Jiaqing Emperor (嘉慶帝)

Overview

The translated histories identify Jiaqing Emperor as a ruler. This record brings together 52 passages from 16 chapters across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Jiaqing Emperor	嘉慶帝	Jiaqing Di
Title	Emperor	帝	Di
Title	Emperor
Title	Emperor Jiaqing	嘉慶帝
Temple name	Emperor Renzong	仁宗	Renzong
Title	Emperor Renzong	仁宗	Renzong
Title	Emperor Renzong
Title	Emperor Renzong	仁宗
Temple	Emperor Renzong	仁宗	Renzong
Regnal	Jiaqing	嘉慶	Jiaqing
Regnal name	Jiaqing	嘉慶	Jiaqing
Regnal name	Jiaqing	嘉慶
Regnal	Jiaqing	嘉慶
Title	Jiaqing Emperor	嘉慶皇帝
Title	Jiaqing Emperor	嘉慶帝
Regnal	Jiaqing Emperor	嘉慶	Jiaqing
Temple name	Jiaqing Emperor	仁宗	Rénzōng
Temple name	Renzong	仁宗	Renzong
Temple name	Renzong	仁宗
Temple	Renzong	仁宗	Renzong
Temple	Renzong	仁宗
Temple	Renzong Emperor	仁宗	Renzong
Title	Sage Emperor Renzong	仁宗睿皇帝

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:111:s0081, qingshigao:141:s0058, qingshigao:142:s0017, qingshigao:364:s0115
Sex: male
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0060, qingshigao:352:s0036, qingshigao:353:s0011, qingshigao:354:s0007, qingshigao:355:s0016, qingshigao:366:s0010, qingshigao:436:s0107, qingshigao:472:s0115

Roles

Ruler

Life and dates

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十一年 · Regnal Year: 11 · Western Year: AD 1806
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0159
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十二年 · Regnal Year: 12 · Western Year: AD 1807
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0025
Source Date: Text: 乾隆六十年至嘉慶 · Western Year: AD 1795
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:354:s0007, qingshigao:354:s0120
Source Date: Text: 二十五年 · Western Year: AD 1820
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:376:s0080, qingshigao:376:s0072
Source Date: Text: 二十四年 · Western Year: AD 1819
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:376:s0078, qingshigao:376:s0072
Source Date: Text: 仁宗以降 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1796 · End: AD 1820
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:142:s0017
Source Date: Text: 仁宗初 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1796 · End: AD 1820
Explicit · qingshigao:111:s0081
Source Date: Text: 十四年 · Western Year: AD 1809
Explicit · qingshigao:352:s0108
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1796 · End: AD 1820
Explicit · qingshigao:366:s0010, qingshigao:366:s0116, qingshigao:436:s0107
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶 · Western Year: AD 1796
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:362:s0072
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶中 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1796 · End: AD 1820
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0057
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶九年 · Western Year: AD 1804
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:355:s0094
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶二十四年 · Western Year: AD 1819
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:364:s0115
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶二十四年 · Western Year: AD 1819
Explicit · qingshigao:472:s0115
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶五年 · Western Year: AD 1800
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:111:s0082
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶元年 · Western Year: AD 1796
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:340:s0028, qingshigao:340:s0060, qingshigao:352:s0019, qingshigao:352:s0036, qingshigao:355:s0012, qingshigao:355:s0016
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十九年 · Western Year: AD 1814
Explicit · qingshigao:377:s0016
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十八年 · Western Year: AD 1813
Explicit · qingshigao:377:s0009
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶四年 · Western Year: AD 1799
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:353:s0011
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶四年 · Western Year: AD 1799
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:376:s0051, qingshigao:376:s0049
Source Date: Text: 嘉慶間 · Western Year: AD 1796
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:351:s0069

Career and standing

Action: acceded
Strongly inferred · qingshigao:111:s0081
Date Context: Source Date: Text: 仁宗親政 · Western Year: AD 1799
Explicit · qingshigao:340:s0060

Places and affiliations

Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: ruled
Explicit · qingshigao:111:s0081, qingshigao:142:s0017, qingshigao:352:s0036, qingshigao:352:s0163, qingshigao:364:s0115
Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0025, qingshigao:351:s0069

Works and attributed material

Kind: edict · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十一年 · Regnal Year: 11 · Western Year: AD 1806
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0160, qingshigao:141:s0161, qingshigao:141:s0162, qingshigao:141:s0163, qingshigao:141:s0164, qingshigao:141:s0165, qingshigao:141:s0166, qingshigao:141:s0167, qingshigao:141:s0168, qingshigao:141:s0169
Kind: edict · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十二年 · Regnal Year: 12 · Western Year: AD 1807
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0025
Kind: edict · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶中 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1796 · End: AD 1820
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0058
Kind: edict · Role: author · Other Person Id: Da Chun (達椿)
Explicit · qingshigao:353:s0011, qingshigao:353:s0012
Kind: edict · Role: speaker · Other Person Id: Zhou Xiying (周系英)
Explicit · qingshigao:354:s0030
Kind: edict · Role: author · Quoted: false
Explicit · qingshigao:111:s0082
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Other Person Id: Jin Guangti (金光悌)
Explicit · qingshigao:352:s0070
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Other Person Id: Bao Guixing (鮑桂星)
Explicit · qingshigao:377:s0009
Kind: speech · Role: speaker · Other Person Id: Guang Xing (廣興) · Provenance: Mode: quotation · Speaker Person Id: Jiaqing Emperor (嘉慶帝)
Explicit · qingshigao:355:s0042

Events and relationships

Kind: political · Role: ruler · Action: left-affairs-to-inertia
Explicit · qingshigao:142:s0017
Kind: political · Role: ruler · Action: ordered · Other Person Id: Prince Cheng Yongxing (成親王永星) · Object: discuss restoring corral horses / 議復圈馬 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十二年 · Regnal Year: 12 · Western Year: AD 1807
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0025
Kind: judicial · Role: tester · Action: proved-accusation-false · Other Person Id: Qin Ying (秦瀛)
Explicit · qingshigao:354:s0120
Kind: legal · Role: ruler · Action: punished-private-horse-traders · Place: Mulan / 木蘭 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶十一年 · Regnal Year: 11 · Western Year: AD 1806
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0159
Kind: political · Role: ruler · Action: rebuked · Other Person Id: Fu Jun (富俊) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶中 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1796 · End: AD 1820
Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0058
Kind: ritual · Role: honoree · Action: received sixtieth-birthday celebrations · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶二十四年 · Western Year: AD 1819
Explicit · qingshigao:364:s0115
Kind: political · Role: ruler · Action: sought-substantive-governance
Explicit · qingshigao:111:s0081
Kind: political · Role: ruler · Action: took-personal-rule · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 嘉慶四年 · Western Year: AD 1799
Explicit · qingshigao:351:s0113

Assessments and attributes

Assessment: especially valued criminal justice · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:352:s0036, qingshigao:352:s0163

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 111Volume 111 Treatises 86: Selection and Examinations 6, Kao Ji · 1 passage

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仁宗初，銳意求治，頗思以崇實黜華，獎勵氣節，風示天下。 Early in Jiaqing's reign, the emperor sought good governance, hoping to reward substance over show, encourage integrity, and set an example for the empire.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 141Volume 141 Treatises 116: Military 12, Horse Administration · 1 passage

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初，富俊建言，撤大凌河牧廠，分歸東三省，仁宗嚴諭斥之。 Earlier Fu Jun had proposed abolishing the Daling River pasture and dividing it among the northeast provinces; the Jiaqing emperor rebuked him sharply.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 142Volume 142 Treatises 117: Penal Law 1 · 1 passage

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仁宗以降，事多因循，未遑改作。 From Renzong onward, affairs were largely left to inertia, without time to undertake reform.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 340Volume 340 Biographies 127: Wang Jie, Dong Gao, Zhu Gui · 8 passages

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洎仁宗親政，傑為首輔，遇事持大體，竭誠進諫，上優禮之。 When the Jiaqing Emperor took personal rule, Jie became chief minister; he upheld the larger principles in policy, admonished with full sincerity, and the emperor treated him with exceptional favor.

嘉慶元年，授受禮成，詔硃珪來京，將畀以閣務，仁宗賀以詩。 In 1796, when the succession rites were completed, an edict summoned Zhu Gui to the capital for a Grand Secretariat post; the Jiaqing Emperor congratulated him with a poem.

當和珅用事，與王杰支柱其間，獨居深念，行處幾失常度，卒贊仁宗殲除大憝。 When Heshen held power, he and Wang Jie held the line between them; alone he brooded deeply, and in walking about he nearly lost his composure—yet in the end he helped the Jiaqing Emperor destroy the great villain.

四十年，召入覲，改授侍講學士，直上書房，侍仁宗學。 In 1775 he was summoned to audience, made expositor-in-waiting of the Hanlin Academy, entered regular duty in the Upper Imperial Study, and tutored the Jiaqing Emperor.

瀕行，上五箴於仁宗：曰養心，曰敬身，曰勤業，曰虛己，曰致誠。 On the eve of departure he presented five admonitions to the Jiaqing Emperor: on nurturing the mind, revering the person, diligent endeavor, emptying the self, and attaining sincerity.

仁宗力行之，後親政，嘗置左右。 The Jiaqing Emperor practiced them vigorously; after taking personal rule he kept them at hand.

四年正月，高宗崩，仁宗即馳驛召珪，聞命奔赴。 In the first month of 1799 the Qianlong Emperor died; the Jiaqing Emperor at once sent post-horses to summon Gui; on hearing the order he rushed to obey.

天留數人，弼成仁宗初政之盛，可謂大臣矣。 Heaven left a few such men to assist and complete the splendor of the Jiaqing Emperor's early reign—they may truly be called great ministers.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 351Volume 351 Biographies 138: Shen Chu, Jin Shisong, Zou Bingtai, Dai Liankui, Wang Yixiu Son: Zong Cheng, Huang Yue · 9 passages

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自具疏白其故，上韙其言，卒罷瑚圖禮。 He memorialized the emperor himself; the emperor approved, and Hutuli was dismissed.

既而有降革官捐复者二人，準駁不當，侍郎初彭齡論與不合，疏聞，上斥炳泰無定見，鐫級留任。 Later he mishandled two demoted officials seeking reinstatement by purchase; Vice Minister Chu Pengling disagreed, and the emperor rebuked Bingtai's inconsistency, demoted him one rank, and kept him on.

立朝不苟，仁宗重之，而終黜。 He was upright in office and valued by the Jiaqing Emperor, yet was ultimately dismissed.

懿修持躬端謹，製作雅正，甚被仁宗眷遇。 Yixiu was upright and careful in conduct, wrote in an elegant and correct style, and enjoyed great favor from the Jiaqing Emperor.

逾二年，年八十，賜壽，謁宮門謝，逢上出禦經筵，親解佩囊賜之。 Two years later, on his eightieth birthday, he came to the palace to give thanks for the imperial birthday gift; the emperor, on his way to the classics lecture, personally took off his purse and gave it to him.

上亦以其兩世官禁近，皆能清慎，特優睞焉。 The emperor also favored them specially, noting that for two generations they had served close to the throne with integrity and discretion.

嘉慶四年，仁宗親政，硃珪薦之，召來京。 In Jiaqing 4, when the emperor took direct rule, Zhu Gui recommended him and he was summoned to Beijing.

入見，上曰：「朕居籓邸時，知汝名久矣，何以假歸不出？」 At audience the emperor said: "When I was still a prince I had long known your name—why did you take leave and stay away?"

鉞受仁宗特達之知，久直內廷，書畫並被宸賞。 Yue enjoyed the Jiaqing Emperor's special favor; he served long in the inner court, and both his calligraphy and painting won imperial praise.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 352Volume 352 Biographies 139: Jiang Cheng, Jin Guangti, Zu Zhiwang, Han Feng · 4 passages

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仁宗尤重刑事，晟讞鞫務得其平，多平反者。 Jiaqing placed special weight on criminal justice. Cheng reviewed cases with an eye to fairness, and many wrongful convictions were overturned.

仁宗覽奏曰：「官盜較私盜反薄耶？」 Reading the memorial, Jiaqing asked: "So theft of public funds is punished more lightly than private theft?"

十四年，仁宗五旬萬壽，之望入都祝嘏。 In 1809, for Jiaqing's fiftieth-birthday celebration, he came to Beijing to offer congratulations.

仁宗尤留意刑獄，往往親裁，所用部臣，斯其選也。 Jiaqing paid special attention to criminal justice and often decided cases himself; the ministry officials he used were chosen with that in mind.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 353Volume 353 Biographies 140: Da Chun | Son: Sa Bin Tu, Tie Bao Younger Brother: Yu Bao, He Ying, Jue Luo Gui Fang · 4 passages

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仁宗知其屈抑，至嘉慶四年，詔：「達椿因曠班被譴，其過輕，當時劉墉亦緣此降官； Emperor Renzong knew he had been treated unfairly. In 1799 an edict declared: 'Da Chun was censured for absenteeism, yet the fault was slight; Liu Yong was demoted for the same reason at the time;

和珅既伏法，仁宗不欲株連興獄，而薩彬圖屢疏言和珅財產多寄頓隱匿，有嘗管金銀使女四名，請獨至慎刑司訊鞫。 After Heshen's execution the emperor did not want a widening purge, but Sa Bintu repeatedly memorialized that much of Heshen's wealth had been hidden away and that four maidservants who had managed his bullion should be interrogated separately in the Imperial Prison.

多得開國以來滿洲、蒙古、漢軍遺集，先成白山詩介五十卷，復增輯改編，得一百三十四卷，進禦，仁宗制序，賜名熙朝雅頌集。 He gathered many surviving works by Manchu, Mongol, and Han Banner writers since the founding of the dynasty, first compiled the Baishan Shijie in fifty juan, then expanded and revised it to one hundred thirty-four juan. He presented it to the throne; Emperor Renzong wrote a preface and bestowed the title Elegant Odes of a Flourishing Age.

嘗召對，仁宗曰：「奇才也！」 On one audience with the emperor, Emperor Renzong declared: 'A rare talent!'

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 354Volume 354 Biographies 141: Wan Chengfeng, Zhou Xiying, Qian Yue, Qin Ying, Li Zonghan, Han Dingjin, Zhu Fangzeng · 5 passages

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時仁宗在潛邸，賜詩寵行。 The future Emperor Renzong, still heir apparent, honored his departure with an imperial poem.

在部治運丁盜米，訐者謂以藥置米中立溢，試之不驗，仁宗親試明其枉，尤為時稱。 In the ministry he tried transport laborers accused of stealing grain; accusers claimed medicine had been placed in the grain to make it overflow, but tests failed; Emperor Renzong personally tested the claim and proved it false, winning particular praise.

皇上博訪週諮，徐為印證。 Your Majesty should inquire widely and consult broadly, then verify over time.

況蒙皇上訓飭至再至三，而猶故習相仍，驟難振拔者，良有數端：條例過繁，文案蒨屑，雖有強敏之吏，而精神疲於具文，其實關於政治民生，轉致不能詳覈。 Moreover, though Your Majesty has admonished again and again, old habits persist and sudden reform is hard — for several reasons: regulations are too numerous and paperwork too trivial; even capable officials exhaust themselves on documents, and matters that truly concern governance and the people's welfare cannot be thoroughly examined.

今皇上欲整飭因循積習，臣愚以為必先除此三者之弊，庶廓然無所疑畏，而得專精實政矣。 Now Your Majesty wishes to rectify entrenched habits of routine indulgence; in my humble view these three abuses must be removed first, so officials may act without fear and devote themselves to real governance.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 355Volume 355 Biographies 142: Kui Lun, Guang Xing, Chu Peng Ling · 2 passages

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以伉直聞於時，仁宗尤眷之。 He was known throughout the age for blunt integrity, and the Renzong Emperor held him in special regard.

仁宗知彭齡無他，不欲因言事加重譴，詔斥諸臣所擬過當，有意杜言事者之口； The Renzong Emperor knew Pengling had no other fault and did not wish to punish memorializing itself; he issued an edict that the court’s sentence was excessive and aimed to silence critics.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 362Volume 362 Biographies 149: Fang Ji, Zhu Erhan, Yang Hu, Liao Yin, Chen Changqi, Zhu Ergenge, Cha Chonghua · 1 passage

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仁宗召見，嘉其有守，命解餉四十萬兩赴四川濟軍。 Emperor Renzong received him in audience, praised his moral backbone, and ordered him to convey four hundred thousand taels of silver to Sichuan for the army.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 364Volume 364 Biographies 151: Ruan Yuan, Wang Tingzhen, Tang Jinzhao · 3 passages

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二十四年，仁宗六旬萬壽，慶賀期內遇孝慈高皇后忌辰，部臣未援故事疏請服色，坐率忽，降侍郎。 In year 24, during the Renzong Emperor's sixtieth birthday celebrations, Empress Xiaocigao's death anniversary fell within the congratulatory period; ministry officials failed to cite precedent on mourning dress; he was punished for negligence and demoted to vice-minister.

三年，宣宗釋奠文廟禮成，臨幸辟雍，詔曰：「禮部尚書汪廷珍蒙皇考簡用上書房師傅，與朕朝夕講論，非法不道，使朕通經義，辨邪正，受益良多。 In year 3, after the Confucian sacrifice and the emperor's visit to the Imperial College, an edict said: "Minister of Rites Wang Tingzhen was chosen by my late father as Upper Study tutor; he discussed the classics with me daily, spoke only what was lawful, helped me master the classics and distinguish right from wrong, and benefited me greatly.

四年，仁宗實錄成，賜子報閏主事，孫承佑舉人。 In year 4, when the Veritable Records of Renzong were completed, his son Baoyuan was made junior director of a bureau and his grandson Chengyou was granted licentiate status.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 366Volume 366 Biographies 153: Sun Yuting, Jiang Youxian, Li Hongbin · 4 passages

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尋福映請改國名曰南越，仁宗疑之。 Soon afterward Phuc Anh asked to change his state's name to Nanyue, which made the Jiaqing Emperor uneasy.

嘉慶初，遷御史，敢言有聲，受仁宗知。 Early in the Jiaqing reign he was made a censor, gained a reputation for outspokenness, and won the Jiaqing Emperor's notice.

二十五年，仁宗崩，入謁梓宮，宣宗諭褒為守兼優，加太子少保。 In the twenty-fifth year the Jiaqing Emperor died. Jiang Youxian went to pay respects at the coffin, and the Daoguang Emperor praised him as excellent in both defense and administration, granting him the title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

又以山東、河南、直隸毗連之地，頻年遭兵，條上善後事，始受仁宗知。 and because Shandong, Henan, and Zhili were adjoining regions that had suffered warfare for years, he set forth measures for recovery. Only then did he win the Jiaqing Emperor's notice.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 376Volume 376 Biographies 163: Xin Congyi, Zhang Lin, Gu Gao, Shen Weiqiao, Zhu Wei, Cheng Enze, Wu Jie · 2 passages

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仁宗臨幸翰林院，鱗獻詩冊，被恩賚。 When Emperor Renzong visited the Hanlin Academy, Lin presented a volume of poetry and received imperial gifts.

二十四年，入直上書房，甚被仁宗眷注。 In 1819 he entered the Upper Study Hall and won great favor from Emperor Renzong.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 377Volume 377 Biographies 164: Bao Guixing, Gu Chun, Wu Xiaoming, Chen Hong, E Mushune, Xu Faji · 4 passages

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十八年，任滿，既受代，聞林清之變，疏陳十事，急馳至京，仁宗嘉之，曰：「汝所奏已次第施行矣。」 In the eighteenth year, as soon as his term ended and he had handed over his post, he learned of Lin Qing's uprising. He submitted a memorial outlining ten measures and rushed to the capital. Emperor Renzong praised him, saying, "The items you raised are already being implemented, one after another."

仁宗問樞臣，樞臣微其事，不以為意，明年遂有滑縣之亂。 Emperor Renzong consulted the Grand Council, but the council downplayed the report and took no notice. The following year the Huaxian rebellion erupted.

仁宗怒其失實，嚴詔詰問。 Emperor Renzong, angered by the distortion, issued a stern edict demanding an account.

大臣以蓴原稿進，仁宗深是之，而奪竄改者官。 Senior ministers submitted Chun's original draft. Emperor Renzong strongly endorsed it and dismissed the officials who had altered the text.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 436Volume 436 Biographies 223: Shen Guifen, Li Hongzao, Weng Tonghe, Sun Yuwen · 1 passage

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當八年武英殿之災也，恭錄康熙、嘉慶兩次遇災修省聖訓進禦，疏言：「變不虛生，遇災而懼。 When the Hall of Martial Glory burned in 1872, he respectfully copied the Kangxi and Jiaqing emperors' instructions on self-examination after disasters and presented them to the throne, writing: "Calamities do not strike without cause; one must tremble when they come.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 472Volume 472 Biographies 259: Lu Runxiang, Shi Xu, Yi Ketan, Liang Dingfen, Xu Fang, Lao Naixuan, Shen Cengzhi · 2 passages

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又喜慶二十四年仁宗睿皇帝：'帝王之學，在於貫徹天人，明體達用，以見諸施行，與經生尋章索句者不同。' And in the twenty-fourth year of Jiaqing, the Sage Emperor Renzong said: 'The emperor's learning must unite Heaven and man, grasp principle and put it to use, and be seen in what is actually done—it is not the same as scholars who hunt through chapters for isolated lines.'

宋儒有言'帝王之學，與儒生異尚'，與我仁宗睿皇帝典學之諭用意正符。 Song scholars said that 'the emperor's learning pursues a different end from that of the Confucian scholar'—words that match exactly the intent of Our Sage Emperor Renzong's edict on classical learning.