Qin and Han · Ruler

Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠帝

Xiàohuì Dì

Died BC 188

Passages
87
Chapters
28
Histories
4

Overview

The translated histories identify Emperor Xiaohui as a royal family member and ruler. This record brings together 87 passages from 28 chapters across 4 histories, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

TypeEnglishChinesePinyin
Personal Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠帝 Xiàohuì Dì
Personal
Title crown prince 太子
Title Crown Prince 太子 Taizi
Title emperor 皇帝
Title Emperor 帝
Posthumous name Emperor Hui 孝惠皇帝 Xiaohui Huangdi
Posthumous name Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiaohui
Temple name Emperor Hui 惠帝 Huìdì
Temple name Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiaohui
Posthumous Emperor Hui 惠 Hui
Temple name Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiàohuì
Title Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiao Hui
Title Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiaohui
Title Emperor Hui 孝惠
Title Emperor Hui 惠帝 Hui Di
Regnal Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiaohui
Title Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiàohuì
Title Emperor Hui 惠帝 Huìdì
Title Emperor Hui 惠帝
Temple name Emperor Hui 孝惠
Posthumous Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiàohuì
Title Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiào Huì
Title Emperor Hui 惠帝 Huì dì
Title Emperor Hui 孝惠帝 Xiàohuì dì
Title Emperor Hui 孝惠帝
Temple name Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiao Hui
Temple name Emperor Hui 孝惠帝 Xiaohui Di
Temple Emperor Hui 孝惠 Xiào Huì
Title Emperor Hui of Han 漢惠
Posthumous Emperor Hui of Han 孝惠 Han Huidi
Temple Emperor Huidi 惠帝
Temple Emperor Huidi of Han 漢惠帝 Hàn Huìdì
Title Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠帝 Xiàohuì Dì
Posthumous name Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠皇帝 Xiàohuì Huángdì
Posthumous name Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠 Xiàohuì
Personal Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠皇帝 Xiào Huì huángdì
Temple Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠 Xiaohui
Title Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠
Temple Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠 Xiàohuì
Temple name Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠
Regnal Emperor Xiaohui 孝惠 Xiaohui
Title heir apparent 太子
Title Son of Heaven 天子
Posthumous Xiaohui 孝惠 Xiàohuì
Temple Xiaohui 孝惠 Xiào Huì

Identity

Historicity
Historical
Identification
Named
Sex
Male

Roles

  • Royal Family Member
  • Ruler

Life and dates

Death

  • Place: Weiyang Palace / 未央宮 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 七年秋八月戊寅 · Western Year: BC 188
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0062
  • Date Context: Source Date: Text: 惠帝崩 · Western Year: BC 188
    Explicit · hanshu:004:s0094

Age

  • Age: 5 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 高祖初為漢王 · Western Year: BC 206
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0002
  • Age Text: 富於春秋 · Note: young
    Explicit · hanshu:048:s0239

Attested activity

  • Source Date: Text: 七年冬十月 · Western Year: BC 189
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0059
  • Source Date: Text: 七年秋八月戊寅 · Western Year: BC 188
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0062
  • Source Date: Text: 三年春 · Western Year: BC 192
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0033
  • Source Date: Text: 二年 · Western Year: BC 205
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0003
  • Source Date: Text: 二年冬十月 · Western Year: BC 194
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0027
  • Source Date: Text: 五年春正月 · Western Year: BC 190
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0050
  • Source Date: Text: 元年 · Western Year: BC 156
    Explicit · hanshu:006:s0010
  • Source Date: Text: 元年冬十二月 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0023
  • Source Date: Text: 元年春正月 · Western Year: BC 194
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0026
  • Source Date: Text: 六年冬十月辛丑 · Western Year: BC 190
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:003:s0067
  • Source Date: Text: 十二年四月 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0004, hanshu:003:s0005
  • Source Date: Text: 四年三月甲子 · Western Year: BC 191
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0041
  • Source Date: Text: 四年冬十月壬寅 · Western Year: BC 192
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0039
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠、高后之時 · Western Year: BC 188
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:004:s0089
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠、高后之間 · Western Interval: Start: BC 195 · End: BC 188
    Explicit · hanshu:026:s0317
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠、高后時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 195 · End: BC 188
    Explicit · shiji:115:s0006
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠 · Western Interval: Start: BC 195 · End: BC 188
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:101:s0003
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠三年 · Western Year: BC 192
    Explicit · shiji:114:s0007
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠二年 · Western Year: BC 193
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0109
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠五年 · Western Year: BC 190
    Explicit · shiji:098:s0017
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠即位 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:099:s0170
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠帝元年 · Western Year: BC 194
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0081
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠帝六年 · Western Year: BC 189
    Explicit · shiji:057:s0083
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 195 · End: BC 188
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:025:s0160
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 195 · End: BC 188
    Explicit · hanshu:046:s0021, shiji:100:s0029, shiji:125:s0005, shiji:125:s0007
  • Source Date: Text: 孝惠時 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:041:s0212
  • Source Date: Text: 惠帝二年 · Western Year: BC 193
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0088
  • Source Date: Text: 惠帝即位 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:004:s0092
  • Source Date: Text: 惠帝崩 · Western Year: BC 188
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:004:s0094
  • Source Date: Text: 海陵天德四年 · Western Year: AD 1152
    Explicit event contextual date · jinshi:033:s0006, jinshi:033:s0007
  • Source Date: Text: 漢九年 · Western Year: BC 198
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:099:s0160
  • Source Date: Text: 漢二年 · Western Year: BC 205
    Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0017
  • Source Date: Text: 漢初 · Western Interval: Start: BC 209 · End: BC 141
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:051:s0044
  • Source Date: Text: 漢惠帝（比較典故） · Western Interval: Start: BC 195 · End: BC 188
    Explicit · chenshu:004:s0128
  • Source Date: Text: 生惠帝 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:004:s0090
  • Source Date: Text: 高、惠之間 · Western Interval: Start: BC 195 · End: BC 188
    Explicit · hanshu:025:s0269
  • Source Date: Text: 高祖初為漢王 · Western Year: BC 206
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0002

Family

Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.

  • Child of Empress Lü (呂后)
    Kinship Term: bore / 生 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: mother · Object Role: son
    Kinship Term: heir / 太子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: mother · Object Role: son
    Kinship Term: mother / 母 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: mother · Object Role: son
  • Sibling of Eldest Princess (長公主)
    Kinship Term: brother / 兄 · Shared Parentage: full · Subject Relative Age: elder
  • Child of Emperor Gaozu (高祖)
    Kinship Term: son / 子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
    Kinship Term: crown prince / 太子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
    Kinship Term: crown prince / 太子也 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
    Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
    Kinship Term: heir apparent / 太子 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
  • Sibling of Princess Lu Yuan (魯元公主)
    Kinship Term: elder sister / 帝姊 · Subject Relative Age: younger · Object Role: elder sister · Subject Role: younger brother · Shared Parentage: full
  • Kin of Empress Lü (呂后)
    Kinship Term: Empress Dowager Gao / 高后 · Subject Role: emperor · Object Role: empress-dowager
    Kinship Term: Emperor Hui / 孝惠 · Subject Role: empress-dowager · Object Role: emperor
  • Spouse of Empress under Emperor Hui (皇后)
    Kinship Term: empress / 皇后 · Union Category: primary-marriage · Subject Role: wife · Object Role: husband
  • Spouse of Empress Zhang (皇后張氏)
    Kinship Term: empress / 皇后 · Union Category: primary-marriage · Relationship State: formed · Start Date: Source Date: Text: 四年冬十月壬寅 · Western Year: BC 192
  • Child of Emperor Gao (高帝)
    Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
  • Parent of Qiang (強)
    Kinship Term: harem son / 後宮子 · Parentage: claimed · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
  • Parent of Chao (朝)
    Kinship Term: harem son / 後宮子 · Parentage: claimed · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
  • Parent of Hong (弘)
    Kinship Term: harem son / 後宮子 · Parentage: claimed · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
    Parentage: claimed · Negated: true · Provenance: Mode: named-group-report · Statement: ministers determined not Xiaohui's sons
  • Parent of Wu (武)
    Kinship Term: harem son / 後宮子 · Parentage: claimed · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
  • Parent of Buyi (不疑)
    Kinship Term: harem son / 後宮子 · Parentage: claimed · Subject Role: father · Object Role: son
  • Kin of Imperial Clan Princess married to the Xiongnu Chanyu (宗室女)
    Kinship Term: imperial clan daughter / 宗室女 · Line: paternal
  • Kin of Liu Fei (劉肥)
    Kinship Term: kin / 親親
  • Kin of Liu Ruyi (劉如意)
    Kinship Term: kin / 親親

Career and standing

  • Emperor Xiaohui / 孝惠帝
    Explicit · hanshu:001:s0030, hanshu:001:s0034
  • Status: crown-prince · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二年 · Western Year: BC 205
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0003
  • Role: emperor / 皇帝 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十二年五月丙寅 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0005
  • Date Context: Source Date: Text: 孝惠即位 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · shiji:099:s0170
  • Date Context: Source Date: Text: 惠帝即位 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · hanshu:004:s0092

Places and affiliations

Works and attributed material

Events and relationships

  • Kind: legal · Role: actor · Action: abolished-law-against-possessing-books · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 四年 · Western Year: BC 191
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0043
  • Kind: construction · Role: actor · Action: again-mobilized-labor-to-wall-chang'an · Place: Chang'an / 長安 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 五年春正月 · Western Year: BC 190
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0050
  • Kind: diplomatic · Role: approver · Action: approved-wiman-vassalage
    Explicit · shiji:115:s0008
  • Kind: construction · Role: actor · Action: built-western-market-and-repaired-ao-granary · Place: Chang'an / 長安 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 六年 · Western Year: BC 189
    Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:003:s0058
  • Kind: ritual · Role: actor · Action: capping-ceremony · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 四年三月甲子 · Western Year: BC 191
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0041
  • Kind: construction · Role: actor · Action: completed-chang'an-walls · Place: Chang'an / 長安 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 五年九月 · Western Year: BC 190
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0053
  • Kind: military · Role: actor · Action: dispatched-forces-to-xingyang · Other Person Id: Guan Ying (灌嬰) · Place: Xingyang / 滎陽 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 七年冬十月 · Western Year: BC 189
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0059
  • Kind: political · Role: actor · Action: established-yao-as-king-of-donghai · Other Person Id: Yao (搖) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 三年夏五月 · Western Year: BC 192
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0035
  • Kind: political · Role: addressee · Action: feared-on-hearing-admonition · Other Person Id: Shusun Tong (叔孫通)
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0065
  • Kind: ritual · Role: actor · Action: granted-ranks-to-people · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十二年五月 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0006
  • Kind: diplomatic · Role: actor · Action: married-clan-princess-to-chanyu · Other Person Id: Imperial Clan Princess married to the Xiongnu Chanyu (宗室女) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 三年 · Western Year: BC 192
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0034
  • Kind: construction · Role: actor · Action: mobilized-convict-labor-to-wall-chang'an · Place: Chang'an / 長安 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 三年六月 · Western Year: BC 192
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0036
  • Kind: construction · Role: actor · Action: mobilized-labor-to-wall-chang'an · Place: Chang'an / 長安 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 三年春 · Western Year: BC 192
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0033
  • Kind: ritual · Role: actor · Action: ordered-gaozu-temples · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十二年 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0022
  • Kind: legal · Role: actor · Action: pardoned-the-realm · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 四年三月甲子 · Western Year: BC 191
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0041
  • Kind: governance context · Action: presided during early Han social recovery
    Explicit · hanshu:025:s0160
  • Kind: legal · Role: actor · Action: reduced-land-tax-restored-one-in-fifteen · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十二年 · Western Year: BC 195
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0016
  • Kind: construction · Role: actor · Action: walled-chang'an · Place: Chang'an / 長安 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 元年春正月 · Western Year: BC 194
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0026
  • Type: son · Person Id: Emperor Gaozu (高祖)
    Explicit · hanshu:001:s0030, hanshu:001:s0032
  • Type: son · Person Id: Emperor Gaozu (高祖)
    Strongly inferred · hanshu:048:s0239
  • Type: son · Person Id: Empress Lü (呂后)
    Explicit · hanshu:001:s0030
  • Relation: patron-of · Person Id: Hong Ru (閎孺)
    Explicit · shiji:125:s0005, shiji:125:s0006

Assessments and attributes

  • Assessment: cultivated kinship affection and ritually respected the chancellor; favor toward King Dao of Qi and King Yin of Zhao was generous · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0064
  • Assessment: held to a hands-off posture (non-action) · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
    Explicit · hanshu:004:s0089
  • Assessment: lenient and benevolent ruler · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
    Explicit · hanshu:003:s0065

Source notes

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Book of Chen, Chapter 4Volume 4: Emperor Fei · 1 passage
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 1Volume 1: Annals of Emperor Gaozu 1 · 3 passages
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 3Volume 2: Annals of Emperor Hui · 7 passages
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 4Volume 3: Annals of Empress Lü Zhi · 7 passages
Open chapter
贊曰：孝惠、高后之時，海內得離戰國之苦，君臣俱欲無為，故惠帝拱己，高后女主制政，不出房闥，而天下晏然，刑罰罕用，民務稼穡，衣食滋殖。 The commentator says: During the reigns of Emperor Xiaohui and Empress Lü, the realm obtained release from the sufferings of the Warring States period. Ruler and ministers alike wished for non-action; therefore Emperor Hui held to a hands-off posture, while Empress Lü, as female ruler, held power without leaving her chambers—yet the realm remained peaceful, punishments were rarely used, the people devoted themselves to farming, and clothing and food grew ever more abundant.
Book of Han, Chapter 5Volume 4: Annals of Emperor Wen · 2 passages
Open chapter
群臣從至，上議曰：「丞相臣平、太尉臣勃、大將軍臣武、御史大夫臣蒼、宗正臣郢、朱虛侯臣章、東牟侯臣興居、典客臣揭再拜言大王足下：子弘等皆非孝惠皇帝子，不當奉宗廟。 The ministers followed and arrived. The court deliberated, saying: "Chancellor Chen Ping, Grand Commandant Zhou Bo, General-in-Chief Chai Wu, Grandee Secretary Zhang Cang, Director of the Imperial Clan Liu Ying, Marquis Zhu Xu Liu Zhang, Marquis Dong Mou Liu Xingju, and Court Receptionist Liu Jie bowed twice and addressed Your Majesty: Zi Hong and the others are not sons of Emperor Xiaohui and should not serve at the ancestral temple.
Book of Han, Chapter 6Volume 5: Annals of Emperor Jing · 1 passage
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 25Volume 23: Treatise on Punishment and Law · 2 passages
Open chapter
自建武、永平，民亦新免兵革之禍，人有樂生之慮，與高、惠之間同，而政在抑彊扶弱，朝無威福之臣，邑無豪桀之俠。 From the Jianwu through Yongping eras, the people had only recently emerged from the disasters of war and were mindful of preserving life, as in the time of Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Hui. Government policy restrained the strong and supported the weak; at court no minister privately wielded the power to inspire fear or grant favors, and in the localities there were no domineering magnates.
Book of Han, Chapter 26Volume 24a: Treatise on Trade 1 · 1 passage
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 27Volume 24b: Treatise on Trade 2 · 1 passage
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 41Volume 32: Zhang Er and Chen Yu · 2 passages
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 44Volume 35: Princes of Jing, Yan and Wu · 1 passage
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 46Volume 37: Ji Bu, Luan Bu and Tian Shu · 1 passage
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 48Volume 39: Xiao He and Cao Shen · 13 passages
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 51Volume 42: Zhang, Zhou, Zhao, Ren and Shentu · 7 passages
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 96Volume 85: Gu Yong and Du Ye · 1 passage
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 101Volume 89: Upright Officials · 1 passage
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 105Volume 93: Flatterers · 2 passages
Open chapter
Book of Han, Chapter 117Volume 100a: Afterword and Family History 1 · 1 passage
Open chapter
值漢初定，與民無禁，當孝惠、高后時，以財雄邊，出入弋獵，旌旗鼓吹，年百餘歲，以壽終，故北方多以「壹」為字者。 It happened when Han had only just been settled and there were no restraints on the people. During the reigns of Emperor Xiaohui and Empress Gao, he dominated the frontier by his wealth; when he went out hawking and hunting, he used banners, flags, drums, and pipes. He lived more than a hundred years and died of old age, so many northerners used the character "Yi" in their names.
History of Jin, Chapter 33Volume 33 Treatises 14: Rites 6: Original Shrines, Invocation Ceremonies, Pilgrimages, Other Temples · 1 passage
Open chapter
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 53House of Chancellor Xiao · 4 passages
Open chapter
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 54House of Chancellor Cao · 5 passages
Open chapter
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 57House of Zhou Bo, Marquis of Jiang · 2 passages
Open chapter
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 98Biographies of Fu, Jin, and the Marquis of Kuaicheng · 1 passage
Open chapter
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 99Biographies of Liu Jing and Shusun Tong · 14 passages
Open chapter
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 100Biographies of Ji Bu and Luan Bu · 1 passage
Open chapter
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 114Treatise on the Eastern Yue · 1 passage
Open chapter
孝惠三年，舉高帝時越功，曰閩君搖功多，其民便附，乃立搖為東海王，都東甌，世俗號為東甌王。 In the third year of Emperor Hui's reign, the court reviewed the wartime contributions of the Yue dating back to Emperor Gao's era. It was noted that Yao, the lord of Min, had distinguished himself through exceptional service and commanded the loyal devotion of his people. He was therefore made the King of the Eastern Sea, with his capital at Dong'ou—and so the people came to call him the King of Dong'ou.
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 115Treatise on Korea · 2 passages
Open chapter
Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 125Biographies of Flatterers · 2 passages
Open chapter