Volume 313 Biographies 201: Yunnan Tribal Headmen 1

明洪武十四年，大軍至滇，梁王走死，遂置雲南府。自是，諸郡以次來歸，垂及累世，規制鹹定。統而稽之，大理、臨安以下，元江、永昌以上，皆府治也。孟艮、孟定等處則為司，新化、北勝等處則為州，或設流官，或仍土職。今以諸府州概列之土司者，從其始也。蓋滇省所屬，多蠻夷雜處，即正印為流官，亦必以土司佐之。而土司名目淆雜，難以縷析，故系之府州，以括其所轄。而於土司事跡，止摭其大綱有關乎治亂興亡者載之，俾控馭者識所鑒焉。

In the fourteenth year of the Hongwu reign, the Ming expedition reached Yunnan. The Prince of Liang fled and perished, and the court thereupon established Yunnan Prefecture. Thereafter the prefectures submitted one after another, and over successive generations the administrative system was fully established. Taken together, from Dali and Lin'an southward to Yuanjiang and Yongchang northward, all were governed as prefectures. Districts such as Menggen and Mengding were organized as native-official commissions, while Xinhua, Beisheng, and the like were made subprefectures; in some cases regular officials were installed, in others hereditary native posts were retained. The present practice of grouping the prefectures and subprefectures under tribal headmen begins here. Yunnan was largely inhabited by mixed barbarian populations, so even where regular officials held formal authority, tribal headmen were still required to assist them. Because the titles of tribal headmen were numerous and tangled and could not be sorted out in detail, they are arranged under prefectures and subprefectures to encompass their jurisdictions. As for the deeds of the tribal headmen, only the broad outline bearing on order and disorder and rise and fall is recorded, so those charged with governing them may know what lessons to heed.

○雲南土司一

○ Yunnan Tribal Headmen, Part 1

雲南大理臨安楚雄澄江景東廣南廣西鎮沅永寧順寧蒙化孟艮孟定〈（耿馬安撫司附）〉曲靖

Yunnan, Dali, Lin'an, Chuxiong, Chengjiang, Jingdong, Guangnan, Guangxi, Zhenyuan, Yongning, Shunning, Menghua, Menggen, Mengding (with the Gengma Pacification Commission appended)〉 Qujing

雲南，滇國也。漢武帝時始置益州郡。蜀漢置雲南郡。隋置昆州，唐仍之。後為南詔蒙氏所據，改鄯闡府。歷鄭、趙、楊三氏，至大理段氏，以高智升領鄯闡牧，遂世其地。元初，置鄯闡萬戶府。既改置中慶路，封子忽哥為雲南王鎮之，仍錄段氏子孫守其土。忽哥死，其子嗣封為梁王。

Yunnan was the land of Dian. Under Emperor Wu of Han, Yizhou Commandery was first established there. Shu Han created Yunnan Commandery. The Sui established Kun Prefecture, which the Tang retained. Later the Meng clan of Nanzhao seized it and renamed it Shanchan Prefecture. It passed through the Zheng, Zhao, and Yang regimes until the Duan clan of Dali, when Gao Zhicheng held the governorship of Shanchan and his line held the region for generations. At the beginning of the Yuan dynasty, the Shanchan Ten-thousand-households Office was established. It was then reorganized as Zhongqing Circuit, and Zihuoge was enfeoffed as Prince of Yunnan to govern it, while descendants of the Duan clan were still registered to hold their native lands. After Zihuoge died, his son succeeded to the title of Prince of Liang.

洪武六年，遣翰林待制王祎等賫詔諭梁王，久留不遣，卒遇害。八年復遣湖廣行省參政吳雲往，中途為梁使所害。十四年，征南將軍傅友德、藍玉、沐英率師至雲南城，梁王赴滇池死，定其地。改中慶路為雲南府，置都指揮使司，命都督僉事馮誠署司事。二月詔諭雲南諸郡蠻。十五年，友德等分兵攻諸蠻寨之未服者，土官楊苴乘隙作亂，集蠻眾二十余萬攻雲南城。時城中食少，士卒多病，寇至，都督謝熊、馮誠等攖城固守，賊不能攻，遂遠營為久困計。時沐英方駐師烏撒，聞之，將驍騎還救。至曲靖，遣卒潛入報城中，為賊所得，紿之曰：「總兵官領三十萬眾至矣。」賊眾驚愕，拔營宵遁，走安寧、羅次、邵甸、富民、普寧、大理、江川等處，復據險樹柵，謀再寇。英分調將士剿降之，斬首六萬余級，生擒四千余人，諸部悉定。二十五年，英卒，命其子春襲封西平侯，仍鎮雲南。

In the sixth year of Hongwu, the court sent Hanlin Attendant-drafter Wang Yi and others with an edict to instruct the Prince of Liang. They were detained for a long time and never released, and were finally killed. In the eighth year Wu Yun, Administrative Commissioner of the Huguang Branch Secretariat, was sent again, but on the road he was killed by the Prince of Liang's agents. In the fourteenth year, the southern expedition generals Fu Youde, Lan Yu, and Mu Ying led their armies to Yunnan city. The Prince of Liang went to Dianchi and died, and the region was pacified. Zhongqing Circuit was converted into Yunnan Prefecture, a regional military commission was established, and Vice Commissioner-in-chief Feng Cheng was ordered to administer it. In the second month an edict was issued to instruct the barbarian districts throughout Yunnan. In the fifteenth year, Youde and the others divided their forces to attack the unsubmitted barbarian stockades. The native official Yang Ju seized the opportunity to rebel and gathered more than two hundred thousand barbarian followers to assault Yunnan city. Food in the city was scarce and the troops were widely sick. When the rebels arrived, Commissioners Xie Xiong and Feng Cheng and others held the walls and the enemy could not break in, so they pitched camp at a distance and planned a long siege. Mu Ying was then encamped at Wusa. On hearing the news, he led his elite cavalry back to relieve the city. When he reached Qujing, he sent men secretly into the city with word of his approach, but they were captured by the rebels, who deceived the garrison, saying, "The commander-in-chief is coming at the head of three hundred thousand men. The rebel host was thrown into alarm and broke camp in a night flight to Anning, Luoci, Shaodian, Fumin, Puning, Dali, Jiangchuan, and other places, where they again seized difficult ground, built palisades, and plotted a new attack. Ying divided his forces to suppress and subdue them. More than sixty thousand heads were taken and more than four thousand men captured alive, and all the tribes were pacified. In the twenty-fifth year Ying died. His son Chun was ordered to succeed as Marquis of Xiping and continue to guard Yunnan.

自英平雲南，在鎮十年，恩威著於蠻僥；每下片楮，諸番部具威儀出郭叩迎，盥而後啟，曰：「此令旨也。」沐氏亦皆能以功名世其家。每大征伐，輒以征南將軍印授之，沐氏未嘗不在行間。數傳而西平裔孫當襲侯，守臣爭之，謂滇人知有黔國公，不知西平侯也。孝宗以為然，許之。自是，遂以公爵佩印，為故事。諸土司之進止予奪，皆咨稟。及承平久，文網周密，凡事必與太監撫、按、三司會議後行，動多掣肘，土官子孫承襲有積至二三十年不得職者。土官復慢令玩法，無所忌憚；待其罪大惡極，然後興兵征剿，致軍民日困，地方日壞。大學士楊一清等因武定安銓之亂，痛切陳之。黔國公沐紹勛亦以為言。雖得旨允行，亦不能更革。馴至神宗之世，朝廷惰俞，封疆敗壞日甚一日。緬、莽之叛，皆土官之失職者導之。雖稍奏膚功，而滇南喪敗，卒由土官沙定洲之禍。

From the time Ying pacified Yunnan, he governed there for ten years, and his grace and authority were felt throughout the barbarian lands; Whenever an order arrived on a slip of paper, the tribal departments would go out beyond the walls with full ceremony to bow in welcome, wash their hands, and only then open it, saying, "This is a command from on high. The Mu clan too were able to pass down fame and achievement through their house for generations. On every major campaign the seal of Southern Expedition General was conferred on them, and a member of the Mu clan was never absent from the field. After several generations, when a descendant of Xiping was due to succeed to the marquisate, local officials objected, saying the people of Yunnan knew the Duke of Qian but not the Marquis of Xiping. Emperor Xiaozong agreed and granted the request. From then on, holding the ducal title and wearing the seal became established precedent. The appointment, dismissal, and advancement of all tribal headmen were submitted for approval. As peace lasted, the paperwork grew ever tighter: every matter had to be discussed with the eunuch superintendent, the surveillance and pacification commissioners, and the three provincial offices before anything could be done, and action was constantly hampered. Descendants of native officials sometimes waited twenty or thirty years without receiving their posts. Native officials in turn treated orders lightly and evaded the law without fear; Only when their crimes had grown extreme would troops finally be raised against them, so that soldiers and civilians grew daily more distressed and the region daily more ruined. Grand Secretary Yang Yiqing and others, in the wake of the rebellion of An Quan of Wuding, submitted a forceful memorial on the subject. The Duke of Qian, Mu Shaoxun, spoke on it as well. Although an edict approved their proposals, nothing could actually be changed. By the reign of Emperor Shenzong the court had grown slack, and the frontier deteriorated from day to day. The rebellions of Burma and Mang were all instigated by disaffected tribal headmen. Although minor victories were reported, the ruin of southern Yunnan in the end came from the disaster wrought by the tribal headman Sha Dingzhou.

沙定洲者，王弄山長官司沙源之子也。源驍勇有將材，萬歷中，數從征調有功，巡撫委以王弄副長官事。繼以征建水功，以安南長官司廢地畀之。後征東川、水西、馬龍山等處，全雲南會城，稱首功，累加至宣撫使，時號沙兵。定洲，其仲子也。

Sha Dingzhou was the son of Sha Yuan, native prefect of Wangnong Mountain. Yuan was fierce and brave and showed the talent of a general. During the Wanli reign he took part in several campaigns with distinction, and the grand coordinator entrusted him with the post of deputy native prefect of Wangnong. Later, for his service in the campaign against Jianshui, he was granted the abolished territory of the Annan native prefecture. Later, in campaigns against Dongchuan, Shuixi, Malong Mountain, and other places, he mustered the forces of the whole Yunnan capital and was hailed as foremost in merit. He was promoted step by step to Pacification Commissioner and his forces were known as the Sha troops. Dingzhou was his second son.

崇禎中，元謀土知州吾必奎叛。總兵官沐天波剿之，調定洲從征。定洲不欲行，出怨言。會奸徒饒希之、余錫朋者逋天波金，無以償。錫朋常出入土司家，誇黔府富盛。定洲心動，陰結都司阮韻嘉諸人為內應。既定洲入城辭行，天波以家諱日不視事，定洲噪而入，焚劫其府。天波聞變，由小竇遁。時寧州土司祿永命在城，方巷戰拒賊，從官周鼎止天波，留討賊。天波疑鼎為定洲誘己，殺之，其母妻皆走城北自焚死。定洲據黔府，盤踞會城。劫巡撫吳兆元，使題請代天波鎮滇，傳檄州縣，全滇震動。祿永命與石屏州龍在田俱引所部去。

During the Chongzhen reign, Wu Bikui, the native subprefect of Yuanmou, rebelled. Commander-in-chief Mu Tianbo moved to suppress him and ordered Dingzhou to join the campaign. Dingzhou did not wish to go and voiced his resentment. At the same time the scoundrels Rao Xizhi and Yu Xipeng owed Tianbo money and could not repay it. Xipeng often visited the households of tribal headmen and boasted of the vast wealth of the Qian mansion. Dingzhou's heart was stirred, and he secretly won Regional Vice Commander Ruan Yunjia and others as inside collaborators. When Dingzhou entered the city to take his leave for the campaign, Tianbo, observing the taboo day of a family death, was not attending to business. Dingzhou stormed in with a clamor and burned and plundered the mansion. Tianbo heard of the uprising and fled through a small passage. The Ningzhou tribal headman Lu Yongming was then in the city, fighting the rebels in the lanes. Attendant Zhou Ding stopped Tianbo and urged him to stay and attack the rebels. Tianbo suspected that Ding was luring him on Dingzhou's behalf and killed him. His mother and wife fled to the north of the city and burned themselves to death. Dingzhou seized the Qian mansion and entrenched himself in the provincial capital. He seized Grand Coordinator Wu Zhaoyuan and forced him to memorialize asking that he replace Tianbo as governor of Yunnan. He issued proclamations to the prefectures and counties, and all Yunnan was shaken. Lu Yongming and Long Zaitian of Shiping Prefecture both withdrew with their followers.

天波走楚雄，金滄副使楊畏知奉調駐城中，謂天波曰：「公何不走永昌，使楚得為備，而公在彼掎角，首尾牽制之，上策也。」天波從之。定洲至楚雄，城閉不得入，乃去。遣其黨王翔、李日芳等，攻陷大理、蒙化。畏知乘間檄城外居民盡入城，築陴浚隍，調土、漢兵守之。定洲聞祿永命等各固守，不敢至永昌，恐畏知截其歸路，急還兵攻楚雄。畏知坐城樓，賊發巨炮擊之，煙焰籠城櫓，眾謂畏知已死，而畏知端坐自如，賊相驚謂神。畏知伺賊間，輒出奇兵殺賊甚眾。賊引去，攻石屏不下，還攻寧州，祿永命戰死。賊計迤東稍稍定，乃復攻楚雄。分兵為七十二營，環城掘濠，為久困計。

Tianbo fled to Chuxiong, where Vice Commissioner Yang Weizhi of Jincang, having been ordered there, was stationed in the city. He said to Tianbo, "Why do you not withdraw to Yongchang? Let Chuxiong prepare its defenses while you hold the other flank and pin the enemy between us. That is the best plan. Tianbo agreed. Dingzhou reached Chuxiong, but the gates were shut against him and he withdrew. He sent his partisans Wang Xiang, Li Rifang, and others, who captured Dali and Menghua. Weizhi seized the moment to order all residents outside the walls into the city, strengthened the ramparts and deepened the moats, and deployed both native and Han troops to defend it. Hearing that Lu Yongming and the others were holding firm, Dingzhou dared not advance on Yongchang, fearing that Weizhi would cut off his retreat, and hurried back to attack Chuxiong. Weizhi sat on the city tower as the rebels fired great cannon at it. Smoke and flame engulfed the tower, and the defenders thought he must be dead, yet he sat upright as before. The rebels looked at one another in alarm and called him a god. Weizhi watched for openings among the rebels and repeatedly sent out surprise troops, killing great numbers of them. The rebels withdrew, failed to take Shiping, returned to attack Ningzhou, and Lu Yongming fell in battle. Judging that the eastern region was gradually settling, the rebels again attacked Chuxiong. They divided their forces into seventy-two camps, dug trenches around the city, and planned a prolonged siege.

會張獻忠死，其部將孫可望率余眾由遵義入黔，稱黔國焦夫人弟來復仇。民久困沙兵，喜其來，迎之。定洲解楚雄圍，迎戰於草泥關，大敗，遁阿迷。可望破曲靖及交水，俱屠之。遂由陸涼、宜良入雲南城，分遣李定國徇迤東諸府。而可望自率兵西出，畏知禦於啟明橋，兵敗，被執。可望聞其名，不殺，語之曰：「吾與爾共討賊，何如？」畏知要以三事：「不用獻忠偽號，不殺百姓，不擄婦女，吾從爾。」可望皆許之。即折箭相誓，乃以書諭天波如畏知言，天波亦來歸。而李定國之徇臨安者，定洲部目李阿楚拒戰甚力。定國穴地置炮，炮發城陷，遂入。驅城中官民於城外白場殺之，凡七萬八千余人，斬獲不與焉。當時皆意定國破臨安，必襲阿迷，取定洲，乃僅掠臨安子女而回，所過無不屠滅。迤西以畏知在軍，得保全。

About this time Zhang Xianzhong died, and his lieutenant Sun Kewang led the remnant forces from Zunyi into Guizhou, claiming to be the younger brother of Lady Jiao of Qian come to take revenge. The people, long harried by the Sha troops, were glad to see them come and welcomed them. Dingzhou lifted the siege of Chuxiong and met them at Caoni Pass, where he was routed and fled to Ami. Kewang took Qujing and Jiaoshui and put both to the sword. He then entered Yunnan city by way of Luliang and Yiliang and dispatched Li Dingguo to subdue the prefectures of the eastern circuit. Kewang himself led his forces westward. Weizhi met him at Qiming Bridge, was defeated, and was captured. Kewang had heard of his reputation and did not kill him. He said, "Will you join me in attacking the rebels together? Weizhi set three conditions: "Do not use Xianzhong's false title, do not kill civilians, and do not seize women — then I will follow you." Kewang agreed to all three. They broke arrows to seal their oath, and Kewang wrote to Tianbo as Weizhi had proposed. Tianbo submitted as well. Meanwhile, as Li Dingguo advanced on Lin'an, Dingzhou's officer Li Achu resisted fiercely. Dingguo tunneled under the walls to place cannon. When the guns fired, the city fell and he entered. He drove the officials and common people of the city to the white field outside the walls and slaughtered them — more than seventy-eight thousand in all, not counting those killed or captured in battle. At the time everyone expected that once Dingguo took Lin'an he would strike Ami and capture Dingzhou. Instead he only seized the women and children of Lin'an and withdrew, slaughtering and destroying everywhere he passed. The western circuit was spared because Weizhi was with the army.

始定洲歸，屯兵洱革龍，且借安南援自固。會可望與定國不協，聲其罪，杖之百，責以取定洲自贖。定國既至，定洲土目楊嘉方迎定洲就其營宴。定國偵知之，率兵圍營，相拒數日，乃出降。遂械定洲及妻萬氏數百人回雲南，剝其皮市中。可望遂據滇，而天波卒走死於緬甸。

When Dingzhou first withdrew, he encamped at Ergelong and sought aid from Annan to secure his position. Kewang and Dingguo had fallen out. Kewang proclaimed Dingguo's crimes, had him beaten one hundred strokes, and charged him to capture Dingzhou to redeem himself. When Dingguo arrived, Dingzhou's native officer Yang Jiafang welcomed Dingzhou to his camp for a feast. Dingguo learned of it through scouts, surrounded the camp with his troops, and after several days of fighting Dingzhou came out to surrender. He then bound Dingzhou, his wife Lady Wan, and several hundred others and brought them back to Yunnan, where their skins were flayed in the marketplace. Kewang then seized control of Yunnan, and Tianbo in the end fled and died in Burma.

大理，唐葉榆縣境也。麟德初，置姚州都督府。開元末，蒙詔皮羅閣建都於此，為南詔，治太和城。至閣羅鳳，號大蒙國，異牟尋改大禮國。其後，鄭買賜、趙善政、楊幹貞互篡奪，至五代晉時，段思平得之，更號大理國。元憲宗取雲南，至大理，段智興降附，乃設都元帥，封智興為摩訶羅嵯，管領八方。又以劉時中為宣撫使，同智興安輯其民。段氏有大理，傳十世至寶。聞太祖開基江南，遣其叔段真由會川奉表歸款。洪武十四年，征南將軍傅友德克雲南，授段明為宣慰使。明遣都使張元亨貽征南將軍書曰：「大理乃唐交綏之外國，鄯闡實宋斧畫之余邦，難列營屯，徒勞兵甲。請依唐、宋故事，寬我蒙、段，奉正朔，佩華篆，比年一小貢，三年一大貢。」友德怒，辱其使。明再貽書曰：「漢武習戰，僅置益州。元祖親征，祗緣鄯闡。乞賜班師。」友德答書曰：「大明龍飛淮甸，混一區宇。陋漢、唐之小智，卑宋、元之淺圖。大兵所至，神龍助陣，天地應符。汝段氏接武蒙氏，運已絕於元代，寬延至今。我師已殲梁王，報汝世仇，不降何待？」

Dali lay within the territory of Yeyu County under the Tang. At the beginning of the Linde reign, Yaozhou Regional Command was established. At the end of the Kaiyuan reign, Piluoge of Nanzhao built his capital here, established Nanzhao, and governed from Taihe city. Under Geluofeng the state was styled Great Meng; Yimouxun renamed it Great Li. Thereafter Zheng Maidi, Zhao Shanzheng, and Yang Ganzhen seized power from one another in turn. In the Jin era of the Five Dynasties, Duan Siping obtained it and again styled the realm Dali. When Emperor Xianzong of Yuan took Yunnan and reached Dali, Duan Zhixing submitted. A chief commander was established, and Zhixing was enfeoffed as Maharaja to govern the eight directions. Liu Shizhong was also appointed Pacification Commissioner to settle the people together with Zhixing. The Duan clan held Dali and passed it down ten generations to Bao. When he heard that the Founding Emperor had established the realm south of the Yangtze, he sent his uncle Duan Zhen from Huichuan to present a memorial of submission. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu, the southern expedition general Fu Youde took Yunnan and appointed Duan Ming Pacification Commissioner. Ming sent Commissioner Zhang Yuanheng with a letter to the southern expedition general, saying, "Dali is a foreign state beyond Tang Jiaosui; Shanchan is truly a remnant realm left outside the Song frontier. It is hard to array camps and garrisons — only to weary soldiers and armor. We ask to follow Tang and Song precedent, sparing our Meng and Duan lines, observing the correct calendar, wearing the imperial seal, with a small tribute every year and a great tribute every three years." Youde was angry and humiliated the envoy. Ming sent another letter, saying, "Emperor Wu of Han practiced warfare and only established Yizhou. The Yuan founder campaigned in person solely because of Shanchan. We beg you to withdraw the army." Youde answered with a letter, saying, "Great Ming rose in the Huai region and unified the realm. We despise the small wisdom of Han and Tang and belittle the shallow designs of Song and Yuan. Wherever the great army arrives, divine dragons assist the battle array and Heaven and Earth respond to the mandate. Your Duan clan succeeded the Meng line; your fortune was already cut off under the Yuan and only prolonged until now. Our army has already destroyed the Prince of Liang and avenged your hereditary enemy — why not submit? What are you waiting for?"

十五年，征南左將軍藍玉、右將軍沐英率師攻大理。大理城倚點蒼山，西臨洱河為固。聞王師至，聚眾扼下關。下關者，南詔皮羅閣所築龍尾關也，號極險。玉等至品甸，遣定遠侯王弼以兵由洱水東趨上關，為掎角勢，自率眾抵下關，造攻具。遣都督胡海洋由石門間道夜渡河，繞出點蒼山後，攀木援崖而上，立旗幟。昧爽，軍抵下關者望見，皆踴躍讙噪，蠻眾驚亂。英身先士卒，策馬渡河，水沒馬腹，將士隨之，遂斬關入。蠻兵潰，拔其城，酋長段世就擒。世與明皆段寶子也。至京師，帝傳諭曰：「爾父寶曾有降表，朕不忍廢。」賜長子名歸仁，授永昌衛鎮撫；次子名歸義，授雁門鎮撫。大理悉定，因改大理路為大理府，置衛，設指揮使司。

In the fifteenth year, the left southern expedition general Lan Yu and the right general Mu Ying led troops to attack Dali. Dali city leaned on Diancang Mountain and used the Er River on the west for its defense. Hearing the imperial army had arrived, they gathered troops to hold Xia Pass. Xia Pass was Longwei Pass, built by Piluoge of Nanzhao, and was called extremely perilous. When Yu and the others reached Pindian, they sent the Marquis of Dingyuan Wang Bi with troops along the east of the Er River toward Shang Pass in a pincer formation, while Yu himself led the host to Xia Pass and prepared siege equipment. He dispatched Commissioner Hu Haiyang by the Shimen bypath to cross the river at night, circle behind Diancang Mountain, climb the cliffs by trees and ropes, and raise banners. At daybreak the troops at Xia Pass saw them and leaped and shouted in joy; the barbarian host was startled and thrown into disorder. Ying led the assault himself, spurred his horse across the river until the water reached the horse's belly, and the soldiers followed; they then cut through the pass and entered. The barbarian troops collapsed, the city was taken, and the chieftain Duan Shi was captured. Shi and Ming were both sons of Duan Bao. When they reached the capital, the Emperor transmitted instruction, saying, "Your father Bao once presented a memorial of surrender; I could not bear to abolish you." He granted the eldest son the name Guiren and appointed him Pacification Officer of Yongchang; the second son the name Guiyi and appointed him Pacification Officer of Yanmen. Dali was entirely pacified. Dali Circuit was changed to Dali Prefecture, a guard was established, and a regional military commission was set up.

臨安，古句町國。漢置縣。唐為羈縻牁州地。天寶末，南詔蒙氏於此置通海郡。元時內附，置阿僰部萬戶府。至元中改臨安路，屬臨安、廣西、元江等處宣慰司。洪武十四年，征南將軍下雲南，遣宣德侯金朝興分道取臨安。元右丞兀卜臺、元帥完者都及土官楊政降，改路為府，廢宣慰司，置臨安衛指揮使司。十七年以土官和寧為阿迷知州，弄甥為寧州知州，陸羨為蒙自知縣，普少為納婁茶甸副長官；俱來朝貢，因給誥敕冠帶以命之。十八年，臨安府千戶納速丁等來朝，人賜米十石。

Lin'an was the ancient state of Gouding. The Han established a county there. Under the Tang it was territory of the Jimi Ge Prefecture. At the end of the Tianbao reign, the Meng clan of Nanzhao established Tonghai Commandery here. In Yuan times it submitted, and the Abo Ten-thousand-households Office was established. In the Zhongyuan era it was changed to Lin'an Circuit, subordinate to the Lin'an, Guangxi, and Yuanjiang Pacification Commission. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu, when the southern expedition general descended on Yunnan, he sent the Marquis of Xuande Jin Chaoxing by separate routes to take Lin'an. The Yuan Right Chancellor Wubutai, Marshal Wanzhedu, and native official Yang Zheng submitted. The circuit was changed to a prefecture, the pacification commission abolished, and the Lin'an Regional Military Commission established. In the seventeenth year the native officials He Ning as subprefect of Ami, Nong Sheng as subprefect of Ningzhou, Lu Xian as magistrate of Mengzi, and Pu Shao as deputy headman of Nalou Chadian were appointed; all came to court with tribute, and patent letters, edicts, caps, and belts were granted to confirm them. In the eighteenth year, Thousand-household Nashuding of Lin'an Prefecture and others came to court; each person was granted ten piculs of rice.

永樂九年，溪處甸長官司副長官自恩來朝，貢馬及金銀器，賜賚如例。自恩因言：「本司歲納海<貝巴>七萬九千八百索，非土所產，乞準鈔銀為便。」戶部以洪武中定額，難準折輸。帝曰：「取有於無，適以厲民，況彼遠夷，尤當寬恤，其除之。」

In the ninth year of Yongle, Deputy Headman Zi En of the Xichu native headman office came to court, presenting horses and gold and silver vessels; rewards were granted according to precedent. Zi En therefore said, "This office pays seventy-nine thousand eight hundred cords of sea cowries yearly, which are not produced locally; we beg permission to pay in paper money and silver instead." The Ministry of Revenue, citing the Hongwu quota, said conversion was difficult. The Emperor said, "Taking from where there is none only harms the people; how much more for those distant barbarians — they should especially be treated leniently. Abolish it."

宣德五年，中官雲仙還自雲南，奏設東山口巡檢司，以故土官後普覺為巡檢。八年，虧容甸長官司奏：「河底自洪武中官置渡船，路通車裏、八百。近年軍民有逃逸出境詐稱使者，迫令乘載，往往被害，又沿河時有劫盜出沒。乞置巡檢司，以故把事袁凱之子瑀為巡檢。」從之。嘉靖元年復設寧州流官知州，掌州事，土知州祿氏專職巡捕。寧州舊設流官，正德初，土官祿俸陰賄劉瑾罷之。遂交通彌勒州十八寨強賊為亂，為官軍捕誅，其子祿世爵復以罪論死。撫按請仍設流官，從之。初，臨安阿迷州土官普柱，洪武中為土知州。後設流，錄其後覺為東山巡檢，既而以他事廢。正德二年以廣西維摩、王弄山與阿迷接壤，盜出沒，仍令普覺後納繼前職。

In the fifth year of Xuande, the eunuch Yun Xian, returning from Yunnan, memorialized establishing the Dongshankou Inspection Office, with the former native official's descendant Hou Pujue as inspector. In the eighth year, the Kuirong native headman office memorialized, "Since the Hongwu reign the government placed ferry boats at Hedi; the road connects Cheli and Babai. In recent years soldiers and civilians have fled across the border falsely claiming to be envoys, forcing people to carry them, and are often killed; moreover bandits along the river often appear and disappear. We beg to establish an inspection office, with Yuan Kai's son Yu, former baishi, as inspector." The request was approved. In the first year of Jiajing the regular subprefect of Ningzhou was re-established to manage prefectural affairs, while the Lu clan native subprefect was confined to patrol and arrest duties. Ningzhou had formerly had a regular official; at the beginning of Zhengde the native official Lu Feng secretly bribed Liu Jin to abolish it. He then joined with the strong bandits of the eighteen stockades of Mile Prefecture in rebellion, was captured and executed by government troops, and his son Lu Shijue was again sentenced to death for crime. The grand coordinator and surveillance commissioner requested re-establishment of a regular official; it was approved. At first, Pu Zhu, native subprefect of Ami in Lin'an, served as native subprefect in the Hongwu reign. Later a regular official was established; his descendant Jue was registered as Dongshan inspector, then abolished for other matters. In the second year of Zhengde, because Guangxi Weimo and Wangnong Mountain bordered Ami and bandits appeared, Pujue's descendant Na was again allowed to succeed to the former post.

普維藩者，與寧州祿氏構兵，師殲焉。維藩子名聲，幼育於官，既長，有司俾繼父職。名聲收拾舊部，勇於攻戰，從討奢安有功，仍授土知州，漸驕恣。崇禎五年，御史趙洪範按部，名聲不出迎。已，出戈甲旗幟列數里。洪範大怒，謀之巡撫王伉，請討，得旨。官軍進圍州城，名聲恐，使人約降，而陰以重賄求援於元謀土官吾必奎。時官軍已調必奎隨征，必奎與名聲戰，兵始合，佯敗走。官軍望見，遂大潰，布政使周士昌戰死。朝廷以起釁罪伉，逮治，而名聲就撫。然驕恣益甚，當事者頗以為患。已而廣西知府張繼孟道出阿迷，以計毒殺之。必奎聞名聲死，遂反，連陷武定、祿豐、楚雄諸城。寧州土官祿永命、石屏州土目龍在田，俱與必奎、名聲從征著名，至是，黔國公沐天波檄之統兵，合剿擒必奎。名聲妻萬氏，本江西寄籍女，淫而狡。名聲死後，改嫁王弄山副長官沙源之子定洲。名聲有子曰服遠，與萬氏分寨居，定洲誘殺服遠，並其地。天波檄定洲取必奎，定洲不欲行，遂反，詳前傳。

Pu Weifan raised troops with the Lu clan of Ningzhou and the army was destroyed. Weifan's son Mingsheng was raised from childhood in the government office; when grown, the authorities had him succeed to his father's post. Mingsheng gathered his old followers, was bold in attack, served in the campaign against She An with merit, was again granted native subprefect, and gradually grew arrogant. In the fifth year of Chongzhen, Censor Zhao Hongfan made his inspection rounds; Mingsheng did not come out to welcome him. Afterward he displayed armor, weapons, banners, and flags lined for several li. Hongfan was greatly angered, consulted Grand Coordinator Wang Kang, requested a campaign, and obtained the edict. Government troops advanced to besiege the subprefectural city. Mingsheng was afraid, sent someone to arrange surrender, but secretly sent heavy bribes to seek aid from Wu Bikui, native official of Yuanmou. At the time government troops had already summoned Bikui to join the campaign. Bikui fought with Mingsheng, and when the armies had just joined battle he pretended defeat and fled. The government troops saw this and were routed in great disorder; Administrative Commissioner Zhou Shichang died in battle. The court blamed Kang for provoking the incident and had him arrested for punishment, while Mingsheng was pacified. Yet he grew ever more arrogant; those in charge were quite troubled by him. Later Guangxi Prefect Zhang Jimeng passed through Ami on his route and poisoned him by stratagem. When Bikui heard Mingsheng was dead, he rebelled and in succession captured Wuding, Lufeng, Chuxiong, and other cities. The native official Lu Yongming of Ningzhou and the native officer Long Zaitian of Shiping Prefecture had both been famous for following Bikui and Mingsheng on campaign. Now the Duke of Qian Mu Tianbo summoned them to command troops and combined forces to suppress and capture Bikui. Mingsheng's wife Lady Wan was originally a woman of Jiangxi registered residence, licentious and cunning. After Mingsheng died, she remarried Sha Dingzhou, son of Sha Yuan, deputy headman of Wangnong Mountain. Mingsheng had a son Fuyuan who lived in a separate stockade with Lady Wan; Dingzhou lured and killed Fuyuan and annexed his territory. Tianbo summoned Dingzhou to take Bikui; Dingzhou did not wish to go and rebelled, as detailed in the previous biography.

臨安領州四，縣四。其長官司有九，曰納樓茶甸，曰教化三部，曰溪處甸，曰左能寨，曰王弄山，曰虧容甸，曰思陀甸，曰落恐甸，曰安南，其地皆在郡東南。西平侯征安南，取道於此。蓮花灘之外即交荒外，而臨安無南面之虞者，以諸甸為之備也。但地多瘴，流官不欲入，諸長官亦不請代襲，自相冠帶，日尋幹戈。納樓部內有礦場三，曰中場、鵝黃、摩訶。封閉已久，亡命多竊取之。其安南長官司，本阿僰蠻所居，舊名褒古，後名舍資。元為舍資千戶所。以地近交址，改安南，屬臨安路。正德八年，蒙自土舍祿祥爭襲父職，鴆殺其嫡兄祿仁，安南長官司土舍那代助之以兵，遂稱亂，守臣討平之。事聞，命革蒙自土官，改長官司為新安守禦千戶所，調臨安衛中所官軍戍之。

Lin'an oversaw four subprefectures and four counties. Its native headman offices numbered nine: Nalou Chadian, Jiaohua Three Departments, Xichu, Zuoneng Stockade, Wangnong Mountain, Kuirong, Situo, Luokong, and Annan — all their lands lay southeast of the prefecture. When the Marquis of Xiping campaigned against Annan, he took the route through here. Beyond Lotus Beach lies the outer wilds of Jiaozhi; that Lin'an had no worry on the south face was because the various districts served as its defense. But the land was mostly malarial; regular officials did not wish to enter, and the headmen also did not request succession — they crowned themselves and daily sought one another in arms. Within the Nalou department were three mining sites: called Zhongchang, Ehuang, and Mohe. They had long been sealed, and many fugitives secretly mined them. The Annan native headman office was originally where the Abo barbarians dwelt, formerly called Baogu, later called Shezi. Under the Yuan it was the Shezi Thousand-household Office. Because the land was near Jiaozhi, it was changed to Annan and made subordinate to Lin'an Circuit. In the eighth year of Zhengde, Lu Xiang, native clerk of Mengzi, fought over succeeding to his father's post, poisoned his elder brother Lu Ren, and the native clerk Na of the Annan headman office aided him with troops; they then styled it rebellion and defending officials pacified it. When the matter was reported, orders were given to abolish the Mengzi native official, change the headman office to the Xin'an Defense Thousand-household Office, and transfer garrison troops from the central battalion of Lin'an Guard.

宣德五年命故土知府高政女襲同知。政初為同知，永樂中來朝，時仁宗監國，嘉其勤誠，升知府，子孫仍襲同知。政卒，無子，妻襲。又卒，其女奏乞襲知府。帝曰：「皇考有成命。」令襲同知。

In the fifth year of Xuande, orders were given for the former native prefect Gao Zheng's daughter to succeed as vice prefect. Zheng had first been vice prefect; in Yongle he came to court; at the time the Heir Apparent supervised the realm and praised his diligence and sincerity, promoting him to prefect; descendants still succeeded as vice prefect. When Zheng died without a son, his wife succeeded. When she too died, his daughter memorialized begging to succeed as prefect. The Emperor said, "The late Emperor had a settled command." He ordered her to succeed as vice prefect.

八年升南安州瑯井土巡檢李保為州判官；以鄉老言：「本州俱羅舞、和泥、烏蠻雜類，稟性頑獷，以無土官管束，多致流移，差役賦稅，俱難理辦。眾嘗推保署州事，撫綏得宜，民皆向服，流移復歸，乞授本州土官。」吏部言：「南安舊無土官，難從其請。」帝以為治在順民情，從之。九年，黔國公沐晟等奏：「楚雄所屬黑石江及泥坎村銀場，軍民盜礦，千百為群，執兵攘奪。楚雄縣賊首者些糾合武定賊者惟等，劫掠軍民，殺巡檢張禎。又定邊縣阿苴裏諸處強賊，聚眾抄掠景東等衛。大理、蒙化、楚雄、姚州皆有盜出沒。」帝敕責晟等，期以三年，討靖諸為亂者。

In the eighth year Li Bao, native inspector of Langjing in Nan'an Subprefecture, was promoted to assistant prefect; Citing the village elders, the report stated that the prefecture was home to Jurawu, Heni, Wuman, and other mixed groups whose temperaments ran stubborn and wild. With no native official to restrain them, many people had drifted away, and both corvée labor and tax collection had become nearly impossible. The people had repeatedly chosen Bao to manage the prefecture. He governed them well, won their loyalty, and brought back those who had fled. They petitioned that he be appointed native official of the prefecture. Closing the elders' petition, the Ministry of Personnel replied that Nan'an had never had a native official and that the request could not easily be granted. The Emperor, however, held that sound rule meant heeding the people's wishes, and he approved the request. In the ninth year, Prince of Qian Mu Sheng and others reported that at the Heishi River and Nikeng Village silver mines under Chuxiong, soldiers and civilians were mining illegally in bands of hundreds and thousands, armed and fighting one another for control. Zhexie, a bandit leader in Chuxiong County, joined forces with Zhewei and other outlaws from Wuding to raid soldiers and civilians, killing Inspector Zhang Zhen. Meanwhile, powerful bandits around Ajuli in Dingbian County had gathered in force to raid Jingdong Guard and neighboring garrisons. Bandits were appearing throughout Dali, Menghua, Chuxiong, and Yaozhou. The Emperor rebuked Sheng and his colleagues by edict and gave them three years to suppress every rebel in the region.

嘉靖四十三年，楚雄叛蠻阿方等兵起，先攻易門所，流劫習峨、昆陽、新化各州縣，僭稱王，約土官王一心、王行道為援。一心後悔，詣軍門請討賊自效。巡撫呂光洵許之，招降數百人。官軍分道進，擒獲賊黨。乘勝攻大、小木址二寨，克之，斬阿方首，余賊悉平。

In the forty-third year of Jiajing, Afang and other Chuxiong rebels took up arms. They first attacked Yimen Guard, then raided Xie'e, Kunyang, Xinhua, and neighboring districts, proclaimed themselves kings, and sought support from native officials Wang Yixin and Wang Xingdao. Yixin later regretted his involvement, went to the army headquarters, and offered to hunt down the rebels to redeem himself. Grand Coordinator Lu Guangxun agreed, and several hundred rebels surrendered. Government forces advanced along several routes and captured rebel bands. Following up their victory, they stormed the stockades at Da and Xiao Muzhi, took both, beheaded Afang, and wiped out the remaining rebels.

澄江，唐為南寧、昆二州地。天寶末，沒於蠻，號羅伽甸。宋時，大理段氏號羅伽部。元置羅伽萬戶府。至元中，改澄江路。洪武十五年，雲南平，澄江歸附，改澄江府。地居滇省之中，山川明秀，蠶衣耕食，民安於業。近郡之羅羅，性雖頑狠，然恭敬上官。官至，爭迎到家，刲羊擊豕，罄所有以供之，婦女皆出羅拜，故於諸府獨號安靜雲。

Chengjiang had been the territory of Nanning and Kun Prefectures under the Tang. At the end of the Tianbao reign, it fell to tribal peoples and became known as the Luojia district. Under the Song, the Duan clan of Dali ruled it as the Luojia department. The Yuan established the Luojia Ten-thousand-households Office there. During the Zhiyuan era, it was reorganized as Chengjiang Circuit. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, after Yunnan was pacified, Chengjiang submitted and was made Chengjiang Prefecture. Situated at the heart of Yunnan, the region has fine mountains and rivers. The people raise silkworms, farm their fields, and live securely in their trades. The Luoluo in neighboring districts could be fierce by nature, yet they were deferential toward the authorities. When officials arrived, families competed to welcome them home, slaughtered sheep and pigs, and offered everything they had. The women came out to bow in greeting. For this reason it alone among the prefectures was nicknamed Tranquil Clouds.

景東，古柘南也，漢尚未有其地。唐南詔蒙氏始置銀生府，後為金齒白蠻所據。元中統三年討平之，以所部隸威楚萬戶。至元中，置開南州。洪武十五年平雲南，景東先歸附。土官俄陶獻馬百六十匹、銀三千一百兩、馴象二。詔置景東府，以俄陶知府事，賜以文綺襲衣。十八年，百夷思倫發叛，率眾十余萬攻景東之北吉寨。俄陶率眾禦之，為所敗，率其民千余家避於大理府之白崖川。事聞，帝嘉其忠，遣通政司經歷楊大用賫白金文綺賜之。二十三年，沐英討平思倫發，復景東地，因奏景東百夷要沖，宜置衛。以錦衣衛僉事胡常守之，俄陶仍舊職。二十四年，帝以景東為雲南要害，且多腴田，調白崖川軍士屯守。二十六年命洱海衛指揮同知賴鎮守景東，從沐春請也。

Jingdong was ancient Zhenan, a region not yet under Han control. Under the Tang, the Meng clan of Nanzhao first established Yinsheng Prefecture there, but it was later taken by the Jinchí Bai peoples. In the third year of Zhongtong under the Yuan, the region was pacified by force and placed under Weichu Ten-thousand-households. During the Zhiyuan era, Kainan Prefecture was established. When Yunnan was pacified in the fifteenth year of Hongwu, Jingdong was among the first to submit. Native official E Tao presented one hundred sixty horses, three thousand one hundred taels of silver, and two trained elephants. The court established Jingdong Prefecture, appointed E Tao prefect, and granted him patterned silks and ceremonial robes. In the eighteenth year, the Baiyi leader Si Lunfa rebelled and led more than one hundred thousand men against Beiji Stockade in Jingdong. E Tao led his people out to resist but was defeated, then withdrew with more than one thousand households to Baiyanchuan in Dali Prefecture. When word reached the court, the Emperor praised his loyalty and sent Yang Dayong of the Office of Transmission with silver and patterned silks as a reward. In the twenty-third year, Mu Ying defeated Si Lunfa and recovered Jingdong. He then memorialized that Jingdong was a strategic choke point among the Baiyi peoples and that a guard should be established there. Hu Chang, an assistant commissioner of the Embroidered Uniform Guard, was placed in command, while E Tao kept his former post. In the twenty-fourth year, deeming Jingdong a strategic stronghold of Yunnan with rich farmland, the Emperor transferred troops from Baiyanchuan to garrison and farm the area. In the twenty-sixth year, at Mu Chun's request, the Emperor ordered Lai, vice commander of Erhai Guard, to take charge of Jingdong.

宣德五年置孟緬長官司。時景東奏所轄孟緬、孟梳，地方遐遠，屢被外寇侵擾。乞並孟梳於孟緬，設長官司，授把事姜嵩為長官，以隸景東，歲增貢銀五十兩。六年，大侯土知州刀奉漢侵據孟緬地，敕黔國公沐晟遣官撫諭。

The Mengmian Native Official District was established in the fifth year of Xuande. At the time, Jingdong reported that its distant districts of Mengmian and Mengshu had repeatedly been raided by outside enemies. It requested that Mengshu be merged into Mengmian as a native official district, with bashi Jiang Song appointed chief under Jingdong's jurisdiction, and that the annual tribute be raised by fifty taels of silver. In the sixth year, Dao Fenghan, native prefect of Dahou, seized Mengmian territory. The Emperor ordered Prince of Qian Mu Sheng to send officials to negotiate with him.

正統中，思任發叛，官軍征麓川，知府陶瓚從征有功，進階大中大夫。弘治十五年正月，景東衛雲霧黑暗，晝夜不別者凡七日，巡撫陳金以聞。命廷臣議考察，以謝天變。南京刑部、都察院承旨，考黜文武官千二百員。嘉靖中，者東甸稱亂，劫景東府印去。土舍陶金追斬其頭目，奪印歸。

During the Zhengtong reign, when Si Renfa rebelled and government forces marched on Luchuan, Prefect Tao Zan served with distinction and was promoted to Grand Master of Palace Attendance. In the first month of the fifteenth year of Hongzhi, Jingdong Guard was shrouded in darkness for seven days, day and night indistinguishable. Grand Coordinator Chen Jin reported the omen to the court. The court ordered its ministers to conduct official reviews in response to this heavenly portent. Acting on the order, the Nanjing Ministry of Justice and Censorate reviewed and dismissed twelve hundred civil and military officials. During the Jiajing reign, Zhedongdian rebelled and stole the seal of Jingdong Prefecture. Tushe Tao Jin pursued the rebels, killed their leader, recovered the seal, and brought it back.

景東部皆僰種，性淳樸，習弩射，以象戰。歷討鐵索、米魯、那鑒、安銓、鳳繼祖諸役，皆調其兵及戰象。天啟六年，貴州水西安邦彥反，率眾二十萬入滇境，至馬龍後山，去會城十五里。總兵官調景東土舍陶明卿率兵伏路左。賊分道並至，官兵禦之，賊拒戰，勢甚銳。明卿乃以象陣從左翼沖出橫擊，賊潰，追奔十餘里。巡撫上功，推明卿第一。景東每調兵二千，必自效千余，餉士之費，未嘗仰給公家，土司中最稱恭順。其府治東有邦泰山，頗險峻，土官陶姓所世居也。

The people of Jingdong are Bo tribesmen—plain and honest by nature, skilled with crossbows, and accustomed to fighting with war elephants. In the campaigns against the Tiesuo, Milu, Najian, An Quan, and Feng Jizu rebellions, their soldiers and war elephants were repeatedly called up. In the sixth year of Tianqi, An Bangyan of Shuixi, Guizhou, rebelled and led two hundred thousand men into Yunnan, reaching Malong Rear Mountain just fifteen li from the provincial capital. The regional commander ordered Jingdong tushe Tao Mingqing to lead troops in ambush on the left flank of the road. The rebels advanced along several routes at once. Government troops met them, but the rebels fought back with great force. Mingqing then charged from the left with his elephant formation and struck the enemy flank. The rebels broke and were pursued for more than ten li. The grand coordinator reported the victory and ranked Mingqing first in merit. Whenever two thousand troops were levied from Jingdong, it always furnished more than a thousand of its own men and never relied on the state for rations. Among the tribal headmen it was regarded as the most loyal and compliant. East of the prefectural seat stands steep and rugged Mount Bangtai, the ancestral home of the Tao clan of native officials.

廣南，宋時名特磨道。土酋儂姓，智高之裔也。元至元間，立廣南西路宣撫司。初領路城等五州，後惟領安寧、富二州。洪武十五年歸附，改廣南府，以土官儂郎金為同知。十八年，郎金來朝，賜錦綺鈔錠。二十八年，都指揮同知王俊奉命率雲南後衛官軍至廣南，築城建衛。郎金父貞佑不自安，結眾據山寨拒守。俊遣人招之，不服，時伏草莽中劫掠，覘官軍進退。俊乃遣指揮歐慶等分兵攻各寨，自將取貞佑；又以兵扼間道，絕其救援。諸寨悉破，眾潰，貞佑窮促就擒，械送京師。降郎金為府通判。

Guangnan was known in Song times as the Temo Circuit. The native chieftains belonged to the Nong clan, descendants of Zhigao. During the Zhiyuan era of the Yuan, the Guangnan West Circuit Pacification Commission was established. It initially governed five prefectures including Lucheng, but later retained only Anning and Fu. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu it submitted and was made Guangnan Prefecture, with native official Nong Langjin appointed vice prefect. In the eighteenth year, Langjin came to court and received brocades, patterned silks, and paper money ingots. In the twenty-eighth year, Vice Commander-in-chief Wang Jun led troops from Yunnan Rear Guard to Guangnan, where he built a walled city and established a garrison. Langjin's father Zhenyou, feeling insecure, gathered followers, seized a mountain stockade, and prepared to resist. Wang Jun sent envoys to summon him, but he refused to submit. He hid in the brush to raid and spy on the movements of government troops. Wang Jun then sent Commanders Ou Qing and others to attack the stockades in separate columns while he personally led the main force against Zhenyou; and posted troops on the side paths to cut off any relief. All the stockades fell, the rebels scattered, and Zhenyou, cornered, was captured and sent to the capital in chains. Langjin was demoted to assistant prefect of the prefecture.

永樂六年，富州土知州沈弦經入貢，值仁孝皇后喪，弦經奉香幣致祭。宣德元年，土官儂郎舉來朝，貢馬。正統六年，廣南賊阿羅、阿思等劫掠，命總兵官沐昂等招撫之。時富州土官沈政與郎舉互訐糾眾侵地，帝命昂等勘處。七年，昂奏二人叛逆無實跡，因有隙相妄奏。兵部請治政等罪，帝以蠻人宥之。政、舉相仇殺已十余年，時方征麓川，憚兵威不敢動。未幾，郎舉以從征功升同知，死無嗣，四門舍目共推儂文舉署事，屢立戰功。萬歷七年，實授同知。子應祖從征三鄉，親獲賊首，詔賞銀百兩。播州之役，征其兵三千討尋甸叛目，皆有功，賜四品服。

In the sixth year of Yongle, Shen Xianjing, native prefect of Fuzhou, came to pay tribute during the mourning period for Empress Renxiao and offered incense and silks in memorial rites. In the first year of Xuande, native official Nong Langju came to court and presented horses in tribute. In the sixth year of Zhengtong, the Guangnan bandits Aluo, Asi, and others raided the region. Regional commander Mu Ang and others were ordered to negotiate with them. At the time, Fuzhou native official Shen Zheng and Langju were accusing each other and raising followers to seize one another's land. The Emperor ordered Ang and others to investigate. In the seventh year, Ang reported that neither man had actually rebelled and that their mutual accusations stemmed from personal enmity. The Ministry of War asked that Zheng and the others be punished, but the Emperor pardoned them as tribal subjects. Zheng and Langju had been feuding and killing one another for more than ten years, but with the Luchuan campaign underway they feared the army's power and held back. Soon afterward Langju was promoted to vice prefect for his service in the campaign. He died without heirs, and the four-gate shemu chose Nong Wenju to administer affairs. Wenju distinguished himself in battle repeatedly. In the seventh year of Wanli, he received formal appointment as vice prefect. His son Yingzu served in the campaign against Sanxiang, personally captured the rebel leader, and was rewarded by edict with one hundred taels of silver. During the Bozhou campaign, three thousand of its troops were mobilized against the Xundian rebel chieftain. They all served with distinction and were granted fourth-rank robes.

儂氏自文舉藉四門舍目推擁之力得授職，後儂氏襲替必因之。土官之政出於四門，租稅僅取十之一。道險多瘴，知府不至其地，印以臨安指揮一人署之。指揮出，印封一室，入取，必有瘟癘死亡。萬歷末，知府廖鉉者，避瘴臨安，以印付同知儂仕英子添壽。添壽死，家奴竊印並經歷司印以逃，既而歸印於其族叔儂仕祥。時仕英親弟仕獬例得襲，索仕祥印，仕祥不與，遂獻地與泗城土官岑接，與連婚構兵，滅仕獬家。及仕祥死，子琳以府印送接，而經歷司印又為琳弟瓊所有。巡撫王懋中調兵往問，瓊懼，還印於通判周憲，接亦出府印獻於官。時兵方調至境，遽遣歸。廷議治鉉擅離與守巡失撫之罪，瓊、接已輸服，勿問，詔可。未幾，儂紹湯兄弟爭襲，各糾交阯兵象，焚掠一空。

From Wenju onward, the Nong clan owed its appointments to the backing of the four-gate shemu, and every later succession in the clan depended on them. Native officials governed through the four gates and collected only a tenth of the harvest in rent and tax. The routes were treacherous and malarial, so the prefect never went there in person. A Lin'an commander held the seal and administered affairs in his place. When the commander left, the seal was locked in a room. Whoever entered to retrieve it invariably died of plague. Near the end of the Wanli reign, Prefect Liao Xuan, avoiding the malarial climate, remained at Lin'an and entrusted the seal to Vice Prefect Nong Shiying's son Tianshou. After Tianshou died, a household slave stole the prefectural seal and the administrative secretary's seal and fled, later returning them to his clansman Nong Shixiang. Shiying's younger brother Shixie was entitled to succeed by precedent and demanded the seal from Shixiang, who refused. Shixiang then ceded land to Sicheng native official Cen Jie, allied with him through marriage, raised troops, and destroyed Shixie's family. When Shixiang died, his son Lin surrendered the prefectural seal to Jie, while the administrative secretary's seal remained with Lin's younger brother Qiong. Grand Coordinator Wang Maozhong mobilized troops to investigate. Qiong, alarmed, returned the seal to Assistant Prefect Zhou Xian, and Jie also surrendered the prefectural seal to the authorities. The troops had only just reached the border when they were abruptly sent home. The court debated punishing Xuan for abandoning his post and the local defense officials for failing to maintain order. Since Qiong and Jie had already submitted, they were not prosecuted. An edict approved the decision. Before long, the Nong Shaotang brothers fought over succession, each calling in Jiaozhi troops and war elephants until the region was burned and looted bare.

廣西，隋屬牂州，後為東僰、烏蠻等部所居。唐隸黔州都督府。後師宗、彌勒二部浸盛，蒙、段皆莫能制。元憲宗時始內屬。至元十二年籍二部為軍，置廣西路。洪武十四年歸附，以土官普德署府事。二十年，普德及彌勒知州赤善、師宗知州阿的各遣人貢馬，詔賜文綺鈔錠。二十四年，布政使張紞奏：「維摩、雲龍、永寧、浪渠、越順等州縣蠻民頑惡，不遵政教，宜置兵戍守，以控制之。」是後，朝貢賜予如制。

Guangxi had belonged to Zang Prefecture under the Sui, but later came to be inhabited by the Eastern Bo, Wuman, and other tribal groups. Under the Tang it fell under the Qianzhou Area Command. Later the Shizong and Mile tribes grew increasingly powerful, beyond the control of either the Meng or the Duan clans. It first submitted to Yuan rule during the reign of Emperor Xianzong. In the twelfth year of Zhiyuan, the two tribes were registered for military service and Guangxi Circuit was established. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu it submitted, and native official Pu De was appointed to administer the prefecture. In the twentieth year, Pu De, Mile Prefect Chi Shan, and Shizong Prefect A Di each sent envoys with horses as tribute. The court responded with patterned silks and paper money ingots. In the twenty-fourth year, Administrative Commissioner Zhang He memorialized that the tribal peoples of Weimo, Yunlong, Yongning, Langqu, Yueshun, and neighboring districts were unruly and defied government authority, and that garrisons should be established to keep them under control. Thereafter tribute missions and imperial gifts followed the usual regulations.

正統六年，總兵官沐昂奏師宗州及廣南府賊阿羅、阿思糾合為亂，命昂等招諭，未幾平。成化中，土知府昂貴有罪，革其職，安置彌勒州，乃置流官，始築土城。嘉靖元年設雲南彌勒州十八寨守禦千戶所。其部眾好擄掠，無紀律，至水西、烏撒用兵，始征調之。崇禎間，巡按御史傅宗龍由滇入黔，招普兵以行。時滇中最稱沙普兵，亦曰昂兵。

In the sixth year of Zhengtong, Regional Commander Mu Ang reported that the rebels A Luo and A Si of Shizong Prefecture and Guangnan Prefecture had joined forces. Mu Ang and his colleagues were ordered to summon and win them over, and the disturbance was soon put down. During the Chenghua reign, native prefect Ang Gui was found guilty. He was removed from office and resettled at Mile Prefecture, regular officials were installed in his place, and an earthen walled town was built for the first time. In the first year of Jiajing, the Yunnan Mile Prefecture Eighteen Stockades Defense Garrison was established. Their followers were given to raiding and lacked discipline; they were not called up for service until campaigns were launched at Shuixi and Wusa. In the Chongzhen era, touring censor Fu Zonglong traveled from Yunnan into Guizhou and enlisted Pu troops to accompany his mission. At that time the Sha Pu troops were regarded as the best fighters in Yunnan and were also known as the Ang troops.

鎮沅，古濮、洛雜蠻所居，《元史》謂是和泥、昔樸二蠻也。唐南詔蒙氏銀生府地。其後，金齒僰蠻據之。元時為威遠蠻棚府，屬元江路總管。洪武十五年，總管刀平與兄那直歸附，授千夫長。建文四年置鎮沅州，以刀平為知州。永樂三年，刀平率其子來朝，貢方物，賜鈔文綺。從征八百，又從攻石崖、者達寨外部。整線來降，入貢方物。升為府，以刀平為知府，置經歷、知事各一員。貢賜皆如例。成化十七年，以地方未平，免鎮沅諸土官朝覲。正統元年復免。

Zhenyuan was home to the ancient Pu and Luo peoples. The History of Yuan identifies them as the He Ni and Xi Pu tribes. Under the Tang it had formed part of Yinsheng Prefecture in the Nanzhao realm of the Meng clan. Later it was taken over by the Jinchi Bo tribes. Under the Yuan it was organized as Weiyuan Man Peng Prefecture, under the jurisdiction of the Yuanjiang Road commissioner. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, Commissioner Dao Ping and his elder brother Na Zhi submitted to the Ming and were appointed chiliarchs. In the fourth year of the Jianwen reign, Zhenyuan Prefecture was created and Dao Ping was appointed its prefect. In the third year of Yongle, Dao Ping brought his sons to court with local products as tribute and was rewarded with paper money and patterned silks. He took part in the campaign against Babai and later joined assaults on the outer defenses of the Shiya and Zheda stockades. Zheng Xian submitted and sent local products as tribute. The district was raised to prefectural status, Dao Ping was appointed prefect, and one registrar and one clerk were installed. Tribute and imperial gifts thereafter followed the usual practice. In the seventeenth year of Chenghua, because the area remained unsettled, the native officials of Zhenyuan were excused from traveling to court. In the first year of Zhengtong the exemption was renewed.

嘉靖中征安銓，調鎮沅兵千人，命刀寧息領之。復調其子刀仁，亦率兵千人，征那鑒，克魚復寨。初，鎮沅印為那氏所奪，至是得印以獻，命給之。領長官司一，曰祿谷寨，永樂十年置。

During the Jiajing reign, in the campaign against An Quan, a thousand Zhenyuan troops were mobilized under the command of Dao Ningxi. Dao Ningxi's son Dao Ren was called up in turn with another thousand men, fought Na Jian, and took Yufu Stockade. The Zhenyuan seal had earlier been seized by the Na clan; when it was recovered and presented on this occasion, the court ordered that it be returned to its rightful holder. It administered one native chief commission, Lugu Stockade, established in the tenth year of Yongle.

永寧，昔樓頭夾地，接吐蕃，又名答藍。唐屬南詔，後為麽些蠻所據。元憲宗時內附，至元間，置答藍管民官，尋改永寧州，隸北勝府。洪武平雲南時，屬鶴慶府。二十九年，改屬瀾滄衛。十二月，土賊卜百如加劫殺軍民，前軍都督僉事何福遣指揮李榮等討之。其子阿沙遁入革失瓦都寨，官軍賫三日糧，深入追之，會天大雨，眾饑疲，引還。

Yongning had once been a narrow corridor at Loutou adjoining Tibetan territory and was also known as Dalen. Under the Tang it had belonged to Nanzhao, but later fell under Mosuo control. It submitted during the reign of Möngke Khan. In the Zhiyuan period a Dalen native administrator was appointed; the district was soon renamed Yongning Prefecture and placed under Beisheng Prefecture. When the Hongwu armies pacified Yunnan, Yongning came under Heqing Prefecture. In the twenty-ninth year its jurisdiction was transferred to Lancang Guard. In the twelfth month the native rebel Bu Bairujia raided and killed soldiers and civilians. Former Assistant Regional Commander He Fu sent Commander Li Rong and others against him. His son A Sha escaped into Geshiwadu Stockade. Government troops pursued with only three days' provisions, but heavy rain left the men hungry and exhausted, and they turned back.

永樂四年設四長官司，隸永寧土官，以土酋張首等為長官，各給印章，賜冠帶彩幣。尋升永寧為府，隸布政司，升土知州各吉八合知府，遣之賫敕往大西番撫諭蠻眾。宣德四年，永寧蠻寨矢不剌非糾四川鹽井衛土官馬剌非殺各吉八合，官軍撫定之。命卜撒襲知府，復為矢不剌非所殺。已，命卜撒之弟南八襲，馬剌非又據永寧節卜、上、下三村，逐南八，大掠夜白、尖住、促卜瓦諸寨。事聞，帝命都督同知沐昂勒兵諭以禍福，並移檄四川行都司下鹽井衛諭馬剌非還所據村寨。正統二年，馬剌非為南八所攻，拔烏節等寨，南八亦言馬剌非殺害。詔鎮巡官驗問，令各歸侵地，乃寢。

In the fourth year of Yongle four chief commissions were created under the Yongning native official. Tribal chiefs including Zhang Shou were appointed commissioners, given seals, and granted caps, sashes, and colored silks. Yongning was soon raised to prefectural rank under the provincial administration. Native prefect Gejibahe was promoted to prefect and sent with an imperial edict to pacify the tribal peoples of Greater Tibet. In the fourth year of Xuande, Shibulafei of a Yongning tribal stockade persuaded Yanjing Guard native official Malafei of Sichuan to kill Gejibahe. Government troops restored order. Busa was appointed to succeed as prefect, but Shibulafei killed him as well. Busa's younger brother Nanba was then appointed successor. Malafei seized Jiebu and the upper and lower villages of Yongning, expelled Nanba, and launched major raids against Yebai, Jianzhu, Cubuwa, and other stockades. When word reached the throne, the emperor ordered Vice Regional Commander Mu Ang to march with troops and warn the parties of the consequences, and also sent a dispatch through the Sichuan military command directing Yanjing Guard to order Malafei to restore the seized villages and stockades. In the second year of Zhengtong, Nanba attacked Malafei and captured Wujie and other stockades. Nanba in turn accused Malafei of murder. An edict directed frontier officials to investigate, ordered each side to restore seized territory, and the affair was then closed.

永寧界，東至四川鹽井衛十五里，西至麗江寶山州，南至浪渠州，北至西番。領長官司四，曰剌次和，曰瓦魯之，曰革甸，曰香羅。

Yongning's boundaries ran fifteen li east to Sichuan's Yanjing Guard, west to Lijiang's Baoshan Prefecture, south to Langqu Prefecture, and north to the Tibetan frontier. It administered four chief commissions: Lacihe, Waluzhi, Gedian, and Xiangluo.

順寧府，本蒲蠻地，名慶甸。宋以前不通中國，雖蒙氏、段氏不能制。元泰定間始內附。天歷初，置順寧府並慶甸縣，後省入府。洪武十五年，順寧歸附，以土酋阿悅貢署府事。十七年命阿日貢為順寧知府。二十三年，土酋猛丘、土知府子丘等，不輸征賦，自相仇殺。大理衛指揮鄭祥征蒙化賊，移師至甸頭，破其寨。猛丘請降輸賦，乃還。猛丘死，把事阿羅等復起兵相攻擊。二十九年，西平侯沐春遣鄭祥與指揮李榮等，分道進討，擒阿羅等誅之。後貢賜如制。

Shunning Prefecture had originally been Pu tribal country known as Qingdian. Before the Song it had no regular contact with China, and even the Meng and Duan dynasties had been unable to subdue it. It first submitted to the Yuan during the Taiding period. At the start of the Tianli reign Shunning Prefecture and Qingdian County were created; the county was later abolished and absorbed into the prefecture. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu Shunning submitted, and tribal chief Ayuegong was put in charge of prefectural administration. In the seventeenth year Ari Gong was appointed prefect of Shunning. In the twenty-third year tribal chief Mengqiu, native prefect Ziqiu, and others refused to pay taxes and fell into mutual bloodshed. Dali Guard Commander Zheng Xiang, campaigning against bandits in Menghua, shifted his forces to Diantou and overran their stockade. Mengqiu offered to submit and resume tax payments, and the army withdrew. After Mengqiu's death, his steward A Luo and others again took up arms against one another. In the twenty-ninth year Western Pacification Marquis Mu Chun sent Zheng Xiang and Commander Li Rong against them by separate routes. A Luo and his followers were captured and executed. Thereafter tribute and imperial gifts followed the usual regulations.

順寧與大侯接境。萬歷中，大侯土舍奉赦、奉學兄弟不相能。奉學倚妻父土知府猛廷瑞，與兄赦日構兵。巡撫陳用賓檄參將李先著、副使邵以仁勘處。以仁襲執廷瑞，因請改順寧為流官。先著被檄，極言不可討，被謗語，逮下獄瘐死。然廷瑞實無反謀，以參將吳顯忠覘其富，誣以助惡，索金不應，遂讒於巡按張應揚，轉告巡撫陳用賓。廷瑞大恐，不得已斬奉學以獻。顯忠益誣其陰事，傅以反狀，撫按會奏，得旨大剿。廷瑞出，獻印獻子以候命，不從。顯忠帥兵入其寨，盡取猛氏十八代蓄貲數百萬，誘廷瑞至會城執之，獻捷於朝。於是所部十三寨盡憤，始聚兵反，官兵悉剿除之，並殺其子。以仁超擢右都御史，蔭子。未幾坐大辟，系獄，應揚亦病卒。人以為天道雲。

Shunning shared a border with Dahu. During the Wanli reign, the Dahu native chieftains Feng She and Feng Xue, who were brothers, were at odds with each other. Feng Xue, backed by his father-in-law native prefect Meng Tingrui, kept his elder brother She under daily military pressure. Grand Coordinator Chen Yongbin ordered Regional Vice Commander Li Xianzhu and Vice Commissioner Shao Yiren to investigate and resolve the dispute. Shao Yiren seized Tingrui by surprise and then petitioned to replace native rule in Shunning with regular officials. Li Xianzhu, receiving the order, argued forcefully against military action. He was slandered, arrested, imprisoned, and died there of illness. In truth Tingrui had no rebellious intent. Regional Vice Commander Wu Xianzhong, eyeing his wealth, falsely accused him of abetting violence. When Tingrui refused his demand for gold, Wu slandered him to touring censor Zhang Yingyang, who relayed the charge to Grand Coordinator Chen Yongbin. Terrified, Tingrui had no choice but to execute Feng Xue and present his head to the authorities. Wu Xianzhong added further false charges of secret treachery, framed him for rebellion, and the provincial officials jointly memorialized the throne. Imperial approval was granted for a major punitive expedition. Tingrui came forward, surrendered his seal and his son, and awaited judgment, but the court would not listen. Wu Xianzhong marched into Tingrui's stockade, plundered the Meng family's accumulated wealth of eighteen generations—worth millions—and lured Tingrui to the prefectural seat, where he was seized. Wu then reported a victory to the court. All thirteen stockades under his command rose in outrage and took up arms. Government troops wiped them out entirely and killed his son as well. Shao Yiren was swiftly promoted to Right Censor-in-Chief, and his son received an official privilege by inheritance. Before long Shao Yiren was convicted of a capital crime and imprisoned. Zhang Yingyang also died of illness. People took it as Heaven's retribution.

順寧附境有猛猛、猛撒、猛緬，所謂三猛也。猛猛最強，部落萬人，時與二猛為難。其地田少箐多，射獵為業。猛緬地雖廣，而人柔弱。部長賜冠帶，最忠順。猛撒微弱，後折入於耿馬雲。

Along Shunning's frontier lay Mengmeng, Mengsa, and Mengmian, known collectively as the Three Mengs. Mengmeng was the strongest, with a tribe of ten thousand, and frequently clashed with the other two Mengs. Their country had little arable land and many ravines, and they lived mainly by hunting. Mengmian's territory was extensive, but its people were mild and unwarlike. Its chief had been granted cap and sash and was the most loyal and obedient of the three. Mengsa was weak and was later absorbed into Gengma.

蒙化，唐屬姚州都督府。蒙氏時，細奴邏築城居之，號蒙舍詔。段氏改開南縣。元為州，屬大理。洪武十七年以土酋左禾為蒙化州判官、施生為正千夫長。二十三年，西平侯沐英以蒙化所屬蠻火頭字青等梗化不服，請置衛。命指揮僉事李聚守蒙化。賊高天惠作亂，大理衛指揮使鄭祥捕斬之，傳首雲南。

Menghua had belonged under the Tang to the Yaozhou Area Command. Under the Meng clan, Xinuluo built a walled settlement there and named it Mengshe Zhao. The Duan clan reorganized it as Kainan County. Under the Yuan it was made a prefecture under Dali. In the seventeenth year of Hongwu tribal chief Zuo He was appointed assistant prefect of Menghua and Shi Sheng was made senior chiliarch. In the twenty-third year Western Pacification Marquis Mu Ying reported that tribal headmen such as Ziqing under Menghua resisted assimilation and refused to submit, and requested that a guard be established. Commander Li Ju was ordered to take charge of the Menghua garrison. When the rebel Gao Tianhui rose in revolt, Dali Guard Commander Zheng Xiang captured and executed him and sent his head to the provincial capital.

永樂九年，土知州左禾、正千夫長阿束來朝，貢馬，賜予如例。既，左伽從征麓川，戰於大侯，功第一，進秩臨安知府，掌州事。正統中，升州為府，以左伽為知府，世襲。所部江內諸蠻，性柔，頗馴擾，江外數枝，以勇悍稱。每應征調，多野戰，無行伍。

In the ninth year of Yongle native prefect Zuo He and senior chiliarch A Shu came to court with horses as tribute and received gifts according to precedent. Later Zuo Jia joined the Luchuan campaign and, fighting at Dahu, won first merit. He was promoted to Lin'an Prefect while continuing to administer Menghua. During the Zhengtong reign the district was raised from prefecture to fu, and Zuo Jia was appointed hereditary prefect. The tribes on the inner side of the river were mild by nature and fairly tractable though occasionally unruly; several branches beyond the river were renowned for fierce fighting. When called up for service they usually fought in open country without formal battle order.

成化十七年，巡撫奏地方未寧，免蒙化土官明年朝貢。正統元年詔復免。萬歷四十八年，雲龍土知州段龍死，子嘉龍立，養子進忠殺嘉龍爭襲，流劫殺掠。官軍進討，進忠從間道欲趨大理，官軍擒誅之，改設流官，授段氏世吏目一人。

In the seventeenth year of Chenghua the grand coordinator reported that the region was still unsettled and secured exemption for Menghua native officials from the following year's tribute mission. In the first year of Zhengtong an edict renewed the exemption. In the forty-eighth year of Wanli Yunlong native prefect Duan Long died and his son Jialong succeeded. The adopted son Jinzhong murdered Jialong to seize the post and then went on a rampage of plunder and killing. Government troops marched against him. Jinzhong tried to reach Dali by a side route but was captured and executed. Regular officials were installed in Yunlong, and one hereditary clerk from the Duan clan was retained.

孟艮，蠻名孟掯，自古不通中國。永樂三年來歸，設孟艮府，隸雲南都司，以土酋刀哀為知府，給印誥冠帶。時刀哀遣人來朝，請設治所，歲辦差髮黃金六十兩。六年，土知府刀交遣弟刀哈哄貢象及金銀器。禮部言：「刀交嘗構兵攻劫鄰境，詐譎不誠，宜卻其貢。」帝曰：「蠻夷能悔過來朝，往事不足責。」命賜鈔及絨錦綺帛。是後，貢賜皆如例。宣德六年，命內官楊琳賫彩幣往賜孟艮知府刀光。正統間，孟艮地多為木邦所並。景泰中，入貢知府名慶馬辣，不知於刀氏何屬也。

Menggen, known in the local tongue as Menggen, had had no contact with China since ancient times. It submitted in the third year of Yongle. Menggen Prefecture was established under the Yunnan Regional Military Commission, tribal chief Dao Ai was appointed prefect, and he was granted a seal, patent of appointment, cap, and sash. Dao Ai then sent envoys to court requesting an administrative seat and undertaking to supply sixty taels of gold annually as corvée payment. In the sixth year native prefect Dao Jiao sent his younger brother Dao Hahong with elephants and gold and silver vessels as tribute. The Ministry of Rites argued that Dao Jiao had previously raised troops to raid neighboring territories, was deceitful and untrustworthy, and that his tribute ought to be refused. The emperor replied that since the tribesmen had repented and come to court, their past offenses need not be held against them. He ordered that paper money, velvet, brocade, and patterned silks be granted instead. Thereafter tribute and imperial gifts followed the usual practice. In the sixth year of Xuande the eunuch Yang Lin was dispatched with colored silks as gifts for Menggen Prefect Dao Guang. In the Zhengtong reign, large portions of Menggen's lands were absorbed by Mubang. Under Jingtai, the prefect who presented tribute was called Qing Mala, though his connection to the Dao family remains unclear.

孟艮在姚關東南二千里外，沃野千里，最殷富。地多虎，農者於樹杪結草樓以護稼。雲南知府趙混一嘗入其境，待之禮慢，後無復至者。

Menggen stood two thousand li southeast of Yao Pass, its thousand li of rich farmland making it the wealthiest region in the area. Tigers roamed the countryside in such numbers that farmers erected grass shelters in the canopy to guard their harvest. When Zhao Hunyi, the Yunnan prefect, once crossed into their lands, he was treated with deliberate disrespect, and no official ever ventured there again.

孟定〈（耿馬安撫司附）〉

Mengding (The Gengma Pacification Commission is appended here.)]〉

孟定，蠻名景麻。至元中，立孟定路軍民總管府，領二甸，隸大理、金齒等處宣慰司。洪武十五年，土酋刀名扛來朝，貢方物，賜綺帛鈔幣，設孟定府，以刀渾立為知府。永樂二年，孟定土官刀景發遣人貢馬，賜鈔羅綺。遣使往賜印誥、冠帶、襲衣，復頒信符、金字紅牌。四年，帝以孟定道里險遠，每歲朝貢不便，令自今三年一貢，如慶賀謝恩不拘例。

Mengding was known among the tribes as Jingma. Under the Yuan, the court set up the Mengding Route Military-Civilian General Pacification Office over two sub-districts, placing it under the Dali and Jinchi Pacification Commission. In Hongwu 15 the chieftain Dao Mingkang arrived at court with tribute goods. The emperor granted brocades and paper currency, created Mengding Prefecture, and appointed Dao Hun as its native prefect. In Yongle 2 the Mengding native official Dao Jingfa dispatched envoys with horses as tribute, and the court responded with paper money, gauze, and brocade. The court sent an envoy bearing a seal patent, hat and belt, and investiture robes, and reissued the credential tally and gold-lettered red plaque. In the fourth year the emperor ruled that, given Mengding's remote and treacherous route, annual tribute was impractical; henceforth missions would come every three years, though congratulatory and thank-offering visits remained exempt.

初，孟璉與孟定皆麓川地，其土目皆故等夷，惡相屬；後改孟璉隸雲南，多以互侵土地仇殺。宣德六年，土知府罕顏法以為言，敕黔國公沐晟遣官撫諭，俾各歸侵掠。正統中，麓川叛，孟定知府刀祿孟遁走。木邦土官罕葛從征有功，總督王驥奏令食孟定之土。嘉靖間，木邦罕烈據地奪印，令土舍罕慶守之，名為耿馬；地之所入，悉歸木邦。萬歷十二年，官兵取隴川，平孟定故地，以罕葛之後為知府。十五年頒孟定府印。崇禎末，孟定叛，降於緬甸。其地，自姚關南八日程，西接隴川，東連孟璉，南木邦，北鎮康。土瘠人稀，有馬援城在焉。領安撫司一，曰耿馬。萬歷十二年置，以們罕為安撫使。與孟定隔喳哩江。孟定居南，耿馬居北。罕死，弟們罕金護印，屢奉朝貢。時木邦思禮作亂，侵灣甸、鎮康，倚罕金為聲援。天啟二年，緬人攻猛乃、孟艮，罕金欲救之。緬移兵攻金，金厚賂之，乃解。後與木邦罕正構難不絕雲。

At first Menglian and Mengding had both belonged to Luxuan, and their native headmen, all formerly of the Deng tribes, were bound together in mutual hostility; After Menglian was placed under Yunnan, the two sides repeatedly encroached on each other's territory and settled scores in blood. In Xuande 6 native prefect Han Yanfa raised the matter, and the throne commanded Duke Mu Sheng of Qian to send officials to mediate, ordering both sides to restore what they had taken. When Luxuan rose in rebellion during Zhengtong, Mengding Prefect Dao Lumeng abandoned his post and fled. Han Ge, the Mubang native official, distinguished himself on campaign, and Governor Wang Ji recommended that he be granted Mengding's territory as a fief. In the Jiajing period Han Lie of Mubang seized the land and seized the seal, installing his native retainer Han Qing to hold the place under the name Gengma; Every penny of income from the territory flowed to Mubang. In Wanli 12 imperial forces captured Longchuan and restored the old Mengding domain, installing a descendant of Han Ge as prefect. The Mengding Prefecture seal was formally issued in the fifteenth year. In the final years of Chongzhen, Mengding broke away and surrendered to Burma. The region stood eight days south of Yao Pass, with Longchuan to the west, Menglian to the east, Mubang to the south, and Zhenkang to the north. The land was thin and sparsely settled, though a fort attributed to Ma Yuan still stood there. It administered a single pacification commission: Gengma. Created in Wanli 12, it was placed under Men Han as pacification commissioner. Gengma and Mengding were divided by the Zhali River. Mengding stood on the south bank, Gengma on the north. After Han's death his younger brother Men Hanjin kept the seal and sent tribute missions to court on several occasions. When Siliao of Mubang rose in revolt and raided Wandian and Zhenkang, he counted on Hanjin for support. In Tianqi 2 the Burmese assaulted Mengnai and Menggen, and Hanjin prepared to come to their aid. Burma then turned its forces on Hanjin, who bought them off with lavish bribes, and the siege was lifted. Thereafter he and Han Zheng of Mubang were locked in unending feud.

曲靖，隋恭、協二州地。唐置南寧州，改恭州為曲州，分協州置靖州，至元初，置磨彌部萬戶，後改為曲靖路宣慰司。

Qujing occupied the lands of the Sui-era Gong and Xie prefectures. Under the Tang the court set up Nanning Prefecture, renamed Gong to Qu Prefecture, and carved Jing Prefecture out of Xie. In early Yuan times it became the Mimi Department Ten-Thousand Households, and later the Qujing Route Pacification Commission.

洪武十四年，征南將軍下雲南，元曲靖宣慰司征行元帥張麟、行省平章劉輝等來降。十五年改曲靖千戶所為曲靖軍民指揮使司，置曲靖軍民府。十六年，沾益州土官安索叔、安磁等貢馬及羅羅刀甲、氈衫、虎皮。詔賜磁、冠帶、綺羅衣各一襲並文綺、鈔錠。羅雄州土酋納居來朝，賜鈔幣。十七年，亦佐縣土酋安伯作亂，西平侯沐英發兵討降之。

In Hongwu 14 the southern expedition reached Yunnan, and Zhang Lin, the Yuan campaign marshal of Qujing, together with provincial vice councillor Liu Hui and others, submitted. The following year the Qujing Thousand-Household Office became the Qujing Military-Civilian Command, and a military-civilian prefecture was established there. In Hongwu 16 the Zhanyi native officials An Suoshu and An Ci sent horses plus Lolo blades and armor, felt coats, and tiger pelts as tribute. The throne granted An Ci a hat and belt, a full set of brocade and gauze robes, patterned silks, and paper-money ingots. Na Ju, chieftain of Luoxiong Prefecture, arrived at court and received a grant of paper currency. In Hongwu 17 the Yizuo chieftain An Bo rose in revolt, and Marquis Mu Ying of Xiping sent an expedition that brought him to heel.

二十年，越州土酋阿資與羅雄州營長發束等叛。阿資者，土官龍海子也。越州，蠻呼為苦麻部。元末，龍海居之，所屬俱羅羅斯種。王師征南時，英駐兵其地之湯池山。龍海降，遂遣子入朝，詔以龍海為知州。尋為亂，英擒之，徙遼東，至蓋州病死。阿資繼其職，益桀驁，至是叛。帝命英會征南將軍傅友德進討。道過平夷，以其山險惡，宜駐兵屯守，遂遷其山民往居卑午村，留神策衛千戶劉成等將千人置堡其地，後以為平夷千戶所。阿資等率眾寇普安，燒府治，大肆剽掠。友德率兵擊之，斬其營長。二十二年，友德等進攻，土官普旦來降。阿資退屯普安，倚崖壁為寨。友德以精兵蹙之，蠻眾皆緣壁攀崖，墜死者不可勝數，生擒一千三百余人，獲馬畜甚眾。阿資遁還越州，復追擊敗之，斬其黨五十余人。阿資窮蹙請降。初，阿資之遁也，揚言曰：「國家有萬軍之勇，我地有萬山之險，豈能盡滅我輩。」英乃請置越州、馬龍二衛，扼其險要，復分兵追捕，至是遂降。

In Hongwu 20 the Yue Prefecture chieftain Azi joined Luoxiong camp chief Fa Shu and others in rebellion. Azi was the son of the native official Long Hai. The tribes called Yue Prefecture by the name Kuma. In the late Yuan Long Hai held the territory, and his people were all of Lolo stock. During the southern campaign Mu Ying encamped his forces at Tangchi Mountain in the region. Long Hai submitted and sent his son to court, and the throne appointed him prefect of Yue. He soon rebelled again. Ying seized him and banished him to Liaodong, where he died of illness at Gaizhou. Azi inherited the post and grew increasingly unruly until he finally took up arms. The emperor commanded Ying to join the southern expedition commander Fu Youde in a punitive campaign. Marching through Pingyi, the generals judged its rugged peaks too dangerous to leave unguarded. They resettled the mountain dwellers at Beiwu Village and left Liu Cheng of the Shensce Guard with a thousand men to build a fort that later became the Pingyi Thousand-Household Office. Azi led his followers against Pu'an, torched the prefectural yamen, and looted the countryside. Fu Youde counterattacked and killed one of their camp chiefs. In Hongwu 22, as Fu Youde pressed the offensive, the native official Puddan submitted. Azi fell back to Pu'an and fortified himself against the cliff face. Fu Youde drove his crack troops against them. The tribesmen scrambled up the cliffs in flight, and countless plummeted to their deaths. More than thirteen hundred were taken alive, along with a great herd of horses and livestock. Azi escaped to Yue Prefecture, but pursuers caught and routed him again, killing more than fifty of his men. Cornered and desperate, Azi sued for peace. When Azi first fled he had boasted: "The empire may field ten thousand brave soldiers, but our country holds ten thousand perilous peaks — you can never wipe us out entirely. Ying therefore proposed garrisoning the strategic Yue and Malong guards to block the mountain passes, then sent detachments in pursuit — and at last Azi yielded.

英等以陸涼西南要地，請設衛屯守。命洱海衛指揮僉事滕聚於古魯昌築城，置陸涼衛指揮使司。英又言：「曲靖指揮千戶哈剌不花，乃故元守禦陸涼千戶。今陸涼置衛，宜調於本衛鎮守，庶絕後患。」詔從之。帝以平夷尤當要沖，四面皆諸蠻部落，乃遣開國公常升往辰陽集民間丁壯五千人，統以右軍都督僉事王成，即平夷千戶所改置衛。二十三年置越州衛。二十四年徙越州衛於陸涼州；以英言雲南諸蠻皆降，惟阿資恃險屢叛，宜徙衛軍守禦。已，阿資復叛。命都督僉事何福為平羌將軍，率師進討，屢敗賊眾。會連月淫雨水溢，阿資援絕，與其眾降。福擇曠地列柵，以置其眾。西南有木蓉菁，賊常出沒處，復調普安衛官軍置寧越堡鎮之，然阿資終不悛。

Ying argued that Luliang was a vital southwestern crossroads and asked that a guard be established to hold it. The court ordered Teng Ju, vice commander of the Erhai Guard, to build a walled post at Gulu Chang and establish the Luliang Guard Command. Ying added: "Harabuhua, the Qujing thousand-household commander, had served the Yuan as garrison commander at Luliang. Now that a guard has been set up at Luliang, he should be reassigned to garrison it there, lest trouble arise later. The throne approved the proposal. Judging Pingyi the most critical pass — surrounded on every side by tribal settlements — the emperor sent Duke Chang Sheng to Chenyang to levy five thousand local men under Vice Commissioner Wang Cheng of the Right Army, converting the Pingyi Thousand-Household Office into a full guard. The Yue Prefecture Guard was created in Hongwu 23. In Hongwu 24 the Yue Prefecture Guard was relocated to Luliang; Ying had argued that while every other tribe in Yunnan had submitted, Azi alone exploited the mountains to rebel again and again, and that guard troops should be stationed to keep watch over him. Before long Azi rose once more. The court named Vice Commissioner He Fu General Who Pacifies the Qiang and sent him to campaign against Azi, winning several victories over the rebels. Months of torrential rain flooded the land, cutting off Azi's supplies until he and his band capitulated. He Fu selected open ground, ringed it with palisades, and resettled the surrendered tribesmen there. Southwest lay Murongjing, a haunt of raiders; troops from the Pu'an Guard were posted at the new Ningyue Fort to hold the ground — but Azi never truly reformed.

二十七年，阿資復反。西平侯沐春及福率兵營於越州城北，遣壯士伏於岐路，而以兵挑戰。蠻兵悉眾出，伏起，大敗之，阿資脫身遁。初，曲靖土軍千戶阿保、張琳所守地，與越州接壤，部眾多相與貿易。春使人結阿保等，覘阿資所在及其經行地，星列守堡，絕其糧道，賊益困。二十八年，福潛引兵屯赤窩鋪，遣百戶張忠等搗賊巢，擒阿資，斬之，俘其黨，越州乃平。自是以後，諸土官按期朝貢，西南晏然。

In Hongwu 27 Azi rebelled yet again. Marquis Mu Chun of Xiping and He Fu encamped north of Yue city, hid picked warriors along a fork in the road, and sent a small force forward to draw the enemy out. The tribesmen marched out in full strength; the ambush sprang up and shattered them, though Azi himself slipped away. The lands held by the Qujing native-army commanders Abao and Zhang Lin adjoined Yue Prefecture, and their people frequently traded across the border. Chun won over Abao and his fellows, tracked Azi's movements, and dotted the landscape with garrison forts that strangled his supply lines, leaving the rebels increasingly desperate. In Hongwu 28 He Fu quietly moved troops to Chiwopu and sent Centurion Zhang Zhong to strike Azi's stronghold. Azi was seized and executed, his followers captured, and Yue Prefecture was finally pacified. Thereafter the native officials sent tribute on time, and the southwest enjoyed a lasting calm.

正統二年，曲靖軍民知府晏毅言四事：一，土官承襲，或子孫，或兄弟，或妻繼夫，或妾繼嫡，皆無豫定次序，致臨襲爭奪，仇殺連年。乞敕該部移文所司，豫為定序造冊，土官有故，如序襲職。一，請恤陣亡子孫。一，請雲南官俸，悉如四川之例。一，均戶口田地。事下所司議行。毅復請設沾益州松韶巡檢，從之。

In Zhengtong 2 Qujing's military-civilian prefect Yan Yi raised four proposals. First, native-official succession — whether to a son, brother, widow, or concubine elevated over the principal wife — followed no fixed order, provoking bloody struggles every time a post fell vacant. He asked that the ministry issue instructions to local authorities to draw up registers fixing the line of succession in advance, so that vacancies would be filled according to plan. Second, he sought pensions for the families of men killed in action. Third, he asked that Yunnan official salaries be brought into line with Sichuan rates. Fourth, he proposed an equitable redistribution of registered households and farmland. The proposals were forwarded to the relevant departments for review and action. Yi also petitioned for a Songsao inspection post in Zhanyi Prefecture, and the request was granted.

嘉靖中，羅雄知州者浚殺營長，奪其妻，生子繼榮，稍長即持刀逐浚。浚欲置之死，以其母故不忍。及浚請老，以繼榮代襲，繼榮遂逐浚。浚訴之鎮巡官，命迎浚歸。繼榮陽事之，實加禁錮。萬歷九年調羅雄兵征緬。繼榮將行，恐留浚為難，遂弒浚。時沾益土知州安世鼎死，妻安素儀署州事，亦提兵赴調。繼榮與之合營，通焉，且倚沾益兵力為助。師過越州，留土官資氏家，淫樂不進。知州越應奎白於兵備，將擒之，繼榮走，遂聚眾反。攻破陸涼鴨子塘、陡陂諸寨，築石城於赤龍山，據龍潭為險，廣六十里。名己所居曰「龍樓鳳閣」，環以群寨，實諸軍士妻女其中。十三年，巡撫劉世曾乃檄諸道進兵。適劉綎破緬解官回，世曾以兵屬綎。綎遂馳赴普鲊營，直搗赤龍寨，斬賊渠帥，繼榮遁去。綎復連破三寨，降其眾一萬七千人，追奔至阿拜江，斬繼榮，賊平。世曾請築城，改設流官，乃以何倓為知州，者繼仁為巡檢。未幾，蠻寇必大反，殺繼仁，執倓。參將蔡兆吉等討定之，乃改羅雄州曰羅平，設千戶所曰定雄。

In the Jiajing period Luoxiong Prefect Zhe Jun murdered a camp chief and took the man's wife, who bore him a son named Jirong. As soon as the boy was old enough he seized a blade and chased Jun from the house. Jun wanted the boy dead but spared him for his mother's sake. When Jun petitioned to retire and Jirong inherited the post, the son promptly expelled his father. Jun appealed to the provincial overseers, who ordered Jirong to bring his father home. Jirong feigned obedience while secretly keeping his father under house arrest. In Wanli 9 Luoxiong forces were called up for the Burma campaign. On the eve of departure Jirong, fearing his father might make trouble in his absence, murdered him. Meanwhile Zhanyi's native prefect An Shiding had died, and his widow An Suyi governed in his place while also marching troops to the campaign. Jirong encamped alongside her, entered into an affair with her, and leaned on Zhanyi's troops for support. Marching through Yue Prefecture, the column halted at the house of a native official surnamed Zi and lingered there in debauchery rather than pressing on. Subprefect Yue Yingkui reported to the military preparations office that he was about to arrest Jirong. Jirong fled, gathered followers, and rebelled. He stormed the stockades of Yazitang and Doupo in Luliang, built a stone fortress on Chilong Mountain, held Longtan as his strongpoint, and controlled an area sixty li across. He named his residence "Dragon Tower and Phoenix Pavilion," ringed it with stockades, and settled his soldiers' wives and daughters inside. In the thirteenth year, Grand Coordinator Liu Shizeng ordered the various circuits to advance their troops. Liu Ting had just defeated Burma and returned after being relieved of command, and Shizeng placed the troops under him. Ting galloped to the Puzha camp, struck straight at Chilong Stockade, beheaded the rebel chieftains, and Jirong fled. Ting took three more stockades in succession, accepted the surrender of seventeen thousand followers, pursued the fugitives to the Abai River, beheaded Jirong, and the rebellion was pacified. Shizeng requested building a walled city and installing regular officials. He Tan was appointed subprefect and Zhe Jiren inspector. Before long the barbarian chieftain Bidafan rebelled, killed Jiren, and seized Tan. Vice Commander Cai Zhaoji and others suppressed the rebellion. Luoxiong Prefecture was renamed Luoping, and a thousand-household office called Dingxiong was established.

時沾益安素儀無子，以烏撒土官子安紹慶為嗣。慶死，孫安遠襲。土婦設科作亂，逐安遠，糾眾焚掠沾益諸堡站，陷平夷衛。天啟三年，官兵擒設科，誅之。五年，安邊據沾益，從水西叛。事詳《烏撒傳》中。

At the time An Suyi of Zhanyi had no son and adopted An Shaoqing, son of the Wusa native official, as his heir. When Shaoqing died, his grandson An Yuan succeeded. The native woman She Ke rebelled, drove out An Yuan, gathered followers to burn and plunder the forts and stations of Zhanyi, and captured Pingyi Guard. In the third year of Tianqi, government troops captured She Ke and executed her. In the fifth year, An Bian seized Zhanyi and joined the Shuixi rebellion. The affair is treated in detail in the biography of Wusa.

初，越州阿資罪誅，永樂間以其子祿寧為土縣丞，與亦佐沙氏分土而居。其地南北一百二十里，士馬精強，征調銀至三千八百兩。

After Azi of Yue Prefecture was executed for his crimes, his son Lu Ning was made native assistant magistrate in the Yongle reign and shared the territory with the Sha clan of Yizuo. Its territory stretched one hundred twenty li from north to south. Its troops and horses were formidable, and its silver levies reached three thousand eight hundred taels.

曲靖境內有交水，去平夷衛二舍，與黔接壤，滇師出上六衛必由之道。天啟初，水西用兵，撫臣議：「曲靖鎖鑰全滇，交水當黔、滇之沖，乃厄塞要地。平夷右所宜移置交水，去險築城，俾與平夷衛相望，互為聲援，便。」報可。

Within Qujing lies Jiaoshui, two stages from Pingyi Guard on the Guizhou border — the route armies from Yunnan's upper six guards must take when marching out. At the beginning of Tianqi, during the Shuixi campaign, the grand coordinator proposed: "Qujing is the key to all Yunnan. Jiaoshui stands at the crossing between Guizhou and Yunnan — a vital chokepoint. The right battalion of Pingyi should be relocated to Jiaoshui, leave the difficult ground, and build a city facing Pingyi Guard so the two posts could support each other. That would be advantageous. The memorial was approved.

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