Muzhanga (穆彰阿) | 24 Histories

Overview

Muzhanga was a Grand Secretary.

Life and dates

Attested activity

AD 1841 二十一年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 373, passage 83
AD 1843 二十三年春
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 378, passages 146, 149
AD 1842 二十二年七月
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 370, passages 156, 159
AD 1805 嘉慶十年
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 375, passages 65, 80
AD 1850 文宗即位，黜大學士穆彰阿
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 384, passage 172
AD 1850 是年十月
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 370, passages 197, 199

Show 5 more source-backed claims

AD 1850 道光三十年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 394, passage 44
AD 1835 道光中
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 385, passage 71
AD 1825 道光五年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 387, passages 81, 83
AD 1831 道光十一年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 375, passage 23
AD 1839 to AD 1841 道光十九年至二十一年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 364, passage 189

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Grand Secretary 大學士
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 370, passage 159; Draft History of Qing 384, passage 172
Grand Secretary 大學士
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 373, passage 83
Entered
Dismissal
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 385, passage 71
Suffered
Dismissal · Authority Xianfeng Emperor (咸豐帝)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 384, passage 172

Places and affiliations

Qing 清
Relation Lived under
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 375, passage 23
Qing 清
Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 373, passage 83
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 364, passage 189; Draft History of Qing 370, passages 159, 197; Draft History of Qing 378, passage 2; Draft History of Qing 385, passage 71; Draft History of Qing 387, passage 83

Learning and skills

Belief appeasement policy 和議 · Relation Associated with
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 364, passage 189

Works and attributed material

Argued fighting and negotiating equal in cost
AD 1842 二十二年七月 · Speech · Speaker · Mode named-source-report Speaker Muzhanga (穆彰阿)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 370, passage 159
Memorial · Author
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 373, passage 83

Events and relationships

Crimes revealed in hand edict
AD 1850 是年十月 · Legal · Subject
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 370, passage 197
Persuaded court to approve peace
AD 1842 二十二年七月 · Political · Advisor · With Daoguang Emperor (宣宗)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 370, passage 159
Sought release
Political · Petitioner · With Qishan (琦善)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 373, passage 83
Relation Advisor of · Person Daoguang Emperor (宣宗)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 370, passage 159
Relation Co accused with · Person Qiying (耆英)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 370, passages 197, 199

Assessments and attributes

AD 1850 是年十月
Assessment works in the dark and is hard to expose; in harming the state his crime is the same as Qiying's · Mode named-source-report Speaker Xianfeng Emperor (咸豐帝)
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 370, passages 197, 199

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 370, passage 197; Draft History of Qing 373, passage 83

References in the histories

Search passages

History

13 passages

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 364Volume 364 Biographies 151: Ruan Yuan, Wang Tingzhen, Tang Jinzhao · 1 passage

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金釗素不附和議，與穆彰阿等意齟《齒吾》。 Jinzhao had never favored appeasement and was at odds with Muzhanga and others.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 370Volume 370 Biographies 157: Qi Shan, Yi Libu, Zong Shiqiying · 3 passages

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宣宗憤甚，大學士穆彰阿以糜餉勞師無效、剿與撫費亦相等為言，乃允之。 The Daoguang Emperor was furious, but Grand Secretary Muzhanga argued that the costly campaign had failed and that fighting and negotiating would cost about the same. The court then agreed.

是年十月，上手詔揭示穆彰阿及耆英罪狀，斥「耆英在廣東抑民奉夷，謾許入城，幾致不測之變。 In the tenth month of that year the emperor issued a hand edict listing the crimes of Muzhanga and Qiying, condemning Qiying for "in Guangdong suppressing the people while favoring foreigners, rashly promising them entry into the city, and nearly causing disaster.

穆彰阿暗而難明，耆英顯而易見，貽害國家，其罪則一」。 Muzhanga works in the dark and is hard to expose; Qiying's faults are plain to see. Yet in harming the state their crime is the same."

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 373Volume 373 Biographies 160: Zong Shiyishan, Long Wen, Zong Shiyijing, Wen Wei, Te Yi Shun, Yu Buyun · 1 passage

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大學士穆彰阿奏請釋琦善出獄，隨赴軍前效力，奕經卻之。 Grand Secretary Muzhanga asked that Qi Shan be freed from prison to serve at the front; Yijing declined.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 375Volume 375 Biographies 162: Bai Rong, Sun Huan, Shi Zhiyan, Na Qingan, Sheng Yin, Li Zongfang, Yao Yuanzhi, He Rulin, Ji Zhichang, Lie Chuan · 3 passages

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時尚書穆彰阿、硃士彥亦奉命勘湖、河汎溢狀，穆彰阿先回京，鎔遂偕士彥履勘沿河閘壩工程，與總督陶澍定議以工代賑。 Ministers Mujiang'a and Zhu Shiyan had also been sent to assess flooding on lakes and rivers. Mujiang'a returned first, whereupon Bai Rong and Zhu Shiyan inspected sluice and dam projects along the waterways and, with Governor-General Tao Shu, adopted relief work in place of direct grain distribution.

因與穆彰阿同榜成進士，晚乃受宣宗知，迭秉文衡。 Having passed the jinshi examination in the same year as Mujiang'a, he won the Xuanzong Emperor's favor only late in life and repeatedly held examination offices.

愛士好事，穆彰阿素重之。 He loved scholars and enjoyed doing good deeds, and Mujiang'a had always valued him highly.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 378Volume 378 Biographies 165: Huang Juezi, Jin Yinglin, Chen Qingyong, Su Tingkui, Zhu Qi · 1 passage

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二十三年春，有白氣自天西南隅直掃參旗，因災異上疏數千言，極論時政乖迕，歸罪樞臣穆彰阿等，請立罷黜； In the spring of Daoguang 23 a white comet swept from the southwest through the Shen constellation; he submitted a memorial of several thousand words on this omen, condemning current policy and blaming Grand Councilor Mujangga and others, demanding their immediate dismissal;

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 384Volume 384 Biographies 171: Lin Peihou, Li Xiangkun, Li Zongchuan, Wang Fengsheng, Huang Mian, Yu De Yuan, Yao Ying · 1 passage

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文宗即位，黜大學士穆彰阿，詔宣示中外，並及瑩與達洪阿被陷狀，於是復起用，授湖北武昌鹽法道，未行，擢廣西按察使，命參大學士賽尚阿軍事。 When the Wenzong Emperor came to the throne, Grand Secretary Mujangga was dismissed and an edict to the empire also cleared Yao and Da Hong'a of the false charges against them; Yao was then restored, appointed salt law intendant at Wuchang in Hubei, and before he could take up that post was promoted provincial judge of Guangxi and ordered to join Grand Secretary Saišangga's staff.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 385Volume 385 Biographies 172: Du Shoutian Son: Han, Qi Junzao Son: Shi Zhang, Weng Xincun, Peng Yunzhang · 1 passage

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俊藻自道光中論洋務與穆彰阿不合，至是文宗銳意圖治，罷穆彰阿，俊藻遂領樞務，開言路，起用舊臣，俊藻左右之。 Since Daoguang he had clashed with Mujangga over foreign policy; now Xianfeng meant to govern vigorously, removed Mujangga, and Junzao led the council, reopened memorial channels, and brought back veteran ministers—Junzao at his side throughout.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 387Volume 387 Biographies 174: Zong Shisushun, Mu Yin, Kuang Yuan, Jiao Youying, Chen Fuen · 1 passage

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大學士穆彰阿領樞務，深倚之，歷太僕寺少卿、通政司副使、太僕寺卿，皆留直。 Grand Secretary Muzhang'a headed Grand Council affairs and relied heavily on him; he served in turn as vice director of the Court of the Imperial Stud, vice commissioner of transmission, and director of that court, all while remaining on the council.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 394Volume 394 Biographies 181: Xu Guangjin, Ye Mingchen, Huang Zonghan · 1 passage

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三十年，文翰又遺書大學士穆彰阿、耆英，遣人至上海、天津投遞。 In the thirtieth year (1850) Bonham again wrote to Grand Secretaries Mujangga and Qiying and sent couriers to deliver the letters at Shanghai and Tianjin.