1
何復 〈（邵宗元等）〉 張羅俊 〈（弟羅彥等）〉 金毓峒 〈（韓東明等）〉 湯文瓊 〈（範箴聽等）〉 許琰 〈（曹肅等）〉 王喬棟張繼孟 〈（陳其赤等）〉 劉士鬥 〈（沈雲祚等）〉 王勵精 〈（劉三策等）〉 尹伸 〈（莊祖誥等）〉 高其勛 〈（王士傑等）〉 張耀 〈（吳子騏曾異撰等）〉 米壽圖耿廷箓 〈（馬乾）〉 席上珍 〈（孔師程等）〉 徐道興 〈（羅國瓛等）〉 劉廷標 〈（王運開王運閎）〉
He Fu (Shao Zongyuan and others)]〉 Zhang Luojun (his younger brother Luoyan and others)]〉 Jin Yutong (Han Dongming and others)]〉 Tang Wenqiong (Fan Zhenting and others)]〉 Xu Yan (Cao Su and others)]〉 Wang Qiaodong and Zhang Jimeng (Chen Qichi and others)]〉 Liu Shidou (Shen Yunzuo and others)]〉 Wang Lijing (Liu Sance and others)]〉 Yin Shen (Zhuang Zuhao and others)]〉 Gao Qixun (Wang Shijie and others)]〉 Zhang Yao (Wu Ziqi, Zeng Yizhuan, and others)]〉 Mi Shoutu and Geng Tingluo (Ma Qian)]〉 Xi Shangzhen (Kong Shicheng and others)]〉 Xu Daoxing (Luo Guozan and others)]〉 Liu Tingbiao (Wang Yunkai and Wang Yunhong)]〉
2
何復，字見元，平度人。 邵宗元，字景康，碭山人。 復，崇禎七年進士。 知高縣，有卻賊功。 忤上官，被劾謫戍。 後廷臣多論薦，起英山知縣，累遷工部主事，進員外郎。 十七年二月擢保定知府。 宗元，由恩貢生歷保定同知，有治行。
He Fu, whose style name was Jianyuan, came from Pingdu. Shao Zongyuan, styled Jingkang, was from Dangshan. Fu earned his jinshi degree in the seventh year of the Chongzhen reign. As magistrate of Gao County he distinguished himself by driving off bandits. After he crossed his superiors, they impeached him and sent him to frontier exile. Later many officials at court spoke up for him; he was recalled as magistrate of Yingshan and rose step by step to director and then vice director in the Ministry of Works. In the second month of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen he was appointed prefect of Baoding. Zongyuan had entered service as an en gong graduate, served as vice prefect of Baoding, and was known for effective administration.
3
李自成陷山西，遣偽副將軍劉方亮由固關東犯，畿輔震動。 及真定遊擊謝嘉福殺巡撫徐標反，遣使迎賊，人情益洶洶。 宗元時攝府事，亟集通判王宗周，推官許曰可，清苑知縣朱永康，後衛指揮劉忠嗣及鄉官張羅彥、尹洗等，議城守。 復聞，兼程馳入城，宗元授以印。 復曰：「公部署已定，印仍佩之，我相與僇力可也。」 乃謁文廟，與諸生講《見危致命章》，詞氣激烈。 講畢，登城分守。
When Li Zicheng overran Shanxi, he sent his so-called deputy general Liu Fangliang east through Guyuan Pass, and the metropolitan region trembled. Then at Zhending the guerrilla commander Xie Jiafu killed the provincial commissioner Xu Biao and rose in revolt, dispatching envoys to welcome the rebels, and public panic only deepened. Zongyuan was then acting prefect; he quickly assembled Vice Magistrate Wang Zongzhou, Assistant Magistrate Xu Yueke, Qingyuan magistrate Zhu Yongkang, Rear Garrison Commander Liu Zhongsi, and local leaders Zhang Luoyan, Yin Xi, and others to plan the city's defense. Fu heard the news and raced into the city without rest; Zongyuan handed him the official seal. Fu said, "Your arrangements are already set—keep the seal. Let us exert ourselves together. They then went to the Temple of Culture and lectured the students on the chapter "Seeing Danger and Giving One's Life," their words burning with fervor. When the lecture was over, they climbed the walls and divided up the defense.
4
都城陷之次日，賊使投書誘降，宗元手裂之。 明日，賊大至，絡繹三百里。 有數十騎服婦人衣，言：「所過百余城，皆開門遠迎，不降即屠。 且京師已破，汝為誰守？」 城上人聞之，發豎眥裂。 賊環攻累日，宗元等守甚堅，賊稍稍引卻。
On the day after the capital fell, rebel messengers brought a letter urging surrender; Zongyuan tore it to pieces with his own hands. The next day the rebels arrived in full strength, their columns filling the roads for three hundred li. Several dozen riders in women's dress called out, "Of the more than a hundred cities we have passed, every one opened its gates from afar to welcome us—refuse to surrender and we slaughter you. The capital is already lost—whom are you defending this city for? Those on the walls heard this and bristled with rage, eyes blazing and brows knit in fury. The rebels ringed the city and attacked for days, yet Zongyuan and the others held firm, and the enemy slowly drew off.
5
督師大學士李建泰率殘卒數百，輦餉銀十余輛，叩城求入。 宗元等不許。 建泰舉敕印示之，宗元等曰：「荷天子厚恩，禦門賜劍，酌酒餞別。 今不仗鉞西征，乃叩關避賊耶？」 建泰怒，厲聲叱呼，且舉尚方劍脅之。 或請啟門，宗元曰：「脫賊詐為之，若何？」 眾以御史金毓峒嘗監建泰軍，識建泰，推出視之信，乃納之。 建泰入，賊攻益厲。 建泰倡言曰：「勢不支矣，姑與議降。」 書牒，迫宗元用印。 宗元抵印厲聲曰：「我為朝廷守土，義不降，欲降者任為之。」 大哭，引刀將自刎，左右急止之，皆雨泣。 羅彥前曰：「邪說勿聽，速擊賊。」 復自起巘西洋巨炮，火發，被燎幾死。 賊攻無遺力，雉堞盡傾。 俄賊火箭中城西北樓，復遂焚死。 南郭門又焚，守者多散。 南城守將王登洲縋城出降，賊蜂擁而上。 建泰中軍副將郭中傑等為內應，城遂陷。 宗元及中官方正化不屈死。 建泰率曰可、永康出降。 忠嗣分守東城，城將陷，召女弟適楊千戶者歸，與妻毛、子婦王同處一室，俱以弓弦縊殺之，復登城拒守。 城破被執，怒詈，奪賊刀殺二賊。 賊麕至，剜目劓鼻支解死。
Grand Secretary Li Jiantai, serving as supreme commander, brought several hundred broken troops and more than a dozen cartloads of silver provisions, and knocked at the gate asking to be admitted. Zongyuan and the others refused. Jiantai held up the imperial patent and seal; Zongyuan and the others said, "We owe the Son of Heaven a great debt of grace—the emperor himself came to the palace gate to bestow the sword and poured wine to send us off. Now, instead of taking the command baton and marching west against the enemy, you come knocking at the pass to flee from the rebels? Jiantai flew into a rage, shouting at them in a harsh voice, and even raised the imperial sword to threaten them. Some urged opening the gate; Zongyuan said, "What if the rebels are impersonating him—then what? The others said that Censor Jin Yutong had once overseen Jiantai's army and knew him; they pushed Jin forward to look, found it was indeed he, and only then let them in. Once Jiantai was inside, the rebel assaults grew fiercer still. Jiantai began to say openly, "We cannot hold out—let us at least talk of surrender. He drafted a document and pressed Zongyuan to affix the seal. Zongyuan pushed the seal away and said in a stern voice, "I hold this territory for the court and in duty will not surrender; whoever wishes to submit may do as he likes. He wept aloud, drew a knife to kill himself, and his attendants rushed to stop him while everyone wept as if in a downpour. Luoyan stepped forward and said, "Do not listen to such wicked talk—strike the rebels at once. Fu himself manned the great Western cannon on the parapet; when it fired, the blaze scorched him and he nearly died. The rebels attacked with undiminished force until the battlements were utterly destroyed. Before long a rebel fire-arrow struck the northwest tower, and Fu was burned to death. The southern outer gate also caught fire, and most of the defenders scattered. The southern-wall commander Wang Dengzhou was let down by rope to surrender, and the rebels swarmed up the wall. Jiantai's central-army deputy Guo Zhongjie and others served as inside collaborators, and the city fell. Zongyuan and the eunuch Fang Zhenghua refused to yield and died. Jiantai led Yueke and Yongkang out to surrender. Zhongsi was posted to defend the eastern wall; as the city was about to fall he summoned home his younger sister, married to a company commander of the Yang clan, and together with his wife Mao and daughter-in-law Wang gathered them in one room and hanged them all with bowstrings, then returned to the wall to fight on. When the city fell he was seized; cursing in fury, he wrested a rebel sword and killed two of them. Rebels mobbed him, gouged out his eyes, cut off his nose, and dismembered him to death.
6
一時武臣死事者，守備則張大同與子之坦力戰死。 指揮則文運昌、劉洪恩、戴世爵、劉元靖、呂九章、呂一照、李一廣，中軍則楊儒秀，鎮撫則管民治，千戶則楊仁政、李尚忠、紀動、趙世貴、劉本源、侯繼先、張守道，百戶則劉朝卿、劉悅、田守正、王好善、強忠武、王爾祉，把總則郝國忠、申錫，皆殉城死。
Among the military officers who died in the affair at that time, the garrison commander Zhang Datong and his son Zhitang fought to the death. Among the commanders Wen Yunchang, Liu Hong'en, Dai Shijue, Liu Yuanjing, Lü Jiuzhang, Lü Yizhao, and Li Yiguang; the central-army officer Yang Ruxiu; the garrison regulator Guan Minzhi; the company commanders Yang Renzheng, Li Shangzhong, Ji Dong, Zhao Shigui, Liu Benyuan, Hou Jixian, and Zhang Shoudao; the platoon leaders Liu Chaoqing, Liu Yue, Tian Shouzheng, Wang Haoshan, Qiang Zhongwu, and Wang Erzhi; and the squad leaders Hao Guozhong and Shen Xi—all died with the city.
7
有呂應蛟者，保定右衛人，歷官密雲副總兵，謝事歸。 賊至，總監正化知其能，延與共守，晝夜戮力。 城破，短兵鬥殺十余賊而死。
There was a man named Lü Yingjiao from the Baoding Right Garrison who had served as deputy regional commander at Miyun and then retired home. When the rebels arrived, Grand Director Zhenghua knew his ability and invited him to join the defense; they strove together day and night. When the city fell he fought at close quarters, killed more than ten rebels, and died.
8
張羅俊，字元美，清苑人。 父純臣，由武進士歷官署參將、神機營左副將。 生六子：羅俊、羅彥、羅士、羅善、羅喆、羅輔。
Zhang Luojun, styled Yuanmei, came from Qingyuan. His father Chunchen, a military jinshi, rose to acting regional vice commander and left deputy commander of the Divine Engine Corps. He had six sons: Luojun, Luoyan, Luoshi, Luoshan, Luozhe, and Luofu.
9
羅俊娶瞽女，終身不置妾。 羅彥，字仲美，舉崇禎二年進士。 累遷吏部文選郎中。 楊嗣昌數借封疆事引用匪人，羅彥多駁正。 帝疑吏部行私，廠卒常充庭，曹郎多罹譴者，羅彥獨無所染。 秩滿，遷光祿少卿，被誣落職歸。 羅俊以十六年秋舉進士，羅輔亦以是年舉武進士。 而羅彥少從父塞上，習兵事。 初官行人，奉使旋裏，鄉郡三被兵，佐當事守禦，三著功。 給事中時敏奉使過其地，夜半欲入城，羅彥不許。 敏劾其擅司鎖鑰，羅彥疏辯，帝不問。
Luojun married a blind woman and never took a concubine all his life. Luoyan, styled Zhongmei, earned his jinshi in the second year of the Chongzhen reign. He rose step by step to director of the Personnel Selection Bureau in the Ministry of Personnel. Yang Sichang repeatedly used frontier appointments to advance unworthy men, and Luoyan often pushed back against him. The emperor suspected the Ministry of Personnel of corruption; eunuch agents thronged the courtyard and many bureau officials were punished, yet Luoyan alone remained untainted. When his term ended he was made vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, but was slandered, stripped of office, and sent home. Luojun earned his civil jinshi in the autumn of the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, and Luofu passed the military jinshi examination the same year. Luoyan had followed his father to the frontier in his youth and learned the art of war. His first appointment was as a courier; on returning home from a mission he found his district invaded three times, and each time he helped the authorities defend it with distinction. The supervising secretary Shi Min, traveling through on official business, wanted to enter the city at midnight; Luoyan refused. Min impeached him for seizing control of the gate keys; Luoyan submitted a memorial in his own defense, and the emperor let the matter drop.
10
十七年二月，賊逼京師，眾議守禦。 羅彥兄弟與同知邵宗元等歃血盟，誓死守。 總兵官馬岱謁羅彥曰：「賊分兩道，一出固關，一趨河間。 吾當出屯蠡縣扼其沖，先殺妻子而後往，其城守悉屬公。」 羅彥曰：「諾。」 詰旦，岱果殺妻孥十一人，率師去。 羅彥等糾鄉兵二千分陴守。 羅俊守東城，羅彥西北，羅輔為遊兵。 公廩不足，出私財佐之。 賊遣騎呼降，羅俊顧其下曰：「欲降者，取我首去。」 後衛指揮劉忠嗣挺劍曰：「有不從張氏兄弟死守者，齒此劍。」 怒目，發上指。 聞者鹹憤厲，守益堅，賊為引卻。
In the second month of the seventeenth year, as rebels closed on the capital, everyone debated how to defend the city. The Luoyan brothers joined Vice Prefect Shao Zongyuan and others in a blood oath, vowing to hold the city to the death. Regional Commander Ma Dai came to Luoyan and said, "The rebels are advancing in two columns—one through Guyuan Pass, one toward Hejian. I will march out to Li County to block their advance—I will kill my wife and children first, then go—and leave the whole defense of the city to you. Luoyan said, "Very well." At dawn Dai did kill his wife and eleven family members, then led his troops away. Luoyan and the others raised two thousand local militia and posted them along the walls. Luojun held the eastern wall, Luoyan the northwest, and Luofu commanded the mobile reserve. When public stores ran short, they spent their own money to make up the deficit. Rebel riders called for surrender; Luojun turned to his men and said, "If anyone wants to surrender, take my head first. Rear Garrison Commander Liu Zhongsi drew his sword and cried, "Whoever will not stand with the Zhang brothers and die defending this city—let this sword find him." His eyes blazed, every hair on end with fury. All who heard were roused to fury; the defense stiffened, and the rebels withdrew.
11
已，聞京師變，眾皆哭，北向拜，又羅拜相盟誓。 而賊攻益急，城中多異議。 羅彥謂宗元曰：「小民無知，非鼓以大義，氣不壯。」 乃下令人綴崇禎錢一枚於項，以示戴主意。 賊謂羅彥主謀，呼其名大詬，且射書說降，羅彥不顧。 賊死傷多，攻愈力。 李建泰親軍為內應，城遂陷。 羅俊猶持刀砍賊，刀脫，兩手抱賊嚙其耳，血淋漓口吻間。 賊至益眾，大呼「我進士張羅俊也」，遂遇害。 羅彥見賊入，急還家，大書官階、姓名於壁，投繯死； 子晉與羅俊子伸並赴井死。
Before long came word of the capital's fall; everyone wept, bowed toward the north, and bowed to one another again to renew their oath. Rebel attacks grew fiercer still, and dissent multiplied inside the walls. Luoyan told Zongyuan, "The common people do not understand—unless we stir them with a great cause, their courage will fail. He then ordered everyone to wear a Chongzhen coin on a cord around the neck as a sign of loyalty to the throne. The rebels named Luoyan as the ringleader, cursed him by name, and shot in letters urging surrender; he ignored them all. Though rebel casualties mounted, their assaults grew fiercer. Li Jiantai's personal troops turned traitor within the walls, and the city fell. Luojun still hacked at the rebels until his blade slipped; then he seized a rebel in both arms and bit off his ear, blood streaming from his mouth. More rebels closed in; he shouted, "I am Zhang Luojun the jinshi!" and was slain. Luoyan saw the rebels enter, rushed home, wrote his rank and name large on the wall, and hanged himself; his son Jin and Luojun's son Shen threw themselves into a well and died.
12
羅善，字舜卿，為諸生，佐兩兄守城。 城將陷，兩兄戒勿死，羅善曰：「有死節之臣，不可無死節之士。」 妻高攜三女投井死，羅善亦投他井死。 羅輔多力善射，晝夜乘城，射必殺賊。 城破，與羅俊奪圍走，羅俊不可，羅輔連射殺數人，矢盡，持短兵殺數人乃死。
Luoshan, styled Shunqing, was a licentiate who helped his two elder brothers hold the city. As the city was about to fall his brothers told him not to die; Luoshan said, "If there are officials who die for principle, there must be scholars who die for principle too. His wife Gao took their three daughters into a well; Luoshan threw himself into another well. Luofu was powerfully built and a fine archer; day and night on the wall, every arrow he loosed killed a rebel. When the city fell he tried to break out with Luojun, but Luojun refused to flee; Luofu shot several rebels dead in succession, and when his arrows were gone he took up a short weapon, killed several more, and died.
13
張氏兄弟六人，羅士早卒，其妻高守節十七年，至是自經死。 惟羅喆從水門走免，其妻王亦縊死。 羅俊伯母李罵賊死。 羅彥妻趙、二妾宋、錢及晉妻師，當圍急時，並坐井傍以待。 賊入，皆先羅彥投井死，獨趙不沈，家人出之。 羅輔妻白在母家，聞變欲死，侍者止之，紿以汲井，推幼女先入，已從之。 羅俊再從子震妻徐，巽妻劉，亦投井死，一門死者凡二十三人。
Of the six Zhang brothers, Luoshi had died young; his widow Gao had kept her chastity for seventeen years and now hanged herself. Only Luozhe escaped through the water gate; his wife Wang hanged herself as well. Luojun's aunt by marriage, Lady Li, cursed the rebels and was killed. Luoyan's wife Zhao, his concubines Song and Qian, and Jin's wife Shi all sat by the well waiting as the siege tightened. When the rebels entered they threw themselves into the well ahead of Luoyan; only Zhao did not drown, and the family pulled her out. Luofu's wife Bai was at her mother's house; when she heard the news she wanted to die, but servants stopped her; pretending to draw water at the well she pushed her little daughter in first, then followed. Luojun's grandnephews Zhen's wife Xu and Xun's wife Liu also threw themselves into wells; twenty-three members of the household died in all.
14
金毓峒，字稚鶴，保定衛人。 父銓，戶部員外郎。 毓峒舉崇禎七年進士。 授中書舍人。 十四年面陳漕務，稱旨，授御史。 疏論兵部尚書陳新甲庸才誤國，戶部尚書李待問積病妨賢。 又請渙發德音，自十五年始，蠲除繁苛，與海內更新。 因言復社一案，其人盡縫掖，不可以一夫私怨開禍端。 帝多采納。 明年出按陜西。 孫傳庭治兵關中，吏民苦征繕，日夜望出關，天子亦屢詔督趣。 毓峒獨謂將驕卒悍，未可輕戰，抗疏爭。 帝不納，師果敗。
Jin Yutong, styled Zhihe, came from the Baoding Garrison. His father Quan had been a vice director in the Ministry of Revenue. Yutong earned his jinshi in the seventh year of the Chongzhen reign. He was appointed a Secretariat drafter. In the fourteenth year he spoke to the emperor in person on grain transport, pleased him, and was made a censor. In a memorial he charged that Minister of War Chen Xinjia was a mediocrity ruining the state and that Minister of Revenue Li Daiwen's chronic illness kept worthy men from office. He also urged that from the fifteenth year onward the throne issue benevolent edicts, lift harsh levies, and give the empire a fresh start. On the Fushe case he argued that its members were all scholars in official dress and that one man's private vendetta must not be allowed to unleash disaster. The emperor adopted much of what he proposed. The following year he was sent to inspect Shaanxi. Sun Chuanting was drilling troops in Guanzhong; officials and commoners groaned under levies and labor, longing day and night for him to march east, while the emperor repeatedly ordered him forward. Yutong alone argued that the generals were arrogant and the troops unruly, that battle must not be lightly risked, and submitted a memorial in protest. The emperor would not listen, and the army was indeed destroyed.
15
十六年冬，期滿得代，甫出境，而賊入關。 復還至朝邑，核上將吏功罪而後行。 明年三月召對，命監李建泰軍。 馳赴山西，抵保定，賊騎已逼，遂偕邵宗元等共守。 毓峒分守西城，散家貲千余金犒士，其妻王亦出簪珥佐之。 京師變聞，賊射書說降，眾頗懈。 毓峒厲聲曰：「正當為君父復仇，敢異議者斬！」 懸銀牌，令擊賊者自取。 眾爭奮，斃賊多。 城陷，一賊挽毓峒往謁其帥，且罵且行，遇井。 推賊仆地，自墮井死。 妻聞，即自經。 其從子振孫有勇力，以武舉佐守城。 賊至，眾皆散，獨立城上，大呼曰：「我金振孫，前日殺數賊魁者，我也。」 群賊支解之。 振孫兄肖孫、子婦陳與侍兒桂春，亦投井死。 肖孫匿毓峒二子，為賊搒掠無完膚，終不言，二孤獲免。
In the winter of the sixteenth year his term ended; he had barely crossed the border when rebels poured through the passes. He went back to Chaoyi, reviewed the merits and faults of the officers, and only then moved on. In the third month of the following year he was called to audience and ordered to oversee Li Jiantai's army. He raced toward Shanxi, reached Baoding to find rebel cavalry already at the gates, and joined Shao Zongyuan and others in holding the city. Yutong took the western wall, gave more than a thousand taels of family silver to reward the troops, and his wife Wang added her jewelry. When news came of the capital's fall, rebels shot in letters urging surrender and spirits flagged. Yutong cried in a harsh voice, "Now is the time to avenge our sovereign—whoever dares speak otherwise, off with his head! He hung out silver tokens for anyone who killed a rebel to claim. Men fought with renewed fury and many rebels fell. When the city fell a rebel dragged Yutong off to see their commander, cursing all the way; they passed a well. He threw the rebel down and hurled himself into the well. His wife heard and at once hanged herself. His nephew Zhensun was strong and brave; a military graduate, he helped defend the walls. When the rebels came everyone fled; he alone stood on the wall and shouted, "I am Jin Zhensun—the one who killed your chiefs the other day! The rebels mobbed him and cut him to pieces. Zhensun's brother Xiaosun, his daughter-in-law Chen, and the maid Guichun also threw themselves into wells. Xiaosun hid Yutong's two sons; the rebels beat him until his body was one wound, yet he never spoke, and the two boys were saved.
16
同時守城殉難者，邠州知州韓東明、武進士陳國政赴井死。 平涼通判張維綱，舉人張爾翚、孫從範，不屈死。 舉人高經負母避難，遇賊求釋母，母獲釋而經被執，乘間赴水死。 貢生郭鳴世寢疾，聞城陷，整衣端坐。 賊至，持棒奮擊而死。 諸生王之珽，先城陷一日，置酒會家人，飲達旦。 城破，偕妻齊及三子、二女入井死。 諸生韓楓、何一中、杜日芳、王法等二十九人，布衣劉宗向、田仰名、劉自重等二十人，或自經，或溺，或受刃，皆不屈死。 婦人盡節者一百十五人。 他若都給事中尹洗、舉人劉會昌、貢生王聯芳，以城陷次日為賊收獲，亦不屈死。 賊揭其首於竿，書曰：「據城抗節，惡官逆子。」 見者飲泣。
Others who died in the defense included Binzhou Prefect Han Dongming and military graduate Chen Guozheng, who threw themselves into wells. Pingliang Vice Magistrate Zhang Weigang and the juren Zhang Erchong and Sun Congfan refused to yield and died. The juren Gao Jing fled carrying his mother on his back; when they met rebels he begged them to free her; she was released but he was seized, and he found a moment to throw himself into the water. The tribute student Guo Mingshi lay sick in bed; when he heard the city had fallen he straightened his robes and sat upright. When rebels came he seized a club and fought until they killed him. The licentiate Wang Zhi, a day before the city fell, set out wine for his family and drank until dawn. When the city fell he went into a well with his wife Qi, three sons, and two daughters. Twenty-nine licentiates including Han Feng, He Yizhong, Du Rifang, and Wang Fa, and twenty commoners including Liu Zongxiang, Tian Yangming, and Liu Zizhong—by hanging, drowning, or the blade—all died without yielding. One hundred fifteen women died preserving their chastity. Others such as Chief Supervising Secretary Yin Xi, the juren Liu Huichang, and tribute student Wang Lianfang, captured the day after the fall, also refused to submit and died. The rebels spiked their heads on poles with the label, "Wicked officials and rebellious sons who held the city and resisted. All who saw it wept.
17
湯文瓊，字兆鰲，石埭人。 授徒京師，見國事日非，數獻策闕下，不報。 京師陷，慨然語其友曰：「吾雖布衣，獨非大明臣子耶？ 安忍見賊弒君篡國。」 乃書其衣衿曰：「位非文丞相之位，心存文丞相之心。」 投繯而卒。 福王時，給事中熊汝霖上疏曰：「北都之變，臣傳詢南來者，確知魏藻德為報名入朝之首，梁兆陽、楊觀光、何瑞徵為從逆獻謀之首，其他皆稽首賊庭，乞憐恐後。 而文瓊以閭閻匹夫，乃能抗誌捐生，爭光日月。 賊聞其衣帶中語，以責陳演，即斬演於市。 文瓊布衣死節，賊猶重之，不亟表章，何以慰忠魂，勵臣節。」 乃贈中書舍人，祀旌忠祠。
Tang Wenqiong, styled Zhaoo, came from Shidi. He taught in the capital; as affairs worsened day by day he repeatedly submitted plans at the palace gate, but none was answered. When the capital fell he said to his friends, "I may be only a commoner, but am I not still a subject of the Great Ming? How can I bear to watch rebels murder our sovereign and steal the realm? He wrote on his collar, "My rank is not Chancellor Wen's rank, but my heart holds Chancellor Wen's heart." He hanged himself. Under the Prince of Fu, Supervising Secretary Xiong Rulin wrote, "After the fall of the northern capital I questioned those who fled south and learned for certain that Wei Zaode was first to register for audience with the rebels, that Liang Zhaoyang, Yang Guanguang, and He Ruizheng were first to follow them and offer counsel, while the rest all kowtowed in the rebel court, begging for mercy lest they be left behind. Yet Wenqiong, a common man from the streets, held firm to his purpose and gave his life, outshining the sun and moon. When the rebels read what he had written on his collar they used it to condemn Chen Yan and executed him in the marketplace on the spot. Wenqiong died for principle though only a commoner, and even the rebels respected him; if we do not honor him at once, how can we comfort loyal souls and stir officials to integrity? He was posthumously made a Secretariat drafter and enshrined in the Hall of Loyalty.
18
時都城以布衣盡節者，又有範箴聽、楊鉉、李夢禧、張世禧輩。 福王建國，喪亂益甚，且見聞不詳，未盡表章。
At that time other commoners in the capital who died for principle included Fan Zhenting, Yang Xuan, Li Mengxi, Zhang Shixi, and others. When the Prince of Fu established his court, mourning and chaos only deepened, and because records were incomplete, not all were properly honored.
19
箴聽，端方有義行。 高攀龍講學都下，受業其門。 魏國公徐允禎延為館賓，數進規諫。 允禎或倨見他客，箴聽至，輒斂容。 賊入，置一棺，偃臥其上，絕食七日死。 鉉，善寫真。 京師陷，攜二子赴井死。 夢禧，負誌節，與妻杜、二子、二女、一婢俱縊死。 世禧，儒士也，亦與二子懋賞、懋官俱縊死。
Zhenting was upright in character and known for righteous conduct. When Gao Panlong lectured in the capital, he became a student in his school. The Duke of Wei, Xu Yunzhen, took him on as a household guest, and he often remonstrated and offered counsel. Yunzhen sometimes received other guests with arrogance, but whenever Zhenting appeared he would at once compose himself. When the rebels entered the city, he had a coffin set out, lay down upon it, and starved himself for seven days until he died. Xuan was skilled at portraiture. When the capital fell, he took his two sons into a well and perished with them. Mengxi was a man of resolute principle; he, his wife Du, his two sons, two daughters, and one maidservant all hanged themselves. Shixi was a scholar; he too hanged himself together with his sons Maoshang and Maoguan.
20
又有周姓者，悲憤槌胸，嘔血數升而死。 而柏鄉人郝奇遇，居京師，聞變，謂妻曰：「我欲死難，汝能之乎？」 妻曰：「能。」 遂先死。 奇遇瘞畢，服藥死。
There was also a man surnamed Zhou who, overcome with grief and rage, beat his chest, vomited several sheng of blood, and died. Meanwhile Hao Qiyu of Baixiang, who lived in the capital, heard the news and asked his wife, "I mean to die for the dynasty—can you do the same? His wife said, "I can." She died first. After Qiyu had buried her, he took poison and died.
21
許琰，字玉仲，吳縣人。 幼有至性，嘗刲臂療父疾。 為諸生，磊落不羈。 聞京師陷，帝殉社稷，大慟，誓欲舉義兵討賊。 走告裏薦紳，皆不應。 端午日過友人，出酒飲之，琰擲杯大詬曰：「今何日，我輩讀聖賢書，尚縱酒如平日耶！」 拂衣徑去。 已，聚哭明倫堂，琰衰杖擗踴，號泣盡哀。 御史謁文廟，猶吉服。 琰率諸生責以大義，禦中惶悚謝罪去。 及南都頒監國詔，而哀詔猶未頒。 琰益憤慟，趨古廟自經，為人所解，乃步至胥門，投於河。 潞王舟至，拯之出，詢其故，嗟嘆良久。 識琰者掖以歸，家人旦夕守，不得死，遂絕粒。 尋聞哀詔至，即庭中稽首號慟，並不復言，以六月三日卒。 鄉人私謚曰潛忠先生。 南中贈《五經》博士，祀旌忠祠。
Xu Yan, styled Yuzhong, was from Wu County. From childhood he was deeply filial; once he cut flesh from his arm to treat his father's illness. As a licentiate he was open-hearted and unconstrained by convention. When he learned the capital had fallen and the emperor had died for the realm, he was stricken with grief and vowed to raise righteous troops against the rebels. He went to the local gentry to rally them, but none answered his call. On the Dragon Boat Festival he visited a friend who offered wine; Yan threw down the cup and cursed, "What day is this! We who have read the books of the sages—shall we still drink as though nothing had happened? He shook out his robes and left at once. Soon they gathered to mourn at the Hall of Bright Principle; Yan, in mourning dress and leaning on his staff, beat his breast and stamped his feet, wailing in full grief. A censor visited the Confucian temple still dressed in festive garb. Yan led the students in rebuking him on grounds of principle; the censor, terrified, apologized and withdrew. The Southern Capital had already issued the regency edict, yet the mourning edict had not yet been promulgated. Yan grew ever more anguished; he rushed to an ancient temple to hang himself, was cut down, then walked to Xumen Gate and threw himself into the river. When the Prince of Lu's boat passed, men pulled him out and asked why he had done it; the prince sighed long over his answer. Those who knew him helped him home; his family watched him day and night and would not let him die, so he stopped eating altogether. When word came that the mourning edict had arrived, he prostrated himself in the courtyard and wailed in anguish, then said no more; on the third day of the sixth month he died. His fellow townsmen privately gave him the posthumous title Master Qianzhong. The southern court posthumously made him Erudite of the Five Classics and enshrined him in the Hall of Loyalty.
22
是時諸生殉義者，京師則曹肅、藺衛卿、周讜、李汝翼，大同則李若葵，金壇則王明灝，丹陽則王介休，雞澤則殷淵，肥鄉則宋湯齊、郭珩、王拱辰。
At that time students who died for righteousness included, in the capital, Cao Su, Lin Weiqing, Zhou Dan, and Li Ruyi; in Datong, Li Ruokui; in Jintan, Wang Minghao; in Danyang, Wang Jiexiu; in Jize, Yin Yuan; and in Feixiang, Song Tangqi, Guo Heng, and Wang Gongchen.
23
肅，曾祖子登，仕為甘肅巡撫。 賊入，肅與祖母姜、母張、嫂李及弟持敏、妹持順、弟婦鄧並自縊。 衛卿止一幼女，托其友，亦自縊，讜被執，罵賊不屈死。 汝翼，布政使本緯子。 亦罵賊，被磔死。 若蔡與親屬九人皆自縊，題曰一門完節。 明灝聞變，日夕慟哭，家人解慰之。 托故走二十里外，投水死。 介休，不食七日死。
Su's great-grandfather Zideng had served as grand coordinator of Gansu. When the rebels entered, Su hanged himself together with his grandmother Jiang, his mother Zhang, his sister-in-law Li, his younger brothers Chimin and Zhishun, his younger sister Zhishun, and his brother's wife Deng. Weiqing had only one young daughter, whom he entrusted to a friend before hanging himself; Dan was captured, cursed the rebels, and was killed without yielding. Ruyi was the son of Administration Commissioner Li Benwei. He too cursed the rebels and was executed by dismemberment. Ruokui and nine kinsmen all hanged themselves, leaving an inscription that read, "One household preserved in full integrity." Minghao wept in anguish day and night when he heard the news; his family tried to comfort him. On a pretext he went twenty li beyond the city and drowned himself. Jiexiu starved himself for seven days and died.
24
淵，字仲弘。 父大白，官監軍副使，為楊嗣昌所殺。 淵負奇氣。 從父兵間，善技擊，嘗欲報父仇。 及賊破雞澤，謀起兵恢復。 俄聞京師陷，即同諸生黃祐等悲號發喪，約山中壯士，誅賊所置官。 偽令秦植踉蹌走，乃入城，行哭臨禮，義聲大震。 為奸人所乘，被殺，遠近悼之。 湯齊、珩、拱辰亦起兵討賊，為賊將張汝行所害。
Yuan, styled Zhonghong. His father Dabai had served as deputy military supervisor and was killed by Yang Sichang. Yuan was a man of extraordinary spirit. He had followed his father through the camps, was skilled in fighting, and had long wished to avenge his father's death. When rebels seized Jize, he plotted to raise troops and recover the district. Soon he heard the capital had fallen; at once he joined the student Huang You and others in wailing and raising mourning, and made a pact with stalwart men in the hills to kill the officials the rebels had installed. The puppet magistrate Qin Zhi fled in panic; Yuan then entered the city, performed the walking mourning rites, and the cry of righteousness shook the whole region. Betrayed by a villain, he was killed; people near and far mourned him. Tangqi, Heng, and Gongchen also raised troops against the rebels and were killed by the rebel general Zhang Ruxing.
25
王喬棟，雄縣人。 舉進士，授朝邑知縣。 縣人王之寀為魏忠賢黨所惡，坐以贓，下喬棟嚴征。 喬棟不忍，封印於庫而去。 巡撫怒，將劾之。 士民擁署號呼，乃止。 崇禎初，起順天教授，累遷湖廣參政。 楚中大亂，諸道監司多不至，喬棟兼綰數篆。 乙酉夏，李自成據武昌，喬棟時駐興國州。 城為賊陷，自經城樓上。
Wang Qiaodong was from Xiong County. He passed the metropolitan examination and was appointed magistrate of Chaoyi. A county man, Wang Zhicai, was hated by Wei Zhongxian's faction and was charged with corruption; Qiaodong was ordered to levy heavy exactions against him. Qiaodong could not bear it; he sealed the treasury and resigned. The grand coordinator was furious and was about to impeach him. Gentry and commoners thronged the yamen in protest, and the impeachment was dropped. In the early Chongzhen reign he was recalled as professor of Shuntian and rose through the ranks to vice commissioner in Huguang. Great disorder broke out in Huguang; many circuit supervisors failed to take up their posts, and Qiaodong held several offices at once. In the summer of yiyou, Li Zicheng seized Wuchang; Qiaodong was then stationed at Xingguo Prefecture. When the city fell to the rebels, he hanged himself on the gate tower.
26
張繼孟，字伯功，扶風人。 萬歷末年進士。 知濰縣。 天啟三年擢南京御史，未出都，奏籌邊六事，末言己被抑南臺，由錢神世界，公道無權，宜嚴禁饋遺。 帝令實指，繼孟以風聞對，詔詰責之。 左都御史趙南星言：「今天下進士重而舉貢輕，京官重而外官輕，在北之科道重而南都輕。 乞因繼孟言，思偏重之弊。 敕下吏部極力挽回，於用人不為無補。」 於是忌者鹹指目繼孟為東林。 尋以不建魏忠賢祠，斥為邪黨，削奪歸。
Zhang Jimeng, styled Bogong, was from Fufeng. He passed the metropolitan examination in the final years of the Wanli reign. He served as magistrate of Wei County. In the third year of Tianqi he was promoted to censor in Nanjing; before leaving the capital he memorialized on six matters of frontier planning, and at the end said he had been relegated to the southern board because in a world ruled by the god of money public justice had no weight, and that gift-giving should be strictly forbidden. The emperor ordered him to name names; Jimeng answered with hearsay, and an edict rebuked him. Left Censor-in-Chief Zhao Nanxing said, "Today jinshi are prized while tribute graduates are slighted, capital officials are prized while provincial officials are slighted, and among the censorate the northern board is prized while the southern is slighted. I beg that in light of Jimeng's words Your Majesty consider the harm of such imbalance. If an edict were sent ordering the Ministry of Personnel to make every effort to reverse this, it would not be without benefit in the use of men. Thereupon his enemies all pointed to Jimeng as a Donglin man. Soon, for refusing to build a shrine to Wei Zhongxian, he was condemned as a wicked partisan, stripped of rank, and sent home.
27
崇禎二年起故官，上言：
In the second year of Chongzhen he was restored to office and memorialized:
28
近見冢臣王永光「人言踵至」一疏，語語謬戾。 其曰「惠世揚等借題當議」。 夫雲借者，無其事而借名也。 世揚與楊漣、左光鬥同事同心，但未同死耳。 今楊、左業有定議，世揚方昭揭於天下後世，奈何以借名之，謬一。
Recently I saw Grand Secretary Wang Yongguang's memorial "As Talk Keeps Coming," and every word in it is perverse and wrong. It says that "Hui Shiyang and others seized a pretext and ought to be debated." To speak of "seizing" is to borrow a name where no matter exists. Shiyang served in the same cause and with the same heart as Yang Lian and Zuo Guangdou—only he did not die with them. Yang and Zuo already have settled verdicts, while Shiyang's honor is now clear to the world and to posterity—how then can one call this borrowing a name? That is the first error.
29
又曰「高捷、史褷發奸已驗，特用宜先。」 夫捷、褷之糾劉鴻訓也，為楊維垣等報仇耳。 鴻訓輔政，止此一事快人意。 其後獲罪以納賄，非以捷、褷劾也。 今指護奸者為發奸，謬二。
It also says that "Gao Jie and Shi Shi exposed wrongdoing that has been verified, and their special appointment should come first. When Jie and Shi impeached Liu Hongxun, it was merely to avenge Yang Weiyuan and others. Of Hongxun's conduct as chief minister, this alone pleased men's hearts. He was later punished for taking bribes, not because Jie and Shi impeached him. To call men who shielded the wicked "exposers of wrongdoing" is the second error.
30
又曰「諸臣所擁戴者，錢謙益、李騰芳、孫慎行。」 夫謙益本末，陛下近亦洞然。 至騰芳、慎行，天下共推服。 會推之時，永光身主其議。 乃指公論為擁戴，謬三。
It also says that "the officials whom the ministers champion are Qian Qianyi, Li Tengfang, and Sun Shenxing. As for Qianyi's whole story, Your Majesty has lately seen it clearly enough. As for Tengfang and Shenxing, the empire together esteems them. At the time of the joint recommendation, Yongguang himself presided over the deliberation. Yet he calls public consensus "championing"—that is the third error.
31
又曰「欲諸臣疏一面網，息天下朋黨之局。」 信斯言也，則部議漏張文熙等數十人，是為疏網，而陛下嚴核議罪，反開朋黨之局乎？ 謬四。
It also says that "he wishes the ministers' memorial to show one-sided leniency, so as to quiet the empire's factional strife. If that were true, then the ministry's deliberation omitted several dozen men such as Zhang Wenxi—would that be leniency? Yet Your Majesty strictly reviewed and punished them—is that opening factional strife instead? That is the fourth error.
32
且永光先為御史李應升所糾，今又為御史馬孟正、徐尚勛等所論。 而推轂永光者先為崔呈秀、徐大化，今則霍維華、楊維垣、張文熙，其賢不肖可知矣。
Moreover Yongguang was first impeached by Censor Li Yingsheng, and is now again attacked by Censors Ma Mengzheng, Xu Shangxun, and others. Those who promoted Yongguang were first Cui Chengxiu and Xu Dahua; now they are Huo Weihua, Yang Weiyuan, and Zhang Wenxi—the worth of the man may be known from this.
33
後又劾南京兵部尚書胡應臺貪汙。 帝並不納。 永光深疾之，出為廣西知府。 土酋普名聲久亂未靖，繼孟設計鴆之，一方遂安。 稍遷浙江鹽運使，忤視鹽內官崔璘，左遷保寧知府。 尋進副使，分巡川西。
Later he again impeached Nanjing Minister of War Hu Yingtai for corruption. The emperor accepted none of it. Yongguang hated him deeply and had him transferred out as prefect of Guangxi. The tribal chief Pu Mingsheng had long been in rebellion and the region was not yet pacified; Jimeng devised a plan to poison him, and the region was then pacified. He was soon promoted to salt transport commissioner of Zhejiang; he offended the salt-inspecting eunuch Cui Lin and was demoted to prefect of Baoning. He was soon promoted to vice commissioner and assigned to patrol western Sichuan.
34
十七年八月，張獻忠寇成都，與陳其赤、張孔教、鄭安民、方堯相等佐巡撫龍文光協守，城陷被執。 獻忠僭帝號，欲用諸人備百官。 繼孟等不為屈，乃被殺，妻賈從之。
In the eighth month of the seventeenth year, Zhang Xianzhong raided Chengdu; together with Chen Qichi, Zhang Kongjiao, Zheng Anmin, and Fang Yaoxiang he helped Grand Coordinator Long Wenguang defend the city; when it fell he was captured. Xianzhong declared himself emperor and wished to employ these men to fill the hundred offices. Jimeng and the others would not submit; they were then killed, and his wife Jia died with him.
35
劉士鬥，字瞻甫，南海人。 崇禎四年進士。 知太倉州，有政聲。 忤上官，中許典，謫江西按察司知事，擢成都推官。 十六年，御史劉之勃薦為建昌兵備僉事。 明年八月，賊將入境，之勃促之行。 士鬥曰：「安危生死與公共，復何往。」 城陷被執，見之勃與張獻忠語，大呼曰：「此賊也，公不可少屈！」 獻忠怒，命捽以上，士鬥又返顧之勃，語如前，遂闔門被殺。
Liu Shidou, styled Zhanfu, came from Nanhai. In the fourth year of the Chongzhen reign he became a jinshi. As magistrate of Taicang Prefecture, he earned a reputation for sound governance. He offended his superiors, failed an assessment, was demoted to clerk in the Jiangxi Surveillance Commission, and was later promoted to reviewing secretary at Chengdu. In the sixteenth year, Censor Liu Zhibo recommended him for appointment as military intendant of Jianchang. The following year, in the eighth month, as a rebel general was about to cross the border, Zhibo pressed him to leave. Shidou said, "Peril and safety, life and death—I share them with you, Excellency. Where else would I go? When the city fell he was taken captive. Seeing Zhibo in conversation with Zhang Xianzhong, he shouted, "This man is a traitor! Your Excellency must not bend even a little!" Xianzhong was enraged and ordered him dragged forward. Shidou looked back at Zhibo and spoke as before, and then his entire household was slaughtered.
36
同時沈雲祚，字子淩，太倉人。 崇禎十三年進士。 知華陽縣。 有奸民為搖、黃賊耳目，設策捕戮之。 賊破夔門，成都大震，雲祚走謁蜀王，陳守禦策，不聽。 聞內江王至淥賢，往說之曰：「成都危在旦夕，而王府貨財山積，不及今募士殺賊，疆場淪喪，誰為王守？」 至淥言於王，不聽。 賊迫成都，王始出財佐軍，已無及。 城陷，獻忠欲用之，幽之大慈寺而遣其黨饋食，以刃脅降，不屈，遂遇害。
At the same time there was Shen Yunzuo, styled Ziling, from Taicang. In the thirteenth year of the Chongzhen reign he became a jinshi. He served as magistrate of Huayang County. Certain wicked commoners acted as scouts for the Yao and Huang bandits, and he devised a plan to capture and execute them. When the rebels broke through Kuimen, Chengdu was thrown into turmoil. Yunzuo rushed to the Prince of Shu and laid out plans of defense, but was not heeded. When he heard that the Prince of Neijiang had reached Zhilu, he went to persuade him, saying, "Chengdu will fall at any moment, yet the princely treasury is heaped like a mountain. If you do not raise troops now to kill the rebels, once the borderlands are lost, who will hold them for you? When he reached Zhilu and spoke to the prince, the prince still would not listen. When the rebels closed on Chengdu, the prince at last brought out funds to support the army, but it was already too late. When the city fell, Xianzhong wished to employ him. He was shut up in Daci Temple while the rebels' agents brought him food and blades were put to his throat to force surrender, but he would not yield and was killed.
37
王勵精，蒲城人。 崇禎中，由選貢生授廣西府通判，仁恕善折獄。 歲兇，毀銀帶易粟，減價糶。 富人聞之，爭出粟，價遂平。 遷崇慶知州，多善政。 十七年，張獻忠陷成都，州人驚竄。 勵精朝服北面拜，又西向拜父母，從容操筆書文信國成仁取義四語於壁，登樓縛利刃柱間，而置火藥樓下，危坐以俟。 俄聞賊騎渡江，即命舉火，火發，觸刃貫胸而死。 賊嘆其忠，斂葬之。 其墨跡久逾新，滌之不滅。 後二十余年，州人建祠奉祀，祀甫畢，壁即頹，遠近嘆異。
Wang Lijing came from Pucheng. During the Chongzhen period, through selection as a tribute student he was appointed vice prefect of Guangxi Prefecture. He was humane and forgiving, and skilled at settling cases. In a year of famine he destroyed his silver official belt to buy grain and sold grain at reduced prices. When the wealthy heard of this, they competed to bring out grain, and prices soon stabilized. He was transferred to be magistrate of Chongqing Prefecture, where he carried out many good policies. In the seventeenth year, when Zhang Xianzhong took Chengdu, the people of the prefecture fled in terror. Lijing, in court robes, bowed to the north, then turned west and bowed to his parents. Calmly taking up his brush, he wrote on the wall the four words of Wen, the state's faithful minister: "Achieve humanity in death; take righteousness in life." He went upstairs, bound a sharp blade between the pillars, placed gunpowder below, and sat upright waiting. Soon he heard rebel horsemen crossing the river. He ordered the fire lit; when the flames rose he threw himself against the blade, and it pierced his chest and killed him. The rebels sighed at his loyalty and gave him a proper burial. His ink long looked fresher than new writing; washed, it would not fade. More than twenty years later the people of the prefecture built a shrine to honor him. As soon as the rites were completed, the wall collapsed, and people near and far marveled.
38
先是，十三年賊犯仁壽，知縣鄱陽劉三策拒守，城陷不屈死，贈尚寶司丞。 及是再陷，知縣顧繩貽遇害。 賊陷郫縣，主簿山陰趙嘉煒守都江堰，賊誘降，不從，投江死。 陷綿竹，典史卜大經與其仆俱縊死，鄉官戶部郎中刁化神亦死之。 他若榮縣知縣漢陽秦民湯、蒲田知縣江夏朱蘊羅、興文知縣漢川艾吾鼎、南部知縣鄭夢眉、中江教諭攝劍州事單之賓，皆殉難。 夢眉夫婦並縊。 蘊羅、吾鼎闔家被難。 宗室朱奉钅尹，由進士歷御史，劾督師丁啟睿諸疏，為時所稱。 時裏居，並及於難。
Earlier, in the thirteenth year, when the rebels attacked Renshou, Liu Sance of Poyang, the county magistrate, held out in defense. When the city fell he refused to submit and died, and was posthumously granted Vice Director of the Seals Office. When it fell again on this occasion, Magistrate Gu Shengji was killed. When the rebels took Pixian, Registrar Zhao Jiawei of Shanyin defended the Dujiangyan works. The rebels tried to induce him to surrender, but he refused and drowned himself in the river. When Mianzhu fell, Archive Clerk Bu Dajing and his servant both hanged themselves, and Village Officer Diao Huashen, a Director in the Ministry of Revenue, also died. Others too met martyrdom: Qin Mintang of Hanyang, magistrate of Rong County; Zhu Yunluo of Jiangxia, magistrate of Pujiang; Ai Wuding of Hanchuan, magistrate of Xingwen; Zheng Mengmei, magistrate of Nanbu; and Shan Zhibin, instructor of Zhongjiang who was acting in the affairs of Jianzhou. Mengmei and his wife hanged themselves together. Yunluo and Wuding suffered disaster together with their entire households. Among the imperial clan, Zhu Fengyin, who had risen through the jinshi degree to serve as censor, was praised in his day for memorials impeaching Grand Secretary Ding Qirui and others. He was then living at home on leave and perished in the calamity as well.
39
尹伸，字子求，宜賓人。 萬歷二十六年進士。 授承天推官。 屢遷南京兵部郎中、西安知府、陜西提學副使、蘇松兵備參政。 公廉強直，不事弇阿，三任皆投劾去。 天啟時，起故官，分守貴州威清道。 貴陽圍解，巡撫王三善將深入，伸頗贊之，監軍西征。 三善敗歿，伸突圍歸，坐奪官，戴罪辦賊。 四年，賊圍普安，伸赴援，賊解去，遂移駐其地。 賊復來攻，率參將範邦雄破走之，逐北至三岔河。 總督蔡復一上其功，免戴罪，貶一秩視事。 崇禎五年歷河南右布政使，以失禦流賊，罷歸。 伸所至與長吏迕，然待人有始終，篤分義，工詩善書，日課楷書五百字，寒暑不輟。 張獻忠陷敘州，匿山中，搜得之，罵不肯行。 賊重其名，不殺。 至並研，罵益厲，遂攢殺之。 福王時，起太常卿，伸已先死。
Yin Shen, styled Ziqiu, came from Yibin. In the twenty-sixth year of the Wanli reign he became a jinshi. He was appointed reviewing secretary at Chengtian. He was repeatedly promoted to Director in the Nanjing Ministry of War, Prefect of Xi'an, Vice Education Commissioner of Shaanxi, and Military Commissioner of the Suzhou-Songjiang circuit. He was just, incorruptible, and upright, and would not toady. In three posts he submitted his resignation and left office. In the Tianqi period he was restored to his former post and assigned to guard the Weiqing circuit in Guizhou. When the siege of Guiyang was lifted, Grand Coordinator Wang Sanshan was about to drive deep into enemy territory. Shen strongly supported the plan and supervised the western campaign. When Sanshan was defeated and killed, Shen broke out of encirclement and returned. He was stripped of rank, made to serve with a suspended sentence, and ordered to deal with the bandits. In the fourth year, when bandits besieged Pu'an, Shen went to the relief. The bandits withdrew, and he then moved his headquarters there. When the bandits attacked again, he led Vice General Fan Bangxiong to defeat and drive them off, pursuing them north to the San Cha River. Governor-General Cai Fuyi submitted a report of his merit. His suspended sentence was lifted, and he was demoted one rank and continued in office. In the fifth year of the Chongzhen reign he rose to Right Provincial Administration Commissioner of Henan. For failing to repel the roving bandits he was dismissed and sent home. Wherever he went he clashed with senior officials, yet he treated people with constancy to the end, was deeply loyal to friendship and duty, was skilled in poetry and calligraphy, and daily copied five hundred characters in regular script without pause through summer and winter. When Zhang Xianzhong took Xuzhou, Shen hid in the mountains. When found in the search he cursed the rebels and refused to go. The rebels respected his name and did not kill him. At Jingyan he cursed all the more fiercely and was then beaten to death. In the time of the Prince of Fu he was recalled as Grand Director of Imperial Sacrifices, but Shen had already died.
40
蜀中士大夫在籍死難者，成都則雲南按察使莊祖誥，廣元則戶科給事中吳宇英，資縣則工部主事蔡如蕙，郫縣則舉人江騰龍。 而安嶽進士王起峨、渠縣禮部員外郎李含乙，皆舉義兵討賊，不克死。
Among the gentry of Shu who died at home in the calamity, in Chengdu there was Yunnan Surveillance Commissioner Zhuang Zuhao; in Guangyuan, Household Section Supervising Secretary Wu Yuying; in Zixian, Principal Clerk in the Ministry of Works Cai Ruhui; and in Pixian, Selected Scholar Jiang Tenglong. And Wang Qi'e of Anyue, a jinshi, and Li Hanyi of Quxian, an Outer Secretary in the Ministry of Rites, all raised righteous armies to attack the rebels and died when they could not prevail.
41
高其勛，字懋功。 初襲千戶，後舉武鄉試，為黔國公標下中軍。 吾必奎反，擢參將，守禦武定。 及沙定洲再反，分兵來攻。 固守月余，城陷，衣冠望北拜，服毒死。
Gao Qixun, styled Maogong. At first he inherited a post as company commander. Later he passed the military provincial examination and served as middle army officer under the Duke of Qian, Mu Biao. When Wu Bikuí rebelled, he was promoted to vice general and defended Wuding. When Sha Dingzhou rebelled again, he sent troops to attack. After holding out for more than a month, the city fell. In court dress he bowed toward the north, took poison, and died.
42
時有陳正者，世為大理衛指揮，未嗣職。 沙賊陷城，督眾巷戰，手馘數賊而死。
At that time there was one Chen Zheng, whose family for generations had been commanders of the Dali Guard, though he had not yet succeeded to the post. When Sha's rebels took the city, he led the crowd in street fighting and personally severed the heads of several rebels before he died.
43
王承憲者，襲祖職為楚雄衛指揮，擢遊擊，為副使楊畏知前鋒。 定洲來攻，凡守禦備悉，畏知深倚之。 賊去復至，承憲偕土官那龠等出城沖擊，賊皆披靡，俄為流矢所中死。 弟承瑱力戰死，一軍盡歿。
Wang Chengxian inherited his grandfather's post as commander of the Chuxiong Guard, was promoted to mobile corps commander, and served as vanguard to Vice Commissioner Yang Weizhi. When Dingzhou came to attack, he made every preparation for defense, and Weizhi relied on him deeply. The rebels withdrew and returned. Chengxian went out of the city with the native official Na Yuè and others to charge, and the rebels were all routed, but soon he was struck by a stray arrow and died. His younger brother Chengzhen fought fiercely and died, and the whole army was wiped out.
44
賊進圍大理時，太和縣丞王士傑佐上官畢力捍禦，城陷，死城上。 同死者，大理府教授段見錦、經歷楊明盛及子一甲、司獄魏崇治。 而故永昌府同知蕭時顯，解任，以道阻，寓居大理，亦自經。
When the rebels advanced to besiege Dali, Taihe Assistant Magistrate Wang Shijie assisted his superior with all his strength in defense. When the city fell he died on the wall. Those who died with him were Dali Prefecture Instructor Duan Jianjin, Prefecture Administrator Yang Mingsheng and his son Yijia, and Prison Warden Wei Chongzhi. Former Vice Prefect of Yongchang Prefecture Xiao Shixian, having left office and being blocked on the road, was lodging in Dali and also hanged himself.
45
士人同死者，舉人則高拱極投池死，楊士俊同母妻妹自焚死。 諸生則尹夢旗、夢符、馮大成倡義助守，罵賊死，楊憲偕妻女、子婦、侄女、孫女、弟婦一門自焚死。 楊{孫心}既死復蘇，妻竟死。 人稱太和節義為獨盛雲。
Among the literati who died together, of selected scholars Gao Gongji drowned himself in a pool, and Yang Shijun burned himself to death together with his mother, wife, and younger sister. Of students, Yin Mengqi, Mengfu, and Feng Dacheng raised the call to righteousness and helped in the defense, cursed the rebels, and died. Yang Xian burned himself to death together with his wife, daughter, daughter-in-law, niece, granddaughters, and younger brother's wife—one household in all. Yang Sun had died and come back to life, but his wife died in the end. People said that Taihe's fidelity and righteousness were unrivaled in Yunnan.
46
單國祚者，會稽人，為通海典史。 城陷，握印坐堂上，罵賊被殺，印猶在握。 縣人葬之諸葛山下。
Shan Guozuo was a native of Kuaiji and served as archive clerk of Tonghai. When the city fell he sat in the hall holding the seal, cursed the rebels, and was killed; the seal was still in his hand. The people of the county buried him beneath Zhuge Mountain.
47
張耀，字融我，三原人。 萬歷中，舉於鄉。 知聞喜縣，慈惠撫民，民為立祠。 崇禎中，歷官貴州布政使。 張獻忠死，其部將孫可望、李定國等率眾奔貴州。 耀急言於巡撫，請發兵民守禦，巡撫以眾寡不敵難之。 俄賊眾奄至，耀率家眾乘城拒擊。 城陷被執，賊帥與耀皆秦人，說之曰：「公若降，當用為相。」 耀怒詈不屈，賊執其妾媵述之曰：「降則免一家死。」 耀詈益甚，賊殺之，並其家屬十三人。 時鄉官吳子騏、劉琯、楊元瀛等率鄉兵敗賊，賊來益眾，戰敗被執，俱不屈死。
Zhang Yao, styled Rongwo, came from Sanyuan. In the Wanli period he passed the provincial examination. As magistrate of Wenxi County he was kind and gentle in governing the people, and the people built a shrine to him. In the Chongzhen period he rose through the offices to Provincial Administration Commissioner of Guizhou. When Zhang Xianzhong died, his generals Sun Kewang, Li Dingguo, and others led their followers into Guizhou. Yao urgently spoke to the grand coordinator, asking that troops and people be mobilized for defense. The grand coordinator demurred, saying their force was too small to match the enemy. Soon the rebel host arrived suddenly. Yao led his household onto the wall to resist. When the city fell he was seized. The rebel commander, like Yao a man of Qin, said to him, "If you submit, you will be made chief minister. Yao cursed him in rage and would not yield. The rebels seized his concubines and attendants and said, "Submit and your whole household will be spared." Yao cursed all the more fiercely, and the rebels killed him together with thirteen members of his household. At that time Village Officers Wu Ziqi, Liu Guan, Yang Yuanying, and others led local militia and defeated the rebels. When the rebels came in greater numbers they were defeated and seized, and all refused to submit and died.
48
子騏，字九逵，貴陽人。 萬歷中，舉於鄉，知興寧縣。 天啟時，安邦彥圍貴陽，子騏以母在城內，倉皇棄官歸。 崇禎十年，蠻賊阿烏謎叛，陷大方城，逐守將。 總督朱燮元屬子騏詣六廣，走書召諸目，曉以利害，果乞降。 燮元上其功，優旨獎賞。 琯戶部主事，元瀛府同知，並起家鄉舉。 同時譚先哲，平壩衛人，子騏同年生也。 官戶部郎中。 賊陷其城，與裏人石聲和皆闔家殉難。 聲和，天啟中，舉於鄉，官寧前兵備參議。
Ziqi, styled Jiukui, came from Guiyang. In the Wanli period he passed the provincial examination and served as magistrate of Xingning County. In the Tianqi period, when An Bangyan besieged Guiyang, Ziqi, because his mother was inside the city, hurriedly abandoned his post and returned. In the tenth year of the Chongzhen reign the barbarian rebel A Wumi revolted, took Dafang City, and drove off the defending commander. Governor-General Zhu Xieyuan charged Ziqi to go to Liuguang, sent letters summoning the chieftains, and explained advantage and harm, and they indeed begged to surrender. Xieyuan submitted a report of his merit, and an excellent edict rewarded him. Guan was a Principal Clerk in the Ministry of Revenue, Yuanying was a Vice Prefect, and both had begun their careers as selected scholars. At the same time there was Tan Xianzhe of Pingba Guard, a classmate of Ziqi. He served as Director in the Ministry of Revenue. When the rebels took his city, he and his fellow townsman Shi Shenghe suffered calamity together with their entire households. Shenghe, in the Tianqi period, passed the provincial examination and served as military intendant of Ningqian.
49
有顧人龍者，定番州人，嘗出仕，解職家居。 流賊來犯，率士民拒守，殺賊甚眾。 城破，大罵而死。 可望寇安平，僉事臨川曾益集眾拒守，城陷死之。
There was a man named Gu Renlong, from Dingfan Prefecture, who had once served in office, resigned, and lived quietly at home. When roving bandits attacked, he led the gentry and people in defense and slew a great many of the enemy. When the city fell, he cursed them to the end and died. Sun Kewang raided Anping; Zeng Yi, a vice commissioner from Linchuan, rallied the people to hold the city, and died when it fell.
50
曾異撰，榮昌人。 舉於鄉，知永寧州。 可望既陷貴州，將長驅入雲南。 異撰與其客江津進士程玉成、貢生龔茂勛謀曰：「州據盤江天險，控扼滇、黔，棄之不守，事不可為矣。」 遂集眾登陴守，城陷，自焚死。
Zeng Yizhuan was a native of Rongchang. He passed the provincial examination and was appointed prefect of Yongning Prefecture. Once Kewang had taken Guizhou, he prepared to drive straight into Yunnan. Yizhuan consulted his guest Cheng Yucheng, a jinshi of Jiangjin, and the tribute student Gong Maoxun, saying, "This prefecture sits on the Pan River's natural fortress and holds the throat of Yunnan and Guizhou. To abandon it without a fight is to throw away all hope. He then rallied the people, manned the walls, and when the city fell burned himself to death.
51
米壽圖，宛平人。 崇禎中，由舉人知新鄉縣。 土寇來犯，督吏民破走之，斬首千二百余級。 以治行征授南京御史。 十五年四月極論監軍張若騏罪，言：「若騏本不諳軍旅，諂附楊嗣昌，遂由刑曹調職方。 督臣洪承疇孤軍遠出，若騏任意指揮，視封疆如兒戲。 虛報大捷，躐光祿卿，冒功罔上，恃鄉人謝升為內援。 升奸險小人，非與若騏駢斬，何以慰九廟之靈。」 會廷臣多糾若騏，遂論死，升亦除名。 初，嗣昌倡練兵之議，擾民特甚。 壽圖疏陳十害，又言：「往時督撫多用京卿，今封疆不靖，遇卿貳則爭先，推督撫則引避，宜嚴加甄別，內外兼補。」 因劾偏沅巡撫陳睿謨、廣西巡撫林贄貪黷。 帝納其言。 十七年五月，福王立，馬士英薦用阮大鋮，壽圖論劾。 七月，出按四川。 時川地已為張獻忠所據，命吏部簡堪任監司守令者從壽圖西行。 至則與督師王應熊、總督樊一蘅等聯絡諸將，號召遠近，漸復川南郡縣。 唐王立，擢右僉都御史，巡撫貴州。 大清順治四年，獻忠遺黨孫可望等陷貴陽，壽圖出奔沅州。 十一月，沅州亦陷，壽圖死之。
Mi Shoutu was a native of Wanping. During the Chongzhen reign he entered service as a provincial graduate and became magistrate of Xinxiang County. When local bandits attacked, he led clerks and townspeople in beating them back and took more than twelve hundred heads. For his excellence in governance he was summoned and appointed a censor at Nanjing. In the fourth month of the fifteenth year of Chongzhen he fiercely denounced army supervisor Zhang Ruoqi, saying, "Ruoqi never understood warfare. He flattered Yang Sichang and was moved from the Ministry of Justice to the Bureau of Military Appointments. Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou marched deep with a lone army, yet Ruoqi directed operations as he pleased and treated the frontier like a game. He reported false victories, vaulted to Chamberlain for Attendants, stole credit to deceive the throne, and leaned on his fellow townsman Xie Sheng for support inside the palace. Xie Sheng is a treacherous, base man. Unless he is executed together with Ruoqi, how can the spirits of the Nine Temples be appeased? Soon many officials at court joined in impeaching Ruoqi. He was sentenced to death, and Xie Sheng was struck from the rolls as well. Earlier Yang Sichang had championed the plan to drill new troops, and the people suffered terribly for it. Shoutu submitted a memorial listing ten harms, and added, "In the past governors-general and governors were often chosen from capital officials. Now the frontier is in turmoil: when a vice-ministerial post opens, men scramble forward; when a governorship is proposed, they shrink back. Appointments should be strictly screened, drawing on talent both inside and outside the capital. He then impeached Chen Ruimo, governor of Bianyuan, and Lin Zhi, governor of Guangxi, for greed and corruption. The emperor accepted his advice. In the fifth month of the seventeenth year the Prince of Fu ascended the throne. Ma Shiying recommended Ruan Dacheng for office, and Shoutu denounced and impeached him. In the seventh month he was sent to inspect Sichuan. Sichuan was already in Zhang Xianzhong's hands. The Ministry of Personnel was ordered to choose capable intendants, prefects, and magistrates to follow Shoutu west. On arrival he worked with Grand Secretary Wang Yingxiong, Governor Fan Yiheng, and others to coordinate the generals, rally the region, and gradually recover the prefectures and counties of southern Sichuan. When the Prince of Tang was enthroned, he was promoted to Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Right and appointed governor of Guizhou. In the fourth year of Shunzhi under the Great Qing, Sun Kewang and other remnants of Zhang Xianzhong's faction took Guiyang, and Shoutu fled to Yuanzhou. In the eleventh month Yuanzhou also fell, and Shoutu died defending it.
52
耿廷箓，臨安河西人。 天啟四年舉於鄉。 崇禎中，知耀州，有能聲。 十五年夏，疏陳時政，言：「將多不若將良，兵多不若兵練，餉多不若餉核。」 又言：「諸臣恩怨當忘，廉恥當勵。 小怨必報，何不大用於斷頭飲血之元兇； 私恩必酬，何不廣用於鵠面鳩形之赤子。」 優旨褒納。 擢山西僉事，改監宣府軍。 十七年，京師陷，走南都。 十一月以張獻忠亂四川，命加太仆少卿赴雲南監沙定洲軍，由建昌入川討賊。 明年三月，四川巡撫馬乾罷，即拜廷箓右僉都御史代之。 未赴，而定洲作亂，蜀地亦盡失，遂止不行。 後李定國掠臨安，過河西，廷箓聞之赴水死。 妻楊被執，亦不屈死。
Geng Tingluo was a native of Hexi in Lin'an. In the fourth year of Tianqi he passed the provincial examination. During the Chongzhen reign he served as magistrate of Yao Prefecture and earned a reputation for ability. In the summer of the fifteenth year he memorialized on affairs of state, saying, "Many generals are not as good as capable generals; many soldiers are not as good as trained soldiers; much pay is not as good as audited pay. He went on, "Officials should forget private grudges and steel their honor. Yet they avenge the smallest slight—why not instead throw that energy against the arch-villains who revel in blood? If they must repay private favors—why not spend that loyalty on the starving people, faces gaunt and bodies wasted?" The throne answered with a gracious edict praising and accepting his counsel. He was promoted to vice commissioner of Shanxi and reassigned to supervise the army at Xuanfu. In the seventeenth year the capital fell, and he fled to the Southern Capital. In the eleventh month, with Zhang Xianzhong ravaging Sichuan, he was promoted to Vice Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud and sent to Yunnan to supervise Sha Dingzhou's army, entering Sichuan by way of Jianchang to attack the rebels. The next March, when Sichuan governor Ma Qian was dismissed, Tingluo was immediately appointed Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Right in his place. Before he could take up the post, Sha Dingzhou rebelled and all of Shu was lost, so he never went. Later Li Dingguo raided Lin'an. As his forces passed Hexi, Tingluo heard of it and drowned himself. His wife, née Yang, was captured and likewise refused to submit and died.
53
馬乾者，昆明人。 舉崇禎六年鄉試，為四川廣安知州。 夔州告警，巡撫邵捷春檄乾攝府事。 張獻忠攻圍二十余日，固守不下。 督師楊嗣昌兵至，圍始解。 擢川東兵備僉事。 成都陷，巡撫龍文光死，蜀人共推乾攝巡撫事。 賊陷重慶，留其將劉廷舉戍守。 乾擊走之，復其城。 督師王應熊劾乾淫掠，奪職提訊。 會蜀地大亂，詔命不至，乾行事如故。 乃傳檄遠近，協力討賊。 廷舉既敗去，賊遣劉文秀等以數萬眾來攻，乾固守。 曾英等援兵至，賊敗還。 及獻忠死，其黨孫可望等南奔，大清兵追至重慶，乾戰敗而死。
Ma Qian was a native of Kunming. He passed the provincial examination in the sixth year of Chongzhen and served as magistrate of Guang'an Prefecture in Sichuan. When Kuizhou raised the alarm, Governor Shao Jiechun ordered Qian to take charge of the prefecture. Zhang Xianzhong besieged it for more than twenty days, yet Qian held firm and the city did not fall. When Grand Secretary Yang Sichang's army arrived, the siege was at last broken. He was promoted to military vice commissioner of eastern Sichuan. When Chengdu fell and Governor Long Wenguang died, the people of Shu together pressed Qian to act as governor. The rebels took Chongqing and left their general Liu Tingju to hold it. Qian attacked, drove him off, and recovered the city. Grand Secretary Wang Yingxiong impeached Qian for rapine and plunder. His post was stripped and he was ordered brought in for trial. But Sichuan was in chaos and imperial orders never reached him, so Qian continued to govern as before. He then sent proclamations far and wide, calling on all to join in attacking the rebels. After Liu Tingju was beaten and withdrew, the rebels sent Liu Wenxiu and others with tens of thousands to attack, and Qian held fast. When Zeng Ying and other relief forces arrived, the rebels were defeated and driven back. After Zhang Xianzhong died, his followers Sun Kewang and others fled south. Qing troops pursued as far as Chongqing, and Qian was defeated and killed in battle.
54
席上珍，姚安人。 崇禎中，舉於鄉。 磊落尚節義，聞孫可望、李定國等入雲南，與姚州知州何思、大姚舉人金世鼎據姚安城拒守。 可望遣張虎攻陷之，世鼎自殺，上珍、思被執至昆明。 可望呵之，上珍厲聲曰：「我大明忠臣，肯為若屈耶！」 可望怒，命引出斬之，大罵不絕，遂磔於市。 思亦不屈死。
Xi Shangzhen was a native of Yao'an. During the Chongzhen reign he passed the provincial examination. Upright and high-minded, he prized honor and duty. When he heard that Sun Kewang, Li Dingguo, and others had entered Yunnan, he joined Yao Prefecture Magistrate He Si and Jin Shiding, a provincial graduate of Dayao, in holding Yao'an and resisting them. Kewang sent Zhang Hu to attack and take the city. Shiding killed himself; Shangzhen and He Si were captured and taken to Kunming. Kewang reviled him. Shangzhen answered in a fierce voice, "I am a loyal subject of Great Ming—do you think I would bow to the likes of you? Kewang flew into a rage and ordered him led out and beheaded. Shangzhen cursed without pause and was dismembered in the marketplace. He Si likewise refused to submit and died.
55
有孔師程者，昆明人，以從事得官。 至是糾合晉寧、呈貢諸州縣，起兵拒賊。 定國率眾奄至，師程遁，晉寧知州石阡冷陽春、呈貢知縣嘉興夏祖訓並死之。 晉寧舉人段伯美，諸生余繼善、耿希哲助陽春城守，亦殉難。 賊陷富民，貢生李開芳妻及二子俱赴井死。 開芳走至松花壩自經，其友王朝賀掩埋訖，亦自經。 在籍知縣陳昌裔不受偽職，為賊杖死。 楚雄舉人杜天禎，初佐楊畏知拒沙賊，頻有功。 後畏知督兵擊可望敗績，天禎聞之即自盡。 臨安之陷，進士廖履亨赴水死。
There was a man named Kong Shicheng, from Kunming, who had entered office through a staff post. At this time he rallied the prefectures and counties of Jinning and Chenggong and raised troops to resist the rebels. Li Dingguo swept down on them with his army. Shicheng fled; Leng Chongchun, magistrate of Jinning from Shiqian, and Xia Zuxun, magistrate of Chenggong from Jiaxing, both died in the fighting. Duan Bomei, a provincial graduate of Jinning, and the licentiates Yu Jishan and Geng Xizhe helped Chongchun hold the city and also died in its defense. When the rebels took Fumin, the wife and two sons of tribute student Li Kaifang all threw themselves into a well and died. Kaifang fled to Songhuaba and hanged himself. His friend Wang Chahe buried him and then hanged himself as well. Chen Changyi, a magistrate at home on leave, refused a false appointment and was beaten to death by the rebels. Du Tianzhen, a provincial graduate of Chuxiong, had earlier assisted Yang Weizhi in resisting Sha Dingzhou's rebels and won repeated distinction. Later Yang Weizhi led troops against Kewang and was defeated. When Tianzhen heard the news, he killed himself at once. When Lin'an fell, the jinshi Liao Lüheng drowned himself.
56
徐道興，睢州人。 崇禎末，官雲南都司經歷，署師宗州事，廉潔愛民。 孫可望等入雲南，破曲靖。 巡按羅國瓛方按部其地，與知府焦潤生被執。 可望欲降之，國瓛不屈，攜至昆明，自焚死。 潤生亦不屈死。 道興見賊逼，集士民諭之曰：「力薄兵寡，不能抗賊，吾死分也。 若等可速去。」 民請偕行，道興厲聲曰：「封疆之臣死封疆，吾將安之！」 眾雨泣辭去。 舍中止一仆，出俸金二錠授之曰：「一以賜汝，一買棺斂我。」 仆大哭，請從死。 道興曰：「爾死，誰收吾骨？」 仆叩頭號泣乃去。 及賊入署，令出迎其將。 道興大罵，擲酒杯擊之，罵不絕口，遂被殺。
Xu Daoxing was a native of Suizhou. At the end of the Chongzhen reign he served as secretary of the Yunnan Regional Military Commission, acting prefect of Shizong, honest in office and devoted to the people. Sun Kewang and his followers entered Yunnan and took Qujing. Investigating Censor Luo Guohuan happened to be on inspection there and was captured along with Prefect Jiao Runsheng. Kewang tried to force them to submit. Guohuan refused, was taken to Kunming, and burned himself to death. Runsheng likewise refused to submit and died. Seeing the rebels close in, Daoxing gathered the gentry and people and told them, "Our strength is slight and our troops are few—we cannot hold them off. For me to die is only fitting. You should go at once. The people begged to leave with him. Daoxing said fiercely, "An official charged with guarding the frontier dies on the frontier—where would I go?" The crowd wept like rain and took their leave. Only one servant remained in the house. Daoxing took out two ingots of his salary and handed them to him, saying, "One is yours; one is to buy a coffin and lay me out. The servant wept and begged to die with him. Daoxing said, "If you die, who will gather my bones? The servant kowtowed, wailing, and at last departed. When the rebels entered the yamen, they ordered him to go out and welcome their general. Daoxing cursed them, hurled a wine cup in their faces, and never stopped reviling them until they killed him.
57
國瓛，嘉定州人，崇禎十六年進士。 潤生，修撰竑子。 同時張朝綱，廣通人，由貢生授渾源州同知，解職歸。 可望等兵至，與其妻馮並縊死，子諸生耀葬親訖，亦縊死。
Guohuan was a native of Jiading Prefecture and a jinshi of the sixteenth year of Chongzhen. Runsheng was the son of Hanlin Academician Jiao Hong. At the same time Zhang Chaogang of Guangtong, who had entered office as a tribute student and served as vice magistrate of Hunyuan Prefecture, resigned and returned home. When Kewang's troops arrived, he and his wife, née Feng, hanged themselves together. Their son Yao, a licentiate, buried them and then hanged himself as well.
58
劉廷標，字霞起，上杭人。 王運開，字子朗，夾江人。 廷標由貢生歷永昌府通判。 運開舉於鄉，授永昌推官。 沙定洲之亂，黔國公沐天波走永昌。 及孫可望等入雲南，馳檄諭天波降。 時運開攝監司事，廷標攝府事，方發兵守瀾滄，而天波將遣子納款，諭兩人以印往。 兩人堅不予，各遣家人走騰越。 永昌士民聞賊所至屠戮，號泣請運開納款紓禍，運開不可，慰遣之。 又詣廷標，廷標亦不可，眾大哭。 廷標取毒酒將飲，乃散去。 兩人相謂曰：「眾情如此，吾輩惟一死自靖耳。」 是夕，運開先自經。 廷標聞之曰：「我老當先死，王乃先我。」 遂沐浴，賦詩三章，亦自經。 兩家子弟自騰越來奔喪，厝畢復返。 可望等重兩人死節，求其後，或以運開弟運閎對，即聘之。 行至潞江，謂其仆曰：「吾兄弟可異趣耶！ 吾死，若收吾骨與兄合葬。」 遂躍入江死。
Liu Tingbiao, styled Xiaci, was a native of Shanghang. Wang Yunkai, styled Zilang, was a native of Jiajiang. Tingbiao, who had entered service as a tribute student, served as vice prefect of Yongchang Prefecture. Yunkai passed the provincial examination and was appointed judicial intendant of Yongchang. During Sha Dingzhou's rebellion, Prince of Qian Mu Tianbo fled to Yongchang. When Sun Kewang and his followers entered Yunnan, they sent a fast dispatch urging Mu Tianbo to surrender. Yunkai was then serving as acting surveillance commissioner and Tingbiao as acting prefect; they had just sent troops to hold the Lancang crossing when Tianbo prepared to send his son to submit and ordered the two men to deliver their official seals. The two men firmly refused and each sent his family to flee to Tengyue. The gentry and people of Yongchang, hearing that the rebels massacred every place they reached, wept and pleaded with Yunkai to submit and avert disaster; he refused, comforted them, and sent them away. They then went to Tingbiao, who also refused, and the crowd broke into loud weeping. Tingbiao took up poisoned wine and was about to drink; only then did the crowd disperse. The two said to one another, "The people feel as they do; we have no choice but to die and bring this affair to rest. That night Yunkai hanged himself first. When Tingbiao heard, he said, "I am old and should have died first, yet Wang has gone ahead of me. He bathed, composed three poems, and hanged himself as well. The sons of both families came from Tengyue to mourn; after the burials were complete they returned. Sun Kewang and his followers, honoring the two men's martyrdom, sought out their descendants; when someone named Yunkui, Yunkai's younger brother, they immediately offered him an appointment. On the road to the Lujiang he said to his servant, "Can we brothers choose different ends? When I am dead, gather my bones and bury them with my brother's. Then he leaped into the river and died.