Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties · Royal Family Member

Crown Prince Wenhui 文惠太子

Wenhui Taizi

Died AD 493

Passages: 91
Chapters: 9
Histories: 2

Overview

The translated histories identify Crown Prince Wenhui as a general, official, royal family member, and ruler. This record brings together 91 passages from 9 chapters across 2 histories, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Crown Prince Wenhui	文惠太子	Wenhui Taizi
Childhood name	Baize	白澤	Baize
Title	Central Army	中軍
Title	Central Army prince of Nan Commandery	中軍南郡王
Title	Crown Prince Wenhu	文惠太子
Posthumous	Crown Prince Wenhui	文惠太子
Title	Crown Prince Wenhui	文惠太子	Wenhui taizi
Title	Crown Prince Wenhui	文惠皇太子
Title	Crown Prince Wenhui	文惠太子	Wénhuì Tàizǐ
Title	Crown Prince Wenhui	文惠太子
Posthumous	Cultured Emperor	文皇帝	Wén Huángdì
Title	eastern-palace heir	東宮
Posthumous	Emperor Wen	文皇帝	Wen huangdi
Title	Emperor Wen	文帝	Wendi
Title	Emperor Wen	文皇	Wenhuang
Title	Emperor Wen	文皇帝
Title	Emperor Wen	文帝
Title	former heir designate	先儲
Descriptive kinship	imperial grandson	皇孫
Descriptive kinship	Imperial grandson	皇孫
Title	Lineage Ancestor, the Cultured Emperor	世宗文皇帝
Title	Literary and Graceful Heir Apparent	文惠太子
Title	Prince of Nan commandery	南郡王
Title	Prince of Nan Commandery	南郡王	Nánjùn wáng
Title	Prince of Nanjun	南郡王
Temple	Shizong	世宗	Shizong
Temple	Shizong	世宗	Shìzōng
Temple	Shizong	世宗
Temple name	Shizong	世宗
Posthumous name	Wenhui	文惠
Posthumous	Wenhui	文惠
Alternate name	Xiao Zhangmao
Personal name	Xiao Zhangmao	長懋	Zhangmao
Courtesy name	Yunqiao	雲喬	Yunqiao
Personal name	Zhangmao	長懋	Zhǎngmào

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Explicit · liangshu:019:s0011, nanqishu:010:s0066, nanqishu:020:s0010
Sex: male
Strongly inferred · nanqishu:002:s0081, nanqishu:004:s0003, nanqishu:005:s0003, nanqishu:021:s0003, nanqishu:031:s0048, nanqishu:048:s0207

Roles

General
Official
Royal Family Member
Ruler

Life and dates

Death

Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十一年春正月 · Western Year: AD 493 · Age: 36
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0114, nanqishu:021:s0119, nanqishu:021:s0122
Date Context: Source Date: Text: 文惠太子薨 · Western Year: AD 493
Explicit · nanqishu:004:s0011, nanqishu:005:s0008
Date Context: Source Date: Text: 永明十一年 · Western Year: AD 493 · Manner: died / 薨
Explicit · nanqishu:010:s0150

Age

Age: 36 · Reckoning: sui
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0119

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 延興元年 · Regnal Year: 1 · Western Year: AD 494
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:005:s0078
Source Date: Text: 建元元年 · Regnal Year: 1 · Western Year: AD 479
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0017
Source Date: Text: 十年 · Regnal Year: 10 · Western Year: AD 492
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0113
Source Date: Text: 十一年春正月 · Regnal Year: 11 · Western Year: AD 493
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0114
Source Date: Text: 二年 · Regnal Year: 2 · Western Year: AD 480
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:021:s0036
Source Date: Text: 升明三年 · Regnal Year: 3 · Western Year: AD 479
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0016
Source Date: Text: 永明三年 · Regnal Year: 3 · Western Year: AD 485
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0051
Source Date: Text: 四年 · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 482
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:021:s0047
Source Date: Text: 五年冬 · Regnal Year: 5 · Western Year: AD 487
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0052
Source Date: Text: AD 483-493 · Western Interval: Start: AD 483 · End: AD 493
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:048:s0207
Source Date: Text: 世祖卽位前後 · Western Year: AD 482
Explicit · nanqishu:031:s0048, nanqishu:031:s0125
Source Date: Text: 宋世 · Western Interval: Start: AD 470 · End: AD 479
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:020:s0118
Source Date: Text: 宋元徽末 · Western Interval: Start: AD 476 · End: AD 477
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:021:s0006
Source Date: Text: 建元三年 · Western Year: AD 481
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:010:s0063, nanqishu:010:s0066
Source Date: Text: 建元元年 · Western Year: AD 479
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:002:s0081
Source Date: Text: 建武二年 · Western Year: AD 495
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:010:s0175, nanqishu:010:s0177
Source Date: Text: 文惠太子薨 · Western Year: AD 493
Explicit · liangshu:019:s0011
Source Date: Text: 文惠太子薨 · Western Year: AD 493
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:005:s0008
Source Date: Text: 明年 · Western Year: AD 488
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:021:s0096, nanqishu:021:s0098
Source Date: Text: 永明中 · Western Interval: Start: AD 483 · End: AD 493
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0107
Source Date: Text: 永明十一年 · Western Year: AD 493
Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:004:s0011
Source Date: Text: 永明十一年 · Western Year: AD 493
Explicit · nanqishu:010:s0150

Family

Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.

Parent of Imperial Grandson (皇太孫)
Kinship Term: imperial grandson / 太孫 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father · Generation Distance: 1
Descendant of Emperor Gao of Qi (齊高帝)
Kinship Term: imperial grandson / 皇孫 · Generation Distance: 2
Sibling of Duke of Wenxi (聞喜公)
Kinship Term: brothers / 兄弟 · Shared Parentage: full · Subject Relative Age: elder
Spouse of Consort Mu (穆妃)
Kinship Term: consort / 妃 · Union Category: marriage · Subject Role: consort · Object Role: husband
Child of Emperor Wu of Qi (齊武帝)
Kinship Term: eldest son / 長子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father · Subject Birth Order: 1
Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
Kinship Term: crown prince / 太子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Parent of Zhaoye (昭業)
Kinship Term: eldest son / 長子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son · Subject Birth Order: 1
Child of Ze (賾)
Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Parent of Prince of Yulin (鬱林王)
Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
Child of Consort Mu (穆妃)
Kinship Term: mother / 母 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: mother · Object Role: son
Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: mother
Parent of Xiao Zhaowen (蕭昭文)
Kinship Term: second son / 第二子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father · Subject Birth Order: 2
Spouse of Wang Baoming (王寶明)
Union Category: marriage

Career and standing

Label: secretary director / 秘書丞 · Action: appointed-declined
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0015
Label: secretary gentleman / 秘書郎 · Action: appointed-declined
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0008
Label: gentleman attendant at the yellow gate / 黃門侍郎 · Action: appointed-not-yet-assumed
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0015
Label: palace attendant and general of the central army / 侍中、中軍將軍 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二年 · Western Year: AD 480
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0036
Label: bearer of the staff, superintendent of Yong and Liang, etc. / 持節、都督雍梁二州、郢州之竟陵、司州之隨郡軍事、左中郎將、寧蠻校尉、雍州刺史 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 升明三年 · Western Year: AD 479
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0016
Label: Inspector of South Xuzhou / 南徐州刺史 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 建元四年 · Western Year: AD 482
Explicit · nanqishu:002:s0142
Label: chief clerk on Prince Jinxi's pacifying staff / 晉熙王撫軍主簿 · Action: appointed
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0009
Label: General Who Assists the State / 輔國將軍 · Action: appointed
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0009
Label: gentleman of the palace secretariat / 中書郎 · Action: appointed
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0015
Label: General Who Subdues the Barbarians / 征虜將軍 · Action: promoted
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0019
Label: palace attendant / 侍中 · Action: relieved
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0045
Label: bearer of the staff, superintendent of southern Xu and Yan, general who campaigns north, inspector of southern Xu / 使持節、都督南徐兗二州諸軍事、征北將軍、南徐州刺史 · Action: transferred · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 四年 · Western Year: AD 482
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0047
Title: Prince of Nan commandery / 南郡王 · Action: enfeoffed · Households: 2000 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 建元元年 · Western Year: AD 479
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0017
Label: posthumous title Wenhui / 諡曰文惠 · Action: bestowed
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0123
Title: Emperor Wen, temple name Shizong / 世宗文皇帝 · Action: posthumously-honored · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 隆昌元年前辛酉 · Western Year: AD 493
Explicit · nanqishu:004:s0030
Title: Prince of Nan Commandery / 南郡王 · Action: enfeoffed
Explicit · nanqishu:002:s0081
Title: Central Army General / Central Army / 中軍 · Action: held
Explicit · nanqishu:010:s0114, nanqishu:010:s0137
Title: Prince of Nanjun / 南郡王 · Action: held
Explicit · nanqishu:010:s0066, nanqishu:010:s0114
Title: Emperor Wen / 文帝 · Action: posthumously-honored
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0125
Title: Shizong / 世宗 · Action: temple-name
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0125
Status: crown-prince · Action: appointed
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0048
Status: posthumously-elevated-emperor · Action: received
Explicit · nanqishu:010:s0177, nanqishu:010:s0180, nanqishu:010:s0181

Places and affiliations

Polity: Southern Qi / 南齊 · Relation: served
Strongly inferred · nanqishu:005:s0003
Polity: Southern Qi · Relation: affiliated-with
Explicit · nanqishu:010:s0066
Polity Id: liu-song · Relation: served
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0006, nanqishu:021:s0016
Place: Stone City / 石頭 · Relation: posted-to · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二年 · Western Year: AD 480
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0036
Place: Chong'an Mausoleum / 崇安陵 · Relation: buried-at
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0123
Place: Eastern Fields / 東田 · Relation: developed
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0106
Place: Mystic Enclosure Garden / 玄圃園 · Relation: developed
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0102
Place: West Province / 西州 · Relation: posted-to
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0046

Learning and skills

Subject: Zuo Commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals / 左氏春秋 · Relation: studied
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0049
Belief: Buddhism / 釋氏 · Relation: adherent-of
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0100

Works and attributed material

Work: epitaph for Prince of Yuzhang / 碑文 · Relation: author
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0113
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Other Person Id: Emperor Wu of Qi (齊武帝)
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0115, nanqishu:021:s0116, nanqishu:021:s0117, nanqishu:021:s0118
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Other Person Id: Xiao Ziliang (蕭子良)
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0126
Kind: speech · Role: speaker
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0052, nanqishu:021:s0053, nanqishu:021:s0054, nanqishu:021:s0056, nanqishu:021:s0060, nanqishu:021:s0061, nanqishu:021:s0062, nanqishu:021:s0064, nanqishu:021:s0070, nanqishu:021:s0071, nanqishu:021:s0075, nanqishu:021:s0078, nanqishu:021:s0079, nanqishu:021:s0081, nanqishu:021:s0086, nanqishu:021:s0089, nanqishu:021:s0092, nanqishu:021:s0094

Events and relationships

Kind: charitable · Role: founder · Action: founded · Organization: Six Diseases Hospices / 六疾館
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0100
Kind: political · Role: rebuked · Action: hid-overseers · Other Person Id: Emperor Wu of Qi (齊武帝)
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0109, nanqishu:021:s0110
Kind: scholarly · Role: lecturer · Action: lectured · Work: Classic of Filial Piety / 孝經 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 永明三年 · Western Year: AD 485
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0051
Kind: legal · Role: judge · Action: pardoned-prisoners · Place: Mystic Enclosure Garden / 玄圃園 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 明年 · Western Year: AD 488
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0098
Kind: scholarly · Role: examiner · Action: presided-over-examination · Place: National Academy / 國學 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 五年冬 · Western Year: AD 487
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0052
Kind: political · Role: ordered-execution · Action: seized-and-executed · Other Person Id: Fan Bonian (范柏年) · Place: Xiangyang / 襄陽
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0024
Kind: ritual · Role: mourner · Action: xiaoxiang-scheduling · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 建元三年 · Western Year: AD 481
Explicit · nanqishu:010:s0066, nanqishu:010:s0114
Kind: death · Role: deceased · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 永明十一年 · Western Year: AD 493
Explicit · nanqishu:010:s0150
Relation: hostile-to · Person Id: Emperor Ming of Qi (齊明帝)
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0126

Assessments and attributes

Assessment: death hastened dynastic collapse · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0129, nanqishu:021:s0133, nanqishu:021:s0134
Assessment: extravagant · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0101
Kind: physical-description · Statement: handsome and well favored; body overfull / stout; long sickly
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0005, nanqishu:021:s0111
Item: peacock-feather robes / 孔雀毛裘 · Relation: made
Explicit · nanqishu:021:s0105

Source notes

From: Crown Prince Wenhui / 文惠太子 · To: Emperor Wen / 文皇帝 · Kind: posthumous
Explicit · nanqishu:010:s0150, nanqishu:010:s0177
To: Shizong / 世宗 · Kind: temple
Explicit · nanqishu:010:s0177

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Book of Liang, Chapter 19Volume 19: Zong Guai; Liu Tan; Yue Ai · 1 passage

俄而文惠太子薨，王爲皇太孫，夬仍管書記。 Soon Crown Prince Wenhui died; the prince became imperial grandson, and Guai continued in charge of his documents.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 2Volume 2 Annals 2: Emperor Gao of Southern Qi 2 · 2 passages

立皇子嶷爲豫章王，映爲臨川王，晃爲長沙王，曅爲武陵王，暠爲安成王，鏘爲鄱陽王，鑠爲桂陽王，鑒爲廣陵王，皇孫長懋爲南郡王。 Princes were named: Yi of Yuzhang, Ying of Linchuan, Huang of Changsha, Ye of Wuling, Gao of Ancheng, Qiang of Poyang, Shuo of Guiyang, Jian of Guangling; the imperial grandson Zhangmao became prince of Nan commandery.

以後將軍長沙王晃爲護軍將軍，中軍將軍南郡王長懋爲南徐州刺史，冠軍將軍安成王暠爲江州刺史。 Prince of Changsha Xiao Huang, rear general, became protector of the army; Prince of Nan Commandery Xiao Zhangmao, general of the center, took South Xuzhou; Prince of Ancheng Xiao Gao, champion general, took Jiang.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 4Volume 4 Annals 4: Prince of Yulin · 8 passages

鬱林王昭業，字元尚，文惠太子長子也。 The Prince of Yulin, Zhaoye, bore the style Yuanshang and was the eldest son of Crown Prince Wenhui.

文惠太子薨，立昭業爲皇太孫，居東宮。 After Crown Prince Wenhui died, Zhaoye was made imperial grandson-heir and moved into the Eastern Palace.

辛酉，追尊文惠皇太子爲世宗文皇帝。 Day xinyou: Crown Prince Wenhui was raised posthumously to Emperor Wen, canonically titled Shizong.

文帝以上哲之資，體元良之重，雖功未被物，而德已在民。 Emperor Wen, gifted with the highest wisdom, carried the heir's heavy charge; though his achievements had not yet covered the world, his virtue was already with the people.

中軍將軍新安王，體自文皇，睿哲天秀，宜入嗣鴻業，永寧四海。 The central-army general, prince of Xin'an, is of Emperor Wen's blood, wise and bright by Heaven's endowment; let him succeed to the great charge and long pacify the realm.

文惠皇太子薨，昭業每臨哭，輒號咷不自勝，俄爾還內，歡笑極樂。 After Crown Prince Wenhui died, whenever Zhaoye came to the mourning hall he would howl until he lost control; in a breath he would go back inside and laugh and revel to the full.

爲南郡王時，文惠太子禁其起居，節其用度，昭業謂豫章王妃庾氏曰：「阿婆，佛法言，有福德生帝王家。 As prince of Nan commandery, Crown Prince Wenhui controlled his movements and cut his allowance; Zhaoye told the princess of Yuzhang, Lady Yu: "Granny, the Buddha says those with merit and fortune are born into a royal house.

昭業與文帝幸姬霍氏淫通，龍駒勸長留宮內，聲云度霍氏爲尼，以餘人代之。 Zhaoye lay with Emperor Wen's favored lady, Lady Huo; Longju urged him to linger in the palace, saying he would have Lady Huo take the tonsure and put another in her place.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 5Volume 5 Annals 5: Prince of Hailing · 3 passages

海陵恭王昭文，字季尚，文惠太子第二子也。 The Reverent Prince of Hailing, Zhaowen, bore the style Jishang and was the second son of Crown Prince Wenhui.

文惠太子薨，還都。 After Crown Prince Wenhui died, he returned to the capital.

世宗文皇帝清明懿鑠，四海宅心：竝德漏下泉，功昭上象，聲教所覃，無思不洽。 the Lineage Ancestor, the Cultured Emperor, was clear and bright, virtuous and splendid—the four seas turned their hearts to him: both virtue reached beneath the spring and merit shone in the heavens above; where sound and teaching spread, none was left unpeacefully governed.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 10Volume 10 Treatises 2: Rituals 1 · 17 passages

若用月數數閏者，南郡王兄弟便應以此四月晦小祥，至於祥月，不為有疑不？」 If months are counted and the intercalary is included, the Nanjun princes should hold xiaoxiang on the last day of the fourth month—would that leave the xiang month in doubt?"

皇太子穆妃服，尚書左丞兼著作郎王逡問左僕射王儉：「中軍南郡王小祥，應待聞喜不？ During mourning for the crown prince's Consort Mu, Wang Xun—left director of the Masters of Writing and concurrent director of composition—asked Vice Director Wang Jian: "For the Central Army prince of Nan Commandery, should minor felicity wait on Wenxi?

南郡王為當同取六月，則大祥復申一月，應用八月，非復正月，在存親之義，若各自為祥，廬堊相閒，玄素雜糅，未審當有此疑不？」 If the prince of Nan were to share the sixth month, major felicity would slip another month to the eighth—not back to the first month; and if each brother kept his own felicity schedule, thatched mourning huts and whitewashed walls would alternate, black and white interleaved—is that really in doubt?"

而況儲妃正體王室，中軍長嫡之重，天朝又行權制，進退彌復非疑。 How much more when the crown prince's consort is the orthodox wife of the house, the Central Army heir is the eldest son, and the court itself applies expedient mourning—there is no real doubt left.

中軍祥縞之日，聞喜致哀而已，不受弔慰。 On the Central Army prince's xiang-and-hemp day, Wenxi begins mourning only—he does not receive callers.

建元三年，太子穆妃薨，南郡王聞喜公國臣疑制君母服。 In the third year of Jianyuan, the crown prince's Consort Mu died; retainers of the prince of Nan Commandery and the duke of Wenxi disputed how to mourn a lord's mother.

今皇孫自是蕃國之王公，太子穆妃是天朝之嫡婦。 The imperial grandson is a feudal king in his own domain; Consort Mu was the crown prince's orthodox wife in the heavenly court.

永明十一年，文惠太子薨，右僕射王晏等奏：「案喪服經『為君之父、長子，同齊衰朞』。 Yongming 11: Crown Prince Wenhui died. Vice Director Wang Yan and others wrote: "The Mourning Garments classic says: "For the lord's father and eldest son, the same equated mourning period."

臨汝、曲江既非正嫡，不得禰先儲，二公國臣，竝不得服。」 Linru and Qujiang were not legitimate heirs and could not honor the former heir; neither princedom's ministers should mourn."

又奏：「伏尋御服文惠太子朞內不奏樂，諸王雖本服朞，而儲皇正體宗廟，服者一同，釋服，奏樂姻娶，便應竝通。 They memorialized again: "In imperial mourning for Crown Prince Wenhui, no music is played during the year; though the princes themselves are in period mourning, the heir is the temple's proper body and the grade is one—when mourning ends, music and marriage should be allowed alike.

建武二年正月，有司以世 In the first month of Jianwu 2, the relevant offices reported that Shizong

（祖） Zong

宗文皇帝今二年正月二十四日再忌日，二十九日大祥，三月二十九日祥禫，至尊及羣臣泄哀之儀，應定准。 Emperor Wen (temple name Shizong): in the second year, the twenty-fourth day of the first month is the second death anniversary; the twenty-ninth is major xiang; the twenty-ninth of the third month is xiang removal. The rites by which sovereign and ministers pour forth grief should be set by precedent.

文帝正號祖宗，式序昭穆，祥忌禫日，皇帝宜服祭服，出太極泄哀，百僚亦祭服陪位」。 Emperor Wen now stands properly among ancestors; on xiang, memorial, and removal days the emperor should wear sacrificial robes, leave the Supreme Ultimate hall to pour forth grief, and the hundred offices should attend in sacrificial dress likewise."

文皇帝雖君德早凝，民化未洽，追崇尊極，寔緣于性。 Emperor Wen's virtue was early formed though the people were not yet fully transformed; posthumous exaltation sprang from nature alone.

（祖） Zong

宗祥忌，至尊宜弔服升殿，羣臣同致哀感，事畢，百官詣宣德宮拜表，仍致哀陵園，以弘追遠之慕。」 For Shizong, on xiang taboo days the sovereign should wear condolence dress and ascend the hall; ministers should share his grief; when the rite ends, officials should go to Xuande Palace to present a memorial and still mourn at the imperial tomb—to deepen the longing for those long gone."

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 20Volume 20 Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts · 1 passage

宋世，太祖為文惠太子納后，桂陽賊至，太祖在新亭，傳言已沒，宅復為人所抄掠，文惠太子、竟陵王子良奉穆后、庾妃及后挺身送后兄昺之家，事平乃出。 In the Song era the Grand Ancestor took her in marriage for Crown Prince Wenhui. When the Guiyang rebels came, the Grand Ancestor was at Xinting; rumor said he had perished, and the residence was plundered again. Crown Prince Wenhui and Prince of Jingling Ziliang, escorting Empress Mu, Lady Yu, and the empress, risked themselves to take them to the empress's brother Bing's house; when order was restored they came out.

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 21Volume 21 Biographies 2: Crown Prince Wenhui · 52 passages

文惠太子 Crown Prince Wenhui

文惠太子長懋字雲喬，世祖長子也。 Crown Prince Wenhui, Xiao Zhangmao, courtesy name Yunqiao, was the eldest son of Emperor Wu.

世祖年未弱冠而生太子，爲太祖所愛。 Emperor Wu was not yet twenty when Xiao Zhangmao was born, and Xiao Daocheng, the Grand Ancestor, doted on him.

姿容豐潤，小字白澤。 He was handsome and well favored; in childhood he was called Baize.

世祖還鎮盆城拒沈攸之，使太子勞接將帥，親侍軍旅。 When Emperor Wu went back to hold Pencheng against Shen Youzhi, he sent the prince to receive the commanders and share the hardships of the camp.

事寧，世祖遣太子還都。 After peace was restored, Emperor Wu sent the prince back to the capital.

太祖方創霸業，心存嫡嗣，謂太子曰：「汝還，吾事辦矣。」 Xiao Daocheng was then laying the foundations of rule and had the succession at heart. He told the prince, "When you return, my work is finished."

敕荀伯玉曰：「我出行日，城中軍悉受長懋節度。 He instructed Xun Boyu, "On days when I leave the city, every soldier in the capital shall answer to Zhangmao.

我雖不行，內外直防及諸門甲兵，悉令長懋時時履行。」 Even when I stay in, let Zhangmao walk the inner and outer watches and the armored guards at every gate."

升明三年，太祖將受禪，世祖已還京師，以襄陽兵馬重鎮，不欲處他族，出太子爲持節、都督雍梁二州、郢州之竟陵、司州之隨郡軍事、左中郎將、寧蠻校尉、雍州刺史。 In Shengming year 3, as Xiao Daocheng prepared to accept the throne, Emperor Wu was already in the capital. Xiangyang held the empire's horses and arms, and he would not trust another house with it—so he sent the prince out as bearer of the staff, superintendent of Yong and Liang, of Jingling in Ying and Sui in Si, left central commander, colonel pacifying the barbarians, and inspector of Yong.

建元元年，封南郡王，邑二千戶。 In the first year of Jianyuan he was enfeoffed Prince of Nan commandery, fief of two thousand households.

太子慮其爲變，乃遣說柏年，許啓爲府長史，柏年乃進襄陽，因執誅之。 The prince, fearing a mutiny, sent envoys promising to name Bonian chief steward of his staff if he came in. Bonian marched to Xiangyang—and was seized and put to death.

穆妃薨，成服日，車駕出臨喪，朝議疑太子應出門迎。 When Consort Mu died, on the day he finished putting on mourning the emperor rode out in person. The court debated whether the prince should go out to meet the carriage.

左僕射王儉曰：「尋《禮記‧服問》『君所主夫人妻、太子、嫡婦』，言國君爲此三人爲主喪也。 Wang Jian, left vice minister, said, "The Book of Rites, 'Dress Questions,' says the lord himself presides for his wife, the heir apparent's wife, and the chief daughter-in-law—that is, the sovereign leads mourning for these three.

今鸞輿臨降，自以主喪而至，雖因事撫慰，義不在吊，南郡以下不應出門奉迎。 Today the imperial carriage comes down as chief mourner. Comfort may be offered on the way, but the visit is not a condolence call; the Prince of Nan and his household should not go out to welcome it.

皇太子旣一宮之主，自應以車駕幸宮，依常奉候。 The heir apparent is master of his own palace; when the carriage honors his quarters he should receive it in the usual way.

上以太子哀疾，不宜居石頭山障，移鎮西州。 The emperor, finding the prince in grief and poor health, thought Stone City's mountain redoubts unsuitable and shifted him to West Province.

世祖即位，爲皇太子。 When Emperor Wu acceded, Xiao Zhangmao was made crown prince.

初，太祖好《左氏春秋》，太子承旨諷誦，以爲口實。 In his youth Xiao Daocheng loved the Zuo Commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals; the prince recited it at his bidding until the text lived on his tongue.

永明三年，於崇正殿講《孝經》，少傅王儉以擿句令太子僕周顒撰爲義疏。 In Yongming year 3 he lectured on the Classic of Filial Piety in the Hall of Correct Reverence; Junior Tutor Wang Jian picked out passages and had Palace Adjutant Zhou Yong draft a commentary.

五年冬，太子臨國學，親臨策試諸生，於坐問少傅王儉曰：「《曲禮》云『無不敬』。 That winter in the fifth year the crown prince went to the National Academy, sat in person to examine the students, and asked Junior Tutor Wang Jian from his seat: "The Qu Li says, 'There is nothing to which one is not reverent.'

太子曰：「若如來通，則忠惠可以一名，孝慈不須另稱。」 The crown prince said: "If that holds all the way through, loyalty and kindness could be one name, and filial piety and compassion would need no second term."

太子曰：「資敬奉君，資愛事親，兼此二塗，唯在一極。 The crown prince said: "Reverence feeds service to the ruler, love feeds service to parents—both roads meet at one pole.

太子曰：「敬名雖同，深淺旣異，而文無差別，彌復增疑。」 The crown prince said: "The name is one, but depth and shallowness differ—and the wording shows no gap, which only adds doubt."

太子問金紫光祿大夫張緒，緒曰：「愚謂恭敬是立身之本，尊卑所以竝同。」 The crown prince asked Zhang Xu, minister of the palace with the golden seal and purple cord. Zhang said: "I take reverence and respect as the root of standing in the world—that is why high and low share them."

太子曰：「敬雖立身之本，要非接下之稱。 The crown prince said: "Reverence may be the root of the person, but it is not the name for receiving those below.

太子曰：「本不謂有嫌，正欲使言與事符，輕重有別耳。」 The crown prince said: "I never called it a problem—I only want speech to fit the deed, with light and heavy kept apart."

太子又以此義問諸學生，謝幾卿等十一人，竝以筆對。 The crown prince put the same question to the students; Xie Jiqing and eleven others all answered in writing.

太子問王儉曰：「《周易乾卦》本施天位，而《說卦》云『帝出乎《震》』。 The crown prince asked Wang Jian: "The Qian hexagram of the Book of Changes is set for Heaven's place, yet the Explanation of the Trigrams says, 'The Lord emerges from Zhen.'

太子曰：「天以運動爲德，君自體天居位，《震》雷爲象，豈體天所出？」 The crown prince said: "If Heaven's virtue is movement, the ruler bodies forth Heaven in his seat—yet Zhen, Thunder, is the image. How is that the bodying-forth of Heaven?"

儉又諮太子曰：「《孝經》『仲尼居，曾子侍』。 Wang Jian went on to ask the crown prince: "In the Classic of Filial Piety, 'Confucius was at rest and Zengzi attended.'

太子曰：「曾生雖德慚體二，而色養盡禮，去物尚近，接引非隔，弘宣規教，義在於此。」 The crown prince said: "Master Zeng's virtue did not match the Sage in body, yet he nourished his parents' looks to the full of ritual; he was still close to things, with no break in the line—to spread the teaching's rule, the reason is here."

太子曰：「理旣有在，不容以人廢言，而況中賢之才，弘上聖之教，寧有壅塞之嫌？」 The crown prince said: "The principle stands—you cannot throw away the words because of the man; and when a middling talent spreads the highest Sage's teaching, is there any fear of blockage?"

太子曰：「不因積習而至，所以可爲德本。」 The crown prince said: "It is because it is not reached by practice that it can be the root of virtue."

太子曰：「孝有深淺，德有小大，因其分而爲本，何所稍疑？」 The crown prince said: "Filial piety has depth and shallowness, virtue has large and small—each takes its measure as root; what is left to doubt?"

太子以長年臨學，亦前代未有也。 A crown prince of mature years presiding over the academy was likewise unheard of in earlier times.

太子立年作貳，宜時詳覽，此訊事委以親決。」 The crown prince has come to years as second heir; he should look through these in good time—this hearing is entrusted to his own judgment."

太子乃於玄圃園宣猷堂錄三署囚，原宥各有差。 The crown prince then, in the Hall of Proclaimed Teachings in the Mystic Enclosure Garden, entered the prisoners of the three offices and granted pardon each in measure.

上晚年好游宴，尚書曹事亦分送太子省視。 In his later years the emperor loved feasts and tours; Secretariat business was also split off and sent to the crown prince to review.

太子與竟陵王子良俱好釋氏，立六疾館以養窮民。 The crown prince and the prince of Jingling, Xiao Ziliang, both favored the Buddhist teaching and founded the Six Diseases Hospices to nourish the poor.

永明中，二宮兵力全實，太子使宮中將吏更番役築，宮城苑巷，制度之盛，觀者傾京師。 During Yongming, both palaces kept their forces at full strength; the crown prince rotated palace officers through corvée labor on his works—palace wards, parks, and lanes—until the scale of the layout made the whole capital gape.

上性雖嚴，多布耳目，太子所爲，無敢啓者。 The emperor was stern by nature and kept many informants, yet no one dared speak of what the crown prince was doing.

後上幸豫章王宅，還過太子東田，見其彌亘華遠，莊麗極目，於是大怒，收監作主帥； Later the emperor called on the prince of Yuzhang; returning by way of the crown prince's Eastern Fields, he saw splendor stretching without end, gorgeous to the horizon, and in a rage had the project overseers seized and jailed;

太子懼，皆藏匿之，由是見責。 the crown prince, afraid, hid them all away—and was rebuked for it.

太子素多疾，體又過壯，常在宮內，簡於遨遊。 The crown prince had long been sickly, yet his body was overfull; he kept to the inner palace and went little abroad.

十年，豫章王嶷薨，太子見上友于旣至，造碑文奏之，未及鐫勒。 In the tenth year the prince of Yuzhang, Xiao Ni, died; seeing the emperor's brotherly love at its fullest, the crown prince drafted an epitaph and submitted it, but it had not yet been cut in stone.

十一年春正月，太子有疾，上自臨視，有憂色。 In the first month of spring of the eleventh year the crown prince fell ill; the emperor visited him in person, worry plain on his face.

太子年始過立，久在儲宮，得參政事； The crown prince had only just come of age for investiture; long resident in the Eastern Palace, he had already shared in affairs of state;

上幸東宮，臨哭盡哀，詔斂以袞冕之服，諡曰文惠，葬崇安陵。 The emperor came to the Eastern Palace and mourned with full grief; he ordered the heir enshrouded in full regalia, posthumously titled him Wenhui, and buried him at Chong'an Mausoleum.

世祖履行東宮，見太子服翫過制，大怒，勑有司隨事毀除，以東田殿堂爲崇虛館。 Shizu walked through the Eastern Palace, saw the crown prince's dress and playthings far past statute, and in a rage ordered the offices to demolish them on the spot; the Eastern Fields halls became the Chongxu Lodge.

鬱林立，追尊爲文帝，廟稱世宗。 When Yulin took the throne, he was posthumously honored as Emperor Wen, with the temple name Shizong.

初，太子內懷惡明帝，密謂竟陵王子良曰：「我意色中殊不悅此人，當由其福德薄所致。」 Earlier the crown prince had secretly loathed Emperor Ming and told the prince of Jingling, Ziliang: "Something in my heart utterly rejects this man—surely his merit is thin."

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 31Volume 31 Biographies 12: Jiang Mi, Xun Boyu · 6 passages

時世祖不豫，謐詣豫章王嶷請閒曰：「至尊非起疾，東宮又非才，公今欲作何計？」 At the time Shizu was unwell; Mi went to Prince of Yuzhang Yi and asked for a private word, saying: "The Supreme One is not recovering from his illness, and the eastern-palace heir lacks talent—what plan do you intend now?"

復敢貶謗儲后，不顧辭端，毀折宗王，每窮舌杪。 He dared again to run down the heir, reckless of how far his words went, and bent and broke the imperial princes until his tongue had no room left to twist.

伯玉謂親人曰：「太子所爲，官終不知，豈得顧死蔽官耳目。 Boyu told his family: "The crown prince is doing what the throne will never hear of in the end—who dies to blind the court to it?

上明日遣文惠太子、聞喜公子良宣敕，以景真罪狀示世祖。 Next day the throne sent Crown Prince Wenhu and Prince Ziliang of Wenxi to read the edict and lay Jingzhen's crimes before Shizu.

稱太子令，收景真殺之。 In the crown prince's name they took Jingzhen in and killed him.

晝卧太陽殿，王敬則直入，叩頭啓上曰：「官有天下日淺，太子無事被責，人情恐懼，願官往東宮解釋之。」 At noon he lay down in the Hall of the Great Sun. Wang Jingze walked straight in, kowtowed, and said: "Your Majesty has had the realm only a little while; the crown prince was punished without cause, and hearts are afraid—go to the Eastern Palace and make peace."

Book of Southern Qi, Chapter 48Volume 48 Biographies 29: Yuan Tuan, Kong Zhigui, Liu Hui · 1 passage

時豫章王嶷與文惠太子以年秩不同，物論謂宮、府有疑，繪苦求外出，爲南康相。 At the time the Prince of Yuzhang, Yan, and the Literary and Graceful Heir Apparent differed in age and rank; rumor held that palace and princely establishment were at odds, and Hui pressed hard to leave the capital, becoming chancellor of Nankang.