzhou should be a clear warning." He also said: "The court deliberates condoling Chengyin. Chengyin did not recognize the enemy's ruse, advanced rashly, and was defeated—that is having no strategy. Meeting the enemy suddenly with ranks in disorder—that is having no discipline. Leading more than ten thousand men yet unable to fight to the death—that is having no courage. Your servant holds that he should not be condoled." He also argued that Hao lacked the talent of a supreme commander and strongly recommended Xiong Tingbi.

四十八年夏復上疏言：「自軍興以來，所司創議加賦，畝增銀三厘，未幾至七厘，又未幾至九厘。辟之一身，遼東，肩背也，天下，腹心也。肩背有患，猶藉腹心之血脈滋灌。若腹心先潰，危亡可立待。竭天下以救遼，遼未必安，而天下已危。今宜聯人心以固根本，豈可朘削無已，驅之使亂。且陛下內廷積金如山，以有用之物，置無用之地，與瓦礫糞土何異。乃發帑之請，叫閽不應，加派之議，朝奏夕可。臣殊不得其解。」銓疏皆關軍國安危，而帝與當軸卒不省。綎、松敗，時謂銓有先見云。

In summer of year 48 he memorialized again: "Since the war began the responsible offices have devised extra levies—three cash per mu, then before long seven, then before long nine. Compare it to a single body: Liaodong is the shoulders and back; the empire is the heart and belly. When the shoulders and back are afflicted, one may still draw on the blood and vessels of the heart and belly to nourish them. If the heart and belly collapse first, ruin can be awaited at once. Exhaust the empire to save Liaodong and Liaodong may not be saved, yet the empire is already in peril. Now is the time to unite hearts and secure the foundation. How can we pare away without end and drive the people to rebellion? Moreover Your Majesty's inner court has gold piled like mountains—placing what is useful in a useless place is no different from rubble and dung. Yet pleas to open the treasury go unanswered at the gate, while proposals for extra levies are approved the same evening they are submitted. Your servant finds this utterly beyond understanding. Quan's memorials all bore on the security of army and state, yet the emperor and those at the helm took no notice. When Ting and Song were defeated, the age said Quan had foreseen it.

熹宗即位，出按遼東，經略袁應泰下納降令，銓力爭，不聽，曰：「禍始此矣。」天啟元年三月，瀋陽破，銓請令遼東巡撫薛國用帥河西兵駐海州，薊遼總督文球帥山海兵駐廣寧，以壯聲援。疏甫上，遼陽被圍，軍大潰。銓與應泰分城守，應泰令銓退保河西，以圖再舉，不從。守三日，城破，被執不屈，欲殺之，引頸待刃，乃送歸署。銓衣冠向闕拜，又遙拜父母，遂自經。事聞，贈大理卿，再贈兵部尚書，謚忠烈。官其子道浚錦衣指揮僉事。

When Emperor Xizong acceded, Quan went out to inspect Liaodong. The frontier commander Yuan Yingtai issued an order accepting surrenders. Quan argued strenuously but was not heeded, saying, "Disaster begins here." In the third month of Tianqi 1, Shenyang fell. Quan asked that Liaodong grand coordinator Xue Guoyong lead Hexi troops to garrison Haizhou and Jizhou-Liaodong supreme commander Wen Qiu lead Shanhai troops to garrison Guangning, to strengthen the show of support. The memorial had scarcely been submitted when Liaoyang was besieged and the army collapsed in rout. Quan and Yingtai divided the defense of the city. Yingtai ordered Quan to withdraw west of the river and plan another effort, but Quan refused. After three days the city fell. Captured, he would not yield. When they meant to kill him, he stretched his neck to the blade, and they sent him back to headquarters instead. Quan dressed in his official robes, bowed toward the palace, then bowed toward his parents from afar, and hanged himself. When word reached the court, he was posthumously made Minister of Justice and then Minister of War, with the posthumous title Zhonglie. His son Daojun was appointed battalion commander in the Embroidered-Uniform Guard.

銓父五典，歷官南京大理卿，時侍養家居。詔以銓所贈官加之，及卒，贈太子太保。初，五典度海內將亂，築所居竇莊為堡，堅甚。崇禎四年，流賊至，五典已歿，獨銓妻霍氏在，眾請避之。曰：「避賊而出，家不保。出而遇賊，身更不保。等死耳，盍死於家。」乃率僮仆堅守。賊環攻四晝夜，不克而去。副使王肇生名其堡曰「夫人城」。鄉人避賊者多賴以免。

Quan's father Wudian had served as Minister of Justice at Nanjing and was at home caring for his parents. An edict added to him the offices posthumously granted Quan. When he died, he was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. Earlier Wudian foresaw that the empire would fall into disorder and fortified his residence at Dou Village into a stronghold. In Chongzhen 4 bandits arrived. Wudian was already dead, and only Quan's wife Lady Huo remained. The others urged her to flee. She said, "If we flee the bandits and leave, the household cannot be saved. If we go out and meet the bandits, our lives are even less secure. Death is the same either way—why not die at home?" She then led the servants and retainers in a stout defense. The bandits besieged it for four days and nights, failed to take it, and withdrew. Vice Commissioner Wang Zhaosheng named the fortress "Lady's City." Many locals who fled the bandits owed their survival to it.

道浚既官錦衣，以忠臣子見重，屢加都指揮僉事，僉書衛所。顧與閹黨楊維垣等相善，而受王永光指，攻錢龍錫、成基命等，為公論所不予。尋以納賄事敗，戍雁門。流賊起，山西巡撫宋統殷檄道浚軍前贊畫。道浚家多壯丁，能禦賊。

Once Daojun held office in the Embroidered-Uniform Guard, he was highly regarded as the son of a loyal minister and was repeatedly promoted to vice commander, with concurrent duties in the guard offices. Yet he was friendly with eunuch-faction men such as Yang Weiyuan and, at Wang Yongguang's direction, attacked Qian Longxi and Cheng Jiming—acts that won no favor in public opinion. Soon he was exposed for taking bribes and was banished to Yanmen. When bandits rose, Shanxi grand coordinator Song Tongyin summoned Daojun to the front as planning aide. Daojun's household had many strong young men who could fight bandits.

崇禎五年四月，賊犯沁水，寧武守備猛忠戰死。道浚遣遊擊張瓚馳援，賊乃退。八月，紫金梁、老回回、八金剛等以三萬眾圍竇莊，謀執道浚以脅巡撫。道浚屢敗賊，賊乃欲因道浚求撫。紫金梁請見，免胄前曰：「我王自用也，誤從王佳胤至此。」又一人跽致辭曰：「我宜川廩生韓廷憲，為佳胤所獲，請誓死奉約束。」道浚勞遣之，而陰使使啗廷憲圖賊。賊至舊縣，守約不動，廷憲日惎紫金梁就款，未決。官軍襲之，賊怒，尤廷憲，遂敗約，南突濟源，陷溫陽。

In the fourth month of Chongzhen 5 bandits invaded Qinshui, and Ningwu garrison commander Meng Zhong died fighting. Daojun sent battalion commander Zhang Zan in haste to relieve them, and the bandits withdrew. In the eighth month Zijinliang, Old Huihui, Eight Vajras, and others besieged Dou Village with thirty thousand men, planning to seize Daojun to coerce the grand coordinator. Daojun repeatedly defeated them, and the bandits then sought pacification through him. Zijinliang requested an audience, removed his helmet, and came forward saying, "I was used by my king. I erred in following Wang Jiayin here." Another man knelt and said, "I am Yichuan stipend student Han Tingxian, captured by Jiayin. I beg to swear to obey you unto death." Daojun comforted them and sent them off, while secretly sending an envoy to win Tingxian over to plot against the bandits. The bandits reached Jiuxian and kept the agreement without moving. Day after day Tingxian urged Zijinliang to submit, but no decision was reached. Government troops raided them. The bandits were enraged and blamed Tingxian above all, broke the agreement, burst south into Jiyuan, and took Wenyang.

九月，廷憲知紫金梁疑己，思殺之以歸，約道浚伏兵沁河以待。道浚遣所部劉偉佐之。是夕，賊攻諸生蓋汝璋樓，掘地深丈餘，樓不毀。賊怒，誓必拔。雞鳴不得間，廷憲知事且泄，偕偉倉卒奔。賊追之及河，伏起，殺追者滾山虎等六人，皆賊腹心也。賊臨沁河，索廷憲。竇莊東面河，道浚潛渡上流，繞賊後大噪，賊駭遁去。未幾，官軍扼賊陵川，師潰，道浚據九仙臺以免。十二月，廷憲知紫金梁、亂世王有隙，縱諜遣書間之。亂世王果疑，遣其弟混世王就道浚乞降。時統殷以失賊罷，許鼎臣來代，主進討。道浚權詞難之曰：「斬紫金梁以來，乃得請。」混世王怏怏去，賊眾遂分部掠諸郡縣。

In the ninth month Tingxian knew Zijinliang suspected him and planned to kill him and return to allegiance. He arranged with Daojun to set an ambush on the Qin River. Daojun sent his subordinate Liu Wei to assist. That evening the bandits attacked student Gai Ruzhang's tower, digging more than a zhang into the ground, yet the tower would not fall. Enraged, they swore they would take it at all costs. At cockcrow they had no respite. Tingxian knew the plot would soon be exposed and fled in haste with Wei. The bandits pursued them to the river. The ambush rose and killed six pursuers including Gunshanhu—all trusted men of the bandits. The bandits came to the Qin River and demanded Tingxian. Dou Village faced the river on the east. Daojun secretly crossed upstream, raised a great clamor behind the bandits, and they fled in terror. Before long government troops blocked the bandits at Lingchuan. The army collapsed in rout, and Daojun held Jiuxian Terrace to escape harm. In the twelfth month Tingxian knew Zijinliang and Luanshiwang were at odds and sent spies with letters to sow discord between them. Luanshiwang indeed grew suspicious and sent his younger brother Hunshiwang to Daojun to beg surrender. At the time Tongyin was dismissed for losing the bandits. Xu Dingchen replaced him and favored advancing to attack. Daojun made evasive excuses, saying, "Only when Zijinliang is beheaded may the request be granted." Hunshiwang left discontented, and the bandit host then divided to plunder the prefectures and counties.

明年三月，官軍躡賊，自陽城而北。道浚設伏三纏凹，擒賊渠滿天星等，巡撫鼎臣奏道浚功第一。八月，賊陷沁水。沁水當賊沖，去來無時，道浚倡鄉人築堡五十四以守，賊五犯皆卻去，至是乃陷。道浚率家眾三百人馳赴擊賊，賊退徙十五里。道浚收散亡，捕賊眾，傾家囷以餉。副使王肇生列狀上道浚功。道浚故得罪清議，冀用軍功自湔祓，而言者劾其離伍冒功。巡按御史馮明玠覆劾，謂沁城既失，不可言功，乃更戍海寧衛。

In the third month of the following year government troops pursued the bandits from Yangcheng northward. Daojun set an ambush at Sanchanao and captured bandit chiefs including Mantianxing. Grand Coordinator Dingchen memorialized Daojun's merit as first. In the eighth month the bandits took Qinshui. Qinshui lay on the bandits' route, and they came and went without warning. Daojun urged the locals to build fifty-four fortresses for defense. The bandits attacked five times and were repelled each time—only now did the city fall. Daojun led three hundred of his household in haste to strike the bandits, and the bandits withdrew fifteen li. Daojun gathered the scattered and fugitive, captured bandit bands, and emptied the family granaries to supply provisions. Vice Commissioner Wang Zhaosheng submitted a detailed report on Daojun's merit. Daojun had formerly offended pure opinion and hoped to redeem himself through military merit, but critics impeached him for leaving his post and claiming merit falsely. Touring censor Feng Mingjie impeached again, saying that since Qinshui had fallen merit could not be claimed, and Daojun was banished instead to the Haining Guard.

何廷魁，字汝謙，山西威遠衛人。萬曆二十九年進士。授涇縣知縣，調寧晉，遷刑部主事，歷歸德、衛輝、河南知府，西寧副使。坐考功法，復為黎平知府。會遼事棘，遷副使，分巡遼陽。袁應泰納降，廷魁爭，不聽。及瀋陽破，同事者遣孥歸，廷魁曰：「吾不敢為民望。」大清兵渡濠，廷魁請乘半濟急擊之。俄薄城，圍未合，又請盡銳出禦。應泰並不從。遼陽破，廷魁懷印率其妾高氏、金氏投井死，婢仆從死者六人。都司徐國全聞之，亦自經公署。事聞，贈光祿卿，再贈大理卿，賜祭葬，謚忠湣，世蔭錦衣百戶。國全贈恤如制。

He Tingkui, styled Ruqian, came from the Weiyuan Guard in Shanxi. He passed the jinshi examination in Wanli 29. He was appointed magistrate of Jing County, transferred to Ningjin, promoted to bureau director in the Ministry of Justice, and served as prefect of Guide, Weihui, and Henan, and as vice commissioner of Xining. He was demoted under the merit-evaluation law and again became prefect of Liping. When Liaodong affairs grew critical he was transferred to vice commissioner and assigned to tour Liaoyang. Yuan Yingtai accepted surrenders. Tingkui argued against it but was not heeded. When Shenyang fell, colleagues sent wives and children home. Tingkui said, "I dare not set an example for the people." When the Qing army crossed the moat, Tingkui asked to strike them while half across. Soon they pressed the city. The siege was not yet closed, and he again asked to lead all elite troops out to resist. Yingtai would not agree to any of it. When Liaoyang fell, Tingkui clasped his seal and led his concubines Lady Gao and Lady Jin into a well to die. Six maids and servants followed them in death. Regional commander Xu Guoquan heard of it and also hanged himself in the government offices. When word reached the court, he was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Imperial Household and then Minister of Justice, granted state sacrifices and burial, given the posthumous title Zhongmin, and his heirs granted hereditary enrollment in the Embroidered-Uniform Guard for one hundred households. Guoquan received posthumous condolence grants according to regulation.

高邦佐，字以道，襄陵人。萬曆二十三年進士。授壽光知縣，教民墾荒，招集流亡三千家。歷戶部主事、員外郎。遷永平知府，浚濼河，築長堤。裁抑稅使高淮，不敢大橫。遷天津兵備副使，平巨盜董時耀。轉神木參政，屢破套寇沙計。以嫡母憂歸，補薊州道，坐調兵忤主者意，被劾歸。天啟元年，遼陽破，起參政，分守廣寧。以母年八十餘，涕泣不忍去，母責以大義乃行。熊廷弼、王化貞構隙，邦佐知遼事必敗，累乞歸。方報允，而化貞棄廣寧逃。眾謂邦佐既請告，可入關。邦佐叱曰：「吾一日未去，則一日封疆臣也，將安之！」夜作書訣母，策騎趨右屯謁廷弼，言：「城中雖亂，敵尚未知。亟提兵入城，斬一二人，人心自定。公即不行，請授邦佐兵赴難。」廷弼不納，偕化貞並走。邦佐仰天長嘆，泣語從者曰：「經、撫俱逃，事去矣。松山吾守地，當死此。汝歸報太夫人。」遂西向拜闕，復拜母，解印緩自經官舍。仆高永曰：「主死，安可無從者。」亦自經於側。事聞，賜祭葬，贈光祿卿，再贈太僕卿，謚忠節，世蔭錦衣百戶。邦佐與張銓、何廷魁皆山西人，詔建祠宣武門外，顏曰三忠。

Gao Bangzuo, styled Yidao, came from Xiangling. He passed the jinshi examination in Wanli 23. He was appointed magistrate of Shouguang, taught the people to open wasteland, and gathered three thousand refugee households. He served as bureau director and vice director in the Ministry of Revenue. He was transferred to prefect of Yongping, dredged the Luo River, and built a long dike. He restrained the tax commissioner Gao Huai, who did not dare act greatly overbearing. He was transferred to vice commissioner for military preparations at Tianjin and pacified the great bandit Dong Shiyao. He moved to administrator of Shenmu and repeatedly defeated the Tao bandit Shaji. He returned home to mourn his legal mother, was reassigned to the Jizhou circuit, and was impeached and sent home for mobilizing troops against his superior's wishes. In Tianqi 1, when Liaoyang fell, he was recalled as administrator and assigned to defend Guangning. His mother was more than eighty. He wept and could not bear to leave until she rebuked him with the greater duty and he went. Xiong Tingbi and Wang Huazhen were at odds. Bangzuo knew Liaodong affairs must fail and repeatedly begged to return. Just as permission was reported granted, Huazhen abandoned Guangning and fled. The crowd said Bangzuo had already requested leave and could enter the passes. Bangzuo rebuked them: "For as long as I have not left, I am a frontier minister—where would I go!" That night he wrote a farewell to his mother, spurred his horse to Youdun to visit Tingbi, and said, "Though the city is in disorder, the enemy does not yet know. Hasten to lead troops into the city, behead one or two men, and the people will settle of themselves. If you yourself will not go, grant me troops to go to the crisis." Tingbi would not accept and fled together with Huazhen. Bangzuo sighed toward heaven and said weeping to his followers, "The supreme commander and grand coordinator have both fled—the affair is lost. Songshan is the place I defend. I should die here. You return and report to my mother." He bowed west toward the palace, bowed again toward his mother, removed his seal cord, and hanged himself in the government offices. His servant Gao Yong said, "When the master dies, how can there be none to follow?" He too hanged himself beside him. When word reached the court, he was granted state sacrifices and burial, posthumously made Vice Minister of the Imperial Household and then Minister of the Imperial Stud, given the posthumous title Zhongjie, and his heirs granted hereditary enrollment in the Embroidered-Uniform Guard for one hundred households. Bangzuo, Zhang Quan, and He Tingkui were all from Shanxi. An edict ordered a shrine built outside Xuanwu Gate, inscribed "Three Loyal Ones."

同時顧頤，以右參政分守遼海道。廣寧之變，力屈自經。贈太僕少卿，世蔭本衛副千戶。

At the same time Gu Yi, as right administrator, was assigned to defend the Liaohai circuit. At the Guangning disaster, his strength exhausted, he hanged himself. He was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud, and his heirs granted hereditary vice battalion chief in his original guard.

崔儒秀，字儆初，陜州人。萬曆二十六年進士。歷戶部郎中，遷開原兵備僉事。時開原已失，儒秀募壯士，攜家辭墓行。經略袁應泰以兵馬甲仗不足恃為憂，儒秀曰：「恃人有必死之心耳。」應泰深然之。遼陽被圍，分守東城，矢集如雨，不少卻。會兵潰，儒秀痛哭，戎服北向拜，自經。事聞，賜恤視何廷魁，賜祠曰湣忠，以陳輔堯、段展配祀。

Cui Ruxiu, styled Jingchu, came from Shaanzhou. He passed the jinshi examination in Wanli 26. He served as bureau director in the Ministry of Revenue and was transferred to assistant commissioner for military preparations at Kaiyuan. By then Kaiyuan had already fallen. Ruxiu recruited stalwart volunteers, gathered his family, paid his respects at the ancestral graves, and set out. Frontier Commissioner Yuan Yingtai worried that arms and armor alone could not be counted on. Ruxiu said, "What one can count on is men with the will to die. Yingtai agreed wholeheartedly. When Liaoyang came under siege, he was assigned to hold the eastern wall. Arrows fell like rain, yet he never gave ground. When the army suddenly broke, Ruxiu wept bitterly, donned his uniform, bowed toward the north, and hanged himself. When word reached the court, he received the same posthumous honors as He Tingkui. A shrine named "Lamented Loyalty" was granted, with Chen Fuyao and Duan Zhan enshrined alongside him.

輔堯，揚州人。萬曆中舉於鄉。歷永平同知，轉餉出關，與自在知州段展駐瀋陽。天啟元年，日暈異常。展牒應泰言天象示警，宜豫防。逾月，瀋陽破，展死之。輔堯方奉命印烙，左右以無守土責，勸之去。輔堯曰：「孰非封疆臣，何去為。」望闕拜，拔刀自剄，與展並贈按察僉事。輔堯官膠州時，有饋山繭者，受而懸之公幣中。展，涇陽舉人。

Fuyao was from Yangzhou. During the Wanli reign he passed the provincial examination. He served as vice magistrate of Yongping and, while transporting rations beyond the pass, was posted to Shenyang together with Duan Zhan, the magistrate of Zizai. In Tianqi 1, an unusual solar halo appeared. Zhan sent a memorial to Yingtai warning that heaven was sending omens and urging preventive measures. A month later Shenyang fell, and Zhan died in its defense. Fuyao was then on duty branding livestock for the army. His companions, noting that he had no official duty to defend the city, urged him to flee. Fuyao said, "Who among us is not a guardian of the realm's borders? Why should I leave? He bowed toward the palace, drew his knife, and cut his own throat. He and Zhan were both posthumously made assistant censorial commissioners. While serving as magistrate of Jiaozhou, Fuyao received a gift of mountain silk cocoons and hung them in the public hall for all to see. Zhan was a provincial graduate from Jingyang.

鄭國昌，邠州人。萬曆三十五年進士。歷山西參政。崇禎元年以按察使治兵永平，遷山西右布政使，上官奏留之。三年正月，大清兵自京師東行，先使人伏文廟承塵上，主者不覺也。初四日黎明登城，有守將左右之，國昌覺其異，捶之至死。須臾，北樓火發，城遂破。國昌自縊城上，中軍守備程應琦從之。應琦妻奔告國昌妻，與之偕死。

Zheng Guochang came from Binzhou. He earned his jinshi degree in Wanli 35. He served as administrator in Shanxi. In Chongzhen 1 he was made provincial surveillance commissioner at Yongping to oversee military affairs. Although promoted to right administrative commissioner of Shanxi, his superior petitioned to keep him in place. In the first month of Chongzhen 3, Qing forces marched east from Beijing. They first placed men in hiding above the ceiling of the Confucian temple, and the custodian noticed nothing. At dawn on the fourth, as he mounted the wall with a defending general beside him, Guochang sensed something was wrong and beat the man to death. Moments later fire erupted at the northern tower, and the city fell. Guochang hanged himself on the wall. Battalion garrison commander Cheng Yingqi did likewise. Cheng Yingqi's wife ran to Guochang's wife, and the two women died together.

知府張鳳奇，推官盧成功，盧龍教諭趙允殖，副總兵焦延慶，東勝衛指揮張國翰及裏居中書舍人廖汝欽，武舉唐之俊，諸生韓洞原、周祚新、馮維京、胡起鳴、胡光奎、田種玉等十數人皆死。國昌、鳳奇一門盡死。事聞，贈國昌太常卿，鳳奇光祿卿，並賜祭葬，蔭一子。成功等贈恤有差。鳳奇，陽曲人，起家鄉舉。

Prefect Zhang Fengqi, Assistant Prefect Lu Chenggong, Lulong Instructor Zhao Yunzhi, Vice Commander Jiao Yanqing, Dongsheng Guard Commander Zhang Guohan, palace secretariat attendant Liao Ruqin, military licentiate Tang Zhijun, and students Han Dongyuan, Zhou Zuoxin, Feng Weijing, Hu Qiming, Hu Guangkui, Tian Chongyu, and more than a dozen others all perished. Guochang and Fengqi lost their entire families in the catastrophe. When word reached court, Guochang was posthumously made Minister of Ceremonies and Fengqi Minister of the Imperial Household. Both received state sacrifices and burial, and one son from each family received hereditary enrollment privileges. Chenggong and the others received graded posthumous honors. Fengqi was from Yangqu and had entered service through the provincial examination.

党還醇，字子貞，三原人。天啟五年進士。授休寧知縣，有善政，以父憂歸。崇禎二年服闋，起官良鄉。十二月，大清兵薄城，督吏民乘城拒守。或言縣小無兵，盍避去。還醇毅然曰：「吾守土吏也，去將安之！」救兵不至，力屈城破，與教諭安上達、訓導李廷表、典史史之棟、驛丞楊其禮並死焉。事定，父老覓還醇屍，得之草間，赤身面縛，體被數槍，群哭而殮之。上達，貴州安順人。萬曆末年舉於鄉，謁選得教諭，至日闔門死難。事聞，贈還醇光祿丞，予祭葬，有司建祠，官其一子。之棟等亦贈恤，給驛歸其喪。已而吏科上言：「還醇城亡與亡，之死靡貳，猶曰有守土責也。上達、之棟等，微員末秩，亦能致命遂誌，有死無隕。宜破格褒崇，以為世勸。朝廷必不惜今日之虛名，作將來之忠義，乃僅贈國學教職、良鄉主簿，於聖主憂恤之典謂何！」帝感其言，下部更議，乃贈上達、廷表《五經》博士，與之棟等及千戶蕭如龍、何秉忠，百戶李蔭並配祀還醇祠。武舉陳蠡測、諸生梅友松等十五人，烈婦朱氏等十七人，並建坊旌表。順天府尹劉宗周以上達得死難之正，請贈翰苑宮坊，不報。

Dang Huanchun, styled Zizhen, came from Sanyuan. He passed the jinshi examination in Tianqi 5. Appointed magistrate of Xiuning, he earned a reputation for good governance before returning home to mourn his father. When his mourning period ended in Chongzhen 2, he was recalled to serve as magistrate of Liangxiang. In the twelfth month Qing forces reached the city walls. Huanchun rallied officials and civilians to man the defenses. Some urged that the county was small and had no troops; he ought to flee. Huanchun replied firmly, "I am the guardian of this district. If I flee, where shall I go? Relief never came. When the defense collapsed and the city fell, he died together with Instructor An Shangda, Trainer Li Tingbiao, Records Clerk Shi Zhidong, and Post Station Chief Yang Qili. After the fighting ended, local elders found Huanchun's body in the grass—stripped naked, bound, and pierced by several spears. They wept as they prepared him for burial. Shangda was from Anshun in Guizhou. He passed the provincial exam in the late Wanli period and received an instructor's appointment. On his very first day at Liangxiang, his entire household died in the disaster. The court posthumously made Huanchun Vice Director of the Imperial Household, granted him state sacrifices and burial, ordered a shrine built, and appointed one of his sons to office. Zhidong and the others also received posthumous honors, and couriers were dispatched to return their remains home. Soon the Office of Scrutiny memorialized: "Huanchun died when the city fell and never wavered in his loyalty—a duty expected of one charged with defending the land. Shangda, Zhidong, and the others were low-ranking officials, yet they too gave their lives without faltering, dying without disgrace. They deserve exceptional honors to serve as an example for future generations. Surely the court would not begrudge empty posthumous titles today to inspire loyalty tomorrow—yet these men received only the ranks of National University instructor and Liangxiang registrar. What does this say of our wise ruler's compassion for the loyal dead! The emperor was moved and ordered a review. Shangda and Tingbiao were posthumously made Erudites of the Five Classics. Zhidong, battalion chiefs Xiao Rulong and He Bingzhong, company chief Li Yin, and others were all enshrined in Huanchun's shrine. Commemorative arches were erected for military licentiate Chen Lice, students Mei Yousong and thirteen others, and seventeen chaste women including Lady Zhu. Shuntian Prefect Liu Zongzhou, citing Shangda's exemplary death, petitioned for posthumous palace academy titles. The request went unanswered.

是時，列城以死事聞者，更有香河知縣任光裕、濼州知州楊燫。光裕贈恤如還醇，燫贈光祿少卿，並任一子。

At the same time, other officials reported for dying in service included Xianghe Magistrate Ren Guangyu and Luozhou Prefect Yang Chi. Guangyu received the same posthumous honors as Huanchun. Chi was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Imperial Household. One son from each family received office.

李獻明，字思皇，壽光人。崇禎元年進士。授保定推官。明年十一月，大清兵臨遵化，巡撫王元雅與推官何天球、遵化知縣徐澤及先任知縣武起潛等憑城拒守。時獻明以察核官庫駐城中。或謂此邑非君所轄，去無罪。獻明正色曰：「莫非王土，安敢見危避難。」請守東門，城破死之。

Li Xianming, styled Sihuang, came from Shouguang. He passed the jinshi examination in Chongzhen 1. He received an appointment as reviewing officer at Baoding. In the eleventh month of the following year Qing forces reached Zunhua. Grand Coordinator Wang Yuanya, Reviewing Officer He Tianqiu, Zunhua Magistrate Xu Ze, former Magistrate Wu Qiqian, and others held the city walls. Xianming happened to be in the city on an assignment to audit the government treasury. Some told him this county was not his jurisdiction and that he would bear no blame if he left. Xianming replied sternly, "Is this not the sovereign's land? How dare I flee when danger comes? He volunteered to hold the east gate and died when the city fell.

元雅，太原人。為巡撫數月即遇變，自縊死。天球以永平推官理遵化軍餉。澤，字兌若，襄陽人，獻明同年進士。蒞任七日，與天球、起潛並殉難。

Yuanya was from Taiyuan. He had served as grand coordinator only a few months when disaster struck; he hanged himself. Tianqiu, the Yongping reviewing officer, was managing Zunhua's military rations. Ze, styled Duiruo, was from Xiangyang and had passed the jinshi examination in the same year as Xianming. He had been in office only seven days when he died alongside Tianqiu and Qiqian.

起潛，字用潛，進賢人。天啟五年進士。初為武清知縣，有諸生為人所訐，納金酒甕以獻。起潛召學官及諸生貧者數人，置甕庭中，謂之曰：「美酒不可獨享，與諸生共之。」酒盡，金見，其人惶恐請罪，即以金分畀貧者。治縣一年，有聲，調繁遵化。坐事被劾，解官候代，遂及於難。

Qiqian, styled Yongqian, came from Jinxian. He passed the jinshi examination in Tianqi 5. Early in his career as magistrate of Wuqing, a student facing accusation tried to bribe him with gold hidden in a wine jar. Qiqian summoned the school officials and several impoverished students, set the jar in the courtyard, and said, "Good wine should not be enjoyed alone—let us share it with the students. When the wine was gone the gold was revealed. The student pleaded for mercy in terror, and Qiqian divided the gold among the poor students. After a year of well-regarded service, he was transferred to the demanding post at Zunhua. Impeached for an offense, he had been relieved pending replacement when disaster struck.

巡撫方大任論畿輔諸臣功罪，因言元雅有失城罪，而一死節概凜然，足以蓋愆。樞輔孫承宗請恤殉難諸臣，亦首元雅。帝贈獻明、天球光祿少卿，澤光祿丞，俱蔭一子。元雅以大吏失城，贈恤不及。

Grand Coordinator Fang Daren reviewed the merits and faults of officials in the capital region, noting that although Yuanya was guilty of losing the city, his resolute death in loyalty was enough to redeem the fault. Grand Secretary Sun Chengzong petitioned for honors for those who died in the disaster, placing Yuanya first on the list. The emperor posthumously made Xianming and Tianqiu Vice Ministers of the Imperial Household and Ze Vice Director of the Imperial Household. One son from each family received hereditary enrollment privileges. As a senior official who had lost a city, Yuanya received no posthumous honors.

張春，字泰宇，同州人。萬曆二十八年舉於鄉。歷刑部主事，勵操行，善談兵。天啟二年，遼東西盡失，廷議急邊才，擢山東僉事，永平、燕建二路兵備道。時大軍屯山海關，永平為孔道，士馬絡繹，關外難民雲集。春運籌有方，事就理而民不病。累轉副吏、參政，仍故官。七年，哈刺慎部長汪燒餅者，擁眾窺桃林口，春督守將擒三人。燒餅叩關願受罰，春等責數之，誓不敢叛。

Zhang Chun, styled Taiyu, came from Tongzhou. He passed the provincial examination in Wanli 28. He served as bureau director in the Ministry of Justice, was known for his integrity, and had a gift for military strategy. In Tianqi 2, with Liaodong lost on both flanks, the court urgently sought frontier talent and promoted him to Shandong assistant commissioner as military intendant of the Yongping and Yanjian circuits. The main army was encamped at Shanhaiguan, and Yongping lay on the vital supply route. Troops and horses streamed through without pause, and refugees from beyond the pass gathered in great numbers. Chun managed affairs with skill, bringing order without burdening the people. He rose through the ranks to vice minister and administrator while continuing in his original post. In Tianqi 7, Wang Shaobing, a Khalkha chieftain, gathered troops to probe Taolin Pass. Chun directed the garrison commanders to capture three of them. Shaobing came to the pass to submit to punishment. Chun and his colleagues rebuked him sharply, and he swore never to rebel again.

三年正月，永平失守，起春永平兵備參議。春言：「永平統五縣一州，今郡城及灤州、遷安並失，昌黎、樂亭、撫寧又關內道所轄。臣寄跡無所，當駐何城？臣以兵備名官，而實無一兵，操空拳入虎穴，安能濟事。乞於赴援大將中，敕一人與臣同事，臣亦招舊日義勇率之自效。臣身已許此城，不敢少規避。但必求實濟封疆，此臣區區之忠，所以報聖明而盡臣職也。」因言兵事不可預泄，乞賜陛見，面陳方略，帝許之。既入對，帝數稱善，進春參政。已而偕諸將收復永平諸城，論功加太僕少卿，仍蒞兵備事，候巡撫缺推用。時乙榜起家者多授節鉞，而春獨需後命，以無援於朝也。永平當兵燹之余，閭閻困敝，春盡心撫恤，人益懷之。

In the first month of Chongzhen 3, after Yongping fell, Chun was recalled as Yongping military intendant and administrator. Chun wrote: "Yongping governs five counties and one prefecture. The prefectural seat, Luanzhou, and Qian'an have all fallen, while Changli, Leting, and Funing lie under the interior circuit. I have nowhere to establish my headquarters—which city should I hold? I hold the title of military intendant but command not a single soldier. Going into the tiger's den with empty hands, how can I accomplish anything? I ask that one of the relief generals be ordered to serve alongside me, and that I be allowed to recruit my former volunteers and lead them into action. I have already pledged my life to this city and will not shrink from the task. But I must ask for the means to truly defend the frontier—that is the whole of my loyalty, and how I mean to repay the emperor and fulfill my duty. He added that military plans could not be disclosed in writing and requested an audience to present his strategy in person. The emperor granted his request. After his audience, the emperor repeatedly expressed approval and promoted Chun to administrator. He then joined the generals in recovering the Yongping cities. For his merit he was promoted to Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud, continued to oversee military preparations, and was slated for the grand coordinator post when it opened. Many provincial graduates were being given military commands, but Chun alone had to wait for a later appointment—he had no patron at court. Yongping lay in ruins after the fighting, its people exhausted. Chun devoted himself to relief and care, and the people grew ever more devoted to him.

四年八月，大清兵圍大淩河新城，命春監總兵吳襄、宋偉軍馳救。九月二十四日渡小淩河。越三日次長山，距城十五里，大清兵以二萬騎來逆戰。兩軍交鋒，火器競發，聲震天地。春營被沖，諸軍遂敗，襄先敗，春復收潰眾立營。時風起，黑雲見，春命縱火，風順，火甚熾，天忽雨反風，士卒焚死甚眾。少頃雨霽，兩軍復鏖戰，偉力不支亦走。春及參將張洪謨、楊華徵，遊擊薛大湖等三十三人俱被執，部卒死者無算。諸人見我太宗文皇帝皆行臣禮，春獨植立不跪。至晚，遣使賜以珍饌。春曰：「忠臣不事二君，禮也。我若貪生，亦安用我。」遂不食。越三日，復以酒饌賜之，春仍不食，守者懇勸，感太宗文皇帝恩，始一食。令發，不從。居右廟，服故衣冠，迄不失臣節而死。

In the eighth month of Chongzhen 4, Qing forces besieged the new city at Dalinghe. Chun was ordered to supervise regional commanders Wu Xiang and Song Wei in a rapid relief march. On the twenty-fourth of the ninth month the relief force crossed the Xiaoling River. Three days later the army camped at Changshan, fifteen li from the city, where twenty thousand Great Qing cavalry rode out to engage them. The two armies collided as firearms roared in rapid succession, the noise thundering across the field. Chun's camp was overrun and the army broke; Xiang's force fell first, but Chun rallied the fugitives and re-formed a camp. Wind sprang up and black clouds gathered; Chun ordered troops to set fires, and with the wind behind them the blaze spread fiercely—then rain fell and the wind shifted, and a great many soldiers perished in the flames. When the rain lifted the two armies clashed again, but Wei could not hold the line and fled as well. Chun, Assistant Generals Zhang Hongmo and Yang Huazheng, Guerrilla Commander Xue Dahu, and thirty others were all taken captive; untold numbers of rank-and-file soldiers perished. All the others bowed as subjects before Our Taizong Wen Emperor; Chun alone stood upright and refused to kneel. That evening an envoy was sent with delicacies as a gift. Chun said: "A loyal minister serves only one ruler—that is propriety. If I wished only to live, what use would you have for me? He then refused to eat. Three days later wine and food were sent again; he still refused until the guards earnestly urged him and, moved by the emperor's grace, he ate once. When ordered to leave, he would not comply. He lived in the Right Temple in his old robes and cap and died without ever abandoning his loyalty as a minister.

初，襄等敗書聞，以春守志不屈，遙遷右副都御史，恤其家。春妻翟聞之，慟哭，六日不食，自縊死。當春未死時，我大清有議和意，春為言之於朝，朝中嘩然詆春。誠意伯劉孔昭遂劾春降敵不忠，乞削其所授憲職。朝議雖不從，而有司系其二子死於獄。

When news of Xiang's defeat reached the court, Chun was remotely promoted to Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and his family granted relief for his unbroken resolve. Chun's wife Zhai, on hearing this, wailed in grief, went six days without eating, and hanged herself. While Chun was still alive the Great Qing had been inclined toward peace talks; he relayed this to court, and the court erupted in denunciation of him. Liu Kongzhao, Earl of Chengyi, thereupon impeached Chun for surrendering to the enemy and disloyalty, requesting that his legal office be stripped away. Although court opinion did not accept this, the relevant officials imprisoned his two sons, and they died in jail.

閻生斗，字文瀾，汾西人。由歲貢生，歷保安知州。大清兵入保安，生斗集吏民固守。城破，被執死之。判官李師聖、吏目王本立、訓導張文魁亦同死，時崇禎七年七月也。八月入靈丘，知縣蔣秉采募兵堅守，力屈眾潰，投繯死，合門殉之。守備於世奇，把總陳彥武、馬如豸，典史張標，教諭路登甫並鬥死。事聞，贈生斗太僕少卿，余贈恤如制。秉采，字衷白，全州舉人。

Yan Shengdou, styled Wenlan, was a native of Fenxi. He entered through the annual tribute student route and served as magistrate of Bao'an. When Great Qing troops entered Bao'an, Shengdou gathered clerks and townspeople to hold the defense. When the city fell he was captured and killed. Assistant Magistrate Li Shisheng, Clerk Wang Benli, and Instructor Zhang Wenkui also died together—this was in the seventh month of the seventh year of Chongzhen. In the eighth month the army entered Lingqiu; Magistrate Jiang Bingcai raised troops and held firm, but when strength gave out the crowd dispersed; he hanged himself and the whole household perished with him. Garrison Commander Yu Shiqi, squad leaders Chen Yanwu and Ma Ruzhi, Clerk Zhang Biao, and Instructor Lu Dengfu all died in battle. When the matter was reported, Shengdou was posthumously granted Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud; the others received posthumous honors according to regulation. Bingcai, styled Zhongbai, was a provincial graduate of Quanzhou.

王肇坤，字亦資，蘭溪人。崇禎四年進士。除刑部主事，改御史。初，流賊破鳳陽，疏言兵驕將悍之弊，請假督撫重權，大將犯軍令者，便宜行戳。得旨申飭而已。出巡山海、居庸二關。九年七月，大清兵入喜峰口，肇坤激眾往禦，不敵，退保昌平。被圍，與守陵太監王希忠，總兵官巢丕昌，戶部主事王一桂、趙悅，攝知州事保定通判王禹佐分門守。有降丁二千為內應，城遂破，肇坤被四矢兩刃而死。丕昌出降。一桂、悅、禹佐、希忠及判官胡惟忠、吏目郭永、學正解懷亮、訓導常時光、守備咸貞吉皆死之。禹佐子亦從父死。

Wang Zhaokun, styled Yizi, was a native of Lanxi. He passed the civil examinations in the fourth year of Chongzhen. He was appointed a clerk in the Ministry of Justice and later transferred to censor. Earlier, when bandits took Fengyang, he memorialized on the evils of arrogant soldiers and fierce generals, asking that governors-general and grand coordinators be given broad authority and that any senior general who violated military orders be executed on the spot. The court issued an edict of admonition and nothing more. He went on inspection tour of the Shanhai and Juyong Passes. In the seventh month of the ninth year, Great Qing troops entered Xifeng Pass; Zhaokun roused the people to meet them but could not hold and withdrew to defend Changping. When besieged, he joined the tomb-guarding eunuch Wang Xizhong, Commander-in-Chief Chao Pichang, Ministry of Revenue clerks Wang Yigui and Zhao Yue, and Baoding Assistant Prefect Wang Yuzuo, acting magistrate, in defending the gates separately. Two thousand surrendered troops served as inside collaborators, and the city fell; Zhaokun was struck by four arrows and two blades and died. Pichang came out and surrendered. Yigui, Yue, Yuzuo, Xizhong, Assistant Magistrate Hu Weizhong, Clerk Guo Yong, Director of Studies Xie Huailiang, Instructor Chang Shiguang, and Garrison Commander Xian Zhenji all perished. Yuzuo's son also died with his father.

一桂，黃岡舉人，督餉昌平，以南城最沖，身往扼之。俄西城失守，被執死。妻妾子女暨家眾二十七人悉赴井死。悅以公事赴昌平，遂遇難。未幾，大清兵攻順義。知縣上官藎，字忠赤，曲沃人。起家鄉舉，廉執有聲，在官三年，薦章十餘上。與遊擊治國器、都指揮蘇時雨等拒守。城破，藎自經。國器、時雨及訓導陳所蘊皆死。尋破寶坻，知縣趙國鼎、主簿樊樞、典史張六師、訓導趙士秀皆死。國鼎，山西樂平人。鄉試第一，崇禎七年進士。破定興，教諭灤州熊嘉誌殉節死。破安肅，知縣臨清鄭延任與妻同殉。教諭靈壽耿三麟亦死之。事聞，贈肇坤大理卿，予祭葬，官一子。一桂、悅並贈太僕少卿，蔭子祭葬，余贈恤如制。

Yigui, a provincial graduate of Huanggang, supervised grain transport at Changping; because the south gate was the most exposed, he went in person to hold it. Before long the west gate fell; he was captured and killed. His wives, concubines, children, and the entire household—twenty-seven people in all—all threw themselves into a well and died. Yue had gone to Changping on official business and thus met his end. Before long Great Qing troops attacked Shunyi. Magistrate Shangguan Jin, styled Zhongchi, was a native of Quwo. He rose from the provincial examinations; his integrity and strictness won renown; in three years in office more than ten recommendation memorials were submitted on his behalf. Together with Guerrilla Commander Zhi Guoqi, Commander Su Shiyu, and others he held the defense. When the city fell, Jin hanged himself. Guoqi, Shiyu, and Instructor Chen Suoyun all perished. Soon after Baodi fell; Magistrate Zhao Guoding, Registrar Fan Shu, Clerk Zhang Liushi, and Instructor Zhao Shixiu all died. Guoding was a native of Leping in Shanxi. He ranked first in the provincial examinations and passed the civil examinations in the seventh year of Chongzhen. When Dingxing fell, Instructor Xiong Jiazhi of Luanzhou died in martyrdom. When Ansu fell, Magistrate Zheng Yanren of Linqing died in martyrdom together with his wife. Instructor Geng Sanlin of Lingshou also died. When the matter was reported, Zhaokun was posthumously granted Minister of the Court of Judicial Review, given sacrificial rites and burial, and one son was granted office. Yigui and Yue were both posthumously granted Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud; sons were granted hereditary office, sacrificial rites, and burial; the rest received posthumous honors according to regulation.

孫士美，青浦人。由鄉舉授舒城教諭。崇禎八年春，賊來犯，縣令以公事出，士美代守七十餘日，城以全。明年擢知深州。十一年冬，大清兵至，力守三日，城破，自剄於角樓。父訥亦自縊，一家死者十三人。贈太僕少卿，訥亦被旌。

Sun Shimei was a native of Qingpu. Through the provincial examinations he was appointed instructor at Shucheng. In the spring of the eighth year of Chongzhen, when bandits came to attack, the magistrate was away on official business; Shimei held the defense in his stead for more than seventy days, and the city was preserved. The following year he was promoted to magistrate of Shenzhou. In the winter of the eleventh year, Great Qing troops arrived; he defended resolutely for three days; when the city fell he cut his throat in the corner tower. His father Ne also hanged himself; thirteen members of the household died. He was posthumously granted Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud, and Ne was also granted an honorary commendation.

是時，畿輔諸郡悉被兵，長吏多望風遁，失城四十有八。任丘白慧元、慶都黃承宗、靈壽馮登鰲、文安王鑰、蠡縣王采、新河崔賢、鹽山陳誌、故城王九鼎，皆以殉難聞。他若青縣張文煥、興濟錢珍、慶雲陳緘，城破被殺。教官死難者則有劉廷訓、張純儒、唐一中。鄉官則喬若雯、李禎寧最著。而棄城者，吳橋知縣李綦隆等十人，皆坐死。

At this time every commandery in the capital region suffered warfare; many chief officials fled at the mere rumor of attack, and forty-eight cities were lost. Bai Huiyuan of Renqiu, Huang Chengzong of Qingdu, Feng Deng'ao of Lingshou, Wang Yao of Wen'an, Wang Cai of Lixian, Cui Xian of Xinhe, Chen Zhi of Yanshan, and Wang Jiuding of Gucheng all became famed for dying in martyrdom. Others such as Zhang Wenhuan of Qingxian, Qian Zhen of Xingji, and Chen Jian of Qingyun were killed when their cities fell. Among instructors who died in martyrdom were Liu Tingxun, Zhang Chunru, and Tang Yizhong. Among local gentry the most notable were Qiao Ruowen and Li Zhenning. Those who abandoned their cities—Wuqiao Magistrate Li Qilong and nine others—were all punished with death.

白慧元，青澗人。崇禎七年進士。居官善祛蠹，吏民畏之。九年以守城功，命減俸行取。會與大閹有隙，摭其罪於帝，逮治之，未行，大兵已抵城下，乃與代者李廉仲共守。無何，廉仲縋城遁，慧元躬擐甲胄，防禦甚力。及城破，一門俱死，贈僉事。

Bai Huiyuan was a native of Qingjian. He passed the civil examinations in the seventh year of Chongzhen. In office he was skilled at rooting out corruption, and officials and people feared him. In the ninth year, for merit in defending the city, he was ordered to have his salary reduced while being selected for promotion. It happened that he had a quarrel with a powerful eunuch, who collected accusations against him and reported them to the emperor; he was arrested for investigation, but before the order could be carried out the great army had already reached the walls, and so he defended jointly with his successor Li Lianzhong. Before long Lianzhong lowered himself from the wall by rope and fled; Huiyuan personally donned armor and defended with great vigor. When the city fell the entire household perished; he was posthumously granted Assistant Commissioner.

鄉官李禎寧，萬曆三十八年進士。歷山西按察使，罷歸，佐慧元拒守。城破，率家眾格鬥，身中數槊而死，一門從死者數人。承宗，未詳何許人。馮登鰲，膚施舉人，其從父大緯為蠡縣訓導，亦死。王鑰，武功舉人。王采，澤州人，進士。崔賢，弋州舉人。誌、九鼎，亦未詳何許人，誌自經死，九鼎戰死城上，各贈恤有差。

Local gentry Li Zhenning passed the civil examinations in the thirty-eighth year of Wanli. He served as Shanxi Surveillance Commissioner, then retired after dismissal and assisted Huiyuan in holding the defense. When the city fell he led his household in hand-to-hand fighting; he was struck by several spears and died, and several in the household followed him to death. Chengzong—it is not clear where he came from. Feng Deng'ao was a provincial graduate of Fushi; his uncle Dawei served as instructor at Lixian and also died. Wang Yao was a provincial graduate of Wugong. Wang Cai was a native of Zezhou and a metropolitan graduate. Cui Xian was a provincial graduate of Yizhou. Zhi and Jiuding—it is also not clear where they came from; Zhi hanged himself and Jiuding died fighting on the wall; each received posthumous honors of differing rank.

劉廷訓，順天通州人。歲貢生，為吳橋訓導。崇禎十一年，大清兵入畿內，知縣李綦隆欲遁，廷訓止之，與共守。外圍將合，綦隆縋城走。廷訓急趨城上，語守者曰：「守死，逃亦死，盍死於守，為忠義鬼乎！」眾泣諾，乃堅拒三晝夜。廷訓中流矢，束胸力戰，又中六矢乃死。逾月，其子啟棺更殮，面如生。

Liu Tingxun was a native of Tongzhou in Shuntian. A tribute student, he served as instructor at Wuqiao. In the eleventh year of Chongzhen, when Great Qing troops entered the capital region, Magistrate Li Qilong wished to flee; Tingxun stopped him and defended together. As the outer encirclement was about to close, Qilong lowered himself from the wall by rope and fled. Tingxun rushed to the wall and said to the defenders: "To die defending is death; to flee is also death—why not die defending and become a ghost of loyalty and righteousness? The crowd wept and assented; they held firm in resistance for three days and three nights. Tingxun was struck by an arrow; he bound his chest and fought on, and after being struck by six more arrows he died. A month later his son opened the coffin to re-enclose the body, and the face looked as if he were still alive.

張純儒，新安人，為臨城訓導，率諸生共城守，城破死之。唐一中，全州人，為鉅鹿教諭，抗節死。

Zhang Chunru, a native of Xin'an, served as instructor at Lincheng; he led the students in defending the city and died when it fell. Tang Yizhong, a native of Quanzhou, served as instructor at Julu and died resisting to the end.

時鄉官李崇德、董祚、魏克家並以城亡殉難。崇德，青縣人。祚，隆平人。克家，高陽人。皆舉人。崇德歷戶部員外郎。祚未仕。克家為鄒平知縣，有善政。若雯贈太常少卿，余贈恤有差。

At the time the local gentry Li Chongde, Dong Zuo, and Wei Kejia all died in martyrdom when their cities were lost. Chongde was a native of Qingxian. Zuo was a native of Longping. Kejia was a native of Gaoyang. All three were provincial graduates. Chongde had served as Assistant Department Director in the Ministry of Revenue. Zuo had never held office. Kejia served as magistrate of Zouping and governed with notable benevolence. Ruowen was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices; the others received posthumous honors in varying measure.

張秉文，字含之，桐城人。祖淳，官參政，事具《循吏傳》。秉文舉萬曆三十八年進士，歷福建右參政，與平海寇李魁奇。崇禎中，歷廣東按察使，右布政使，調山東為左。十一年冬，大清兵自畿輔南下。本兵楊嗣昌檄山東巡撫顏繼祖移師德州，於是濟南空虛，止鄉兵五百，萊州援兵七百，勢弱不足守。巡按御史宋學朱方行部章丘，聞警馳還，與秉文及副使周之訓、翁鴻業，參議鄧謙，鹽運使唐世熊等議守城，連章告急於朝。嗣昌無以應，督師中官高起潛擁重兵臨清不救，大將祖寬、倪寵等亦觀望。大清兵徇下州縣十有六，遂臨濟南。秉文等分門死守，晝夜不解甲，援兵竟無至者。明年正月二日，城潰，秉文擐甲巷戰，已被箭，力不能支，死之。妻方、妾陳，並投大明湖死。學朱、之訓、謙、世熊及濟南知府茍好善、同知陳虞胤、通判熊烈獻、歷城知縣韓承宣皆死焉，德王由樞被執。秉文贈太常寺卿，之訓、謙光祿卿，承宣光祿少卿，皆建特祠，餘贈恤如制。學朱死，不得屍，疑未實，獨格不予，福王時，贈大理卿。鴻業及推官陸燦不知所終，贈恤亦不及。

Zhang Bingwen, styled Hanzhi, was a native of Tongcheng. His grandfather Chun had served as Administrator; his career is recorded in full in the Biography of Upright Officials. Bingwen passed the jinshi examination in Wanli 38, served as Right Assistant Administration Commissioner of Fujian, and took part in suppressing the sea bandit Li Kuiqi. During the Chongzhen reign he served successively as Surveillance Commissioner of Guangdong and Right Administration Commissioner, then was transferred to Shandong as Left Administration Commissioner. In the winter of the eleventh year, Qing forces marched south from the capital region. Minister of War Yang Sichang ordered Shandong Grand Coordinator Yan Jizu to shift his forces to Dezhou. Jinan was left virtually undefended, with only five hundred local militia and seven hundred relief troops from Laizhou — far too few to hold the city. Touring Censor Song Xuezhu was on inspection in Zhangqiu when he heard the alarm and raced back. He joined Bingwen, Vice Commissioners Zhou Zhixun and Weng Hongye, Consultant Deng Qian, Salt Transport Commissioner Tang Shixiong, and others to plan the city's defense, sending one urgent memorial after another to the court. Sichang offered no answer. Supervising eunuch general Gao Qiqian sat at Linqing with a large army and refused to intervene, while great generals Zu Kuan, Ni Chong, and others likewise held back and watched. Qing forces overran sixteen subordinate prefectures and counties before arriving at Jinan. Bingwen and his colleagues held each gate to the death, keeping their armor on day and night, but no relief force ever came. On the second day of the first month of the following year the walls gave way. Clad in armor, Bingwen fought street by street; already pierced by arrows, he could no longer hold out and was killed. His wife Fang and concubine Chen both drowned themselves in Daming Lake. Xuezhu, Zhixun, Qian, Shixiong, Jinan Prefect Gou Haoshan, Vice Prefect Chen Yuyin, Assistant Prefect Xiong Liexian, and Licheng County Magistrate Han Chengxuan all perished, and Prince De Zhu Youshu was taken captive. Bingwen was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices; Zhixun and Qian were made Ministers of Imperial Entertainments; Chengxuan was made Vice Minister of Imperial Entertainments. Special shrines were erected for them, and the others received posthumous honors as prescribed. Because Xuezhu's body could not be recovered after his death, the court doubted the report and alone withheld posthumous honors from him; under the Prince of Fu he was at last posthumously made Vice Minister of the Court of Judicial Review. Hongye and Assistant Magistrate Lu Can disappeared without a trace and received no posthumous honors at all.

學朱，字用晦，長洲人。崇禎四年進士。為御史，嘗抗疏劾楊嗣昌、田維嘉，時論壯之。之訓，黃岡人，進士。累官浙江按察使，坐事貶官，被薦未擢而遘難。望闕再拜，與妻劉偕死，闔門殉之。謙，孝感人，進士。戰於城上，與季父有正偕死，母莫氏匿民間不食死，族戚傔從，死者四十餘人。世熊，灌陽舉人，分守西門，被殺。好善，醴泉人，進士。虞胤，未詳。烈獻，黃陂貢生，城破，與二子俱死。承宜，大學士爌孫，進士，與妻妾同死。有劉大年者，江西廣昌人。官兵部主事，奉使南京，還朝，道歷城，城破抗節死。贈光祿少卿。

Xuezhu, styled Yonghui, was a native of Changzhou. He passed the jinshi examination in Chongzhen 4. As a censor he had once submitted bold memorials impeaching Yang Sichang and Tian Weijia, which won wide praise at the time. Zhixun was a native of Huanggang and a jinshi graduate. He had risen to Surveillance Commissioner of Zhejiang, was demoted for an offense, and had been recommended for promotion but not yet appointed when calamity overtook him. He bowed twice toward the palace, then died together with his wife Liu; the entire household perished with them. Qian was a native of Xiaogan and a jinshi graduate. He fought atop the wall and died together with his uncle Youzheng. His mother Lady Mo hid among the common people and starved herself to death. Among kinsmen, retainers, and attendants, more than forty perished. Shixiong was a provincial graduate from Guanyang who was assigned to hold the west gate and was killed there. Haoshan was a native of Liquan and a jinshi graduate. Yuyin's background is not recorded. Liexian was a tribute student from Huangpi; when the city fell he died together with his two sons. Chengxuan was the grandson of Grand Secretary Han; a jinshi, he died together with his wife and concubines. There was also Liu Danian, a native of Guangchang in Jiangxi. He had served as a Director in the Ministry of War. Sent on a mission to Nanjing, he was returning to court when he passed through Licheng; the city fell, and he died upholding his integrity to the end. He was posthumously made Vice Minister of Imperial Entertainments.

時大清兵所破州縣，守令失城者，皆論死。而臨邑宋希堯、博平張列宿、茌平黃建極、武城李承芳、丘縣高重光，皆以死節蒙贈恤。重光，字秀恒，保定人。由貢生為柏鄉訓導，率蒼頭擊盜以全城，遂擢為令。及大軍至，吏民欲負之逃，重光不可，抱印赴井死。

At that time, in every prefecture and county overrun by Qing forces, the magistrates and prefects who lost their cities were all sentenced to death. Yet Song Xiyao of Linyi, Zhang Liesu of Boping, Huang Jianji of Chiping, Li Chengfang of Wucheng, and Gao Chongguang of Qiu County all died holding their posts and received posthumous honors. Chongguang, styled Xiuheng, was a native of Baoding. Starting as a tribute student, he became Director of Studies at Baijiang; leading his household servants he drove off bandits and saved the entire county, and was therefore promoted to magistrate. When the great army arrived, officials and commoners wanted to carry him away to safety, but Chongguang refused; clutching the official seal he threw himself into a well and died.

其縉紳殉難者，恩縣李應薦，天啟時，官御史。以附魏忠賢，麗名逆案。至是，捐貲募士，佐有司力守城，城破，身被數刃而死。歷城劉化光與子漢儀先後舉於鄉，父子俱守城力戰死，贈恤有差。

Among the gentry who died in the calamity was Li Yingjian of En County, who had served as a censor in the Tianqi reign. He had sided with Wei Zhongxian and was listed among the factional criminals. Now he donated his own funds to recruit men and helped the local officials defend the city with all their strength; when the city fell he was cut down by many blades and died. Liu Huaguang of Licheng and his son Hanyi had passed the provincial examination in different years; father and son both defended the city, fought to the end, and died. Posthumous honors were granted in varying measure.

顏胤紹，字賡明，曲阜人，復聖六十五代孫也。崇禎四年進士。歷知鳳陽、江都、邯鄲，遷真定同知，守城剿寇有功。十五年擢河間知府，比歲大饑，死亡載道，寇盜充斥，拊循甚至。閏十一月，大清兵至，與參議趙珽、同知姚汝明、知縣陳三接等堅守。援兵雲集，率逗遛。胤紹知城必破，豫集一家老稚於室中，積薪繞之，而身往城上策戰守。城破，趨歸官舍，舉火焚室，衣冠北向再拜，躍入火中同死。

Yan Yinshao, styled Gengming, was a native of Qufu and the sixty-fifth-generation descendant of Confucius. He passed the jinshi examination in Chongzhen 4. He served successively as magistrate of Fengyang, Jiangdu, and Handan, was promoted to Vice Prefect of Zhending, and won distinction for defending the city and suppressing bandits. In the fifteenth year he was promoted to Prefect of Hejian. Famine had ravaged the region year after year; corpses lined the roads and bandits roamed everywhere, yet he comforted and cared for the people with extraordinary devotion. In the intercalary eleventh month Qing forces arrived. Together with Consultant Zhao Ting, Vice Prefect Yao Ruming, County Magistrate Chen Sanjie, and others, he held the city in staunch defense. Relief armies gathered in great numbers, but for the most part they dawdled and held back. Yinshao knew the city was doomed. Beforehand he gathered the old and young of his household in one room and piled firewood around them, then went up to the wall himself to direct the defense. When the city fell he rushed back to the official residence, set the room ablaze, dressed himself in cap and belt, bowed twice toward the north, leapt into the fire, and died together with his family.

珽，字秉珪，慈溪人。崇禎元年進士。知南安、侯官二縣，屢遷河間兵備僉事，一門十四人悉被難。

Ting, styled Binggui, was a native of Cixi. He passed the jinshi examination in Chongzhen 1. He had served as magistrate of Nan'an and Houguan counties and was promoted repeatedly to Hejian Military Defense Vice Commissioner; fourteen members of his household all perished in the calamity.

汝明，夏縣人。天啟初，舉於鄉。性孝友。崇禎間歲大祲，傾廩振濟，立義冢，瘞暴骨。授蠡縣知縣，聞鄉邑又饑，貽書其子，令振救如初。後官河間，與妾任同死。

Ruming was a native of Xia County. At the beginning of the Tianqi reign he passed the provincial examination. By nature he was filial and devoted to his brothers. During the Chongzhen years, when famine struck year after year, he emptied the granaries to provide relief, established a public burial ground, and interred the bones of the unburied dead. Appointed magistrate of Li County, when he heard that his native district was stricken by famine again he wrote to his son ordering relief on the same scale as before. Later, while serving at Hejian, he died together with his concubine Ren.

三接，文水人。舉崇禎六年鄉試，知河間縣。歲旱饑，人相食。三接至，雨即降。有疑獄，數年不決，至即決之。妻武氏賢，三接見封疆多故，遣之歸，答曰：「夫死忠，妻死節，分也。」三接巷戰死，武從之。

Sanjie was a native of Wenshui. Having passed the provincial examination in Chongzhen 6, he became magistrate of Hejian County. Drought and famine ravaged the land, and people resorted to cannibalism. As soon as Sanjie arrived, rain fell at once. There was a doubtful legal case that had gone unresolved for years; as soon as he arrived he settled it. His wife Lady Wu was a woman of virtue. When Sanjie saw the frontier in turmoil he sent her home, but she answered: "When the husband dies in loyalty, the wife dies in constancy — that is their allotted part. Sanjie died fighting in the streets; Lady Wu followed him in death.

珽贈太僕卿，胤紹光祿卿，汝明、三接並僉事。

Ting was posthumously made Minister of the Imperial Stud; Yinshao was made Minister of Imperial Entertainments; Ruming and Sanjie were both made Vice Commissioners.

有周而淳者，掖縣人。由進士拜兵科給事中，與同官六人分督畿輔諸郡城守事。而淳甫至河間，城即被圍，遂與諸臣同死，贈太常少卿。

There was Zhou Erchun, a native of Ye County. Having passed the jinshi examination he was appointed Supervising Secretary in the Bureau of Military Affairs; together with six fellow censors he divided oversight of city-defense affairs among the prefectures of the capital region. Erchun had only just reached Hejian when the city was immediately besieged; he then died together with the other officials and was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.

先是，大兵入霸州，兵備副使趙輝偕知州丁師羲、裏居參政李時茪等督士民固拒。援軍不至，城遂破。輝整冠帶自盡，子琬同死。師羲、時茪皆死之。輝，字黃如，河津人，崇禎七年進士，贈光祿卿。師羲，字象先，楚雄人。選貢生，贈參議。時茪，進士，累官參政，贈太常卿。

Earlier, when the great army entered Bazhou, Military Defense Vice Commissioner Zhao Hui together with Prefect Ding Shixi, retired-at-home Administrator Li Shimang, and others rallied soldiers and civilians in staunch resistance. Relief troops never came, and the city fell. Hui straightened his cap and belt and took his own life; his son Wan died with him. Shixi and Shimang both died as well. Hui, styled Huangru, was a native of Hejin and a jinshi of Chongzhen 7; he was posthumously made Minister of Imperial Entertainments. Shixi, styled Xiangxian, was a native of Chuxiong. A selected tribute student, he was posthumously made Consultant. Shimang was a jinshi who had risen to Administrator; he was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.

吉孔嘉，洋縣人。幼時訴父冤於巡按御史，獲釋，以孝稱。舉崇禎三年鄉試。授寧津知縣，蠲繁苛，除寇賊，闔邑頌德。累遷順德知府。十五年冬，大清兵臨城，與鄉官知府傅梅，中書舍人孟魯缽、張鳳鳴募兵，悉力拒守，力屈城破，孔嘉與妻張、長子惠迪、次子婦王俱死。贈太僕少卿，妻子皆獲旌。梅，刑臺人。萬曆十九年舉於鄉。除知登封，有善政。遷刑部主事，治張差梃擊案，事別見。死，贈太常少卿。魯缽，工部主事。

Ji Kongjia was a native of Yang County. As a child he pleaded his father's wrongful conviction before the touring censor and secured his release; he was renowned for filial piety. He passed the provincial examination in Chongzhen 3. Appointed magistrate of Ningjin, he lifted onerous levies, cleared out bandits and robbers, and won the praise of the entire county. He was promoted repeatedly until he became Prefect of Shunde. In the winter of the fifteenth year Qing forces approached the city. Together with local gentry, Prefect Fu Mei, Secretariat Drafters Meng Lubo and Zhang Fengming, he recruited troops and resisted with all their strength; when their strength was spent the city fell. Kongjia died together with his wife Zhang, his eldest son Huidi, and his second son's wife Wang. He was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud; his wife and children were all granted official commendation. Mei was a native of Xingtai. In Wanli 19 he passed the provincial examination. Appointed magistrate of Dengfeng, he governed with notable benevolence. Promoted to Director in the Ministry of Justice, he handled the Zhang Cha club-assault case; that affair is recorded elsewhere. After his death he was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. Lubo was a Director in the Ministry of Works.

時以守城殉難者，有王端冕，字服先，江陵舉人。知趙州，以廉惠得民。城破，被執死之。教諭陳廣心，元城人，起家乙榜。城將破，衣冠危坐，諸子環泣請避，厲聲曰：「吾平生所學何事，豈為兒女戀戀耶！」遂被殺。訓導王一統，成安人。居家多義行，死節明倫堂。唐鉉，字節玉，睢州人。崇禎七年進士。歷定州知州，死之。高維岱，昌邑人。舉於鄉，知永清縣，視事甫旬余即遇變，一門死之。典史李時正、教諭邸養性、鄉官劉維蕙同死。清豐破，教諭曹一貞、訓導董調元皆死。鄉官吏部郎中李其紀、黃州推官侶鶴舉、富陽知縣杜鬥愚亦死之。而南樂監生鄭獻書、河間襄陽知縣賈太初、永年山東副使申為憲皆抗節死。鉉贈右參議。維岱僉事，余贈恤有差。

At that time among those who died defending their cities was Wang Duanmian, styled Fuxian, a provincial graduate of Jiangling. As magistrate of Zhao Prefecture he won the people's trust through integrity and kindness. When the city fell he was captured and executed. Instructor Chen Guangxin, a native of Yuancheng, entered official life through the provincial examination. As the city was on the verge of falling, he sat erect in full official dress while his sons wept around him and pleaded that he escape. He cried out: "What have I spent my life learning, if not to die here — am I to cling to life like some frightened woman?" He was then put to death. Assistant Instructor Wang Yitong came from Cheng'an. He was known at home for many acts of righteousness and met his death holding the Hall of Illuminating Human Relations. Tang Xuan, styled Jieyu, came from Suizhou. He received his jinshi degree in Chongzhen 7. After serving as magistrate of Dingzhou, he died in office. Gao Weidai came from Changyi. Having passed the provincial examination, he was appointed magistrate of Yongqing; scarcely ten days into his tenure disaster struck, and his entire family died. Assistant Magistrate Li Shizheng, Instructor Di Yangxing, and local official Liu Weihui all died alongside him. After Qingfeng was taken, Instructor Cao Yizhen and Assistant Instructor Dong Tiaoyuan both perished. Li Qiji of the Ministry of Personnel, Huangzhou investigating magistrate Lu Heju, and Fuyang magistrate Du Doyu, all local gentry officials, died as well. Nanle student Zheng Xiashu, Hejian's Xiangyang magistrate Jia Taichu, and Shandong vice commissioner Shen Weixian of Yongnian all held firm and died. Tang Xuan was posthumously appointed Right Assistant Commissioner. Weidai was posthumously made vice commissioner, and the rest received differing levels of posthumous recognition.

邢國璽，長葛人。崇禎七年進士。授濰縣知縣，改建石城，盡心民事。時帝以修城郭、練民兵、儲糗糧、備戎器四事課天下，有司率視為具文，惟國璽奉行如詔。上官交薦，遷戶部主事。運道梗於盜，有議開膠萊河者，國璽力陳其便。擢登萊兵備劍事，經度河道。十五年，畿輔戒嚴，部檄徵山東兵入衛。國璽監督至龍岡，猝遇大清兵。部卒驚懼欲竄，國璽叱止之，身先搏戰，矢刃交加，墮馬死。撫按不奏，帝降旨嚴責，乃具聞，贈恤如制。

Xing Guoxi came from Changge. He received his jinshi degree in Chongzhen 7. Appointed magistrate of Wei County, he rebuilt the stone fortifications and gave himself entirely to local administration. The emperor had made the whole empire answer for four duties: repairing fortifications, drilling militia, stockpiling grain, and readying arms. Most officials treated the orders as mere paperwork; Guoxi alone implemented them in earnest. Repeatedly recommended by his superiors, he was promoted to principal secretary in the Ministry of Revenue. With the transport route choked by bandits, some proposed reopening the Jiao-Lai Canal, and Guoxi vigorously argued the plan's merits. Promoted to military preparedness commissioner for Deng and Lai, he took charge of planning the waterway. In Chongzhen 15 the capital district went on high alert, and the ministry ordered Shandong troops called up for its defense. Guoxi was escorting the troops as far as Longgang when they suddenly ran into the Qing army. The troops panicked and tried to scatter; Guoxi roared them back into line, led the fight in person, and was cut down under a storm of arrows and blades, falling dead from his horse. The governor and surveillance commissioner had kept silent; only after the emperor rebuked them sharply did they file a full report and award posthumous honors as prescribed.

時大兵下山東，直抵海州、贛榆、沐陽、豐、沛，列城將吏，或遁或降。其身死封疆者，有馮守禮、張百新、張予卿、朱迥添、任萬民等。

The main Qing force swept down through Shandong as far as Haizhou, Ganyu, Shuyang, Feng, and Pei, and city after city saw its officers flee or capitulate. Those who died holding their posts included Feng Shouli, Zhang Baixin, Zhang Yuqing, Zhu Jiongtian, Ren Wanmin, and others.

守禮，猗氏人，舉於鄉。縣令有疑獄，語訴者得馮孝廉一剌，獄即解。其人懷金以告，拒不聽。選平定州學正，諸生兄弟爭彥相訐，饋以金，守禮嚴卻之，勸以友悌，感悟去。歷遷知萊蕪縣。城破，與二子攄奇、拱奇並自殺。

Feng Shouli came from Yishi and had passed the provincial examination. When the county magistrate faced a difficult case, he told the litigant that a single note from Feng the Filial and Incorrupt would resolve it — and it did. The man tried to bring him gold in thanks, but he would not accept it. Chosen director of studies at Pingding, he found two student brothers feuding and slandering each other; when they tried to bribe him with gold he refused outright, urged them toward fraternity, and they withdrew ashamed and reconciled. He was later promoted to magistrate of Laiwu. When the city was lost, he and his sons Shuqi and Gongqi took their own lives together.

日新，浙江建德人。由歲貢為訓導，造齊東教諭。見海內寇起，與諸生講藝習射，招土寇安守夏降之。及齊東被圍，與守夏登陴守，力屈及子光裔死之，妻方氏自刎，守夏亦從死。予卿知陽信，城陷殉難。迥添者，瀋陽宗室也，居潞安。由宗學貢生為鄒平知縣，城失，全節以死。萬民，陽曲諸生。見鄉郡被寇，草救時八議、守城十二策，獻之當事，果得其用。以保舉授武城知縣，在職三年，有能聲，竟殉城死。

Zhang Rixin came from Jiande in Zhejiang. Selected through the annual tribute route, he served as assistant instructor and was then appointed instructor at Qidong. As rebellion spread across the empire, he drilled his students in the classics and archery and persuaded the local bandit An Shouxia to surrender. When Qidong came under siege, he and Shouxia took to the battlements; worn down in the defense, he died with his son Guangyi, his wife Lady Fang slit her throat, and Shouxia died with them. Zhang Yuqing was magistrate of Yangxin and died defending the city when it fell. Zhu Jiongtian belonged to the Shenyang branch of the imperial clan and made his home in Lu'an. A tribute graduate of the imperial clan school, he served as magistrate of Zouping and, when the city fell, died without compromise. Ren Wanmin was a licentiate of Yangqu. When his native region was overrun, he drafted eight urgent proposals and twelve plans for city defense, submitted them to the authorities, and they were put to good use. Recommended for his talents, he was made magistrate of Wucheng; in three years he earned a name for ability, and in the end died holding the walls.

又文昌時，全州舉人。知臨淄縣，以廉慎得民。及大清兵東下，城受圍，與訓導申周輔共守。城破，舉家自焚，周輔亦殉難。同時，壽光知縣李耿，大興人。崇禎中進士，自縊城上。吳良能，遼東蓋州人。舉於鄉，知滕縣，城將破，盡殺家屬，拜母出，力戰死。吳汝宗，寧洋人。知東阿，城失守，死之。周啟元，黃岡舉人，知高苑縣，城破，朱衣坐堂上，死之。

There was also Wen Changshi, a juren from Quanzhou. As magistrate of Linzi he won the people's trust through probity and care. When the Qing army swept eastward and the city came under siege, he held the walls alongside Assistant Instructor Shen Zhoufu. When the city was lost, his entire family burned themselves to death, and Zhoufu died with them. At the same time Li Geng, magistrate of Shouguang, came from Daxing. A Chongzhen-era jinshi, he hanged himself on the city wall. Wu Liangneng came from Gaizhou in Liaodong. A provincial graduate, he was magistrate of Teng; as the city was about to fall he put his entire household to death, bowed farewell to his mother, went out, and died fighting. Wu Ruzong came from Ningyang. As magistrate of Dong'e, he died when the city fell. Zhou Qiyuan, a Huanggang juren and magistrate of Gaoyuan, when the city was lost seated himself on the bench in his official red robes and met his death there.

劉光先，未詳里居，知豐縣。大兵二千騎營西城外，不攻。夜一人自營逸出，語城上人曰：「得梯即攻。」不信。又有逸者曰：「梯成，立攻矣。」婦人亦自營出曰：「盡甲矣。」昧爽突攻西南陬，方力禦，已登西北陬，光先殉焉。劉士璟，亦不知何許人，知沐陽，有強幹聲。竭力捍城，城破死之。贈山東僉事。

Liu Guangxian, of unknown origin, was magistrate of Feng County. Two thousand Qing horsemen camped outside the west gate without attacking. That night a man slipped out of the enemy camp and called up to the wall: "As soon as they have ladders, they'll attack." No one believed it. Another fugitive from the camp said, "The ladders are ready — they'll attack at once." A woman too came from the camp and cried, "They're all armored up." At first light they stormed the southwest corner; while the defenders strained to hold there, the enemy were already over the northwest wall, and Guangxian fell. Liu Shijing, likewise of unknown origin, was magistrate of Shuyang and was known as a resolute administrator. He fought with everything he had to hold the city and died when it was lost. He was posthumously appointed Shandong vice commissioner.

其時，城破殉難者，壽張王大年、曹州楚煙、滕縣劉弘緒數人。大年舉進士，歷御史，加太僕少卿，以附魏忠賢名持逆案，至是盡節死。煙舉進士，歷戶部主事，解職歸。及城失守，力抗，子鳳苞以身翼之，皆被殺。妻趙觸柱死。弘緒歷車駕郎中，遇變死。

Others who died when their cities fell included Wang Danian of Shouzhang, Chu Yan of Caozhou, and Liu Hongxu of Teng County. Danian had passed the jinshi, served as censor, and risen to vice minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud; he had been implicated in the purge of Wei Zhongxian's faction, but now died with honor intact. Yan was a jinshi who had served as principal secretary in the Ministry of Revenue before retiring home. When the city fell he fought on; his son Fengbao spread his body over him to protect him, and both were slain. His wife Zhao dashed herself against a pillar and died. Hongxu had served in the Directorate of Imperial Transport and died in the upheaval.

鄧藩錫，字晉伯，金壇人。崇禎七年進士。歷南京兵部主事。十五年遷袞州知府，甫抵任，已聞大清兵入塞，亟繕守具。未幾，四萬騎薄城下，藩錫走告魯王曰：「郡有吏，國有王，猶同舟也。列城失守，皆由貴家惜金錢，而令窶人、餓夫列陴捍禦。夫城郭者，我之命也。財賄者，人之命也。我不能畀彼以命，而望彼畀我以命乎？王誠散積儲以鼓士氣，城猶可存。不然，大事一去，悔無及矣。」王不能從。藩錫與監軍參議王維新，同知譚絲、曾文蔚，通判閻鼎，推官李昌期，滋陽知縣郝芳聲，副將丁文明，長史俞起蛟及裏居給事中範淑泰等分門死守。至十二月八日，力不支，城破，維新猶力戰，被二十一創乃死。藩錫受縛不降，被殺，其妾攜稚子投井死。魯王以派亦被殺。

Deng Fanshi, styled Jinbo, came from Jintan. He received his jinshi degree in Chongzhen 7. He served as principal secretary in the Nanjing Ministry of War. In Chongzhen 15 he was appointed prefect of Yanzhou; scarcely had he arrived when word came that the Qing army had crossed the frontier, and he hurriedly readied the city's defenses. Soon forty thousand cavalry were at the walls; Fanshi rushed to the Prince of Lu and said, "A prefecture has its magistrates and a kingdom its prince — we are all in the same boat. City after city falls because the rich cling to their gold while the poor and hungry are sent to man the walls. The walls are our very lives. Wealth is what keeps the people alive. How can I refuse them the means to live and still expect them to die for me? If Your Highness will open the granaries and rouse the men's spirits, the city can still be held. Otherwise, once the cause is lost, it will be too late for regret." The prince would not heed him. Fanshi, military supervisor Wang Weixin, vice prefects Tan Si and Zeng Wenwei, subprefect Yan Ding, investigating magistrate Li Changqi, Ziyang magistrate Hao Fangsheng, deputy general Ding Wenming, chief secretary Yu Qijiao, and the retired supervising secretary Fan Shutai divided the gates among themselves and held to the last. On the eighth day of the twelfth month the defense collapsed; even after the city fell Weixin kept fighting until twenty-one wounds brought him down. Fanshi was captured but refused to yield and was executed; his concubine leapt into a well with their infant son. Prince of Lu Yipai was killed as well.

昌期，永年人。芳聲，忻州人。並起家進士。昌期嘗監軍破土寇萬，眾推其才。芳聲治縣有聲。至是皆死。

Li Changqi came from Yongnian. Hao Fangsheng came from Xinzhou. Both were jinshi by origin. Changqi had once directed troops against a ten-thousand-man bandit force, and his ability was widely admired. Fang sheng was known for effective county administration. Both died in the defense.

起蛟，錢塘人。由貢生歷官魯府左長史，相憲王。及惠王立，欲易世子，起蛟力諫乃已。世子嗣位，值歲凶，勸王振貸，自出粟二千石佐之。大盜李青山率眾來犯，偕淑泰出擊，大破其眾。及王被難，起蛟率親屬二十三人殉之。文明亦戰死。

Yu Qijiao came from Qiantang. A tribute graduate, he rose to left chief secretary of the Lu princely household and served as adviser to Prince Xian of Lu. When Prince Hui took the title and tried to displace the heir apparent, Qijiao argued him down until he gave up the plan. When the heir came to the title, a famine year followed; he urged the prince to open relief stores and himself gave two thousand shi of grain. When the bandit chieftain Li Qingshan marched against the city, Qijiao sallied forth with Shutai and smashed his army. When disaster befell the prince, Qijiao led twenty-three members of his family to die at his side. Ding Wenming also fell in the fighting.

事聞，贈維新光祿卿，藩錫太僕少卿，昌期僉事，余贈恤有差。

When word of their deaths reached the throne, Wang Weixin was posthumously made Grand Master for the Imperial Insignia, Deng Fanxi Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud, and Li Changqi an Assistant Commissioner; the others received posthumous honors and pensions in proportion to their rank.

有樊吉人者，元城人。由進士知滋陽，累擢山東兵備僉事。未行遇變，自刎死。淑泰自有傳。

There was also Fan Jiren, a native of Yuancheng. A jinshi degree-holder, he served as magistrate of Ziyang and was steadily promoted to Assistant Commissioner for Military Affairs in Shandong. Before he could take up the new post, the crisis broke out, and he cut his own throat and died. Fan Shutai has his own biography.

時又有天津參將賀秉鉞者，泰寧左衛人。崇禎四年第武科一甲第三，亦以扶父柩至臨清，巷戰終日，矢盡，被執死。

At the time there was also He Bingyue, Deputy Commander of Tianjin, a native of Taiping Left Guard. In the fourth year of the Chongzhen reign he placed third among the top tier of the military examinations. He too had been escorting his father's coffin to Linqing when he fought street by street all day; when his arrows ran out, he was taken and killed.

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