Five Dynasties · Ruler of the Khitans

Khitan lord 契丹主

Attested AD 946 - AD 947

Passages: 15
Chapters: 1
Histories: 1

Overview

The translated histories identify Khitan lord as a ruler. This record brings together 15 passages from 1 chapter across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Khitan lord	契丹主
Title	barbarian lord	戎主
Title	Imperial Father	翁皇帝
Title	Khitan lord	契丹主

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Title only
Sex: Uncertain

Roles

Ruler

Life and dates

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 明年正月朔 · Western Year: AD 947
Explicit event contextual date · jiuwudaishi:085:s0081
Source Date: Text: 開運三年十二月 · Western Year: AD 946
Explicit event contextual date · jiuwudaishi:085:s0047

Places and affiliations

Polity: Khitan Liao · Relation: ruled
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:085:s0047, jiuwudaishi:085:s0081

Events and relationships

Kind: military · Role: conqueror · Action: entered-capital · Place: Eastern Capital / 東京
Explicit · jiuwudaishi:085:s0081, jiuwudaishi:085:s0085

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Old History of the Five Dynasties, Chapter 85Volume 85 Book of Later Jin 11: Emperor Shao 4 · 15 passages

俄自寬仁門遞入契丹主與皇太后書，帝乃止，旋令撲滅煙火。 Soon a letter from the Khitan lord and the empress dowager was brought in at Kuanren Gate; the emperor desisted and ordered the fires put out.

癸酉，帝奉表於戎主曰： On guiyou the emperor submitted a memorial to the Khitan lord, saying:

孫臣某言：今月十七日寅時，相州節度使張彥澤、都監傅住兒部領大軍入京，賫到翁皇帝賜太后書示，於滹沱河降下杜重威一行馬步兵士，見領蕃漢步騎來幸汴州者。 Your grandson-subject reports: at the yin hour on the seventeenth Zhang Yanzhe, military governor of Xiangzhou, and chief inspector Fu Zhu'er entered the capital with a great army, bringing the letter the Imperial Father sent the empress dowager; Du Chongwei's horse and foot had surrendered at the Hutuo, and Khitan and Han forces were now marching on Bianzhou.

翁皇帝救患摧鋒，興利除害，躬擐甲胄，深入寇場。 The Imperial Father relieved our distress, broke the enemy spear line, brought benefit and removed harm, donned armor himself, and plunged deep into the enemy country.

勢淩宇宙，義感神明，功成不居，遂興晉祚，則翁皇帝有大造於石氏也。 His power spanned the cosmos and his righteousness moved the gods; when his task was done he did not keep the glory but raised the Jin throne—thus the Imperial Father wrought the greatest service for the house of Shi.

翁皇帝若惠顧疇昔，稍霽雷霆，未賜靈誅，不絕先祀，則百口荷更生之德，一門銜無報之恩，雖所願焉，非敢望也。 If the Imperial Father would look kindly on past ties, temper his wrath, spare us execution, and let our ancestral rites continue, a hundred mouths would owe you reborn life and our whole clan a debt we could never repay—this is our hope, though we dare not expect it.

帝以契丹主將至，欲與太后出迎，彥澤先表之，稟契丹主之旨報云：「比欲許爾朝覲上國，臣僚奏言，豈有兩個天子道路相見！ When the Khitan lord was expected the emperor wished to go out with the empress dowager to welcome him; Yanzhe reported the Khitan reply: "We meant to let you come to court in the superior state, but your ministers said, How can two Sons of Heaven meet on the road!

時契丹主以所送傳國寶制造非工，與載籍所述者異，使人來問。 The Khitan lord found the state seal they had sent poorly made and unlike the records, and sent envoys to question it.

明年正月朔，契丹主次東京城北。 On New Year's Day of the following year the Khitan lord encamped north of the Eastern Capital.

百官列班，遙辭帝於寺，詣北郊以迎契丹主。 The officials formed ranks, bade the emperor farewell at the temple from afar, and went to the northern suburb to welcome the Khitan lord.

帝舉族出封丘門，肩轝至野，契丹主不與之見，遣泊封禪寺。 The emperor and his clan went out Fengqiu Gate in litters to the open field; the Khitan lord refused to see them and had them lodged at Fengchan Temple.

文武百官素服紗帽，迎謁契丹主於郊次，俯伏俟罪，契丹主命起之，親自慰撫。 Civil and military officials in white dress and gauze caps met the Khitan lord in the suburbs, prostrated themselves to await judgment, and he ordered them up and consoled them in person.

契丹主遂入大內，至昏出宮，是夜宿於赤堈。 The Khitan lord then entered the inner palace, left at dusk, and that night lodged at Chikan.

宰臣趙瑩、樞密使馮玉、侍衛馬軍都指揮使李彥韜隨帝入蕃，契丹主遣三百騎援送而去。 Grand Counsellor Zhao Ying, Commissioner Feng Yu, and Li Yantao, commander of the Imperial Guard cavalry, accompanied the emperor into Khitan territory while the Khitan lord sent three hundred horsemen as escort.

所經州郡，長吏迎奉，皆為契丹主阻絕，有所供饋亦不通。 Wherever they passed local officials tried to welcome them, but the Khitan lord blocked every approach and no gifts could reach the party.