1
垣崇祖
Yuan Chongzu
2
垣崇祖字敬遠,下邳人也。 族姓豪彊,石虎世,自略陽徙之於鄴。 曾祖敞,爲慕容德偽吏部尚書。 祖苗,宋武征廣固,率部曲歸降,仍家下邳,官至龍驤將軍、汝南新蔡太守。 父詢之,積射將軍,宋孝武世死事,贈冀州刺史。
Yuan Chongzu, styled Jingyuan, was a man of Xiapi. The clan was great and strong; under Shi Hu they had moved from Lueyang to Ye. His great-grandfather Chang had been minister of the masters of writing under Murong De's puppet court. His grandfather Miao, when Song's Emperor Wu attacked Guanggu, brought his private following over in surrender and made his home at Xiapi; he reached general of the flying dragon and administrator of Runan and Xincai. His father Xunzhi was general of accumulated shot; he fell in the service of Emperor Xiaowu of Song and was posthumously made inspector of Ji.
3
崇祖年十四,有幹略,伯父豫州刺史護之謂門宗曰:「此兒必大成吾門,汝等不及也。」 刺史劉道隆辟爲主簿,厚遇之。 除新安王國上將軍。 景和世,道隆求出爲梁州,啓轉崇祖爲義陽王征北行參軍,與道隆同行,使還下邳召募。
At fourteen Chongzu already showed talent and resolve; his uncle Huzhi, inspector of Yu, told the kindred: "This boy will surely make our line great—you cannot equal him." Inspector Liu Daolong took him on as chief clerk and favored him warmly. He was named senior general of the kingdom of Xin'an. In the Jinghe years Daolong sought a posting as inspector of Liang and had Chongzu moved to acting staff officer on Prince of Yiyang's northern campaign staff; they went together, and Daolong sent him back to Xiapi to recruit men.
4
明帝立,道隆被誅。 薛安都反,明帝遣張永、沈攸之北討,安都使將裴祖隆、李世雄據下邳。 祖隆引崇祖共拒戰,會青州援軍主劉彌之背逆歸降,祖隆士衆沮敗,崇祖與親近數十人夜救祖隆,與俱走還彭城。 虜旣陷徐州,崇祖仍爲虜將游兵琅邪閒不復歸,虜不能制。 密遣人於彭城迎母,欲南奔,事覺,虜執其母爲質。 崇祖妹夫皇甫肅兄婦,薛安都之女,故虜信之。 肅仍將家屬及崇祖母奔朐山,崇祖因將部曲據之,遣使歸命。 太祖在淮陰,板爲朐山戍主,送其母還京師,明帝納之。
When Emperor Ming came to the throne, Daolong was put to death. Xue Andu rose in revolt; Emperor Ming sent Zhang Yong and Shen Youzhi north against him, and Andu set his generals Pei Zulong and Li Shixiong to hold Xiapi. Zulong called Chongzu to fight at his side; then Liu Mizhi, who led the Qingzhou relief, betrayed his post and surrendered, Zulong's host broke, and Chongzu with a few dozen close men went out by night to save Zulong and escaped with him to Pengcheng. Once the northerners held Xu province, Chongzu stayed on as a roaming officer in the Langya country and would not come back; the enemy could not rein him in. He sent men in secret to Pengcheng to bring out his mother, planning to run south; the affair came to light, and the northerners took his mother hostage. Chongzu's brother-in-law Huangfu Su was tied by marriage to Xue Andu—his elder brother's wife was Andu's daughter—so the enemy trusted him. Su then moved his family and Chongzu's mother to Qushan; Chongzu gathered his troops, held the town, and sent envoys to offer his allegiance. The Grand Ancestor was at Huaiyin; he named Chongzu commander of the Qushan garrison, had his mother escorted to the capital, and Emperor Ming received him.
5
朐山邊海孤險,人情未安。 崇祖常浮舟舸於水側,有急得以入海。 軍將得罪亡叛,具以告虜。 虜偽圂城都將東徐州刺史成固公始得青州,聞叛者說,遣步騎二萬襲崇祖,屯洛要,去朐山城二十里。 崇祖出送客未歸,城中驚恐,皆下船欲去。 崇祖還,謂腹心曰:「賊比擬來,本非大舉,政是承信一說,易遣誑之。 今若得百餘人還,事必濟矣。 但人情一駭,不可斂集。 卿等可急去此二里外大呌而來,唱『艾塘義人已得破虜,須戍軍速往,相助逐退』。」 船中人果喜,爭上岸,崇祖引入據城,遣羸弱入島。 令人持兩炬火登山鼓呌。 虜參騎謂其軍備甚盛,乃退。
Qushan hugged the coast, cut off and steep; the people there were still uneasy. Chongzu kept boats afloat along the shore so that if trouble came he could slip out to sea. An officer who had been punished deserted and laid the whole matter before the enemy. The enemy's puppet commandant of Weicheng, Duke Cheng of Gu, inspector of East Xu, had only just won Qingzhou; when he heard the turncoat's story he sent twenty thousand infantry and cavalry against Chongzu and camped at Luoyao, twenty li from the walls of Qushan. Chongzu was still abroad seeing a guest off; inside the walls fear ran high, and men scrambled for the boats to flee. Chongzu returned and said to his intimates: "The foe is only probing as rumor suggests—not a major campaign, just men sent because someone talked. They can be fooled. Bring back a hundred-odd men and the thing is done. But one fright scatters the crowd beyond recall. Go quickly two li out, then come back yelling, "The Aitang loyalists have routed the northerners—the garrison must hurry to help finish them!"" Men in the boats took heart at once and fought to land; Chongzu brought them inside the walls and sent the weak onto the islands. He sent men up the hill with two beacon fires, beating drums and shouting. Enemy scouts decided the garrison was far stronger than they had thought, and pulled back.
6
崇祖啓明帝曰:「淮北士民,力屈胡虜,南向之心,日夜以冀。 崇祖父伯竝爲淮北州郡,門族布在北邊,百姓所信,一朝嘯吒,事功可立。 第名位尚輕,不足威衆,乞假名號,以示遠近。」 明帝以爲輔國將軍、北琅邪蘭陵二郡太守。 亡命司馬從之謀襲郡,崇祖討捕斬之。 數陳計算,欲剋復淮北。
Chongzu wrote to Emperor Ming: "North of the Huai the people have been broken by the northerners; they look south day and night. My father and uncles held command north of the Huai; our house is planted along the frontier and the people believe in us—one shout and the deed is there for the taking. Yet my name and rank are still too light to overawe the crowd; grant me a borrowed title so all may see." The emperor named him general who assists the state and administrator of North Langya and Lanling. A fugitive named Sima Congzhi plotted to take the commandery by surprise; Chongzu ran him down and struck off his head. He pressed plan after plan, bent on winning back the Huai north.
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時虜聲當寇淮南,明帝以問崇祖,崇祖因啓「宜以輕兵深入,出其不意,進可立不世之勳,退可絕其窺窬之患」。 帝許之。 崇祖將數百人入虜界七百里,據南城,固蒙山,扇動郡縣。 虜率大衆攻之,其別將梁湛母在虜,虜執其母,使湛告部曲曰:「大軍已去,獨住何爲!」 於是衆情離阻,一時奔退。 崇祖謂左右曰:「今若俱退,必不獲免。」 乃住後力戰,大敗追者而歸。 以久勞,封下邳縣子,
Rumors said the northerners would cross into Huainan; the emperor asked Chongzu, who answered that "a light force should drive deep and catch them unaware—go forward, and a fame beyond the age is there for the taking; draw back, and their hunger to pry south is ended." The emperor agreed. Chongzu took several hundred men seven hundred li into enemy country, held South City, fortified Mount Meng, and set the prefectures and counties alight. The enemy came in force; their detached commander Liang Zhan's mother was in their hands, and they took her and made Zhan call to his men: "The main host has left—why stand alone here!" At once hearts split and the men ran. Chongzu said to his men: "If we all run now, not one of us will get away." He stayed behind and fought his way out, shattered the pursuers, and came home. After long toil he was made baron of Xiapi.
8
泰豫元年,行徐州事,徙戍龍沮,在朐山南。 崇祖啓斷水注平地,以絕虜馬。 帝以問劉懷珍,云可立。 崇祖率將吏塞之,未成。 虜主謂偽彭城鎮將平陽公曰:「龍沮若立,國之恥也,以死爭之。」 數萬騎掩至。 崇祖馬槊陷陣不能抗,乃築城自守。 會天雨十餘日,虜乃退。 龍沮竟不立。 歷盱眙、平陽、東海三郡太守,將軍如故。 轉邵陵王南中郎司馬,復爲東海太守。
In the first year of Taiyu, he was given acting charge of Xu, shifted the garrison to Longju on the south side of Qushan. Chongzu proposed to dam the stream and flood the flats so northern horses could not pass. The emperor consulted Liu Huaizhen, who said the plan would hold. Chongzu led his officers and clerks to seal the channel, but the work was not yet done. The northern king told the puppet commander at Pengcheng, the Duke of Pingyang: "If Longju is finished, it shames the state—fight for it with your lives." Tens of thousands of horsemen swept down on them without warning. Chongzu led a cavalry charge with the lance but could not break through; he walled a camp and held inside. Rain fell for more than ten days; the northern foe withdrew. Longju was never built in the end. He held in turn the three prefectures of Xuyi, Pingyang, and Donghai; his rank as general stayed the same. He was made southern center-section marshal to the Prince of Shaoling, then again administrator of Donghai.
9
初,崇祖遇太祖於淮陰,太祖以其武勇,善待之。 崇祖謂皇甫肅曰:「此眞吾君也,吾今逢主矣,所謂千載一時。」 遂密布誠節。 元徽末,太祖憂慮,令崇祖受旨卽以家口託皇甫肅,勒數百人將入虜界,更聽後旨。 會蒼梧廢,太祖召崇祖領部曲還都,除游擊將軍。
Early on Chongzu met the Founder at Huaiyin; struck by his courage, the Founder favored him. Chongzu told Huangfu Su: "This is my true sovereign; I have found my lord at last—the chance of a lifetime." He began at once to weave his loyalty in secret. Late in the Yuanhui era the Founder grew anxious; he told Chongzu that on taking his orders he was to leave his family with Huangfu Su, gather several hundred men, and cross into enemy country until word came again. When Emperor Cangwu was cast down, the Founder called Chongzu and his men home and made him General of Raiding Attack.
10
沈攸之事平,以崇祖爲持節、督兖青冀三州諸軍事,累遷冠軍將軍、兖州刺史。 太祖踐阼,謂崇祖曰:「我新有天下,夷虜不識運命,必當動其蟻衆,以送劉昶爲辭。 賊之所衝,必在壽春。 能制此寇,非卿莫可。」 徙爲使持節、監豫司二州諸軍事、豫州刺史,將軍如故。 封望蔡縣侯,七百戶,
After Shen Youzhi was crushed, Chongzu was given the staff of authority over Yan, Qing, and Ji, then rose to General of Champion Armies and governor of Yan. When the Founder took the throne he told Chongzu: "I am new to the empire; the northerners cannot read the times and will swarm like ants, using Liu Chang's restoration as their pretext. Their blow will fall on Shouchun. No one but you can stop them." He was made extraordinary bearer of the staff over Yu and Si, governor of Yu, with his rank unchanged. He was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wangcai with a fief of seven hundred households,
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建元二年,虜遣偽梁王郁豆眷及劉昶,馬步號二十萬,寇壽春。 崇祖召文武議曰:「賊衆我寡,當用奇以制之。 當脩外城以待敵,城旣廣闊、非水不固,今欲堰肥水却淹爲三面之險,諸君意如何?」 衆曰:「昔佛狸侵境,宋南平王士卒完盛,以郭大難守,退保內城。 今日之事,十倍於前。 古來相承,不築肥堰,皆以地形不便,積水無用故也。 若必行之,恐非事宜。」 崇祖曰:「卿見其一,不識其二。 若捨外城,賊必據之,外脩樓櫓,內築長圍,四周無礙,表裏受敵,此坐自爲擒。 守郭築堰,是吾不諫之策也。」 乃於城西北立堰塞肥水,堰北起小城,周爲深塹,使數千人守之。 崇祖謂長史封延伯曰:「虜貪而少慮,必悉力攻小城,圖破此堰。 見塹狹城小,謂一往可剋,當以蟻附攻之。 放水一激,急踰三峽,事窮奔透,自然沈溺。 此豈非小勞而大利邪?」 虜衆由西道集堰南,分軍東路肉薄攻小城。 崇祖著白紗帽,肩轝上城,手自轉式。 至日晡時,決小史埭。 水勢奔下,虜攻城之衆,漂墜塹中,人馬溺死數千人,衆皆退走。
In the second year of Jianyuan, the enemy sent the false Prince of Liang Yudouquan and Liu Chang with a host said to be two hundred thousand foot and horse against Shouchun. Chongzu gathered his officers and said: "They outnumber us; we must beat them with guile. We should strengthen the outer wall and wait. The circuit is broad and cannot hold without water. I mean to dam the Fei and let it flood back on three sides—what say you?"" The officers replied: "When Fotu crossed the border, the Prince of Nanping of Song had his army intact, yet the outer works were too large to hold and he fell back to the inner city. Today's danger is tenfold worse. For generations no one has built the Fei dam; the ground is wrong and pooled water does no good. If we press ahead, I fear it will not serve." Chongzu said: "You see one thing and miss the other. Abandon the outer wall and they will take it, raise towers outside and a long ring inside; with nothing between, we are caught from both sides—that is to sit and hand ourselves over. Hold the outer works and build the dam—that is the plan I have pressed from the first." On the city's northwest they threw up a dam across the Fei; north of it they built a small fort ringed with a deep trench and posted several thousand men. Chongzu told his chief clerk Feng Yanbo: "The enemy are greedy and rash; they will throw everything at the small fort to smash the dam. The trench is narrow and the fort small—they will think one push will take it and climb like ants. Let the flood go in one rush, swift as through the Three Gorges; when they break and run, they will drown of themselves. Is that not a little labor for a great prize?" The enemy massed on the west road south of the dam and sent a column up the east road to storm the small fort at close quarters. Chongzu put on a white gauze cap, was carried shoulder-high onto the wall, and worked the sluice with his own hands. At sunset he broke the Xiaoshi dam. The flood poured down; the attackers were swept into the trench; thousands of men and horses drowned, and the host broke and ran.
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初,崇祖在淮陰,見上,便自比韓信、白起,咸不信,唯上獨許之,崇祖再拜奉旨。 及破虜啓至,上謂朝臣曰:「崇祖許爲我制虜,果如其言。 其恒自擬韓、白,今眞其人也。」 進爲都督號平西將軍,增封爲千五百戶。 崇祖聞陳顯達李安民皆增給軍儀,啓上求鼓吹橫吹。 上敕曰:「韓、白何可不與衆異。」 給鼓吹一部。
Earlier, at Huaiyin, Chongzu had told the emperor he was another Han Xin or Bai Qi; none believed him but the throne alone; Chongzu bowed twice and took the word. When news of the victory came in, the emperor told the court: "Chongzu vowed he would break the northerners for me—and so he has. He always named himself with Han Xin and Bai Qi; today he has earned the name." He was promoted to grand marshal as General Who Pacifies the West, and his fief was raised to fifteen hundred households. Hearing that Chen Xianda and Li Anmin had both been granted extra military pomp, Chongzu asked the throne for drums, pipes, and transverse flutes. The emperor wrote back: "Men like Han Xin and Bai Qi must stand apart." He was given one suite of drums and pipes.
13
崇祖慮虜復寇淮北,啓徙下蔡戍於淮東。 其冬,虜果欲攻下蔡,旣聞內徙,乃揚聲平除故城。 衆疑虜當於故城立戍,崇祖曰:「下蔡去鎮咫尺,虜豈敢置戍; 實欲除此故城。 政恐奔走殺之不盡耳。」 虜軍果夷掘下蔡城,崇祖自率衆渡淮與戰,大破之,追奔數十里,殺獲千計。
Fearing another strike north of the Huai, Chongzu asked to shift the Xiaocai garrison to the river's east bank. That winter the enemy did mean to take Xiaocai; learning the garrison had moved inland, they announced they would raze the old town. Many thought the enemy would hold the old town; Chongzu said: "Xiaocai lies a stone's throw from headquarters—the northerners would never dare leave a post there; they only want the old walls gone. They fear only that routed men will escape the slaughter." The enemy did level Xiaocai; Chongzu crossed the Huai at the head of his men, broke them, chased them several tens of li, and killed or captured by the thousand.
14
上遣使入關參虜消息還,敕崇祖曰:「卿視吾是守江東而已邪? 所少者食,卿但努力營田,自然平殄殘醜。」 敕崇祖脩治芍陂田。
The emperor sent an envoy through the passes to learn the enemy's movements; on his return he told Chongzu: "Do you think I mean only to hold the lands east of the Yangtze? What we lack is grain—work the fields with all your might, and the last of the enemy will fall of themselves." He ordered Chongzu to restore and work the Shao Po irrigation lands.
15
世祖卽位,徵爲散騎常侍、左衞將軍。 俄詔留本任,加號安西。 仍遷五兵尚書,領驍騎將軍。 初,豫章王有盛寵,世祖在東宮,崇祖不自附結。 及破虜,詔使還朝,與共密議,世祖疑之,曲加禮待,酒後謂崇祖曰:「世閒流言,我已豁諸懷抱,自今已後,富貴見付也。」 崇祖拜謝。 崇祖去後,上復遣荀伯玉口敕,以邊事受旨夜發,不得辭東宮,世祖以崇祖心誠不實,銜之。 太祖崩,慮崇祖爲異,便令內轉。 永明元年四月九日,詔曰:「垣崇祖凶詬險躁,少無行業。 昔因軍國多虞,採其一夫之用。 大運光啓,頻煩升擢,溪壑靡厭,浸以彌廣。 去歲在西,連謀境外,無君之心,已彰遐邇。 特加遵養,庶或悛革。 而猜貳滋甚,志興亂階,隨與荀伯玉驅合不逞,窺窬非覬,構扇邊荒,互爲表裏。 寧朔將軍孫景育究悉姦計,具以啓聞。 除惡務本,刑茲罔赦。 便可收掩,肅明憲辟。」 死時年四十四。 子惠隆,徙番禺卒。
When Shizu took the throne, Chongzu was called back as Attendant Cavalier-in-Ordinary and General of the Left Guard. Soon an edict kept him in his present post and added the style Pacifies the West. He was then made Minister of the Five Armies, while retaining the post of General of Raiding Cavalry. Earlier the Prince of Yuzhang stood in high favor; while Shizu was crown prince at the Eastern Palace, Chongzu would not court him. After the northern enemy was broken, an edict brought him to court for secret talks with the crown prince. Shizu distrusted him yet treated him with studied honor; after wine he told Chongzu: "The rumors in the world—I have emptied them from my breast. From this day forward, fortune and office are entrusted to you." Chongzu bowed his thanks. When Chongzu had gone, the throne again sent Xun Boyu with an oral command: on border business he was to take orders and ride out that same night, without farewell at the Eastern Palace. Shizu read this as proof that Chongzu's loyalty was hollow, and he nursed the wound. At the Founding Emperor's death, fearing Chongzu might turn dangerous, the court moved him inland. On the ninth day of the fourth month of Yongming 1, an edict ran: "Yuan Chongzu is brutal, foul-tongued, reckless, and hot-tempered; in youth he showed no decent way of life. In days when army and realm were beset on every side, we used what little one man could offer. When the great mandate brightened, he was raised again and again—yet gully and ravine could not fill him, and his appetite only widened. Last year in the west he conspired beyond the frontier; his disloyal heart was plain to all, near and far. We treated him with special forbearance, hoping he might mend his ways. Instead his duplicity deepened, his will set on rebellion. With Xun Boyu he rallied the restless, eyed what was not his to take, and fanned trouble on the marches—court and border acting as one skin. General of Pacifying the North Sun Jingyu uncovered the whole treachery and laid it before the throne. To destroy evil you must cut the root; on such guilt the law knows no mercy. Take him now, and let justice run its course." He was put to death at forty-four. His son Huilong was exiled to Panyu and died there.
16
張敬兒
Zhang Jing'er
17
張敬兒,南陽冠軍人也。 本名苟兒,宋明帝以其名鄙,改焉。 父醜,爲郡將軍,官至節府參軍。
Zhang Jing'er came from Guanjun in Nanyang commandery. He had been named Gou'er; Emperor Ming of Song thought the name base and gave him another. His father Zhang Chou was a commandery general and rose to staff aide on a frontier headquarters.
18
敬兒年少便弓馬,有膽氣,好射虎,發無不中。 南陽新野風俗出騎射,而敬兒尤多膂力,求入隊爲曲阿戍驛將,州差補府將,還爲郡馬隊副,轉隊主。 稍官寧蠻府行參軍。 隨同郡人劉胡領軍伐襄陽諸山蠻,深入險阻,所向皆破。 又擊湖陽蠻,官軍引退,蠻賊追者數千人,敬兒單馬在後,衝突賊軍,數十合,殺數十人,箭中左腋,賊不能抗。
From boyhood Jing'er excelled at bow and saddle, had nerve to spare, loved hunting tigers, and never missed. Xinye in Nanyang bred riders and archers, and Jing'er had uncommon thews. He asked to enter the ranks as relay captain at the Qu'e garrison; the province posted him as a headquarters guard, then as deputy of the commandery horse troop, and at last troop chief. He rose to acting staff officer on the Pacify-the-Barbarians staff. With his countryman Liu Hu he marched under the army commander against the hill Man of Xiangyang, plunging into the roughest ground and shattering every force he met. He fought the Huyang Man as well. The imperial column fell back; thousands of tribesmen gave chase. Jing'er alone brought up the rear, drove into the pursuers through dozens of passes, cut down scores of men, and took an arrow under the left arm—yet the enemy could not bring him down.
19
平西將軍山陽王休祐鎮壽陽,求善騎射人。 敬兒自占見寵,爲長兼行參軍,領白直隊。 泰始初,除寧朔將軍,隨府轉參驃騎軍事,署中兵。 領軍討義嘉賊,與劉胡相拒於鵲尾洲,啓明帝乞本郡,事平,爲南陽太守,將軍如故。 初,王玄謨爲雍州,土斷敬兒家屬舞陰,敬兒至郡,復還冠軍。
Wang Xiuyou, Prince of Shanyang, General Who Pacifies the West, held Shouyang and wanted men who could ride and shoot. Jing'er volunteered and won his notice, becoming senior acting staff officer commanding the white-guard company. At the opening of the Taishi era he was made General of Pacifying the North, followed the staff as aide on the Rapid Cavalry headquarters, and was placed in charge of central military affairs. When the army commander marched against the Yijia rebels, he held Liu Hu at Magpie-Tail Isle, asked Emperor Ming for his home command, and after victory received Nanyang as administrator, his general's rank unchanged. Earlier, when Wang Xuamo governed Yong, the land census had shifted Jing'er's kin to Wuyin; once Jing'er took office he moved them back to Guanjun.
20
三年,薛安都子柏令、環龍等竊據順陽、廣平,略義成、扶風界,刺史巴陵王休若遣敬兒及新野太守劉攘兵攻討,合戰,破走之。 徙爲順陽太守,將軍如故。
In the third year Boling, Huanlong, and other sons of Xue Andu seized Shunyang and Guangping and raided Yicheng and Fufeng. Wang Xiuruo, Prince of Baling, as inspector, sent Jing'er and Liu Rangbing of Xinye against them; in joint battle they broke the rebels and drove them out. He was transferred to Shunyang as administrator, still holding his general's rank.
21
南陽蠻動,復以敬兒爲南陽太守。 遭母喪還家,朝廷疑桂陽王休範,密爲之備,乃起敬兒爲寧朔將軍、越騎校尉。 桂陽事起,隷太祖頓新亭,賊矢石旣交,休範白服乘轝往勞樓下,城中望見其左右人兵不多,敬兒與黃回白太祖曰:「桂陽所在,備防寡闕,若詐降而取之,此必可擒也。」 太祖曰:「卿若能辦事,當以本州相賞。」 敬兒相與出城南,放仗走,大呼稱降,休範喜,召至轝側,回陽致太祖密意,休範信之。 回目敬兒,敬兒奪取休範防身刀,斬休範首,休範左右數百人皆驚散,敬兒馳馬持首歸新亭。 除驍騎將軍,加輔國將軍。
When the Nanyang tribes stirred, Jing'er was again named administrator of Nanyang. Mourning his mother, he went home. The court feared a move by Wang Xiufan, Prince of Guiyang, and quietly made ready; Jing'er was then recalled as General of Pacifying the North and Commandant of Valiant Cavalry. When Guiyang rose, he served under the Founding Emperor at Xinting. Stones and bolts were already flying when Xiufan came below the wall in white robes on a litter to cheer his men; from the city his guard looked few. Jing'er and Huang Hui urged the Founding Emperor: "Guiyang's post is lightly held. Feign surrender and close on him—he can be taken."" The Founding Emperor said: "If you bring this off, I will give you the province as your prize."" The two went out the south gate, threw down their arms, and fled, crying that they yielded. Xiufan rejoiced and called them to his litter; Huang spoke aloud the Founding Emperor's secret plan, and Xiufan trusted him. Huang caught Jing'er's eye; Jing'er snatched Xiufan's own blade and struck off his head. Several hundred of Xiufan's men broke and ran. Jing'er raced to Xinting with the head in his hand. He was named General of Raiding Cavalry and also General Who Assists the State.
22
太祖以敬兒人位旣輕,不欲便使爲襄陽重鎮,敬兒求之不已,乃微動太祖曰:「沈攸之在荊州,公知其欲何所作? 不出敬兒以防之,恐非公之利也。」 太祖笑而無言,乃以敬兒爲持節、督雍梁二州郢司二郡軍事、雍州刺史,將軍如故,封襄陽縣侯,二千戶。 部伍泊沔口,敬兒乘舴艋過江,詣晉熙王燮。 中江遇風船覆,左右丁壯者各泅走,餘二小吏沒艙下,呌呼「官」,敬兒兩掖挾之,隨船覆仰,常得在水上,如此翻覆行數十里,方得迎接。 失所持節,更給之。
The Founding Emperor thought Jing'er still too slight in standing to trust with the great post at Xiangyang. Jing'er would not cease his pleading, and at last nudged him: "Shen Youzhi sits in Jing Province—do you know what he intends? If you do not send me to hold him in check, I doubt it will serve your interest."" The Founding Emperor smiled and did not answer, then made Jing'er Bearer of the Staff, overall commander of Yong and Liang and of two Ying and Si commanderies, Inspector of Yong, with his general's rank as before, and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Xiangyang at two thousand households. His column lay at Hankou. Jing'er crossed the river in a skiff to pay his respects to Xiao Xie, Prince of Jinxi. Midstream a gale struck and the boat went over. The strong swimmers on his left and right each struck out alone; two junior clerks were caught under the deck, shouting "My lord!" Jing'er pinned one under each arm. The skiff rolled and righted, rolled and righted again, yet he stayed on the surface; so he was thrown along for many li before a rescue boat took him up. He had lost the credential staff he bore; the court gave him another.
23
沈攸之聞敬兒上,遣人伺覘。 見雍州迎軍儀甚盛,慮見掩襲,密自防備。 敬兒至鎮,厚結攸之,信饋不絕。 得其事迹,密白太祖。 攸之得太祖書翰,論選用方伯密事,輙以示敬兒,以爲反閒,敬兒終無二心。 元徽末,襄陽大水,平地數丈,百姓資財皆漂沒,襄陽虛耗。 太祖與攸之書,令賑貸之,攸之竟不歷意。
When Shen Youzhi learned that Jinger had gone to his command, he sent men to watch him. He saw the Yongzhou welcoming column drawn up in great state, feared a sudden strike, and quietly braced himself. Once Jinger was in the province, he courted Youzhi hard; gifts and messages flowed without pause. He learned Youzhi's every move and sent secret word to the Grand Ancestor. Youzhi received the Grand Ancestor's letters about the secret selection of regional governors and kept showing them to Jinger, hoping to bait a double game—but Jinger never broke faith. Late in Yuanhui, Xiangyang was struck by flood; level ground lay several zhang deep, the people's wealth was washed away, and the region was left empty. The Grand Ancestor wrote to Youzhi telling him to open relief grain; Youzhi never so much as looked to the task.
24
敬兒與攸之司馬劉攘兵情款,及蒼梧廢,敬兒疑攸之當因此起兵,密以問攘兵,攘兵無所言,寄敬兒馬鐙一隻,敬兒乃爲之備。 昇明元年冬,攸之反,遣使報敬兒,敬兒勞接周至,爲設酒食,謂之曰:「沈公那忽使君來,君殊可命。」 乃列仗於廳事前斬之,集部曲,偵攸之下,當襲江陵。
Jinger and Youzhi's chief aide Liu Rangbing were close; when Cangwu was cast down, Jinger feared Youzhi would seize the hour to rise, and quietly put the question to Rangbing. Rangbing answered not a word, only sent him a single stirrup—and Jinger armed himself at once. In the winter of Shengming 1, Youzhi turned rebel and sent an envoy to Jinger; Jinger welcomed him with every courtesy, set food and wine before him, and said, "Why has Lord Shen sent you so suddenly, sir? You are ripe for the headsman." Then he drew up his men before the hall and struck off the envoy's head, mustered his command, watched Youzhi's lower camps, and made to fall on Jiangling.
25
時攸之遺太祖書曰: 吾聞魚相忘於江湖,人相忘於道術,彼我可謂通之矣。 大明之中,謬奉聖主,忝同侍衞,情存契闊,義著斷金,乃分帛而衣,等糧而食。 值景和昏暴,心爛形燋,若斯之苦,寧可言盡。 吾自分碎首於閣下,足下亦懼滅族於舍人。 爾時盤石之心旣固,義無貳計,蹙迫時難,相引求全。 天道矜善,此理不空。 結姻之始,實關於厚。 及明帝龍飛,諸人皆爲鬼矣。 吾與足下,得蒙大造,親過夙眷,遇若代臣,錄其心迹,復忝驅使,臨崩之日,吾豫在遺託,加榮授寵,恩深位高。 雖復情謝古人,粗識忠節,誓心仰報,期之必死。 此誠志竟未申遂,先帝登遐,微願永奪。 自爾已來,與足下言面殆絕,非唯分張形迹,自然至此,脫枉一告,未常不對紙流涕,豈願相誚於今哉。 苟有所懷,不容不白。 初得賢子賾疏,云得家信,云足下有廢立之事,安國寧民,此功巍巍,非吾等常人所能信也。 俄奉皇太后假令,云足下潛構深略,獨斷懷抱,一何能壯。 但冠雖弊,不可承足,蓋共尊高故耳。 足下交結左右,親行殺逆,以免身患。 卿當謂龍逢、比干,癡人耳。 凡廢立大事,不可廣謀,但袁、褚遺寄,劉又國之近戚,數臣地籍實爲膏腴,人位竝居時望,若此不與議,復誰可得共披心胷者哉? 昏明改易,自古有之,豈獨大宋中屯邪? 前代盛典,煥盈篇史,請爲足下言之。 羣公共議,宜啓太后,奉令而行,當以王禮出第。 足下乃可不通大理,要聽君子之言,豈可罔滅天理,一何若茲? 孝經云「資於事父以事君」。 縱爲宗社大計,不爾,寧不識有君親之意邪? 乃復慮以家危,啗以爵賞,小人無狀,遂行弒害。 吾雖寡識,竊求古比,豈有爲臣而有近日之事邪? 使一旦荼毒,身首分離,生自可恨,死者何罪? 且有登齋之賞,此科出於何文? 凡在臣隷,誰不惋駭。 華夷扣心,行路泣血。 乃至不殯,使流蟲在戶,自古以來,此例有幾? 衞國微小,故有弘演,不圖我宋,獨無其人。 撫膺惆悵,不能自已。 足下與向之殺者何異? 人情易反,還成嗟悲,爲子君者,無乃難乎! 蹊田之譬,豈復有異? 管仲有言,君善未嘗不諫。 足下諫諍不聞,甘崔杼之罪,何惡逆之苦! 昔太甲還位,伊不自疑;昌邑之過,不可稱數,霍光荷託,尚共議於朝班,然後廢之。 由有湯沐之施,論者不以劫主爲名。 桓溫之心,未忘於篡,海西失道,人倫頓盡,廢之以公,猶禮處之。 當溫彊盛,誰能相抗,尚畏懼於形迹,四海不愜,未嘗有樂推之者。 伊尹、霍光,名高於臣節,桓氏亦得免於脅奪,凡是諸事,布於書策,若此易曉,豈待指掌。 卿常言比迹夷、叔,如何一旦行過桀、跖邪? 聖明啓運,蒼生重造,普天率土,誰不歌抃,實是披心罄節、奉公忘私之日。 而卿大收宮妓,劫奪天藏,器械金寶,必充私室,移易朝舊,布置私黨,被甲入殿,內外宮閤管籥,悉關家人。 吾不知子孟、孔明遺訓如此? 王、謝、陶、庾行此舉止? 且朱方帝郷,非親不授,足下非國戚也,一旦專縱自樹,云是兒守臺城,父居東府,一家兩錄,何以異此? 知卿防固重復,猜畏萬端,言以禦遠,實爲防內。 若德允物望,夷貊猶可推心共處,如其失理乖道,金城湯池無所用也。 文長以戈戟自衞,何解滅亡。 吳起有云:「義禮不脩,舟中之人皆讎也。」 足下旣無伍員之痛,苟懷貪惏,而有賊宋之心,吾寧捐申包之節邪? 聞求忠臣者必出孝子之門,卿忠孝於斯盡矣! 今竊天府金帛以行姦惠,盜國權爵以結人情,且授非其理,合我則賞,此事已復不可恒用,用之旣訖,恐非忠策。 且受者不感,識者不知,不能遏姦折謀,誠節慨惋。 隔硋數千,無因自對,不能知復何情顏,當與足下敘平生舊款? 吾聞前哲絕交,不出惡言,但此自陳名節於胷心,因告別於千載。 放筆增歎,公私潸淚,想不深怪往言。 然天下耳目,豈伊可誣。 抑亦當自知投杖無疆,爲必先及。
At that time Youzhi sent the Grand Ancestor a letter, which read: I have heard that fish forget one another in rivers and lakes, and men forget one another in the arts of the Way; you and I may be said to have understood this. In the Daming era, mistakenly serving the sage ruler, I was shamefully joined with you in attendance and guard. Our bond endured hardship and separation; our loyalty was as firm as metal cut in two. We divided cloth for clothing and shared grain for food. When we met Jinghe's benighted violence, our hearts rotted and our bodies burned; how could such suffering be fully expressed? I resigned myself to having my head smashed below the palace stairs, and you too feared the extermination of your clan by the palace attendants. At that time our hearts were already firm as bedrock, and in duty there was no second plan; pressed by the difficulty of the times, we drew one another along seeking survival. The Way of Heaven pities the good; this principle is not empty. The beginning of our marriage alliance truly rested on this depth of feeling. When Emperor Ming rose like a dragon, all those men became ghosts. You and I received the great act of creation. Our closeness surpassed old favor; we were treated like ministers of a new age, our hearts and deeds were recorded, and again we were shamefully employed. On the day he approached death, I was included among those entrusted with his charge, and was given added honor and favor, with deep grace and high rank. Though my feelings fall short of men of old, I roughly understand loyalty and integrity; I swore in my heart to repay him above, expecting certain death. This sincere intent was never carried out, and when the Former Emperor ascended afar, my small wish was forever taken away. From then on, speech and meetings with you have nearly ceased. It is not only that our outward traces separated; matters naturally came to this. Whenever you deigned to send me a message, I never failed to weep over the paper. How would I wish to rebuke you now? But if I have something in my heart, I cannot keep from stating it. At first I received your worthy son Ze's note, saying that a family letter had arrived and that you had undertaken the matter of deposition and enthronement, bringing peace to the state and calm to the people. This achievement was towering, not something ordinary men like us could believe. Soon I received the Empress Dowager's provisional order, saying that you had secretly formed a deep strategy and decided it alone in your breast. How strong you were! Yet though a cap be worn out, it cannot be used to support the feet; that is because all alike honor what is high. You bound yourself to those at the ruler's side and personally carried out killing and rebellion to avoid danger to yourself. You must think Longfeng and Bigan were merely fools. In general, a great matter of deposition and enthronement cannot be broadly discussed. Yet Yuan and Chu were entrusted with the former charge, and Liu was a close relative of the state. These several ministers had rich and fertile standing and ancestry, and in person and rank all held the expectation of the time. If men like these were not consulted, with whom could you lay bare your heart? The replacement of darkness by brightness has existed since antiquity; was the Great Song alone to suffer blockage? The splendid precedents of former ages shine throughout the histories; allow me to speak of them for you. The assembled lords should have deliberated together, reported to the Empress Dowager, received her order, and acted, sending him from the palace with the rites of a prince. Could you fail to understand the great principle? You should have listened to the words of gentlemen. How could you wipe out Heaven's order so completely, to such a point as this? The Classic of Filial Piety says, "Taking service to one's father as the basis for serving one's ruler." Even if this was a great plan for the ancestral temple and altars of soil, if it was not so, did you not know there is meaning in ruler and kin? Then again you frightened them with danger to their families and baited them with titles and rewards. Base men, without character, then carried out murder. Though my understanding is slight, I privately seek comparisons in antiquity: was there ever a minister who did what was done in recent days? To make him suddenly suffer poison and bitterness, with body and head separated: while alive he may have been hateful, but what crime had the dead man? Moreover, there were rewards for entering the chamber; from what statute did this provision come? Among all ministers and servants, who was not grieved and horrified? Chinese and foreigners beat their hearts, and travelers on the road wept blood. It even came to not encoffining him, letting crawling insects remain at the door. Since antiquity, how many precedents are there for this? The state of Wey was tiny, yet it had Hong Yan; I had not thought that our Song alone would lack such a man. I beat my breast in grief and cannot stop myself. How are you different from those who killed him before? Human feeling easily turns back and becomes sighing grief; is it not difficult to be son and ruler? Is this any different from the parable of trampling another's field path? Guan Zhong had a saying: when the ruler was good, he never failed to remonstrate. No remonstrance from you was heard; you willingly accepted Cui Zhu's crime. How bitterly wicked and rebellious! In the past, when Taijia was restored to the throne, Yi Yin had no doubts about himself. The faults of Changyi were beyond counting, yet Huo Guang, bearing his charge, still deliberated together with the court ranks and only afterward deposed him. Because there was the grant of a bath-town estate, commentators did not name it coercing the ruler. Huan Wen's heart had not forgotten usurpation. Haixi lost the Way and human relations were utterly exhausted, yet when Huan Wen deposed him publicly, he still treated him with ritual. When Wen was powerful and flourishing, who could resist him? Yet he still feared appearances, and within the four seas men were not satisfied; there had never been anyone who gladly promoted him. Yi Yin and Huo Guang have names lofty in ministerial integrity, and the Huan clan too managed to avoid the charge of coercive seizure. All these matters are spread through the books; being so easy to understand, how could they require pointing out on the palm? You often said you matched your steps to Boyi and Shuqi; how could you in one morning act worse than Jie and Zhi? When sage brightness opened its fortune and the black-haired people were created anew, under all Heaven and throughout the land, who did not sing and clap? It truly was a day to open one's heart, exhaust one's integrity, serve the public, and forget the private. Yet you made a great seizure of palace women, plundered the imperial stores, and surely filled your private rooms with weapons, gold, and treasures. You shifted and changed the old court, installed your private faction, entered the palace in armor, and put all keys to the inner and outer palace gates in the hands of your family members. I do not know whether Zimeng and Kongming left instructions like this. Did the Wang, Xie, Tao, and Yu clans act in this way? Moreover, Zhufang is the imperial homeland and is not entrusted to any but kin. You are not a relative of the state, yet in one morning you acted with arbitrary license and planted yourself there, saying, "The son guards Taicheng and the father occupies the Eastern Office." What differs from a single family holding two recorderships? I know your defenses and barriers are repeated layer on layer, with suspicion and fear in ten thousand forms. You say they guard against the distant, but in truth they guard against those within. If your virtue satisfied the hopes of others, even Yi and Mo peoples could open their hearts and live with you; if you lose principle and go against the Way, walls of metal and moats of boiling water are of no use. Wen Chang guarded himself with spears and halberds; how did that save him from destruction? Wu Qi said, "If duty and ritual are not cultivated, all the men in the boat are enemies." Since you have none of Wu Yuan's grief and merely harbor greed, with a heart to injure Song, how could I abandon Shen Bao's integrity? I have heard that those who seek loyal ministers must find them in the gates of filial sons. Your loyalty and filiality are exhausted here! Now you steal gold and silk from the imperial treasury to carry out treacherous favors, and rob the state of authority and titles to bind men's feelings. Moreover, grants are not made according to principle: whoever joins you is rewarded. This method already cannot be used constantly, and once it has been used up, I fear it will not be a loyal strategy. Furthermore, those who receive them are not grateful, and those who understand do not approve. You cannot halt treachery or break plots; sincere integrity is moved to grief. Separated by several thousand li of obstruction, I have no means to face you myself. I do not know with what feeling or face I could again recount with you the old affection of our lives. I have heard that former worthies, when breaking off friendship, did not issue evil words. This is only to state the name and integrity in my breast, and thereby say farewell for a thousand years. As I set down the brush my sighs increase; for public and private reasons tears fall. I imagine you will not deeply resent the words above. Yet the ears and eyes of the realm cannot be deceived. You should also know yourself that when the staff is thrown into the boundless, it will surely reach you first.
26
太祖出頓新亭,報攸之書曰: 辱足下誚書,交道不終,爲恥已足。 欲下便來,何故多罔君子。 吾結髮入仕,豈期遠大,蓋感子路之言,每不擇官而宦。 逮文帝之世,初被聖明鑒賞; 及孝武之朝,復蒙英主顧眄。 因此感激,未能自反。 及與足下斂袂定交,款著分好,何嘗不勸慕古人國士之心,務重前良忠貞之節。 至於契闊杯酒,殷勤攜袖,薦女成姻,志相然諾,義信之篤,誰與閒之。 又乃景和陵虐,事切憂畏,明帝正位,運同休顯,啓臆論心,安危豈貳。 元徽之季,聽高道慶邪言,欲相討伐,發威施敕,已行外內。 于時臣子鉗口,道路以目。 吾以分交義重,患難宜均,犯陵白刃,以相任保。 悖主手敕,今封送相示。 豈不畏威,念周旋之義耳。 推此陰惠,何愧懷抱,不云足下猥含禍詖。 前遣王思文所牒朝事,蓋情等家國,共詳衷否,虛心小大,必以先輸。 問張雍州遷代之日,將欲誰擬? 本是逆論來事,非欲代張,乃封此示張,激使見怒。 若張惑一言,果興怨恨,事負雅素,君子所不可爲,況張之奉國,忠亮有本,情之見與,意契不貳邪? 又張雍州啓事,稱彼中蠻動,兼民遭水患,敕令足下思經拯之計。 吾亦有白,論國如家,布情而往,每思虛達。 事之相接,恒必猜離。 反謂無故遣信,此乃覘察。 平諒之襟,動則相阻,傷負心期,自誰作故? 先時足下遣信,尋盟敦舊,厲以篤終,吾止附還白,申罄情本,契然遠要,方固金石。 今日舉錯,定是誰恧久言邪? 元徽末德,埶亡禋祀,足下備聞,無待亟述。 太后惟憂,式遵前誥,興毀之略,事屬鄙躬。 黜昏樹明,實惟前則,寧宗靜國,何愧前脩。 廢立有章,足下所允,冠弊之譏,將以何語? 封爲郡王,寧爲失禮? 景和無名,方之不愈乎? 龍逢自匹夫之美,伊、霍則社稷之臣,同異相乘,非吾所受也。 登齋有賞,壽寂已蒙之於前; 同謀獲功,明皇亦行之於昔。 此則接踵成事,誰敢異之。 謂其大收宮女,劫奪天藏,器械金寶,必充私室。 必若虛設市虎,亦可不翅此言; 若以此詐民,天下豈患無眼。 心苟無瑕,非所耿介。 甲杖之授,事旣舊典,豈見有任鎮邦家,勳經定主,而可得出入輕單,不資寵衞! 斯之患慮,豈直身憂。 祗奉此恩,職惟事理。 朱方之牧,公卿僉意,吾亦謂微勳之次,無忝一州。 且魏、晉舊事,帝郷蕃職,何嘗豫州必曹,司州必馬? 折膠受柱,在體非愧。 袁粲據石頭,足下無不可; 吾之守東府,來告便謂非。 動容見疾,頻笑入戾,乃如是乎! 袁粲、劉秉,受遇深重,家國旣安,不思撫鎮,遂與足下表裏潛規,據城之夜,豈顧社稷。 幸天未長亂,宗廟有靈,卽與褚衞軍協謀義斷,以時殄滅。 想足下聞之,悵然孤沮。 小兒忝侍中,代來之澤,遇直上臺,便呼一家兩錄。 發不擇言,良以太甚。 吾之方寸,古列共言,乃以陶、庾往賢,大見譏責,足下自省,詎得以此見貽邪? 比蹤夷、叔,論吾則可,行過桀、蹠,無乃近誣哉! 謂吾不朝,此則良誨,朝之與否,想更問之。 足下受先帝之恩施,擁戎西州,鼎湖之日,率土載奔,而宴安中流,酣飲自若,卽懷狼望,陵侮皇朝。 晉熙殿下,以皇弟代鎮,而斷割候迎,罔蔑宗子,驅略士馬,悉以西上,郢中所遺,僅餘劣弱。 昔徵茅不入,猶動義師; 況荊州物產,雍、崏、交、梁之會,自足下爲牧,薦獻何品? 良馬勁卒,彼中不無,良皮美罽,商賂所聚,前後貢奉,多少何如? 唯聞太官時納飲食耳。 桂陽之難,坐觀成敗,自以雍容漢南,西伯可擬。 賴原卽天世,非望亦消。 又招集逋亡,斷遏行侶,治舟試艦,恒以朝廷爲旗的,秣馬桉劔,常願天下有風塵,爲人臣者,固若是邪! 至乃不遵制書,敕下如空,國恩莫行,命令擁隔,詔除郡縣,輙自板代,罷官去職,禁還京師。 凶人出境,無不千里尋躡,而反募臺將,來必厚加給賞。 太妃遣使市馬,齎寶往蜀,足下悉皆斷折,以爲私財,此皆遠邇共聞,暴於視聽。 主上叡明當璧,宇縣同慶,絕域奉贄,萬國通書,而盤桓百日,始有單騎,事存送往,於此可徵。 不朝如此,誰應受誚? 反以見呵,非所反側。 今乃勒兵以闚象館,長戟以指魏闕,不亦爲忠臣孝子之所痛心疾首邪? 賢子元琰獲免虎口,及凌波西邁,吾所發遣。 猶推素懷,不畏嗤嗤。 足下尚復滅君臣之紀,況吾布衣之交乎? 遂事不諫,旣往難咎。 今六師西向,爲足下憂之。
The Grand Ancestor moved out to camp at Xinting and answered Youzhi in a letter, saying: I received your letter of reproach. That our friendship has not lasted is shame enough. If you wish to come down, then come; why so often wrong a gentleman? From youth I entered service; how could I have expected great things? I was moved by Zilu's words and never chose office before serving. By Emperor Wen's time, I first received the sage and enlightened ruler's recognition and favor; and in Emperor Xiaowu's court, I again received the heroic ruler's regard. Because of this I was moved with gratitude and could not turn back upon myself. When I joined sleeves with you and fixed our friendship, our affection was clear and our bond distinct; did we ever fail to admire the hearts of ancient state heroes and prize the loyal integrity of former worthies? As for our hard times and cups of wine, our earnest clasping of sleeves, my offering a daughter to make a marriage, and our wills pledging assent to each other, who could come between such deep duty and trust? Then during Jinghe's oppressive cruelty, matters pressed us with fear and anxiety. When Emperor Ming took his proper place, our fortunes shared in his rest and splendor; opening our breasts and speaking our hearts, how could we differ in danger or safety? At the end of Yuanhui, he listened to Gao Daoqing's crooked words and wished to attack us, issuing threats and edicts already carried out inside and outside the court. At that time ministers and subjects clamped their mouths, and people on the roads spoke only with their eyes. Because the duty of our shared friendship was weighty and hardship should be borne equally, I faced naked blades and guaranteed your safety. The perverse ruler's handwritten edict is now sealed and sent for your inspection. Was I not afraid of his power? I simply thought of the duty by which we had moved together. Considering this hidden favor, what shame is there in my breast? I did not say you vilely harbored calamitous deceit. Earlier I sent Wang Siwen with a note on court affairs; my feeling was that family and state were alike, and that we should examine together whether the plan was sincere. With an empty heart, in great matters and small, I always laid my thoughts before you first. I asked, when Zhang of Yongzhou was to be replaced, whom did you intend to propose? This was originally advance discussion of future affairs, not a wish to replace Zhang, yet you sealed it and showed it to Zhang, stirring him to anger. If Zhang was misled by one phrase and truly became resentful, that betrayed our ordinary refinement and is something a gentleman would not do. Moreover, Zhang's service to the state has a foundation in loyalty and clarity, and his feeling toward me and his accord in intention are not divided. Again, Zhang of Yongzhou memorialized that the Man there were moving and that the people had also suffered flooding; an edict ordered you to consider plans to manage and rescue them. I too had a statement: discussing the state as one would a family, I set out my feelings and sent them, always hoping for open understanding. Yet whenever matters touched each other, there was always suspicion and separation. Instead you said that sending a messenger without cause was spying. A level and honest breast was obstructed whenever it moved; who caused this injury to the trust of our hearts? Previously you sent a letter, seeking our covenant and strengthening old bonds, urging that we end with sincerity. I merely attached a reply, fully stating the root of my feelings, and our distant pledge was then firm as metal and stone. In today's conduct, who is truly ashamed before those long-standing words? The failed virtue at the end of Yuanhui and the situation in which sacrifice was about to perish are things you fully heard; there is no need to repeat them urgently. The Empress Dowager was anxious and followed the former command; the plan of raising up and casting down fell to my humble person. Deposing darkness and establishing brightness truly followed former models; calming the clan and quieting the state, how did I shame earlier worthies? Deposition and enthronement had proper order, and you approved it. With what words will you make the reproach about a worn-out cap? Was enfeoffing him as a commandery prince really a loss of ritual? Jinghe had no title; compared with that, was this not better? Longfeng possessed the beauty of a common man, while Yi Yin and Huo Guang were ministers of the altars. To multiply sameness and difference together is not something I accept. There were rewards for entering the chamber; Shouji had already received them before. Those who shared the plan obtained merit; the Ming Emperor had also done this in the past. These are accomplished precedents following one upon another; who would dare object? You say that I made a great seizure of palace women, plundered the imperial stores, and surely filled my private rooms with weapons, gold, and treasure. If one falsely creates a tiger in the marketplace, it can be more than these words; but if this is used to deceive the people, need the realm fear it has no eyes? If the heart has no flaw, this is not something to trouble over. The granting of armor and weapons is an old institution. Have you ever seen one entrusted with guarding the state and family, whose merit passed through settling the ruler, yet who could come and go lightly and alone, without relying on favored guards? This concern and anxiety was not merely worry for my own person. Reverently receiving this favor, my duty lay only in the principle of the matter. The governorship of Zhufang was the unanimous view of the dukes and ministers; I too thought that, after my slight merit, I would not disgrace one province. Moreover, in the old affairs of Wei and Jin, when the imperial homeland was a provincial office, when did Yuzhou always have to be held by a Cao or Sizhou by a Sima? Receiving the post as a bent glue support is no shame in substance. When Yuan Can held Shitou, you found nothing unacceptable; but when I guarded the Eastern Office, your letter immediately called it wrong. Every movement of my face is met with hatred, and repeated smiles are taken as crimes. Has it come to this? Yuan Can and Liu Bing had received deep and weighty treatment; once family and state were secure, they did not think to soothe and stabilize them, but instead secretly plotted with you inside and outside. On the night they occupied the city, how did they care for the altars? Fortunately Heaven did not prolong the disorder, and the ancestral temple had spirit; I immediately joined plans with Chu, General of the Guard, made a righteous decision, and destroyed them in time. I imagine that when you heard of it, you were disappointed, isolated, and dejected. My young son shamefully held the post of Attendant-in-Ordinary, a grace passed down through generations; when he happened to serve on duty in the upper offices, you immediately called it one family holding two recorderships. You spoke without choosing your words; truly this was excessive. My heart is something men of old have all spoken of, yet you use former worthies such as Tao and Yu to reproach me greatly. Examine yourself: how could you present me with this? To compare my tracks with Boyi and Shuqi may be acceptable when speaking of me; to say my conduct surpasses Jie and Zhi is surely close to slander. You say I did not attend court; this is good instruction. As to whether I attended or not, I expect you should ask again. You received the Former Emperor's grace and held troops in the western province. On the day of Dinghu, all the land rushed in mourning, yet you feasted at ease in midstream and drank heavily as if nothing had happened, already harboring a wolf's ambition and insulting the imperial court. His Highness of Jinxi, as the emperor's younger brother, went to replace you in the command, but you cut off the welcoming parties, slighted the imperial kinsman, drove off and seized soldiers and horses, and sent them all westward, leaving in Ying only the inferior and weak. In the past, when tribute grass was not sent in, righteous armies were still mobilized; how much more when Jingzhou, with its products and its meeting point with Yong, Min, Jiao, and Liang, has offered what goods since you became its governor? Fine horses and strong soldiers are not lacking there; good hides and beautiful rugs gather through trade and gifts. How much tribute has been offered before and after? I have heard only that food has sometimes been sent to the Grand Provisioner. During the Guiyang crisis, you sat watching success or failure, considering yourself so composed south of the Han that you could be compared to the Earl of the West. Thanks to the fact that Yuan soon died, your improper hopes also vanished. You also gathered fugitives, cut off travelers, repaired boats and tested warships, constantly took the court as your target, fed horses and gripped your sword, and always wished for dust storms under Heaven. Is this truly how a subject acts? You even failed to obey imperial documents, treated edicts as empty, blocked the state's grace from being carried out, obstructed commands, replaced appointments to commanderies and counties with your own temporary commissions, and forbade dismissed officials returning to the capital. When wicked men left your territory, you always pursued them a thousand li, yet you recruited generals from the court, richly rewarding any who came. When the Grand Consort sent envoys to buy horses and carry valuables to Shu, you cut them all off and took them as private wealth. All this has been heard far and near and is exposed to sight and hearing. When the sovereign, in his brilliant wisdom, held the jade disk, the realm rejoiced together, distant lands offered gifts, and ten thousand states sent letters; yet you lingered a hundred days before there was even a single rider. That your intent lay merely in seeing off the past can be proven from this. With nonattendance like this, who should receive reproach? For you instead to scold me is not something I can rest easy with. Now you marshal troops to peer into the Elephant Hall and point long halberds at the palace gates. Is this not something to make loyal ministers and filial sons grieve in heart and ache in head? Your worthy son Yuanyan escaped the tiger's mouth, and when he crossed the waves westward, I was the one who sent him off. I still extended my old feelings and did not fear ridicule. Yet you still destroy the order between ruler and subject; how much more my common-cloth friendship with you? What is already done cannot be remonstrated against, and what is past is hard to blame. Now the six armies face west, and I worry for you.
27
攸之與兼長史江乂、別駕傅宣等守江陵城。 敬兒軍中力授,因以爲別。 敬兒告變使至,太祖大喜,進號鎮軍將軍,加散騎常侍,改爲都督,給鼓吹一部。 攸之於郢城敗走,其子元琰與兼長史江乂、別駕傅宣等守江陵城。 敬兒軍至白水,元琰聞城外鶴唳,謂是呌聲,心懼欲走。 其夜,乂、宣開門出奔,城潰,元琰奔寵洲,見殺。 百姓旣相抄敓,敬兒至江陵,誅攸之親黨,沒入其財物數十萬,悉以入私。 攸之於湯渚村自經死,居民送首荊州,敬兒使楯擎之,蓋以青繖,徇諸市郭,乃送京師。 進號征西將軍,爵爲公,增邑爲四千戶。
Youzhi, with acting chief clerk Jiang Yi, registrar Fu Xuan, and the rest, held Jiangling. They thought Jinger's host too slight to matter and set it aside. When Jinger's messenger came with word of the betrayal, the Grand Ancestor was overjoyed; Jinger was raised to General Who Pacifies the Army, made Regular Attendant of the Scattered Riders, named overall commander, and given a suite of martial music. Youzhi was broken at Ying and fled; his son Yuan Yan, with Jiang Yi, Fu Xuan, and the rest, still held Jiangling. Jinger's army came to White Water; Yuan Yan heard cranes beyond the wall and mistook them for battle cries—his heart failed and he meant to bolt. That night Jiang Yi and Fu Xuan opened the gates and ran; the defenses gave way; Yuan Yan fled to Chong Isle and was slain. The people were already tearing at one another; when Jinger entered Jiangling he killed Youzhi's kin and allies, seized goods worth several hundred thousand, and kept every coin for himself. Youzhi hanged himself at Tangzhu village; the locals sent his head to Jing; Jinger had it carried on a shield under a green canopy, displayed through the wards, and then forwarded to the capital. He was raised to General Who Pacifies the West, made duke, and his fief increased to four thousand households.
28
敬兒於襄陽城西起宅,聚財貨。 又欲移羊叔子墮淚碑,於其處立臺,綱紀諫曰:「羊太傅遺德,不宜遷動。」 敬兒曰:「太傅是誰? 我不識也。」 敬兒弟恭兒,不肯出官,常居上保村中,與居民不異。 敬兒呼納之甚厚,恭兒月一出視敬兒,輙復去。 恭兒本名豬兒,隨敬兒改名也。
Jinger raised a great house west of Xiangyang and piled up treasure. He also meant to shift Yang Hu's Weeping Stele and build a terrace where it stood; his steward pleaded, "Grand Tutor Yang's grace still lingers here—it should not be moved." Jinger said, "Grand Tutor? Who is that? I never heard of him." Jinger's younger brother Gong'er refused office and lived in Shangbao village no differently from the neighbors. Jinger called him in and lavished gifts on him; Gong'er came once a month to visit and always went home again. Gong'er had been named Zhuer and changed his name when he followed Jinger.
29
初,敬兒旣斬沈攸之,使報隨郡太守劉道宗,聚衆得千餘人,立營頓。 司州刺史姚道和不殺攸之使,密令道宗罷軍。 及攸之圍郢,道和遣軍頓堇城爲郢援,事平,依例蒙爵賞。 敬兒具以啓聞, 建元元年,太祖令有司奏道和罪,誅之。 道和字敬邕,羌主姚興孫也。 父萬壽,偽鎮東大將軍,降宋武帝,卒於散騎侍郎。 道和出身爲孝武安北行佐,有世名,頗讀書史。 常誑人云:「祖天子,父天子,身經作皇太子。」 元徽中爲游擊將軍,隨太祖新亭破桂陽賊有功,爲撫軍司馬,出爲司州,疑怯無斷,故及於誅。
When Jinger first struck down Shen Youzhi, he reported to Suixian Administrator Liu Daozong; Daozong mustered more than a thousand men and made camp. Sizhou Inspector Yao Daohe spared Youzhi's envoy and secretly told Daozong to stand his men down. When Youzhi besieged Ying, Daohe sent a column to hold Jincheng in Ying's aid; when the war ended he took honors and reward like the rest. Jinger laid the whole matter before the throne. In the first year of Jianyuan, the Grand Ancestor ordered the offices to indict Daohe, and he was put to death. Daohe, styled Jingyong, was grandson to the Di king Yao Xing. His father Wanshou had been a puppet Grand General Who Pacifies the East, surrendered to Emperor Wu of Song, and died as Attendant-in-Ordinary of the Scattered Riders. Daohe first served as acting staff on Emperor Xiaowu's Pacifying North campaign, came of a great house, and read widely in the histories. He loved to brag: "Grandfather was Son of Heaven, father was Son of Heaven, and I myself was once within a breath of the crown prince." In Yuanhui he was General of the Rapid Attack; at Xinting with the Grand Ancestor he helped crush the Guiyang rebels and won merit, became Chief Aide of the Pacifying Army, and went out as inspector of Sizhou—but doubt and timidity left him without judgment, and that brought him to the axe.
30
三年,徵敬兒爲護軍將軍,常侍如故。 敬兒武將,不習朝儀,聞當內遷,乃於密室中屏人學揖讓答對,空中俯仰,如此竟日,妾侍竊窺笑焉。 太祖卽位,授侍中,中軍將軍。 以敬兒秩窮五等,一仍前封, 建元二年,遷散騎常侍,車騎將軍,置佐史。 太祖崩,敬兒於家竊泣曰:「官家大老天子,可惜! 太子年少,向我所不及也。」 遺詔加敬兒開府儀同三司,將拜,謂其妓妾曰:「我拜後,應開黃閤。」 因口自爲鼓聲。 旣拜,王敬則戲之,呼爲褚淵。 敬兒曰:「我馬上所得,終不能作華林閤勳也。」 敬則甚恨。
In the third year Jinger was called in as General of the Protecting Army, Regular Attendant as before. Jinger was a soldier and knew nothing of court forms; when he heard he was to enter the capital, he cleared a inner room, sent everyone out, and rehearsed bows, steps, and answers to the throne, bobbing at the empty air all day while his women stole looks and laughed. When the Grand Ancestor took the throne, Jinger was made Palace Attendant and General of the Central Army. Jinger's rank had already touched the fifth degree of nobility, so his old fief was left as it was. In the second year of Jianyuan, soon he was shifted to Regular Attendant of the Scattered Riders and General of the Flying Cavalry, with a full staff. When the Grand Ancestor died, Jinger wept at home and said, "The old emperor is gone—what a pity for the Son of Heaven! The crown prince is young; he will never favor me as the old man did." The testamentary edict made him Defender of the State with ritual parity of the Three Excellencies; on the eve of the audience he told his women, "Once I take the seal, the Yellow Gate should swing wide." And he beat a drum pattern with his mouth. After the rites Wang Jingze mocked him and hailed him as Chu Yuan. Jinger said, "What I won in the saddle will never turn me into one of those Huailin Pavilion courtiers." Jingze hated him for it from that day on.
31
敬兒始不識書,晚旣爲方伯,乃習學讀《孝經》《論語》。 於新林慈姥廟爲妾乞兒祝神,自稱三公。 然而意知滿足,初得鼓吹,羞便奏之。
Jing'er began illiterate; not until he was a regional governor did he take up study and read the Classic of Filial Piety and the Analects. At the Cimu Shrine in Xinlin he sent a concubine to beg alms and pray to the spirit, styling herself a member of the Three Excellencies. He knew, though, when he had enough; the first time he was granted martial drums and pipes, he was too ashamed to let them sound.
32
初娶前妻毛氏,生子道文。 後娶尚氏,尚氏有美色,敬兒棄前妻而納之。 尚氏猶居襄陽宅不自隨,敬兒慮不復外出,乃迎家口悉下至都。 啓世祖,不蒙勞問,敬兒心疑。 及垣崇祖死,愈恐懼,妻謂敬兒曰:「昔時夢手熱如火,而君得南陽郡。 元徽中,夢半身熱,而君得本州。 今復夢舉體熱矣。」 有閹人聞其言,說之。 事達世祖。 敬兒又遣使與蠻中交關,世祖疑其有異志, 永明元年,敕朝臣華林八關齋,於坐收敬兒。 敬兒左右雷仲顯知有變,抱敬兒而泣。 敬兒脫冠貂投地曰:「用此物誤我。」 少日,伏誅。 詔曰: 敬兒蠢茲邊裔,昏迷不脩。 屬值宋季多難,頗獲野戰之力。 拔迹行伍,超登非分。 而愚躁無已,矜伐滋深。 往莅本州,久苞異志。 在昔含弘,庶能懲革。 位班三槐,秩窮五等,懷音靡聞,奸回屢構。 去歲迄今,嫌貳滋甚。 鎮東將軍敬則、丹陽尹安民每侍接之日,陳其凶狡,必圖反噬。 朕猶謂恩義所感,本質可移。 頃者已來,釁戾遂著,自以子弟在西,足動殊俗,招扇羣蠻,規擾樊、夏。 假託妖巫,用相震惑,妄設徵祥,潛圖問鼎。 履霜於開運之辰,堅冰於嗣業之世,此而可忍,孰不可容! 天道禍淫,逆謀顯露。 建康民湯天獲商行入蠻,備睹姦計,信驛書翰,證驗炳明。 便可收掩,式正刑辟;同黨所及,特皆原宥。
His first marriage was to the Lady Mao; she bore Daowen. Later he married the Lady Shang, who was beautiful; Jing'er cast off his first wife and brought her in. Lady Shang stayed in the Xiangyang house and would not follow; afraid he would never leave the capital again, he moved the whole household down to court. He memorialized Emperor Shizu and won no gracious reply; Jing'er's heart turned doubtful. When Yuan Chongzu died his terror mounted. His wife told Jing'er: "Long ago I dreamed my hand burned like fire, and you won Nanyang commandery. In the Yuangui years I dreamed half my body burned, and you won this province. Now I dream my whole body burns again." A palace eunuch heard her and told others. Word reached Emperor Shizu. Jing'er also sent envoys to traffic with the southern barbarians; Shizu suspected treason in his heart. In the first year of Yongming, he ordered the court to the Hualin Eight Precepts fast and took Jing'er in his seat. Jing'er's attendant Lei Zhongxian knew something was wrong, held Jing'er, and wept. Jing'er stripped off his sable cap and flung it down, saying: "This is what destroyed me." Within days he was put to death. The edict read: Jing'er was stupid, from this border stock, benighted and uncultivated. He happened to meet the many troubles at the end of Song and gained some credit for fighting in the field. He rose from the ranks and leapt beyond his proper station. Yet his foolish rashness never ceased, and his boasting and self-praise grew deeper. When he formerly governed his home province, he had long harbored disloyal intentions. In the past We showed broad forbearance, hoping he might be chastened and reform. His rank stood among the Three Excellencies and his noble grade reached the highest of the five orders, yet no sound of gratitude was heard, and treacherous perversity was repeatedly formed. From last year to now, suspicion and duplicity have grown ever worse. General Who Guards the East Jingze and Yin Anmin of Danyang, whenever they attended and met with Us, stated that he was vicious and crafty and would surely plot to bite back. We still thought that moved by grace and duty, his basic nature might change. Recently, however, his offenses and perversity became manifest. Thinking his sons and younger kinsmen in the west were enough to stir alien peoples, he summoned and incited the various Man, scheming to disturb Fan and Xia. He falsely relied on shamans and witches to frighten and delude them, fabricated portents and auspicious signs, and secretly plotted to ask after the tripods. He trod frost in the hour when fortune opened, and hard ice formed in the age that inherited the enterprise. If this can be tolerated, what cannot be endured? The Way of Heaven brings disaster on excess, and his rebellious plot has been exposed. Tang Tianhuo, a commoner of Jiankang, traveled among the Man for trade and fully saw the treacherous plan; courier letters and written messages make the proof brilliantly clear. He may therefore be arrested at once, to set punishments and laws right; as for those reached as his associates, all are specially pardoned.
33
子道文,武陵內史,道暢,征虜功曹,道固弟道休,竝伏誅。 少子道慶,見宥。 後數年,上與豫章王嶷三日曲水內宴,舴艋船流至御坐前覆沒,上由是言及敬兒,悔殺之。
His sons Daowen, administrator of Wuling; Daochang, registrar on the staff of the General Who Punishes the Barbarians; and Daogu's younger brother Daoxiu were all put to death. The youngest son, Daoqing, was pardoned. Years on, at the third-day spring banquet by the winding stream, a skiff drifted to the throne and sank; the emperor spoke of Jing'er and rued having killed him.
34
恭兒官至員外郎。 在襄陽,聞敬兒敗,將數十騎走入蠻中,收捕不得。 後首出,上原其罪。
Gong'er reached the post of Outer Attendant. At Xiangyang, when he heard Jing'er had fallen, he rode off with several dozen followers into the barbarian hills; hunters could not take him. Later he came forward of his own accord; the emperor forgave his crime.
35
【史論】
Historical appraisal
36
史臣曰:平世武臣,立身有術,若非愚以取信,則宜智以自免,心迹無阻,乃見優容。 崇祖恨結東朝,敬兒情疑鳥盡,嗣運方初,委骨嚴憲。 若情非發憤,事無感激,功名之閒,不足爲也。
The historian writes: In settled ages a fighting man who means to keep his skin must either seem dull enough to be trusted or sharp enough to slip away—only when mind and deed raise no bar does he win easy grace. Chongzu's grudge was knotted with the eastern court; Jing'er's heart read the proverb of birds spent and bow stowed—the new reign had barely opened, yet their bones were given to harsh law. If the heart is not moved by outrage but by reward, then between fame and gain such deeds are hardly worth the name.
37
贊曰:崇祖爲將,志懷馳逐。 規搔淮部,立勳豫牧。 敬兒莅雍,深心防楚。 豈不劬勞,實興師旅。 烹犬藏弓,同歸異緒。
In praise: Chongzu the commander—his will lived in the gallop after enemies. He plotted to rake the Huai country and raise his fame as lord of Yu. Jing'er held Yong, his inmost thought a wall against Chu. Was it not labor? In truth he set armies marching. Cook the hound and stash the bow—one road home, two threads of fate.
38
「賴原卽大世」,疑。
"Lai yuan ji da shi"—doubtful reading.
39
案
Note