Volume 312 Biographies 200: Sichuan Tribal Headmen 2

播州宣慰司永寧宣撫司酉陽宣撫司石砫宣撫司

Bozhou Pacification Commissioner's Office; Yongning Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office; Youyang Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office; Shizhu Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office

播州宣慰司

The Bozhou Pacification Commissioner's Office

遵義府即播州。秦為夜郎且蘭地。漢屬牂牁。唐貞觀中，改播州。乾符初，南詔陷播，太原楊端應募復其城，為播人所懷服，歷五代，子孫世有其地。宋大觀中，楊文貴納土，置遵義軍。元世祖授楊邦憲宣慰使，賜其子漢英名賽因不花，封播國公。

Zunyi Prefecture is the former Bozhou region. In the Qin period it was the territory of Yelang and Qielan. Under the Han it fell within Zangke commandery. In the Zhenguan reign of the Tang it was redesignated Bozhou. Early in the Qianfu era, Nanzhao overran Bozhou. Yang Duan of Taiyuan answered the call to arms and recovered the city, winning the loyalty of the Bozhou people. Through the Five Dynasties his line held the region in unbroken succession. In the Daguan era of the Song, Yang Wengui surrendered his domain, and the court established the Zunyi Army there. Kublai Khan appointed Yang Bangxian Pacification Commissioner, gave his son Hanying the Mongol name Sayinbuqa, and enfeoffed him as Duke of Bo.

洪武四年平蜀，遣使諭之。五年，播州宣慰使楊鏗、同知羅琛、總管何嬰、蠻夷總管鄭瑚等，相率來歸，貢方物，納元所授金牌、銀印、銅章。詔賜鏗衣幣，仍置播州宣慰使司，鏗、琛皆仍舊職。領安撫司二，曰草塘，曰黃平；長官司六，曰真州，曰播州，曰余慶，曰白泥，曰容山，曰重安。以嬰等為長官。七年，中書省奏：「播州土地既入版圖，當收其貢賦，歲納糧二千五百石為軍儲。」帝以其率先來歸，田稅隨所入，不必以額。已，復置播州黃平宣撫司。播州江渡蠻黃安作亂，貴州衛指揮張岱討平之。八年，鏗遣其弟锜來貢，賜衣幣。自是，每三歲一入貢。十四年遣使賫敕諭鏗：「比聞爾聽浮言，生疑貳。今大軍南征，多用戰騎，宜率兵二萬、馬三千為先鋒，庶表爾誠。」十五年城播州沙溪，以官兵一千人、土兵二千人戍之。改播州宣慰司隸貴州，改黃平衛為千戶所。十七年，鏗子震卒於京，命有司歸其喪。二十年征鏗入朝，貢馬十匹。帝諭以守土保身之道，賜鈔五百錠。二十一年，播州宣慰使司並所屬宣撫司官，各遣其子來朝，請入太學，帝敕國子監官善訓導之。

When Shu was pacified in the fourth year of Hongwu, the court sent envoys to announce its will to them. In the fifth year, Bozhou Pacification Commissioner Yang Keng, Vice Commissioner Luo Chen, Chief Administrator He Ying, Barbarian Chief Administrator Zheng Hu, and others led their people in to submit. They presented local tribute and handed over the gold plaques, silver seals, and bronze seals the Yuan had granted them. An edict granted Keng robes and silks, restored the Bozhou Pacification Commissioner's Office, and confirmed Keng and Chen in their former offices. It oversaw two Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Offices, Caotang and Huangping; and six Native Official Offices: Zhenzhou, Bozhou, Yuqing, Baini, Rongshan, and Chong'an. He Ying and the others were appointed native officials. In the seventh year the Secretariat memorialized: "Now that Bozhou has been brought within the realm, its tribute and taxes should be collected. It ought to deliver two thousand five hundred piculs of grain each year for military stores. Because they had been the first to submit, the Emperor ruled that their land tax should follow whatever they actually produced and need not meet a fixed quota. Later the Bozhou Huangping Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office was restored. The Bozhou Jiangdu tribesman Huang An rose in revolt. Zhang Dai, commander of Guizhou Guard, put down the disturbance. In the eighth year Keng sent his younger brother Qi to court with tribute, and the court granted robes and silks. From then on they presented tribute once every three years. In the fourteenth year envoys were sent with an edict to Keng: "We have lately heard that you lend ear to idle rumors and are growing doubtful and disloyal. The great army is now campaigning in the south and needs many war horses. You should lead twenty thousand troops and three thousand horses as the vanguard, so that your loyalty may be plain. In the fifteenth year a walled post was built at Shaxi in Bozhou and garrisoned with one thousand regular troops and two thousand native levies. The Bozhou Pacification Commissioner's Office was placed under Guizhou, and Huangping Guard was reduced to a battalion. In the seventeenth year Keng's son Zhen died in the capital, and the court ordered the authorities to return his body for burial. In the twentieth year Keng was summoned to court, where he presented ten horses as tribute. The Emperor lectured him on how to hold his territory and keep himself safe, and granted him five hundred ingots of paper money. In the twenty-first year the officials of the Bozhou Pacification Commissioner's Office and its subordinate Pacification Assistant offices each sent their sons to court and asked that they enter the Imperial Academy. The Emperor ordered the Directorate of Education to instruct them properly.

永樂四年免播州荒田租，設重安長官司，隸播州宣慰司，以張佛保為長官，以佛保嘗招輯重安蠻民向化故也。七年，宣慰使楊升招諭草塘、黃平、重安所轄當科、葛雍等十二寨蠻人來歸。宣德三年，升賀萬壽節後期，禮部議予半賞。帝以道遠，勿奪其賜。七年，草塘所屬谷亻散等四十一寨蠻作亂，總兵陳懷剿撫之，旋定。

In the fourth year of Yongle, rent on Bozhou wasteland was remitted. The Chong'an Native Official Office was established under the Bozhou Pacification Commissioner's Office, with Zhang Fobao as native official, because he had once won over and settled the Chong'an tribes. In the seventh year Pacification Commissioner Yang Sheng summoned and persuaded the tribes of twelve stockades under Caotang, Huangping, and Chong'an, including Dangke and Geyong, to submit. In the third year of Xuande, Sheng arrived late for the imperial birthday audience. The Ministry of Rites proposed granting only half the usual reward. The Emperor, mindful of the distance, ordered that his full reward not be withheld. In the seventh year the tribes of forty-one stockades under Caotang, including Gusai, rose in revolt. Grand Commander Chen Huai suppressed and pacified them, and order was soon restored.

正統十四年，宣慰使楊綱老疾，以其子輝代。景泰三年，輝奏：「湖、貴所轄臻、剖、五坌等苗賊，糾合草塘、江渡諸苗黃龍、韋保等，殺掠人民，屢撫復叛，乞調兵征剿，以靖民患。」帝命總督王來、總兵梁缶等，會同四川巡撫剿之。七年，調輝兵征銅鼓、五開叛苗，賜敕頒賞。

In the fourteenth year of Zhengtong, Pacification Commissioner Yang Gang, aged and infirm, had his son Hui act in his stead. In the third year of Jingtai, Hui memorialized: "The Miao rebels in the domains of Huguang and Guizhou, including Zhen, Pou, and Wuben, have joined Huang Long, Wei Bao, and others from Caotang and Jiangdu in killing and plundering the people. Though repeatedly pacified they rebel again. I beg that troops be sent to campaign against them and end the people's suffering. The Emperor ordered Grand Coordinator Wang Lai, Grand Commander Liang Fou, and others, together with the Sichuan grand coordinator, to suppress them. In the seventh year Hui's troops were mobilized against the rebellious Miao of Tonggu and Wukai, and the court issued an edict with rewards.

成化十年以播州賊賫果等屢歲為患，敕責川、貴鎮巡官。正統末，苗蠻聚眾寇邊，土官同知羅宏奏，輝有疾，乞以其子愛代。帝命愛襲職，仍敕愛即率兵從總兵官剿賊。先是，輝奏所屬夭壩幹地五十三寨及重安所轄灣溪等寨，屢被苗蠻占據，乞令湖、貴會兵征之。命如輝言。部議以愛年幼，請仍起輝暫理軍事。又以輝難獨任，宜敕都御史張瓚親至播州督理，勵輝等振揚威武，以備征調，其機宜悉聽瓚裁處。

In the tenth year of Chenghua, because the Bozhou rebel Ziguo and his followers had troubled the region for years, an edict rebuked the frontier officials of Sichuan and Guizhou. Late in Zhengtong, Miao and other tribesmen gathered to raid the frontier. Native Vice Commissioner Luo Hong memorialized that Hui was ill and asked that his son Ai succeed him. The Emperor ordered Ai to inherit the office and commanded him at once to lead troops with the grand commander against the rebels. Earlier Hui had memorialized that fifty-three stockades at Yaobagan in his domain and stockades such as Wanxi under Chong'an had repeatedly been seized by Miao tribes, and asked that Huguang and Guizhou join forces to campaign against them. The court approved Hui's request. The ministry proposed that because Ai was young, Hui should be recalled temporarily to manage military affairs. Because Hui could hardly manage alone, the court also ordered Censor-in-Chief Zhang Zan to go in person to Bozhou to supervise, urged Hui and his men to show martial vigor in readiness for mobilization, and left all operational decisions to Zhang Zan's discretion.

十二年，瓚督諸軍及輝攻敗灣溪、夭壩幹地諸苗，凡破山寨十六，斬首四百九十六級，撫男婦九千八百余口。事下兵部，以苗就撫者多，宜量為處分。瓚議設安寧宣撫司，並懷遠、宣化二長官司，建靖南、龍場二堡，命輝董其役。輝調兵民五千余，立治所，委所屬黃平諸長官，分甓城垣。將竣，輝因奏：「各寨苗蠻，近頗知懼，但大軍還後，難保無虞。播州向設操守土兵一千五百人，今撥守懷遠、靖南、夭漂、龍場各二百人，宣化百人，安寧六百人，其家屬宜徙之同居，為固守計。其工之未畢者，宜命臣子愛董之，而聽臣致仕如故。」詔從之。時灣溪既立安寧宣撫，爛土諸蠻惡其逼，遂引賫果等攻陷夭漂、靖南城堡，圍安寧。愛新襲，力弗能支，求援於川、貴二鎮。兵部奏起輝再統兵剿之，又敕川、貴兵為助。十五年，貴州巡撫陳儼奏：「苗賊賫果轉橫，乞調川、湖等官軍五萬五千，剋期會貴州，聽儼節制。」兵部言：「賊作於四川，而貴州守臣自欲節制諸軍，恐有邀功之人主之。且興師五萬，以半年計，須軍儲十三萬五千石，山路險峻，輸運之夫須二十七萬眾，況天將暑，瘴癘可虞。」帝然其奏。

In the twelfth year Zhang directed the armies and, with Hui, defeated the Miao of Wanxi, Yaobagan, and other places. Sixteen mountain stockades were taken, four hundred ninety-six heads were cut off, and more than nine thousand eight hundred men and women were pacified. The matter went to the Ministry of War, which held that because many Miao had submitted, they should be dealt with according to circumstances. Zhang proposed establishing the Anning Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office, together with the Huaiyuan and Xuanhua Native Official Offices, and building the forts at Jingnan and Longchang. Hui was ordered to oversee the work. Hui mobilized more than five thousand soldiers and civilians, established administrative seats, assigned the Huangping native officials under him, and divided the work of building the city walls. As the work neared completion, Hui memorialized: "The Miao of the various stockades have lately grown somewhat fearful, but once the main army withdraws we cannot be sure there will be no trouble. Bozhou had formerly maintained one thousand five hundred garrison native troops. I propose posting two hundred at each of Huaiyuan, Jingnan, Yaopiao, and Longchang, one hundred at Xuanhua, and six hundred at Anning, and moving their families to live with them as a plan for firm defense. For work not yet finished, my son Ai should oversee it, while I am permitted to retire as before. An edict approved his request. By then Wanxi had established the Anning Pacification Assistant Commission, and the Lantu tribes, resenting the pressure, induced Ziguo and others to storm the forts at Yaopiao and Jingnan and besiege Anning. Ai had only recently inherited the office and could not hold out. He sought aid from the frontier commands of Sichuan and Guizhou. The Ministry of War memorialized to recall Hui to command troops again, and also ordered Sichuan and Guizhou troops to assist. In the fifteenth year Guizhou Grand Coordinator Chen Yan memorialized: "The Miao rebel Ziguo grows ever more rampant. I beg that fifty-five thousand regular troops from Sichuan, Huguang, and elsewhere be mobilized to assemble in Guizhou on a set date under my command. The Ministry of War replied: "The rebels arose in Sichuan, yet the Guizhou official himself wishes to command all the armies. I fear someone eager for credit is steering the campaign. Moreover, raising fifty thousand troops for half a year would require one hundred thirty-five thousand piculs of grain. The mountain roads are steep and dangerous and would need two hundred seventy thousand transport laborers. Summer is coming, and miasma is to be feared." The Emperor approved the ministry's memorial.

二十二年，愛兄宣撫楊友訐奏愛，帝命刑部侍郎何喬新往勘。二十三年，喬新奏：「輝在日，溺其庶子友，欲令承襲，長官張淵阿順之。安撫宋韜謂楊氏家法，立嗣以嫡，愛宜立。輝不得已立愛，又欲割地以授友，謀於淵，因以夭壩幹乃本州懷遠故地，為生苗所據，請兵取之。容山長官韓瑄以土民安輯日久，不宜征。淵與輝計執瑄，杖殺之。前巡撫張瓚受輝賂，以其地設安寧宣撫司，冒以友任宣撫。輝立券，以所有金玉、服用、莊田召諸子均分之。輝沒，淵乃與友潛謀刺愛，淵弟深亦與謀，不果，友遂奏愛居處器用僭擬朝廷，又通唐府，密書往來，私習兵法、天文，謀不軌，事皆誣。」帝命斬淵、深。以愛信讒薄兄，友因公擅殺，且謀嫡，盜官錢，皆有罪。愛贖復任，友遷保寧羈管，仍敕喬新從宜處治。

In the twenty-second year Ai's elder brother, Pacification Assistant Commissioner Yang You, accused Ai in a petition. The Emperor ordered Vice Minister of Justice He Qiaoxin to investigate. In the twenty-third year Qiaoxin memorialized: "While Hui was alive he favored his son by a concubine, You, and wished him to inherit. Native Official Zhang Yuan flattered and supported this plan. Pacification Assistant Commissioner Song Tao said that by Yang family law the heir must be the son of the principal wife, and that Ai ought to succeed. Hui had no choice but to establish Ai, yet also wished to carve off land for You. He plotted with Yuan, claiming that Yaobagan was former Huaiyuan territory now held by unsubdued Miao, and asked for troops to seize it. Rongshan Native Official Han Xuan argued that the native people had long been settled and that a campaign was inappropriate. Yuan and Hui plotted together, seized Xuan, and beat him to death. Former Grand Coordinator Zhang Zan had accepted bribes from Hui, established the Anning Pacification Assistant Commission on that land, and falsely appointed You as Pacification Assistant Commissioner. Hui drew up a deed calling his sons to divide equally all his gold and jade, clothing and furnishings, and estates. After Hui died, Yuan secretly plotted with You to assassinate Ai. Yuan's younger brother Shen joined the plot, but it failed. You then memorialized that Ai's dwelling and furnishings imitated the court, that he communicated with the Princedom of Tang, exchanged secret letters, and privately studied military arts and astronomy in a plot of rebellion—all false. The Emperor ordered Yuan and Shen beheaded. Ai was guilty for believing slander and treating his elder brother harshly. You was guilty for killing without authority on official business, plotting against the legitimate heir, and embezzling official funds. Ai paid a fine and resumed office. You was transferred to detention at Baoning. Qiaoxin was still ordered to dispose of the matter as he saw fit.

正德二年升播州宣慰使楊斌為四川按察使，仍理宣慰事。舊制，土官有功，賜衣帶，或旌賞部眾，無列銜方面者。斌狡橫，不受兩司節制，諷安撫羅忠等上其平普安等戰功，重賂劉瑾，得之。逾年，巡按御史俞緇言不宜授，乃裁之，仍原職。初，友既編置保寧，愛益恣，厚斂以賄中貴，征取友向所居凱裏地者獨苛。同知楊才居安寧，乘之，朘剝尤甚，諸苗憤怨。凱裏民為友奏復官，弗得，乃潛入保寧，以友還，糾眾作亂，攻播州，焚愛居第及公私廨宇略盡，遂殺才，多所殘戮。愛屢奏於朝，帝命鎮巡官調兵征之。會友死，遂緩師。已而鎮巡官言：「友子弘能悔過自新，且善撫馭，蠻眾願聽其約束。其前為友所焚殺者，俱已隨土俗折償，且還所侵奪於官。乞授弘冠帶為土舍，協同播州經歷司撫輯諸蠻。其家眾置保寧者仍歸之，隸播州管轄。並諭斌與弘協和，不得再造釁端。」報可。未幾，播州安撫宋淮奏：「貴州凱口爛土苗婚於凱裏草塘諸寨，陰相構結，誘出苗為亂。乞賜斌敕，令每年巡視邊境，會湖廣鎮巡官撫處。」部議，土官向無領敕出巡者。諭斌宜撫綏土眾，輯睦親族，以副朝廷優待之意。因授致仕宣慰愛為昭毅將軍，給誥命，賜麒麟服。時斌又為其父請進階及服色，禮科駁之，以服色等威所系，不可假。兵部以愛舊有剿賊功，皆許之。斌復為其子相請入學，並得賜冠帶。

In the second year of Zhengde, Bozhou Pacification Commissioner Yang Bin was promoted to Sichuan Surveillance Commissioner while continuing to administer Pacification Commissioner affairs. By longstanding practice, when native officials performed meritorious service they were granted robes and belts, or their followers were rewarded. None had been given provincial rank. Bin was crafty and overbearing and would not accept control by the provincial commissions. He induced Pacification Assistant Commissioners Luo Zhong and others to memorialize his merit in pacifying Pu'an and other places, bribed Liu Jin heavily, and obtained the post. The next year Investigating Censor Yu Zi argued that the appointment was inappropriate. It was revoked and Bin retained his former office. Earlier, after You had been assigned to Baoning, Ai grew ever more unrestrained. He levied heavily to bribe palace eunuchs and was especially harsh in collecting the Kaili lands You had formerly held. Vice Commissioner Yang Cai dwelt at Anning and took advantage of the situation, stripping and exploiting the people all the more. The various Miao tribes grew angry and resentful. The people of Kaili petitioned for You to be restored to office but failed. They then secretly entered Baoning and brought You back, gathered a crowd in revolt, attacked Bozhou, burned Ai's residence and nearly all public and private offices, killed Cai, and slaughtered many others. Ai repeatedly memorialized the court. The Emperor ordered frontier officials to mobilize troops against them. When You died, the campaign was suspended. Thereafter frontier officials reported: "You's son Hong can repent and reform, and governs well. The tribal peoples are willing to accept his authority. Those earlier burned and killed in You's revolt have all been compensated according to native custom, and seized property has been returned to the authorities. I beg that Hong be granted robes and belt as native steward to assist the Bozhou Registrar's Office in pacifying the tribes. His household and followers placed at Baoning should return to him under Bozhou jurisdiction. Bin and Hong should also be instructed to live in harmony and not create trouble again. The court approved. Before long Bozhou Pacification Assistant Commissioner Song Huai memorialized: "The Miao of Guizhou's Kaikou and Lantu have married into the stockades of Kaili and Caotang, secretly conspire together, and lure tribesmen out to rebel. I beg that an edict be granted to Bin ordering him to inspect the frontier each year and meet with Huguang frontier officials to pacify matters. The ministry deliberated that native officials had never before been granted edicts to go out on inspection tours. Bin was instructed to pacify the native peoples and keep his kin harmonious, in keeping with the court's favor. Thereupon the retired Pacification Commissioner Ai was appointed General of Manifest Valor, given a patent of appointment, and granted kylin-pattern robes. At the time Bin also requested advancement in rank and insignia for his father. The Rites Section rejected this, holding that robes and insignia bear on authority and cannot be granted casually. The Ministry of War, citing Ai's earlier merit in suppressing rebels, approved all the requests. Bin again asked that his son Xiang enter the Imperial Academy, and he too was granted robes and belt.

十二年，播州安撫羅忠、宋淮等奏：「斌有父喪，欲援文臣例守制，但邊防為重，乞仍令掌印理事。」初，楊弘既歸凱裏，與重安土舍馮綸等有怨。弘卒，綸等誘苗蠻攻之，更相仇殺，侵軼貴州境。巡撫鄒文盛言狀，且請移文四川，會官撫處，逾歲不報。文盛乃遣參議蔡潮入播州，督致仕楊斌撫平之。因言：「宜復安寧宣撫，俾弘子弟襲之。斌未衰，宜仍起任事，以制諸蠻寨。潮有撫蠻勞，宜量擢。」兵部議：「安寧已革不可復，斌子既代，亦不可起。土官應襲與否，屬四川，非黔所得專。盛所請難行，而功不可誣。」十六年賜斌蟒衣玉帶。

In the twelfth year Bozhou Pacification Assistant Commissioners Luo Zhong, Song Huai, and others memorialized: "Bin is in mourning for his father and wishes to follow the civil officials' rule of observing mourning, but frontier defense is paramount. I beg that he still be allowed to hold the seal and manage affairs. Earlier, after Yang Hong had returned to Kaili, he had fallen out with Chong'an native steward Feng Lun and others. When Hong died, Lun and others induced Miao tribes to attack. They killed one another in turn and raided into Guizhou territory. Grand Coordinator Zou Wensheng reported the situation and asked that a dispatch be sent to Sichuan for officials to meet and pacify matters. For more than a year there was no reply. Wensheng then sent Participant Secretary Cai Chao into Bozhou to supervise the retired Yang Bin in pacifying the disturbance. He therefore proposed: "The Anning Pacification Assistant Commission should be restored and Hong's sons and younger brothers allowed to inherit it. Bin is not yet infirm and should be recalled to office to control the various tribal stockades. Chao has merit in pacifying the tribes and should receive a measured promotion. The Ministry of War replied: "Anning has already been abolished and cannot be restored. Bin's son has already succeeded, and Bin likewise cannot be recalled. Whether native officials should inherit is a matter for Sichuan, not something Guizhou may decide on its own. Sheng's requests could not be granted, but his merit could not be denied." In the sixteenth year Bin was granted python-pattern robes and a jade belt.

嘉靖元年賜播州儒學《四書集註》，從宣慰楊相奏也。弘既死，其弟張求襲職不得，時盜邊，劫白泥司印信，復與相構兵。守臣乞改凱裏屬貴州，以張為土知州解釋之。兵部議：「張習父兄之惡，幸免於辜；敢肆然執印信以要挾，當命川、貴守臣按其前後爭產殺人諸罪，置於理。若張悔過輸情，還所獲印，尚可量授一官，聽調殺賊以自效。倘或怙終，必誅以為玩法戒。」既，遂許張襲宣撫，而改安寧為凱裏，隸貴川。初，楊相之祖父皆以嫡庶相爭，梯禍數世。至是，相復寵庶子煦。嫡子烈母張，悍甚，與烈盜兵逐相，相走，客死水西。烈求父屍，宣慰安萬銓因要挾水煙、天旺故地，而後予屍，烈陽許之。及相喪還，烈靳地不予，遂與水西構難，又殺其長官王黻。時嘉靖二十三年也。烈既代襲，遂與黻黨李保治兵相攻，垂十年，總督馮嶽調總兵石邦憲討平之。真州苗盧阿項者亦久稱亂，邦憲以兵七千擊敗之。有言賊求援於播者，邦憲曰：「吾方調水西兵，聲揚烈助逆罪，烈暇救人乎。」已，擒阿項父子，斬獲四百余人。初，嘉靖初，議分凱裏屬貴州，既，又以播地多在貴州境，並改屬思石兵備。及真州盜平，地方安靖，播人以為非便。川、貴守臣異議不決，命總督會勘。總督奏，仍以播歸四川，而貴州思石兵備仍兼制播、酉、平、邑諸土司事，報可。

In the first year of Jiajing the Bozhou Confucian school was granted Zhu Xi's Collected Commentaries on the Four Books, at Pacification Commissioner Yang Xiang's request. After Hong died, his younger brother Zhang sought to inherit the office but failed. He then raided the frontier, seized the seals of the Baini Commission, and again made war on Xiang. Frontier officials asked that Kaili be transferred to Guizhou and that Zhang be appointed native prefect to settle the matter. The Ministry of War replied: "Zhang has learned his father and elder brother's wickedness and narrowly escaped punishment. Yet he dares openly seize seals to extort the court. Sichuan and Guizhou frontier officials should be ordered to investigate his crimes of property disputes and murder and bring him to justice. If Zhang repents sincerely and returns the seized seals, he may still be granted a modest office and allowed to prove himself by campaigning against rebels. If he persists, he must be executed as a warning against defying the law. Thereafter Zhang was allowed to inherit the Pacification Assistant Commission, Anning was redesignated Kaili, and it was placed under Guizhou. Earlier, Xiang's grandfather and father had all fought over succession between legitimate and illegitimate lines, piling calamity on the family for generations. By then Xiang again favored his son by a concubine, Xu. The principal wife of the legitimate son Lie, née Zhang, was fierce. She and Lie raised troops to drive Xiang out. Xiang fled and died as a guest in Shuixi. Lie sought his father's body. Pacification Assistant Commissioner An Wanquan used this to extort the former lands of Shuiyan and Tianwang and only then surrendered the corpse. Lie pretended to agree. When Xiang's funeral procession returned, Lie withheld the land. He then fell out with Shuixi and killed Native Official Wang Fu. This was in the twenty-third year of Jiajing. After Lie inherited the office, he and Fu's follower Li Bao raised troops against each other for nearly ten years. Grand Coordinator Feng Yue mobilized Grand Commander Shi Bangxian to put down the disturbance. The Zhenzhou Miao leader Lu Axiang had also long been in rebellion. Bangxian defeated him with seven thousand troops. Some said the rebels sought aid from Bozhou. Bangxian said: "I am mobilizing Shuixi troops and will proclaim Lie's crime of aiding rebels. Would Lie have leisure to save anyone else? Thereafter Axiang and his son were captured, and more than four hundred were killed or taken. Early in Jiajing it was proposed to assign Kaili to Guizhou. Later, because most Bozhou territory lay within Guizhou, it was also placed under the Sishi military circuit. When the Zhenzhou rebels were pacified and the region grew calm, the people of Bozhou found the arrangement inconvenient. Sichuan and Guizhou frontier officials disagreed and no decision was reached. The grand coordinator was ordered to investigate jointly. The grand coordinator memorialized that Bozhou should return to Sichuan, while Guizhou's Sishi military circuit should still oversee the tribal domains of Bo, You, Ping, and Yi. The court approved.

隆慶五年，烈死，子應龍請襲，命予職。萬歷元年給應龍宣慰使敕書。八年賜故宣慰楊烈祭葬，從應龍請也。十四年，應龍獻大木七十，材美，賜飛魚服，又復引其祖斌賜蟒例。部議，以斌有軍功，且出特恩，未可為比。帝命以都指揮使銜授應龍。

In the fifth year of Longqing, Lie died. His son Yinglong requested inheritance and was granted the office. In the first year of Wanli, Yinglong was granted the patent of Pacification Commissioner. In the eighth year the former Pacification Commissioner Yang Lie was granted state funeral rites, at Yinglong's request. In the fourteenth year Yinglong presented seventy great timbers of fine quality and was granted flying-fish-pattern robes. He again cited the precedent of his grandfather Bin receiving python robes. The ministry held that because Bin's grant had been for military merit and was a special grace, it could not serve as precedent. The Emperor ordered Yinglong granted the rank of regional commander.

十八年，貴州巡撫葉夢熊疏論應龍兇惡諸事，巡按陳效歷數應龍二十四大罪。時方防禦松潘，調播州土兵協守，四川巡按李化龍疏請暫免勘問，俾應龍戴罪圖功。由是，川、貴撫按疏辨，在蜀者謂應龍無可勘之罪，在黔者謂蜀有私匿應龍之心。於是給事中張希臯等，以事屬重大，兩省利害，豈漫不相關者，乞從公會勘，無執成心。十九年，夢熊主議，播州所轄五司改土為流，悉屬重慶，與化龍意復相左。化龍遂引嫌求斥。蓋應龍本雄猜，阻兵嗜殺，所轄五司七姓悉叛離。嬖妾田屠妻張氏，並及其母。妻叔張時照與所部何恩、宋世臣等上變，告應龍反。夢熊請發兵剿之，蜀中士大夫悉謂蜀三面鄰播，屬裔以什伯數，皆其彈壓，且兵驍勇，數征調有功，剪除未為長策。以故，蜀撫按並主撫。朝議命勘，應龍願赴蜀，不赴黔。

In the eighteenth year Guizhou Grand Coordinator Ye Mengxiong memorialized on Yinglong's vicious conduct. Investigating Censor Chen Xiao enumerated twenty-four major charges against him. At the time the frontier was defending Songpan and Bozhou native troops were mobilized to assist. Sichuan Investigating Censor Li Hualong asked that the investigation be suspended temporarily so Yinglong might perform merit while bearing guilt. Thereupon Sichuan and Guizhou officials memorialized in dispute. Those in Shu said Yinglong had committed no crime worth investigating. Those in Qian said Shu wished privately to shield him. Supervising Secretary Zhang Xigao and others then argued that the matter was grave and the interests of the two provinces closely linked. They asked for a fair joint investigation without fixed prejudice. In the nineteenth year Mengxiong led deliberation to convert the five commissions under Bozhou from native to regular administration, all subordinate to Chongqing, again contrary to Hualong's view. Hualong then cited conflict of interest and asked to be dismissed. Yinglong was by nature fierce and suspicious, kept troops and loved killing, and the five commissions and seven clans under him all rebelled and left him. His favorite concubine Tian murdered his wife, née Zhang, and his mother as well. His wife's uncle Zhang Shizhao, together with He En, Song Shichen, and others of his following, submitted an urgent report accusing Yinglong of rebellion. Mengxiong asked to send troops to suppress him. The gentry of Shu argued that Shu bordered Bozhou on three sides, with dependent tribes numbering in the tens and hundreds all under its control. Its troops were fierce and had repeatedly performed well when mobilized. To destroy it was not a sound long-term plan. For this reason Sichuan grand coordinators and censors all favored pacification. The court ordered an investigation. Yinglong was willing to go to Shu but not to Qian.

二十年，應龍詣重慶對簿，坐法當斬，請以二萬金贖。御史張鶴鳴方駁問，會倭大入朝鮮，征天下兵，應龍因奏辨，且願將五千兵征倭自贖，詔釋之。兵已啟行，尋報罷。巡撫王繼光至，嚴提勘結，應龍抗不出。張時照等復詣奏闕下，繼光用兵之議遂決。二十一年，繼光至重慶，與總兵劉承嗣等分兵三道進婁山關，屯白石口。應龍佯約降，而統苗兵據關沖擊。承嗣兵敗，殺傷大半。會繼光論罷，即撤兵，委棄輜重略盡。黔師協剿，亦無功。時四川新撫譚希忠與貴州鎮、撫再議剿，御史薛繼茂主撫。應龍上書自白，遣其黨攜金入京行間，執原奏何恩詣綦江縣。

In the twentieth year Yinglong came to Chongqing for trial. By law he deserved execution and offered twenty thousand taels of gold to ransom himself. Censor Zhang Heming was cross-examining him when the Japanese invaded Korea in force and troops were mobilized empire-wide. Yinglong memorialized in his defense and offered to lead five thousand troops against Japan to redeem himself. An edict released him. The troops had already set out when orders soon came to halt the campaign. Grand Coordinator Wang Jiguang arrived and strictly demanded that the investigation be concluded. Yinglong resisted and would not appear. Zhang Shizhao and others again memorialized at court, and Jiguang's proposal to use troops was approved. In the twenty-first year Jiguang reached Chongqing and, with Grand Commander Liu Chengsi and others, divided troops into three columns advancing on Loushan Pass and encamped at Baishikou. Yinglong feigned agreement to surrender but gathered Miao troops to hold the pass and attack. Chengsi's army was defeated and more than half were killed or wounded. When Jiguang was dismissed through censure, the army was at once withdrawn and nearly all baggage was abandoned. Guizhou troops assisting the campaign also achieved nothing. The new Sichuan grand coordinator Tan Xizhong and Guizhou commanders and coordinators again deliberated suppression. Censor Xue Jimao favored pacification. Yinglong memorialized in his own defense, sent followers with gold to the capital to bribe officials, and seized the original accuser He En and brought him to Qijiang County.

二十二年，以兵部侍郎刑玠總督貴州。二十三年，玠至蜀，察永寧、酉陽皆應龍姻媾，而黃平、白泥久為仇仇，宜剪其枝黨。乃檄應龍，謂當待以不死。會水西宣慰安疆臣請父國亨恤典，兵部尚書石星手劄示疆臣，趣應龍就吏得貰，疆臣奉劄至播招應龍。時七姓恐應龍出得除罪，而四方亡命竄匿其間，又幸龍反，因以為利，驛傳文移，輒從中阻。玠檄重慶知府王士琦詣綦江，趣應龍安穩聽勘。應龍使弟兆龍至安穩，治郵舍，儲糒叩頭郊迎，致餼牽如禮，言：「應龍縛渠魁，待罪松坎。所不敢至安穩者，恐墮安穩仇民不測禍也，幸請至松坎受事。」士琦曰，「松坎亦曩奏勘地。」即單騎往。應龍果面縛道旁，泣請死罪，願執罪人，獻罰金，得自比安國亨。國亨者，曩亦被訐懼罪不出界，故應龍引之。士琦為請於玠，許之，應龍乃縛獻黃元等十二人。案驗，抵應龍斬，論贖，輸四萬金助采木，仍革職，以子朝棟代，次子可棟羈府追贖，黃元等斬重慶市，總督以聞。時倭氛未靖，兵部欲緩應龍，事東方，朝廷亦以應龍向有積勞，可其奏，於松坎設同知治焉，以士琦為川東兵備副使彈治之。應龍獲寬，益怙終不悛。尋可棟死於重慶，益痛恨。促喪歸不得，復檄完贖，大言曰：「吾子活，銀即至矣。」擁兵驅千余僧招魂去。分遣土目，署關據險。厚撫諸苗，名其健者為硬手；州人稍殷厚者，沒入其貲以養苗。苗人鹹願為出死力。

In the twenty-second year Vice Minister of War Xing Jie was appointed grand coordinator of Guizhou. In the twenty-third year Jie reached Shu and observed that Yongning and Youyang were allied to Yinglong by marriage, while Huangping and Baini had long been his bitter enemies. He decided to cut off Yinglong's branch allies. He then sent a dispatch to Yinglong saying his life would be spared. Shuixi Pacification Commissioner An Jiangchen had requested funeral honors for his father Guoheng. Minister of War Shi Xing sent Jiangchen a personal note urging that if Yinglong submitted to judgment he could be ransomed. Jiangchen brought the note to Bozhou to summon Yinglong. The seven clans feared that if Yinglong submitted he would be cleared. Fugitives from all directions hid among them and hoped he would rebel, profiting from the chaos. Relay dispatches were repeatedly intercepted. Jie dispatched Chongqing Prefect Wang Shiqi to Qijiang to urge Yinglong to come peacefully to Anwen and submit to investigation. Yinglong sent his younger brother Zhaolong to Anwen to prepare relay lodges, store grain, kowtow in welcome at the suburbs, and present gifts according to ritual, saying: "Yinglong has bound the ringleaders and awaits judgment at Songkan. He dares not come to Anwen for fear of harm from hostile locals there. He begs to be allowed to submit at Songkan. Shiqi said, "Songkan is also territory long designated for investigation." He at once rode there alone. Yinglong had indeed bound himself by the roadside. Weeping, he begged for death, offered to hand over the guilty, pay a fine, and be treated like An Guoheng. Guoheng had also once been accused, feared punishment, and would not leave his border. Yinglong cited him for that reason. Shiqi pleaded with Jie, who approved. Yinglong then bound and presented Huang Yuan and twelve others. On examination Yinglong merited execution. He was ransomed, paid forty thousand taels of gold to assist timber procurement, and was dismissed from office. His son Chaodong succeeded him, while his second son Kedong was detained in the prefecture until ransom was paid. Huang Yuan and others were beheaded in the Chongqing market. The grand coordinator reported upward. The Japanese threat was not yet settled. The Ministry of War wished to ease matters with Yinglong and attend to the east. The court also approved, citing Yinglong's long service. An assistant prefect was established at Songkan to govern the area, with Shiqi made eastern Sichuan military vice commissioner to restrain him. Yinglong obtained leniency and grew all the more obstinate and unrepentant. Soon Kedong died in Chongqing, and his hatred deepened. He was urged to return the body but could not. A dispatch again demanded completion of the ransom. He declared loudly: "If my son lives, the silver will come at once. He led troops and drove more than a thousand monks away to conduct the funeral rites. He dispatched native headmen to garrison passes and hold strategic points. He treated the various Miao generously and named the strongest among them "hard hands." Those among the prefecture people who were somewhat wealthy had their property confiscated to support the Miao. The Miao were all willing to fight to the death for him.

二十四年，應龍殘余慶，掠大阡、都壩，焚劫草塘、余慶二司及興隆、都勻各衛。又遣其黨圍黃平，戮重安長官家，勢復大熾。二十五年流劫江津及南川，臨合江，索其仇袁子升，縋城下，磔之。時兵備王士琦調征倭，應龍益統苗兵，大掠貴州洪頭、高坪、新村諸屯。已，又侵湖廣四十八屯，阻塞驛站。诇原奏仇民宋世臣、羅承恩等挈家匿偏橋衛，襲破之。大索城中，戮其父母，淫其妻女，備極慘酷。

In the twenty-fourth year Yinglong ravaged Yuqing, plundered Daqian and Duba, and burned and looted the Caotang and Yuqing commissions and the guards of Xinglong and Duyun. He again sent his followers to besiege Huangping and slaughter the family of the Chong'an native official. His power flared up once more. In the twenty-fifth year he raided Jiangjin and Nanchuan, approached Hejiang, demanded his enemy Yuan Zisheng, had him lowered from the wall, and dismembered him. Military Vice Commissioner Wang Shiqi had been mobilized against Japan. Yinglong gathered Miao troops and greatly plundered the colonies of Hongtou, Gaoping, Xincun, and others in Guizhou. Thereafter he invaded Huguang's forty-eight colonies and blocked the relay stations. Learning that his original accusers Song Shichen, Luo Chengen, and others had brought their families to hide in Pianqiao Guard, he attacked and overran it. He searched the city thoroughly, killed their parents, violated their wives and daughters, and was cruel beyond measure.

二十七年，貴州巡撫江東之令都司楊國柱部卒三千剿應龍，奪三百落。賊佯北，誘師殲焉，國柱等盡死。東之罷，以郭子章代，而起李化龍節制川、湖、貴州諸軍事，調東征諸將劉綎、麻貴、陳璘、董一元南征。時應龍乘大兵未集，勒兵犯綦江。城中新募兵不滿三千，賊兵八萬奄至，遊擊張良賢巷戰死，綦江陷。應龍盡殺城中人，投屍蔽江，水為赤。益結九股生苗及黑腳苗等為助，屯官壩，聲窺蜀。已，遂焚東坡、爛橋，楚、黔路梗。

In the twenty-seventh year Guizhou Grand Coordinator Jiang Dongzhi ordered Regional Commander Yang Guozhu with three thousand troops against Yinglong. They seized three hundred settlements. The rebels feigned a retreat north, lured the army into an ambush, and destroyed it. Guozhu and the others all died. Dongzhi was dismissed and replaced by Guo Zizhang. Li Hualong was appointed to direct military affairs in Sichuan, Huguang, and Guizhou. The eastern campaign generals Liu Ting, Ma Gui, Chen Lin, and Dong Yiyuan were mobilized for the southern campaign. While the main army had not yet assembled, Yinglong led troops to invade Qijiang. The newly recruited garrison numbered fewer than three thousand. Eighty thousand rebel troops suddenly arrived. Guerrilla Commander Zhang Liangxian died fighting in the streets, and Qijiang fell. Yinglong killed everyone in the city and cast corpses into the river until the water turned red. He further enlisted the nine-stockade raw Miao, the Black-Foot Miao, and others, encamped at Guanba, and threatened to invade Shu. Thereafter he burned Dongpo and Lanqiao, blocking the routes between Huguang and Guizhou.

二十八年，應龍五道並出，破龍泉司。時總督李化龍已移駐重慶，征兵大集，遂以二月十二月誓師，分八路進。每路約三萬人，官兵三之，土司七之，旗鼓甲仗森列，苗大驚。總兵劉綎破其前鋒，楊朝棟僅以身免，賊膽落。遂連克桑木、烏江、河渡三關，奪天都、三百落諸囤。賊連敗，乃乘隙突犯烏江，詐稱水西隴澄會哨，誘永順兵，斷橋，淹死將卒無算。尋綎破九盤，入婁山關。關為賊前門，萬峰插天，中通一線。綎從間道攀藤毀柵入，陷焉。四月朔，師屯白石，應龍率諸苗決死戰。綎親勒騎沖中堅，分兩翼夾擊，敗之。追奔至養馬城，連破龍爪、海雲險囤，壓海龍囤，賊所倚天險，謂飛鳥騰猿不能逾者。時偏沅師已破青蛇囤，安疆臣亦奪落濛關，至大水田，焚桃溪莊。賊見勢急，父子相抱哭，上囤死守，每路投降文緩師。總兵吳廣入崖門關，營水牛塘，與賊力戰三日，卻之。賊詭令婦人於囤上拜表痛哭云：「田氏且降。」復訴為應龍仰藥死報廣，廣輕信按兵。已，覘賊詐，益厲兵攻，燒二關，奪賊樵汲路。八路師大集海龍囤，遂築長圍，更番叠攻。賊知必死。會化龍聞父喪，詔以缞墨視師。化龍念賊前囤險不能越，令馬孔英率兵並力攻其後。天苦雨，將士馳泥淖中苦戰。六月四日，天忽霽，綎先士卒，克土城。應龍益迫，散金募死士拒戰，無應者。起，提刀巡壘，見四面火光燭天，大兵已登囤，破土城入。應龍倉皇同愛妾二闔室縊，且自焚。吳廣獲其子朝棟，急覓應龍屍，出焰中。賊平。計出師至滅賊，百十有四日，八路共斬級二萬余，生獲朝棟等百余人。化龍露布以聞，獻俘闕下，剉應龍屍，磔朝棟、兆龍等於市。播州自唐入楊氏，傳二十九世，八百余年，至應龍而亡。三十一年，播州余逆吳洪、盧文秀等叛，總兵李應祥等討平之。分播地為二，屬蜀者曰遵義府，屬黔者為平越府。

In the twenty-eighth year Yinglong sent out five columns together and overran Longquan Commission. Grand Coordinator Li Hualong had moved his headquarters to Chongqing and assembled a great army. On the twelfth day of the second month he took the oath and divided his forces into eight columns to advance. Each column had about thirty thousand men, three parts regular troops and seven parts native levies. Flags, drums, armor, and weapons stood in dense array, and the Miao were greatly alarmed. Grand Commander Liu Ting broke their vanguard. Yang Chaodong barely escaped with his life, and the rebels' courage collapsed. He then took in succession the three passes of Sangmu, Wujiang, and Hedu, and seized the stockades of Tiandu and Sanbailuo. After repeated defeats, the rebels seized an opening to strike at Wujiang. They falsely claimed Shuixi Long Cheng was joining a patrol, lured Yongshun troops onto a bridge, cut it, and drowned countless officers and soldiers. Soon Ting broke Jiupan and entered Loushan Pass. The pass was the rebels' front gate. Ten thousand peaks pierced the sky, with only a narrow thread of passage through the center. Ting took a hidden path, climbed vines, destroyed palisades, and entered. The pass fell. On the first day of the fourth month the army encamped at Baishi. Yinglong led the various Miao tribes in a fight to the death. Ting personally led cavalry against the center, sent two wings to attack from both sides, and defeated them. Pursuing the rout to Yangmacheng, he took the perilous stockades Longzhao and Haiyun in succession and pressed on Hailong stockade, the rebels' stronghold on heaven's own cliff, which they said neither bird nor ape could cross. By then the Pianyuan column had broken Qingshe stockade. An Jiangchen had also seized Luomeng Pass, reached Dashuitian, and burned Taoxi manor. Seeing the situation desperate, father and son embraced and wept, retreated to the stockade to defend to the death, and sent surrender documents along each route to delay the army. Grand Commander Wu Guang entered Yamen Pass, encamped at Shuiniutang, fought the rebels fiercely for three days, and repelled them. The rebels deceitfully had women on the stockade present a memorial and weep, saying: "The Tian clan is about to surrender. They again reported that Yinglong had died by poison. Guang believed it and held his troops. Thereafter, seeing through the deception, he pressed the attack all the more, burned two passes, and cut off the rebels' paths for firewood and water. The eight columns assembled at Hailong stockade, built a long encirclement, and attacked in relays. The rebels knew they were doomed. Hualong then heard of his father's death. An edict ordered him to command the army in mourning garb without laying aside his duties. Hualong, finding the rebels' forward stockade impassable, ordered Ma Kongying to lead troops and attack their rear with combined force. Rain fell incessantly. Officers and soldiers fought bitterly through mud and mire. On the fourth day of the sixth month the sky suddenly cleared. Ting led from the front and took the earthen wall. Yinglong grew desperate, scattered gold to recruit men willing to die resisting, and none answered. He rose, took a knife, and patrolled the ramparts. Firelight blazed on all four sides. The main army had already climbed the stockade, broken the earthen wall, and entered. Yinglong in panic hanged himself together with two favorite concubines and also set himself on fire. Wu Guang captured his son Chaodong and urgently sought Yinglong's corpse, pulling it from the flames. The rebellion was suppressed. From the campaign's start to the rebels' destruction took one hundred fourteen days. The eight columns together cut more than twenty thousand heads and captured alive Chaodong and more than one hundred others. Hualong sent a victory bulletin to the court, presented captives at the palace, minced Yinglong's corpse, and dismembered Chaodong, Zhaolong, and others in the market. Bozhou had passed to the Yang clan in the Tang and endured twenty-nine generations for more than eight hundred years before perishing with Yinglong. In the thirty-first year the Bozhou remnant rebels Wu Hong, Lu Wenxiu, and others rebelled. Grand Commander Li Yingxiang and others put down the disturbance. Bozhou territory was divided in two. The portion belonging to Shu became Zunyi Prefecture; the portion belonging to Qian became Pingyue Prefecture.

永寧宣撫司

The Yongning Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office

永寧，唐藺州地。宋為滬州江安、合江二縣境。元置永寧路，領筠連州及騰川縣，後改為永寧宣撫司。

Yongning was the territory of Lin Prefecture in the Tang. Under the Song it lay within Jiang'an and Hejiang counties in Luzhou. The Yuan established Yongning Circuit, overseeing Junlian Prefecture and Tengchuan County. Later it became the Yongning Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office.

洪武四年平蜀，永寧內附，置永寧衛。六年，筠連州滕大寨蠻編張等叛，詐稱雲南兵，據湖南長寧諸州縣，命成都衛指揮袁洪討之。洪引兵至敘州慶符縣，攻破清平關，擒偽千戶李文質等。編張遁走，復以兵犯江安諸縣。洪追及之，又敗其眾，焚其九寨，獲編張子偽鎮撫張壽。編張遁匿溪洞，余黨散入雲南。帝聞之，敕諭洪曰：「南蠻叛服不常，不足罪。既獲其俘，宜編為軍。且駐境上，必以兵震之，使詟天威，無遺後患。」未幾，張復聚眾據滕大寨，洪移兵討敗之。追至小芒部，張遁去，遂取得花寨，擒阿普等。自是，張不敢復出，其寨悉平。遂降筠連州為縣，屬敘州，以九姓長官司隸永寧安撫司。

When Shu was pacified in the fourth year of Hongwu, Yongning submitted and Yongning Guard was established. In the sixth year the Tengdazhai tribesman Bian Zhang of Junlian Prefecture rebelled, falsely claimed to be Yunnan troops, and occupied Changning and other counties in Hunan. Chengdu Guard Commander Yuan Hong was ordered to suppress them. Hong led troops to Qingfu County in Xuzhou, broke Qingping Pass, and captured the false battalion commander Li Wenzhi and others. Bian Zhang fled, then again led troops to raid Jiang'an and other counties. Hong pursued and caught up, defeated his force again, burned his nine stockades, and captured Bian Zhang's son, the false Pacification Commissioner Zhang Shou. Bian Zhang fled and hid in mountain caves. The remaining followers scattered into Yunnan. The Emperor heard and instructed Hong: "The southern tribes rebel and submit by turns. This is not enough to blame them for. Since you have captured prisoners, enroll them as soldiers. Remain on the border and awe them with troops so they fear heaven's majesty and leave no later trouble. Before long Zhang gathered followers again and held Tengdazhai. Hong shifted troops and defeated him. Pursuing to Xiaomangbu, Zhang fled. Hong then took Huazhai and captured Apu and others. From then on Zhang dared not emerge again, and all his stockades were pacified. Junlian Prefecture was then reduced to a county subordinate to Xuzhou, and the Nine-Clan Native Official Office was placed under the Yongning Pacification Assistant Commission.

七年升永寧等處軍民安撫司為宣撫使司，秩正三品。八年以祿照為宣撫使。十七年，永寧宣撫使祿照貢馬，詔賜鈔幣冠服，定三年一貢如例。十八年，祿照遣弟阿居來朝，言比年賦馬皆已輸，惟糧不能如數。緣大軍南征，蠻民驚竄，耕種失時，加以兵後疾疫死亡者多，故輸納不及。命蠲之。二十三年，永寧宣撫言，所轄地水道有一百九十灘，其江門大灘有八十二處，皆石塞其流。詔景川侯曹震往疏鑿之。二十四年，震至瀘州按視，有枝河通永寧，乃鑿石削崖，以通漕運。

In the seventh year the Yongning Military-Civilian Pacification Assistant Commission was promoted to a Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office of rank 3a. In the eighth year Lu Zhao was appointed Pacification Assistant Commissioner. In the seventeenth year Yongning Pacification Assistant Commissioner Lu Zhao presented horses as tribute. An edict granted paper money, silks, and official robes and fixed tribute once every three years as precedent. In the eighteenth year Lu Zhao sent his younger brother Aju to court, saying that allotted horses had all been delivered in recent years but grain could not meet the quota. The great army had campaigned south, the tribes fled in alarm, planting missed its season, and after the war plague killed many. Delivery therefore fell short. The court remitted the shortfall. In the twenty-third year the Yongning Pacification Assistant Commissioner reported that waterways in his jurisdiction had one hundred ninety rapids, including eighty-two at Jiangmen, all blocked by stone. An edict ordered Jingchuan Marquis Cao Zhen to go dredge them. In the twenty-fourth year Zhen reached Luzhou to inspect. Finding a branch river connecting to Yongning, he cut stone and trimmed cliffs to open grain transport.

二十六年，以祿照子阿聶襲職。先是，祿照坐事逮至京，得直，還卒於途。其子阿聶與弟智皆在太學，遂以庶母奢尾署司事。至是，奢尾入朝，請以阿聶襲，從之。永樂四年，免永寧荒田租。

In the twenty-sixth year Lu Zhao's son Anie inherited the office. Earlier Lu Zhao had been arrested for an offense and taken to the capital. He was cleared but died on the return journey. His sons Anie and Zhi were both in the Imperial Academy. His concubine Shewei was left to manage office affairs. Shewei then came to court and asked that Anie inherit. The court approved. In the fourth year of Yongle, rent on Yongning wasteland was remitted.

宣德八年，故宣撫阿聶妻奢蘇朝貢。九年，宣撫奢蘇奏：「生儒皆土僚，朝廷所授官言語不通，難以訓誨。永寧監生李源資厚學通，乞如雲南鶴慶府例，授為儒學訓導。」詔從之。景泰二年，減永寧宣撫司稅課局鈔，以苗賊竊發，客商路阻，從布政司請也。

In the eighth year of Xuande the former Pacification Assistant Commissioner's wife She Su came to court with tribute. In the ninth year Pacification Assistant Commissioner She Su memorialized: "The native scholars are all local tribesmen. Officials appointed by the court do not speak their language and cannot instruct them properly. Yongning student Li Yuan is richly endowed and broadly learned. I beg that following the precedent of Heqing Prefecture in Yunnan he be appointed instructor of the Confucian school. An edict approved her request. In the second year of Jingtai the paper-money tax of the Yongning Pacification Assistant Commission's tax bureau was reduced because Miao rebels had emerged and merchants' routes were blocked, at the provincial administration commission's request.

成化元年，山都掌大壩等寨蠻賊分劫江安等縣，兵部以聞。二年，國子學錄黃明善奏：「四川山都掌蠻屢歲出沒，殺掠良民。景泰元年招之復叛，天順六年撫之又反。近總兵李安令永寧宣撫奢貴赴大壩招撫，亦未效。恐開釁無已，宜及大兵之集，早為定計，毋釀邊患。」三年，明善復言：「宋時多剛縣蠻為寇，用白芀子兵破之。白芀子者，即今之民壯；多剛縣者，即今之都掌多剛寨也。前代用鄉兵有明效，宜急募民壯，以助官軍。都掌水稻十月熟，宜督兵先時取其田禾，則三月之內蠻必餒矣。軍宜分三路：南從金鵝池攻大壩，中從戎縣攻箐前，北從高縣攻都掌。小寨破，大寨自拔。又大壩南百余裏為芒部，西南二百里為烏蒙，令二府土官截其險要。更用火器自下而上，順鳳延熱，寨必可攻。且征調土兵，須處置得宜，招募民壯，須賞罰必信。」詔總兵官參用之。時總督尚書程信亦奏：「都掌地勢險要，必得土兵響道。請敕東川、芒部、烏蒙、烏撒諸府兵，並速調湖廣永順、保靖兵，以備征遣。」又請南京戰馬一千應用。皆報可。四年，信奏：「永寧宣撫奢貴開通運道，擒獲賊首，宜降璽書獎賚。」從之。

In the first year of Chenghua the Shanduzhang Daba and other stockade rebels raided Jiang'an and other counties in separate bands. The Ministry of War reported upward. In the second year Imperial Academy Recorder Huang Mingshan memorialized: "The Shanduzhang tribes of Sichuan emerge year after year, killing and plundering the people. In the first year of Jingtai they were summoned and rebelled again. In the sixth year of Tianshun they were pacified and revolted again. Recently Grand Commander Li An ordered Yongning Pacification Assistant Commissioner She Gui to go to Daba to summon and pacify them, but this also failed. I fear trouble will never end. While the main army is assembling, plans should be settled early so frontier calamity is not brewed. In the third year Mingshan again said: "In Song times the Duogang County tribes raided as bandits and were defeated with baiqizi militia. Baiqizi are today's militia. Duogang County is today's Shanduzhang Duogang stockade. Former ages used local troops with clear effect. Militia should urgently be recruited to assist the regular army. Shanduzhang rice ripens in the tenth month. Troops should be sent beforehand to seize their harvest, and within three months the tribes will starve. The army should divide into three routes: south from Jinechi to attack Daba, center from Rong County to attack Qingqian, north from Gao County to attack Shanduzhang. When small stockades fall, large stockades will collapse of themselves. More than a hundred li south of Daba lies Mangbu, and two hundred li southwest lies Wumeng. The native officials of those two prefectures should be ordered to cut off the strategic passes. Use fire weapons from below upward, spread the blaze with the wind, and the stockades can surely be taken. In mobilizing native troops, disposition must be proper. In recruiting militia, rewards and punishments must be sure." An edict ordered the grand commander to consult and use these plans. Grand Coordinator Cheng Xin also memorialized: "Shanduzhang terrain is strategically perilous. Native troops who know the paths are essential. I beg that troops from Dongchuan, Mangbu, Wumeng, and Wusa be ordered, and Yongshun and Baojing troops from Huguang quickly mobilized, for the campaign. He also asked for one thousand Nanjing war horses. All were approved. In the fourth year Xin memorialized: "Yongning Pacification Assistant Commissioner She Gui opened transport routes and captured rebel chiefs. An imperial letter of reward should be sent. The court approved.

十六年，白羅羅羿子與都掌大壩蠻相攻，禮部侍郎周洪謨言：「臣敘人也，知敘蠻情。戎、珙、筠、高諸縣，在前代皆土官，國朝始代以流，言語性情不相習，用激變。洪、永、宣、正四朝，四命將徂征，隨服隨叛。景泰初，益滋蔓，至今為梗。臣向嘗言仍立土官治之，為久遠計。而都御史汪浩僥幸邊功，誣殺所保土官及寨主二百余人，諸蠻怨入骨髓，轉肆劫掠。及尚書程信統大兵，僅能克之。臣以謂及今順蠻人之情，擇其眾所推服者，許為大寨主，俾世襲，庶可相安。」又言：「白羅羅者，相傳為廣西流蠻，有眾數千，無統屬。景泰中，糾戎、珙苗，攻破長寧九縣，今又侵擾都掌。其所居，崖險箐深，既難剪滅，亦宜立長官司治之。地近芒部，宜即隸之。羿子者，永寧宣撫所轄。而永寧乃雲、貴要沖，南跨赤水、畢節六七百里，以一柔婦人制數萬強梁之眾，故每肆劫掠。臣以為宣撫土僚，仍令宣撫奢貴治之。其南境寨蠻近赤水、畢節要路者，宜立二長官司，仍隸永寧宣撫。夫土官有職無俸，無損國儲，有益邊備。」從之。二十五年，永寧宣撫司女土官奢祿獻大木，給誥如例。

In the sixteenth year the Bailuoluo Yizi and the Shanduzhang Daba tribes attacked one another. Vice Minister of Rites Zhou Hongmo said: "Your servant is a native of Xu and knows the tribes of Xu. The counties of Rong, Gong, Jun, and Gao were all ruled by native officials in former ages. Our dynasty replaced them with regular administrators. Language and temperament do not accord, which provokes rebellion. In the reigns of Hongwu, Yongle, Xuande, and Zhengtong, generals were sent four times to campaign. The tribes submitted as quickly as they rebelled. At the beginning of Jingtai the trouble spread further and remains an obstruction to this day. Your servant once proposed restoring native officials to govern them as a long-term plan. But Censor-in-Chief Wang Hao, eager for frontier merit, falsely killed more than two hundred native officials and stockade chiefs he had recommended. The tribes hated him to the marrow and turned to plunder all the more. When Minister Cheng Xin commanded the main army, he could barely subdue them. Your servant holds that now, following tribal sentiment, the court should choose one whom the people revere, appoint him great stockade chief with hereditary succession, and thereby restore peace. He also said: "The Bailuoluo are said to be drifting tribes from Guangxi, numbering several thousand with no overarching leadership. In Jingtai they joined the Miao of Rong and Gong, overran Changning's nine counties, and now harass Shanduzhang again. Where they dwell the cliffs are perilous and ravines deep. They are hard to destroy, and a Native Official Office should be established to govern them. The land lies near Mangbu and should be placed under its jurisdiction. The Yizi fall under the Yongning Pacification Assistant Commission. Yet Yongning is a strategic pass between Yunnan and Guizhou, spanning six or seven hundred li south across Chishui and Bijie. A single woman governs tens of thousands of fierce tribesmen, and they therefore plunder at will. Your servant holds that Pacification Assistant Commissioner She Gui, a local tribesman, should still govern them. For tribal stockades on the southern border near the strategic routes of Chishui and Bijie, two Native Official Offices should be established, still subordinate to the Yongning Pacification Assistant Commission. Native officials hold office without salary, do not drain state coffers, and benefit frontier defense." The court approved. In the twenty-fifth year the female native official She Lu of the Yongning Pacification Assistant Commission presented great timbers and was granted a patent of appointment as precedent.

萬歷元年，四川巡撫曾省吾奏：「都蠻叛逆，發兵征討，土官奢效忠首在調，但與貴州土官安國亨有仇。請並令總兵官劉顯節制，使不得藉口復仇，妄有騷動。」從之。初，烏撒與永寧、烏蒙、水西、沾益諸土官境相連，復以世戚親厚。既而安國亨殺安信，信兄智結永寧宣撫奢效忠報仇，彼此相攻。而安國亨部下吏目與智有親，恐為國亨所殺，因投安路墨。墨詐稱為土知府安承祖，赴京代奏。已而國亨亦令其子安民陳訴，與奢效忠俱奉命聽勘於川貴巡撫。議照蠻俗罰牛贖罪，報可。效忠死，妻世統無子，妾世續有幼子崇周。世統以嫡欲奪印，相仇殺。方奏報間，總兵郭成、參將馬呈文利其所有，遽發兵千余，深入落紅。奢氏九世所積，搜掠一空。世續亦發兵尾其後。效忠弟沙卜出拒戰，且邀水西兵報仇。成兵敗績，乃檄取沙卜於世統，統不應，復殺把總三人，聚苗兵萬余，欲攻永寧泄怨。巡按劾成等邀利起釁，宜逮；而議予二土婦冠帶，仍分地各管所屬，其宣撫司印俟奢崇周成立，赴襲理事。報可。十四年，奢崇周代職，未幾死。

In the first year of Wanli, Sichuan Grand Coordinator Zeng Shengwu memorialized: "The Du tribes have rebelled and troops have been sent against them. Native official She Xiaozhong is foremost in mobilization, but he is at feud with Guizhou native official An Guoheng. I beg that Grand Commander Liu Xian also be ordered to restrain them so they cannot use revenge as a pretext for reckless disturbance. The court approved. Earlier Wusa bordered the native domains of Yongning, Wumeng, Shuixi, and Zhanyi, and they were bound by generations of marriage alliances. Thereafter An Guoheng killed An Xin. Xin's elder brother Zhi joined Yongning Pacification Assistant Commissioner She Xiaozhong to avenge him, and they attacked one another. An Guoheng's clerk was kin to Zhi and feared being killed by Guoheng. He therefore fled to An Lumi. Lumi falsely claimed to be native prefect An Chengzu and went to the capital to memorialize on his behalf. Thereafter Guoheng also had his son Anmin present a petition. Both he and She Xiaozhong were ordered to submit to investigation by the Sichuan and Guizhou grand coordinators. It was decided that according to tribal custom they should pay an ox as ransom. The court approved. Xiaozhong died. His wife Shitong had no son. His concubine Shixu had the young son Chongzhou. Shitong as principal wife wished to seize the seal, and they killed one another in the feud. While memorials were being reported, Grand Commander Guo Cheng and Vice Commander Ma Chengwen, coveting their possessions, suddenly sent more than a thousand troops deep into Luohong. What the She clan had accumulated over nine generations was searched and plundered clean. Shixu also sent troops to follow in their rear. Xiaozhong's younger brother Shabuchu came out to resist and invited Shuixi troops to join the fight. Cheng's army was defeated. He then ordered Shitong to surrender Shabuchu. She refused, killed three platoon commanders, gathered more than ten thousand Miao troops, and prepared to attack Yongning to vent her grievance. The investigating censor impeached Cheng and others for provoking trouble to seek profit and held they should be arrested. Yet it was proposed to grant the two native women robes and belt, divide land for each to govern her following, and withhold the Pacification Assistant Commission seal until She Chongzhou came of age to inherit and manage affairs. The court approved. In the fourteenth year She Chongzhou succeeded to office and soon died.

奢崇明者，效忠親弟盡忠子也。幼孤，依世統撫養一十三年。至是，送之永寧，世續遺之氈馬，許出印給之。事已定，而諸奸閻宗傳等自以昔從世續逐世統，殺沙卜，懼崇明立，必復前恨，遂附水西，立阿利以自固。安疆臣陰陽其間，蠻兵四出，焚劫屯堡，官兵不能禁。總督以聞，朝議命奢崇明暫管宣撫事，冀崇明蠲夙恨，以收人心。而閻宗傳等攻掠永寧、普市、麾尼如故。崇明承襲幾一載，世續印竟不與，且以印私安疆臣妻弟阿利。巡撫遣都司張神武執世續索印，世續言印在鎮雄隴澄處。隴澄者，水西安堯臣也。隴氏垂絕，堯臣入贅，遂冒隴姓，稱隴澄。敘平播州、敘州功，澄與焉，中朝不知其為堯臣也。堯臣外怙播功，內仗水西，有據鎮雄制永寧心。蜀撫按以堯臣非隴氏種，無授鎮雄意。堯臣以是懷兩端，陰助世續。意世續得授阿利，則己據鎮雄益堅。又朝廷厭兵，宗傳、阿利等方驛騷，己可臥取隴氏也。而閻宗傳等每焚掠，必稱鎮雄兵，以怖諸部。川南道梅國樓所俘蠻醜者言，鎮雄遣將魯大功督兵五營屯大壩，水西兵已渡馬鈴堡，約攻永寧，普市遂潰，宗傳等以空城棄去。奢崇明又言，堯臣所遣目把彭月政、魯仲賢六大營助逆不退，聲言將抵敘南，攻永寧、滬州。於是總兵侯國弼等，皆歸惡於堯臣。都司張神武等所俘喚者、朗者，皆鎮雄土目，堯臣亦不能解。

She Chongming was the son of Xiaozhong's younger brother Jinzhong. Orphaned young, he was raised by Shitong for thirteen years. He was then sent to Yongning. Shixu gave him felt and horses and promised to release the seal to him. The matter seemed settled, but the villains Yan Zongchuan and others, knowing they had once helped Shixu drive out Shitong and kill Shabuchu, feared Chongming would revisit old scores. They attached themselves to Shuixi and set up Ali to secure themselves. An Jiangchen played both sides. Tribal troops raided on all sides, burning colonies and forts, and regular troops could not restrain them. The grand coordinator reported upward. The court ordered She Chongming temporarily to manage Pacification Assistant affairs, hoping he would put aside old hatred and win people's hearts. But Yan Zongchuan and others attacked and plundered Yongning, Pushi, and Huini as before. Chongming had inherited for nearly a year, yet Shixu still withheld the seal and privately gave it to An Jiangchen's brother-in-law Ali. The grand coordinator sent Regional Commander Zhang Shenwu to seize Shixu and demand the seal. Shixu said the seal was with Long Cheng of Zhenxiong. Long Cheng was An Yaochan of Shuixi. The Long clan was near extinction. Yaochan married into the family, usurped the Long surname, and called himself Long Cheng. In reporting merit for pacifying Bozhou and Xuzhou, Cheng was included, and the central court did not know he was Yaochan. Yaochan outwardly relied on Bozhou merit, inwardly depended on Shuixi, and aimed to hold Zhenxiong and control Yongning. Shu grand coordinators and censors held that Yaochan was not of Long clan blood and had no intention of granting him Zhenxiong. Yaochan therefore played both sides and secretly aided Shixu. He intended that if Shixu could invest Ali, his hold on Zhenxiong would be all the firmer. Moreover the court was weary of war. Zongchuan, Ali, and others were stirring trouble along the relay routes, and he could seize the Long domain without effort. Whenever Zongchuan and others burned and plundered, they claimed to be Zhenxiong troops to terrify the various domains. A captured tribal chieftain told Meiguolou of the Southern Sichuan Circuit that Zhenxiong had sent General Lu Dagong with five battalions to camp at Daba, that Shuixi troops had crossed Maling Fort and agreed to attack Yongning, that Pushi then collapsed, and that Zongchuan and others abandoned the empty city. She Chongming also reported that headmen Peng Yuezheng and Lu Zhongxian, whom Yaochan had sent with six camps, aided the rebels and would not withdraw, proclaiming they would reach southern Xu and attack Yongning and Luzhou. Grand Commanders Hou Guobi and others then attributed the evil to Yaochan. The captives Huan and Lang taken by Regional Commander Zhang Shenwu and others were all Zhenxiong native headmen. Yaochan could not explain it away.

黔中撫按以西南多事，兵食俱詘，無意取鎮雄。堯臣因以普市、摩尼諸焚掠，皆歸之蜀將。議者遂以貪功起釁，為蜀將罪。四川巡撫喬璧星言：「堯臣狡謀，欲篡鎮雄，垂涎蘭地有年矣。宗傳之背逆恃鎮雄，猶鎮雄之恃水西也。水西疆臣不助兵，臣已得其狀，宜乘逆孽未成，令貴州撫按調兵與臣會剿。倘堯臣稔惡如故，臣即移師擊之，毋使弗摧之虺復為蛇，弗窒之罅復為河也。」疏上，廷議無敢決用師者。久之，阿利死，印亦出，蜀中欲逐堯臣之論，卒不可解。時播州清疆之議方沸騰，黔、蜀各紛紛。至是，永寧議兵又如聚訟矣。時朝廷已一意休兵。三十五年，命釋奢世續，赦閻宗傳等罪，訪求隴氏子孫為鎮雄後。並令安疆臣約束堯臣歸本土司，聽遙授職銜，不許冒襲隴職。於是宗傳降，堯臣請避去，黔督遂請撤師。舊制，永寧衛隸黔，土司隸蜀。自水、蘭交攻，軍民激變，奢崇明雖立，而行勘未報。摩尼、普市千戶張大策等復請將永寧宣撫改土為流。兵部言，無故改流，置崇明何地，命速完前勘諸案。於是蜀撫擬張大策以失守城池罪，應斬，黔撫擬張神武以擅兵劫掠，罪亦應斬。策斬策，黔人，武，蜀人也。由是兩情皆不平，諸臣自相構訟，復紛結不解。會奢崇明子寅與水西已故土官妻奢社輝爭地，安兵馬十倍奢，而奢之兵精，兩相持。蜀、黔撫按不能制，以狀聞。四十八年，黔撫張鶴鳴以赤水衛白撒所屯地為永寧占據，宜清還，皆待勘未決。

Qianzhong grand coordinators and censors, because the southwest had many troubles and troops and grain were exhausted, had no mind to take Zhenxiong. Yaochan therefore attributed the burnings and plunderings of Pushi, Moni, and others to Shu generals. Deliberators then blamed the Shu generals for provoking trouble out of greed for merit. Sichuan Grand Coordinator Qiao Bixing said: "Yaochan plots craftily to usurp Zhenxiong and has coveted Lan territory for years. Zongchuan's rebellion relies on Zhenxiong, just as Zhenxiong relies on Shuixi. The Shuixi frontier minister will not aid troops, and your servant has proof. While the rebels are not yet fully formed, Guizhou should mobilize troops to join your servant in suppression. If Yaochan persists in evil, your servant will shift troops to strike him, lest an uncrushed young snake grow into a serpent and an unstopped crack become a river. When the memorial went up, no one at court dared decide to use troops. After a long time Ali died and the seal emerged, but the Shu proposal to expel Yaochan ultimately could not be resolved. At the time deliberation on clearing Bozhou borders was boiling, and Qian and Shu disputed fiercely. By then deliberation over Yongning military affairs was again like a crowd at lawsuit. The court had already set its mind solely on resting troops. In the thirty-fifth year the court released She Shixu, pardoned Yan Zongchuan and others, and sought descendants of the Long clan as heirs of Zhenxiong. An Jiangchen was also ordered to restrain Yaochan and return him to his native commission, allowed to receive rank in absentia, and forbidden falsely to inherit Long office. Zongchuan then submitted. Yaochan asked to withdraw, and the Qian grand coordinator asked to withdraw troops. By old regulation Yongning Guard was subordinate to Qian and native chieftains to Shu. Since Shuixi and Lan fought each other, soldiers and civilians were provoked to mutiny. Though She Chongming was established, the investigation had not been concluded. The Moni and Pushi battalion commanders Zhang Dace and others again asked to convert the Yongning Pacification Assistant Commission from native to regular administration. The Ministry of War said that converting to regular administration without cause left Chongming nowhere and ordered the former investigation cases completed quickly. The Shu grand coordinator proposed Zhang Dace for losing the city, deserving execution. The Qian grand coordinator proposed Zhang Shenwu for mobilizing troops to plunder, also deserving execution. Dace was executed. Dace was a man of Qian; Shenwu was a man of Shu. Both sides were discontent. Officials sued one another, and the tangle remained unresolved. She Chongming's son Yin and the wife of the deceased Shuixi native official, She Shehui, disputed land. An's forces outnumbered She's tenfold, yet She's troops were elite, and the two sides faced off. Shu and Qian grand coordinators and censors could not control it and reported upward. In the forty-eighth year Qian Grand Coordinator Zhang Heming held that colony land of Baisha Station in Chishui Guard was occupied by Yongning and should be returned. All awaited investigation.

天啟元年，崇明請調馬步兵二萬援遼，從之。崇明與子寅久蓄異志，借調兵援遼，遣其婿樊龍、部黨張彤等，領兵至重慶，久駐不發。巡撫徐可求移鎮重慶，趣永寧兵。樊龍等以增行糧為名乘機反，殺巡撫、道、府、總兵等官二十余員，遂據重慶。分兵攻合江、納溪，破滬州，陷遵義，興文知縣張振德死之。興文，故九絲蠻地也。進圍成都，偽號大梁，布政使朱燮元、周著，按察使林宰分門固守。石砫土司女官秦良玉遣弟民屏、侄翼明等，發兵四千，倍道兼行，潛渡重慶，營南坪關。良玉自統精兵六千，沿江上趨成都。諸援兵亦漸集。時寅攻城急，陰納劉勛等為內應，事覺伏誅。復造雲梯及旱船，晝夜薄城，城中亦以炮石擊毀之。相持百日，會賊將羅乾象遣人輸款，願殺賊自效。是夜，乾象縱火焚營，賊兵亂，崇明父子倉皇奔，錢帛谷米委棄山積，窮民賴以得活。乾象因率其黨胡汝高等來降。時燮元已授巡撫，率川卒追崇明，江安、新都、遵義諸郡邑皆復。時二年三月也。樊龍收余眾數萬，據重慶險塞。燮元督良玉等奪二郎關，總兵杜文煥破佛圖關，諸將迫重慶而軍。奢寅遣賊黨周鼎等分道來救，鼎敗走，為合江民所縛。官軍與平茶、酉陽、石砫三土司合圍重慶，城中乏食。燮元遂以計擒樊龍，殺之，張彤亦為亂兵所殺，生擒龍子友邦及其黨張國用、石永高等三十余人，遂復重慶。

In the first year of Tianqi, Chongming asked to mobilize twenty thousand horse and foot to aid Liaodong. The court approved. Chongming and his son Yin had long harbored rebellious intent. Borrowing the mobilization to aid Liaodong, he sent his son-in-law Fan Long, follower Zhang Tong, and others with troops to Chongqing, where they encamped for a long time without setting out. Grand Coordinator Xu Keqiu moved his headquarters to Chongqing and urged the Yongning troops forward. Fan Long and others, under the pretext of increasing march grain, seized the moment to rebel, killed more than twenty officials including the grand coordinator, circuit intendant, prefect, and grand commander, and seized Chongqing. They divided troops to attack Hejiang and Naxi, overran Luzhou, took Zunyi, and Xingwen Magistrate Zhang Zhende died in the fighting. Xingwen was formerly the land of the Jiusi tribes. Advancing to besiege Chengdu, they styled themselves Great Liang. Administrative Commissioners Zhu Xieyuan and Zhou Zhuo and Surveillance Commissioner Lin Zai each guarded a gate. Shizhu native chieftain Qin Liangyu sent her younger brother Minping, nephew Yiming, and others with four thousand troops. They marched by forced stages, secretly crossed Chongqing, and encamped at Nanping Pass. Liangyu herself commanded six thousand elite troops and hurried upriver toward Chengdu. Relief troops also gradually assembled. Yin pressed the siege urgently and secretly enlisted Liu Xun and others as inside collaborators. The plot was discovered and they were executed. They built cloud ladders and land boats and pressed the walls day and night. The defenders struck and destroyed them with cannon stones. They faced off for a hundred days. Then rebel general Luo Qianxiang offered submission, willing to kill rebels to prove his loyalty. That night Qianxiang set fire to the camp. Rebel troops fell into chaos. Chongming and his son fled in panic, abandoning money, silks, and grain in mountain piles from which the poor were saved. Qianxiang then led his followers Hu Rugao and others to submit. Xieyuan had already been appointed grand coordinator. He led Sichuan troops to pursue Chongming, and Jiang'an, Xindu, Zunyi, and other prefectures and counties were recovered. This was in the third month of the second year. Fan Long gathered tens of thousands of survivors and held Chongqing's perilous passes. Xieyuan supervised Liangyu and others in seizing Erlang Pass. Grand Commander Du Wenhuan broke Fotu Pass. The generals pressed toward Chongqing with their armies. She Yin sent rebel followers Zhou Ding and others by separate routes to rescue Chongqing. Ding was defeated and bound by Hejiang commoners. Government troops joined the three native domains of Pingcha, Youyang, and Shizhu in besieging Chongqing, where food ran short. Xieyuan then captured Fan Long by stratagem and killed him. Zhang Tong was killed by mutinous troops. Long's son Youbang and followers Zhang Guoyong, Shi Yonggao, and more than thirty others were captured alive. Chongqing was recovered.

時安邦彥反於貴州，崇明遙倚為聲援。三年，川師復遵義，進攻永寧，遇奢寅於土地坎，率兵搏戰。大兵奮擊，敗之。寅被創遁，樊虎亦戰死。進克其城，降賊二萬。得進拔紅崖、天臺諸囤寨，降者日至。崇明勢益蹙，求救於水西，邦彥遣十六營過河援之。羅乾象急破蘭州，焚九鳳樓，覆其巢。崇明踉蹌走，投水西。邦彥與合兵，分犯遵義、永寧。川師敗之於芝麻塘，賊遁入青山。諸將逼渭河，鏖入龍場陣，獲崇明妻安氏及奢崇輝等，斬獲萬計。蘭州平。總督朱燮元請以赤水河為界，河東龍場屬黔，河西赤水、永寧屬蜀。永寧設道、府，與遵義、建武聲勢聯絡。未幾，貴州巡撫王三善為邦彥所襲死，崇明勢復張，將以逾春大舉寇永寧。會奢寅為其下所殺，而燮元亦以父喪去，崇明、邦彥得稽誅。崇明稱大梁王，邦彥號四裔大長老，諸稱元帥者不可勝計，合兵十余萬，規先犯赤水。崇禎初，起燮元總督貴、湖、雲、川、廣諸軍務，大會師。燮元定計誘賊深入向永寧，邀之於五峰山桃紅壩，令總兵侯良柱大敗之，崇明、邦彥皆授首。是役也，掃蕩蜀、黔數十年巨憝，前後皆燮元功雲。

An Bangyan had rebelled in Guizhou, and Chongming relied remotely on him for support. In the third year Sichuan troops recovered Zunyi and advanced on Yongning. They met She Yin at Tudikan and fought hand to hand. The main army struck fiercely and defeated them. Yin, wounded, fled. Fan Hu also died in battle. Advancing, they took his city and received the surrender of twenty thousand rebels. They advanced and took the stockades of Hongya, Tiantai, and others. Submitters came day by day. Chongming's situation grew desperate. He begged aid from Shuixi, and Bangyan sent sixteen camps across the river to aid him. Luo Qianxiang urgently overran Lanzhou, burned Jiufeng Tower, and destroyed their base. Chongming fled in disorder and threw himself on Shuixi. Bangyan joined forces with him and divided to invade Zunyi and Yongning. Sichuan troops defeated them at Zhimatang. The rebels fled into Qingshan. The generals pressed the Wei River, fought fiercely into the Longchang formation, captured Chongming's wife Lady An and She Chonghui and others, and killed or captured tens of thousands. Lanzhou was pacified. Grand Coordinator Zhu Xieyuan proposed that the Chishui River serve as the border: Longchang east of the river would belong to Qian, and Chishui and Yongning west of the river to Shu. A circuit and prefecture were established at Yongning, linking forces with Zunyi and Jianwu. Before long Guizhou Grand Coordinator Wang Shanshan was killed in an attack by Bangyan. Chongming's power swelled again, and he planned a great raid on Yongning after the new year. She Yin was killed by his subordinates, and Xieyuan left for his father's mourning. Chongming and Bangyan were able to delay punishment. Chongming styled himself King of Great Liang. Bangyan called himself Great Elder of the Four Frontiers. Countless men styled themselves marshals. Their combined forces exceeded one hundred thousand, and they planned first to invade Chishui. At the beginning of Chongzhen, Xieyuan was appointed grand coordinator of military affairs in Qian, Hu, Yun, Chuan, and Guang, and a great army assembled. Xieyuan fixed a plan to lure the rebels deep toward Yongning and intercept them at Taohongba on Wufeng Mountain. Grand Commander Hou Liangzhu defeated them greatly, and Chongming and Bangyan both lost their heads. In this campaign the great scourges of Shu and Qian for several decades were swept away. Before and after, the credit was Xieyuan's.

酉陽宣撫司

The Youyang Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office

酉陽，漢武陵郡酉陽縣地，宋為酉陽州。元屬懷德府。洪武五年，酉陽軍民宣慰司冉如彪遣弟如喜來朝貢。置酉陽州，以如彪為知州。八年改為宣撫司，仍以冉如彪為使。置平茶、邑梅、麻兔、石耶四洞長官司，以楊底綱、楊金奉、冉德原、楊隆為之，每三年一入貢。石耶不能親至京，命附於酉陽。二十七年，平茶洞署長官楊再勝，謀殺兄子正賢及洞長楊通保等。正賢等覺之，逃至京師，訴其事，且言再勝與景川侯謀反。帝命逮再勝鞫之，再勝辭服，當族誅，正賢亦應緣坐。帝誅再勝，釋正賢，使襲長官。酉陽宣撫冉興邦以襲職來朝，命改隸渝州。

Youyang was the territory of Youyang County in the Han dynasty's Wuling commandery. Under the Song it became Youyang Prefecture. Under the Yuan it belonged to Huaide Prefecture. In the fifth year of Hongwu, Youyang Military-Civilian Pacification Commissioner Ran Rubiao sent his younger brother Ruxi to court with tribute. Youyang Prefecture was established with Rubiao as prefect. In the eighth year it became a Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office, with Ran Rubiao still as commissioner. The four cave Native Official Offices of Pingcha, Yimei, Matu, and Shiye were established, with Yang Digang, Yang Jinfeng, Ran Deyuan, and Yang Long appointed. Tribute was presented once every three years. Shiye could not come in person to the capital and was ordered to present tribute through Youyang. In the twenty-seventh year the acting native official of Pingcha Cave, Yang Zaisheng, plotted to kill his elder brother's son Zhengxian and Cave Chief Yang Tongbao and others. Zhengxian and others discovered the plot, fled to the capital, and complained that Zaisheng was plotting rebellion with the Jingchuan Marquis. The Emperor ordered Zaisheng arrested and tried. Zaisheng confessed guilt and merited execution of the whole clan. Zhengxian also should be punished by association. The Emperor executed Zaisheng, released Zhengxian, and had him inherit the native office. Youyang Pacification Assistant Commissioner Ran Xingbang came to court on inheriting office and was placed under Yuzhou.

永樂三年，指揮丁能、杜福撫諭亞堅等十一寨生苗一百三十六戶，各遣子入朝，命隸酉陽宣撫司。四年免酉陽荒田租。五年，興邦遣部長龔俊等貢方物，並謝立儒學恩。

In the third year of Yongle, Commanders Ding Neng and Du Fu summoned and instructed the raw Miao of eleven stockades including Yajian, one hundred thirty-six households. Each sent sons to court, and they were placed under the Youyang Pacification Assistant Commission. In the fourth year, rent on Youyang wasteland was remitted. In the fifth year Xingbang sent headmen Gong Jun and others to present local products and thank the court for establishing a Confucian school.

景泰七年調宣撫僉事冉廷璋兵，征五開、銅鼓叛苗，賜敕諭賞賚。天順十三年命進宣撫冉雲散官一階，以助討叛苗及擒石全州之功也。

In the seventh year of Jingtai the troops of Pacification Assistant Vice Commissioner Ran Tingzhang were mobilized against the rebellious Miao of Wukai and Tonggu. An edict with rewards was granted. In the thirteenth year of Tianshun, Pacification Assistant Commissioner Ran Yun was advanced one rank in honorary office for assisting in the suppression of rebellious Miao and capturing Shiquan Prefecture.

弘治七年，宣撫冉舜臣以征貴州叛苗功，乞升職。兵部以非例，請進舜臣階明威將軍，賜敕褒之。十二年，舜臣奏宋農寨蠻賊糾脅諸寨洞蠻，殺掠焚劫，乞剿捕。保靖、永順二宣慰亦奏，邑梅副長官楊勝剛父子謀據酉陽，結俊倍洞長楊廣震等，號召宋農、後溪諸蠻，聚兵殺掠，請並討。兵部議，酉陽溪洞連絡，易煽動，宜即撲滅，請行鎮巡官酌機宜。十四年調酉陽兵五千協剿貴州賊婦米魯。

In the seventh year of Hongzhi, Pacification Assistant Commissioner Ran Shunchen begged promotion for merit in campaigning against Guizhou rebellious Miao. The Ministry of War, because it was not precedent, advanced Shunchen to the rank General of Manifest Might and granted an edict praising him. In the twelfth year Shunchen memorialized that Songnong stockade rebels had coerced various stockade and cave tribes to kill, plunder, burn, and rob, and begged suppression. The Pacification Commissioners of Baojing and Yongshun also memorialized that Yimei Vice Native Official Yang Shenggang and his son plotted to seize Youyang, joined Junbei Cave Chief Yang Guangzhen and others, summoned the tribes of Songnong and Houxi, gathered troops to kill and plunder, and asked for joint suppression. The Ministry of War held that Youyang's streams and caves were linked and easily stirred. They should be extinguished immediately, and frontier officials should weigh circumstances. In the fourteenth year five thousand Youyang troops were mobilized to assist in suppressing the Guizhou rebel Milu.

正德三年，酉陽宣撫司護印舍人冉廷璽及邑梅長官司奏，湖廣鎮溪所洞苗聚眾攻劫，請兵剿捕。八年，宣撫冉元獻大木二十，乞免男維翰襲職赴京，從之。二十年，元再獻大木二十，詔量加服色酬賞。

In the third year of Zhengde, Youyang Pacification Assistant Commission seal-guarding steward Ran Tingxi and the Yimei Native Official Office memorialized that Miao of Zhenxi Guard caves in Huguang had gathered to attack and plunder, and begged troops to suppress them. In the eighth year Pacification Assistant Commissioner Ran Yuan presented twenty great timbers and begged that his son Weihan be excused from inheriting office and coming to the capital. The court approved. In the twentieth year Yuan again presented twenty great timbers. An edict ordered added robes and insignia as reward.

萬歷十七年，宣撫再維屏獻大木二十，價逾三千。工部議，應加從三品服，以為土官輸誠之勸，從之。四十六年調酉陽兵四千，命宣撫冉躍龍將之援遼。四十七年，躍龍遣子天胤及文光等領兵赴遼陽，駐虎皮、黃山等處三載，解奉集之圍。再援沈陽，以渾河失利，冉見龍戰沒，死者千余人。撤守遼陽，又以降敵縱火，冉文煥等戰沒，死者七百余人。兵部尚書張鶴鳴言：「躍龍遣子弟萬里勤王，見龍既殺身殉國，躍龍又自捐金二千兩，運軍器至山海關，振困招魂，忠義可嘉。臣在貴州時，躍龍亦自捐餉征紅苗，屢建奇功。今又著節於邊，宜加優恤，以風諸邊。」

In the seventeenth year of Wanli, Pacification Assistant Commissioner Ran Weiping presented twenty great timbers worth more than three thousand. The Ministry of Works held that he should receive robes of rank 3b as encouragement for native officials' loyal submission. The court approved. In the forty-sixth year four thousand Youyang troops were mobilized, and Pacification Assistant Commissioner Ran Yuelong was ordered to lead them to aid Liaodong. In the forty-seventh year Yuelong sent his son Tianyin and Wenguang and others with troops to Liaoyang. They encamped at Hupi, Huangshan, and other places for three years and relieved the siege of Fengji. Again aiding Shenyang, they were defeated at the Hun River. Ran Jianlong died in battle, and more than a thousand died. Withdrawing the garrison from Liaoyang, surrendered enemies set fire again. Ran Wenhuan and others died in battle, and more than seven hundred died. Minister of War Zhang Heming said: "Yuelong sent sons and younger brothers ten thousand li to serve the throne. Jianlong gave his life for the state. Yuelong personally donated two thousand taels of gold, transported weapons to Shanhaiguan, and revived the weary. His loyalty and righteousness are praiseworthy. When your servant was in Guizhou, Yuelong also personally donated supplies to campaign against the Red Miao and repeatedly achieved great merit. Now he has again shown integrity on the frontier. Generous favor should be granted to inspire all frontiers."

天啟元年授躍龍宣慰使，並妻舒氏，皆給誥命，仍恤陣亡千七百余家。二年，奢崇明叛，躍龍率援師合圍重慶。及崇明誅，其土舍冉紹文與有功。四年，躍龍以東西赴調效命，為弟見龍及諸陣亡者請賚恤。命下所司。崇禎九年，宣慰使冉天麟疏言：「庶孽天胤假旨謀奪臣爵土，不遂，擅兵戕殺。」下撫按察勘。時蜀方憂盜，大吏自顧不暇，土官事多寢閣雲。

In the first year of Tianqi, Yuelong was granted the rank of Pacification Commissioner, and his wife Lady Shu as well. Both received patents of appointment, and more than seventeen hundred families killed in battle were granted relief. In the second year She Chongming rebelled. Yuelong led relief troops in the joint siege of Chongqing. When Chongming was executed, his native steward Ran Shaowen had merit in the affair. In the fourth year Yuelong, having answered summons east and west and performed service, asked rewards and relief for his younger brother Jianlong and all those killed in battle. An order was sent to the responsible offices. In the ninth year of Chongzhen, Pacification Commissioner Ran Tianlin memorialized: "The illegitimate son Tianyin falsely used an edict to plot seizing my rank and land. Failing, he mobilized troops and slaughtered. The matter was sent to grand coordinators and censors for investigation. Shu was then troubled by bandits, and high officials could not spare attention. Native official matters were mostly shelved.

石砫宣撫司

The Shizhu Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office

石砫，以石潼關、砫薄關而名。後周置施州。唐改青江郡。宋末，置石砫安撫司。元改石砫軍民府，尋仍為安撫司。

Shizhu is named for Shitong Pass and Zhubo Pass. The Later Zhou established Shi Prefecture. The Tang redesignated it Qingjiang commandery. Late in the Song the Shizhu Pacification Assistant Commission was established. The Yuan changed it to the Shizhu Military-Civilian Prefecture, soon restored as a Pacification Assistant Commission.

洪武七年，石砫安撫使馬克用遣其子付德與同知陳世顯入朝，貢方物。八年，改石砫安撫司為宣撫司，隸重慶府。十六年，石砫溪蠻寇施州，黔江守禦官軍擊破之。十八年，石砫宣撫同知陳世顯遣子興潮等奉表貢方物，賀明年正旦。二十四年賜石砫宣撫同知陳興潮及其子文義白金百兩，以從征散毛洞有功故也。

In the seventh year of Hongwu, Shizhu Pacification Assistant Commissioner Ma Keyong sent his son Fude and Vice Commissioner Chen Shixian to court with local tribute. In the eighth year the Shizhu Pacification Assistant Commission became a Pacification Assistant Commissioner's Office subordinate to Chongqing Prefecture. In the sixteenth year Shizhu stream tribes raided Shi Prefecture. Qianjiang garrison troops defeated them. In the eighteenth year Shizhu Pacification Assistant Vice Commissioner Chen Shixian sent his son Xingchao and others with a memorial and local tribute to congratulate the coming New Year. In the twenty-fourth year Shizhu Pacification Assistant Vice Commissioner Chen Xingchao and his son Wenyi were granted one hundred taels of white gold for merit in campaigning against Sanmao Cave.

宣德五年命宣撫馬應仁子鎮為宣撫。初，應仁有罪應死，貸謫戍。至是，帝念其祖克用嘗效力先朝，命求其子孫之良者用之，故有是命。

In the fifth year of Xuande, Pacification Assistant Commissioner Ma Yingren's son Zhen was appointed Pacification Assistant Commissioner. Earlier Yingren had committed a capital crime and was spared for exile to garrison service. The Emperor, recalling that his grandfather Keyong had served the former court, ordered that a worthy descendant be found and appointed. Hence this order.

成化十八年，四川巡撫孫仁奏：「三月內盜三百人入石砫，殺宣撫馬澄及隸卒二十余人，焚掠而去。以石砫地鄰酆都，互爭銀場相訐，有司不為區治，致相仇殺。」命責有司捕賊。仁奏：「石砫歲辦鉛課五千一百三十斤，正統後停之。鄰境軍民假以征課，乘機竊取，釀成禍階。請除其課，閉其洞，仍移忠州臨江巡檢於酆都南賓裏之姜池，以便防守。」從之。是年，命馬徽為宣撫。

In the eighteenth year of Chenghua, Sichuan Grand Coordinator Sun Ren memorialized: "Within the third month three hundred bandits entered Shizhu, killed Pacification Assistant Commissioner Ma Cheng and more than twenty attendants and soldiers, burned and plundered, and left. Because Shizhu borders Fengdu, they disputed silver mines and accused one another. The authorities did not settle the matter, causing mutual killing. The court ordered the responsible offices to capture the bandits. Ren memorialized: "Shizhu yearly supplied five thousand one hundred thirty jin of lead tax. After Zhengtong it was halted. Neighboring soldiers and civilians used tax collection as a pretext to steal, brewing calamity. I beg to remit its tax, close its mines, and move the Linjiang inspector of Zhong Prefecture to Jiangchi in Nanbinli of Fengdu for convenient defense. The court approved. That year Ma Hui was appointed Pacification Assistant Commissioner.

萬歷二十二年，石砫女土官覃氏行宣撫事。土吏馬邦聘謀奪其印，與其黨馬鬥斛、鬥霖等，集眾數千，圍覃氏，縱火焚公私廬舍八十余所，殺掠一空。覃氏上書言：「臣自從征疊、茂，擊賊大雪山，斬首捕寇，皆著有成勞，屢膺上官獎賞。今邦聘無故虔劉孤寡，臣豈不能出一旅與之角勝負，誠以非朝命，不敢也。今叛人斯在，請比先年楚金洞舍覃碧謀篡事，願與邦聘同就吏。」二十三年命四川撫，按讞其獄，事未決。會楊應龍反播州，覃與應龍為姻，而鬥斛亦結應龍，兩家觀望，獄遂解。覃氏有智計，性淫，故與應龍通。長子千乘失愛，匿次子千駟，謂應龍可恃，因聘其女為千駟妻。千駟入播，同應龍反。千乘襲馬氏爵，應調，與酉陽冉禦龍同征應龍。應龍敗。千駟伏誅，而千乘為宣撫如故。千乘卒，妻秦良玉以功封夫人，自有傳。

In the twenty-second year of Wanli, the female native official of Shizhu, Lady Qin, administered Pacification Assistant affairs. Native clerk Ma Bangpin plotted to seize her seal. With his followers Ma Douhu, Doulin, and others he gathered several thousand men, besieged Lady Qin, burned more than eighty public and private buildings, and killed and plundered everything. Lady Qin memorialized: "Your servant, in campaigning in Die and Mao and striking bandits at Great Snow Mountain, cutting heads and capturing raiders, has shown established merit and repeatedly received rewards from superiors. Now Bangpin has slaughtered the orphaned and widowed without cause. I could send troops to contest victory with him, but I dare not without the court's command. The rebel is here. I beg comparison with the earlier affair when Chujindong steward Qin Bi plotted usurpation. I am willing to come to judgment together with Bangpin. In the twenty-third year Sichuan grand coordinators and censors were ordered to judge the case. The matter was not decided. Yang Yinglong rebelled in Bozhou. Qin was allied to Yinglong by marriage, and Douhu also joined Yinglong. Both families waited and watched, and the case was dismissed. Lady Qin was clever and licentious by nature and therefore had relations with Yinglong. The eldest son Qiancheng lost favor. She hid the second son Qiansi, held that Yinglong could be relied on, and betrothed his daughter to Qiansi. Qiansi entered Bozhou and rebelled together with Yinglong. Qiancheng inherited the Ma clan rank, answered mobilization, and with Youyang's Ran Yulong jointly campaigned against Yinglong. Yinglong was defeated. Qiansi was executed, while Qiancheng remained Pacification Assistant Commissioner as before. Qiancheng died. His wife Qin Liangyu was enfeoffed as lady for merit and has her own biography.

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