Overview
Duke Huan of Qi was a Spring and Autumn ruler of Qi and one of the Five Hegemons.
PeriodAncient China
IdentityHistorical · Male
Other names
| Type | English | Chinese | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal name | Duke Huan of Qi / Xiaobai | 小白 |
Life and dates
Death
- BC 643 穆公五年died 卒Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 61
- BC 643 齊桓公卒DiedDated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 57
Attested activity
- BC 685 to BC 643 BC 685-643Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 32, passage 110
- BC 685 to BC 643 BC 685-643Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 85, passage 196
- BC 685 to BC 643 Duke Huan of Qi (reigned 685-643 BC)
- BC 656 三十七年，齊桓公伐蔡Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 55
- BC 657 十八年，齊桓公與蔡女戲船中…伐蔡Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passages 50-51, 53-55
- BC 685 to BC 643 周道衰，至齊桓公Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 25, passage 42
Show 30 more source-backed claims
- BC 685 to BC 643 小白出奔至稱霸Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 41, passage 41
- c. BC 716 to c. BC 643 小白有一匡之勳Strongly inferred · Book of Song 69, passage 191
- BC 685 小白立為桓公Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 5
- BC 685 to BC 643 昔齊桓Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 150, passage 230
- BC 679 昔齊桓公會諸侯Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 153
- BC 656 昭公六年，齊桓公敗蔡，遂至楚召陵Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 148
- BC 685 to BC 643 桓、文之後Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 104, passage 7
- BC 643 桓、文之後Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 103, passage 22
- BC 685 to BC 643 桓、文霸主Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 56, passage 7
- BC 685 to BC 643 桓公Strongly inferred · Book of Later Han 108, passage 95
- BC 650 桓公Directly stated · Book of Southern Qi 47, passage 93
- BC 685 桓公以霸Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 26
- BC 685 to BC 643 桓文之舉也Strongly inferred · Book of Wei 91, passage 180
- BC 643 穆公五年，齊桓公卒Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 61
- BC 643 莊侯三年，齊桓公卒Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 57
- BC 679 莊公二十三年，齊桓公始霸Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 145
- BC 651 葵丘之盟Dated from the passage context · New Book of Tang 178, passage 218
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓Strongly inferred · Book of Han 75, passage 169
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓Directly stated · Book of Han 98, passage 183
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓Uncertain · Book of Liang 11, passage 36
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 50, passage 157; Book of Song 3, passage 220
- BC 650 齊桓Strongly inferred · Records of the Three Kingdoms 31, passage 83
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓公Dated from the passage context · Book of Han 20, passage 16; Book of Han 22, passage 17; Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274; Records of the Grand Historian 34, passages 30, 33-34
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓公
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓公Strongly inferred · New Book of Tang 181, passage 19
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓公之世Dated from the passage context · Book of Later Han 31, passage 143
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓公以霸Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 7
- BC 656 齊桓公伐蔡Strongly inferred · Records of the Grand Historian 71, passage 16
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓取士於車轅Dated from the passage context · Records of the Three Kingdoms 61, passage 125
- BC 685 to BC 643 齊桓捄其難Strongly inferred · Book of Han 75, passage 221
Family
Immediate relationships attested in the translated histories.
- Spouse of Younger sister of Duke Mu of Cai (繆侯女弟)wife 夫人Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passages 50-51
- Spouse of Young Consort of Duke Huan (少姬)young consort 少姬 · Secondary marriageDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 27
Key source chapters
- Book of Later Han, Chapter 31 Volume 28a: Biographies of Huan Tan; Feng Yan 1 passage
- Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 35 Houses of Guan and Cai 9 passages
- Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 62 Biographies of Guan and Yan 7 passages
- Book of Han, Chapter 25 Volume 23: Treatise on Punishment and Law 5 passages
- Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 36 Houses of Chen and Qi 5 passages
Career and standing
- hegemon 霸BC 679 莊公二十三年，齊桓公始霸 · AttainedDated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 145
- Duke Huan of Qi 齊桓HeldDirectly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 61, passage 125
- Duke Huan of Qi 齊桓公Held
- Duke of Qi 齊公HeldDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passages 5, 7
- AttainedHegemonDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274
- Duke Huan 桓公Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 5
Places and affiliations
- Qi 齊Relation RuledDirectly stated · Book of Han 20, passage 16; Book of Han 68, passage 105
- Polity Qi 齊 · Relation RuledDirectly stated · Book of Han 25, passages 42, 88; Book of Han 75, passages 169, 221; Book of Han 104, passage 7; Records of the Three Kingdoms 61, passage 125; Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274; Records of the Grand Historian 34, passage 30; Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 145; Records of the Grand Historian 62, passages 5, 7; Records of the Grand Historian 71, passage 16; Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 26; New Book of Tang 178, passage 218; New Book of Tang 181, passage 19
- Polity Qi 齊 · Relation RuledStrongly inferred · Book of Wei 91, passage 180
- Polity Qi 齊 · Relation ServedDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 41, passage 41
- Polity Qi · Relation RuledDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 50
- BC 656 昭公六年At Shaoling 召陵 · Relation ReachedDated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 148
Works and attributed material
- Question · Speaker · Addressed to Guan Zhong (管仲) · Topic hegemony through military forceDirectly stated · Book of Han 25, passage 43
- BC 679 昔齊桓公會諸侯Speech · Mentioned · Direct quotation · Mode quotationDated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 153
Events and relationships
- Achieved hegemony nine assembliesPolitical · HegemonDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 129, passage 26
- AmbushedBC 656 齊桓公伐蔡 · Military · Commander · At Cai 蔡 · Outcome Proclaimed a campaign to punish Chu but actually attacked Cai · Mode quotation Speaker You Teng (游騰)Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 71, passage 16
- Assembled feudal lordsBC 679 昔齊桓公會諸侯 · Diplomatic · ConvenerDated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 153
- Assembled lordsPolitical · HegemonDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 7
- Attacked Cai, captured Duke Mu, reached Shaoling in ChuDated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passages 53-54
- Attacked CaiBC 656 三十七年 · Military · Commander · Outcome Cai defeatedDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 55
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- AttackedMilitary · Commander · At Cai 蔡Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 27
- Became hegemon with guan zhongDirectly stated · Book of Han 20, passage 16
- Became hegemonDirectly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 17
- Became hegemonPolitical · HegemonDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 34, passage 30
- Boating quarrel; sent Cai wife back without divorcing herDated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 51
- Brought feudal lords to courtDiplomatic · HegemonDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274
- Campaigned againstMilitary · Commander · At Mountain Rong 山戎Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 28
- Cited for courtyard torch rite and hegemonyDirectly stated · Book of Han 75, passage 169
- Covenanted at KuiqiuBC 651 葵丘之盟 · Diplomatic · Covenant leader · At Kuiqiu 葵丘 · Outcome Annals specially dated the covenant, praising proclamation of the Son of Heaven prohibitions 葵丘之盟特以日，美其能宣明天子之禁 · Mode named-source-report Source Work Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passage 218
- DefeatedBC 656 昭公六年，齊桓公敗蔡，遂至楚召陵 · Military · Commander · Counterpart Cai 蔡 · At Shaoling 召陵Dated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 148
- Entrusted minister and achieved hegemonyDirectly stated · New Book of Tang 150, passage 230
- Fell into disorder with shu diaoDirectly stated · Book of Han 20, passage 16
- Fell into disorderDirectly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 17
- Fled to Ju and later became hegemonExile · FugitiveDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 41, passage 41
- Forgave Guan Zhong for shooting his belt hookDirectly stated · Book of Later Han 85, passage 196
- Invaded Chu to ShaolingMilitary · Commander · At Shaoling 召陵Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 56
- Invoked as a hegemonic rulerAD 894 to AD 898 乾寧中（文中追述） · Later reference · Historical exemplarDated from the passage context · Old History of the Five Dynasties 17, passages 13, 16
- Invoked as the ruler who achieved hegemony with Guan ZhongBC 126 御史大夫 · Later reference · Historical exemplarDated from the passage context · Book of Han 68, passages 94, 105
- Invoked in a commemorative inscription as a supporter of the Zhou royal houseAD 306 光熙元年秋碑文追述 · Later reference · Historical exemplarDated from the passage context · Book of Wei 28, passages 52, 283
- Mastered light heavy and mountain sea industriesEconomic · RulerDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274
- Offered ministership toDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 48
- Recovery of capital comparisonDirectly stated · Book of Wei 91, passage 180
- Rescued Zhou in difficultyDirectly stated · Book of Han 75, passage 221
- RescuedMilitary · Rescuer · At Yan 燕Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 34, passage 33
- Returned the Duke of Cai after lords apologizedDated from the passage context · Records of the Grand Historian 35, passage 55
- Scorned coldAD 426 to AD 433 元嘉三年後庭誥引述 · Exemplum · Historical example · Mode quoted-document Source Person Id Yan Yanzhi (顏延之)Directly stated · Book of Song 73, passage 124
- SeizedDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 36, passage 58
- Subdued Chu, secured tribute to Zhou, attacked the Mountain Rong, aided Yan, and preserved statesMilitary and diplomatic · HegemonDirectly stated · Book of Han 25, passage 88
- Took officers from the chariot railPolitical · RulerDirectly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 61, passage 125
- Used guan zhong strategyDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274
- Valued Guan Zhong though formerly an enemy captiveDirectly stated · New Book of Tang 181, passage 19
- Wished to fengDirectly stated · Book of Later Han 108, passage 95
- Wished to renegeDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 29
- entrusted 任Directly stated · New Book of Tang 150, passage 230
- Relation Aided by · Person Shu Diao (豎貂)Directly stated · Book of Han 20, passage 16
- Relation Served by · Person Shu Diao (豎貂)Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passage 17
- Relation Employer of · Person Guan Zhong (管仲)Directly stated · Book of Han 25, passage 42
- Relation Patron of · Person Guan Zhong (管仲)Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274; New Book of Tang 181, passage 19
- Relation Served by · Person Guan Zhong (管仲)Directly stated · Book of Han 20, passage 16; Book of Han 22, passage 17
- Relation Rival of · Person Prince Jiu (公子糾)Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passages 4-5
Assessments and attributes
- Assessment able to proclaim the Son of Heaven prohibitions and lead states to keep royal laws · Mode named-source-report Source Work Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋 Speaker Liu Fen (劉蕡)Directly stated · New Book of Tang 178, passage 218
- Assessment already worthy · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 62, passage 68
- Assessment established the courtyard-torch rite and achieved binding the states · Mode quotation Speaker Wang Bao (王褒)Directly stated · Book of Han 75, passage 169
- Assessment exemplar of aiding the royal house · Mode stele-allusion Source Work Wei Cao’s steleDirectly stated · Book of Wei 28, passage 52
- Assessment had clarity and ambition but failed to keep legitimate and secondary lines ordered · Mode historian-judgmentDirectly stated · Records of the Three Kingdoms 50, passage 157
- Assessment made-hegemon-name-shine-with-small-Qi · Mode historian-judgment Speaker Grand Historian (太史公)Directly stated · Records of the Grand Historian 30, passage 274
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- Assessment middle type: can join in either good or evil · Mode historian-judgment Speaker Ban Gu (班固)Directly stated · Book of Han 22, passages 17-18
- Assessment united realm though middling man · Mode quotation Speaker Zhang Hongce (張弘策)Directly stated · Book of Liang 11, passage 36
Source notes
- Historicity historical
- Historicity historicalStrongly inferred · Old History of the Five Dynasties 54, passage 65
References in the histories
70 passages
No matching passages.