Overview
The translated histories identify Xiao He as an administrator, aristocrat, official, and statesman. This record brings together 218 passages from 24 chapters across 8 histories, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.
Names
| Type | English | Chinese | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal | Xiao He | 蕭何 | Xiāo Hé |
| Personal | |||
| Title | chancellor | 丞相 | Chengxiang |
| Title | Chancellor | 相國 | Xiangguo |
| Title | Chancellor | 相國 | |
| Title | Chancellor | 丞相 | |
| Title | Chancellor He | 相國何 | |
| Title | Chancellor Xiao | 蕭相國 | |
| Personal | Chancellor Xiao He | 蕭何 | Xiāo Hé |
| Personal name | He | 何 | He |
| Given | He | 何 | He |
| Given | He | 何 | Hé |
| Personal name | He | 何 | |
| Given name | He | 何 | Hé |
| Title | Lord Xiao | 蕭公 | |
| Title | Marquis of Zan | 酇侯 | Zan Hou |
| Title | Marquis of Zan | 酂侯 | |
| Title | Marquis Wenzhong | 文終侯 | Wenzhong Hou |
| Posthumous name | Marquis Wenzhong | 文終侯 | Wénzhōng Hóu |
| Title | minister of state | 相國 | Xiangguo |
| Title | Prime Minister | 相國 | |
| Posthumous | Wenzhong | 文終 | Wenzhong |
| Surname | Xiao | 蕭 | Xiāo |
| Surname | Xiao | 蕭 | Xiao |
| Surname | Xiao | 蕭 | |
| Title | Xiao Chancellor | 蕭相國 | Xiao Xiangguo |
| Personal name | Xiao He | 蕭何 | Xiao He |
| Personal | Xiao He | 蕭何 | Xiao He |
| Personal name | Xiao He | 蕭何 | |
| Personal name | Xiao He | 蕭何 | Xiāo Hé |
| Personal | Xiao He | 蕭 | Xiao |
| Personal | Xiao He | 蕭 | Xiao He |
| Surname | 蕭 | Xiao |
Identity
- Historicity
- Historical
- Identification
- Named
- Sex
- Male
- Sex: male
- Sex: male
Roles
- Administrator
- Aristocrat
- Official
- Statesman
Life and dates
Death
- Date Context: Source Date: Text: 二年秋七月辛未 · Western Year: BC 193Explicit · hanshu:003:s0032
- Date Context: Source Date: Text: 孝惠二年 · Western Year: BC 193Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0109
- Date Context: Source Date: Text: 惠帝二年 · Western Year: BC 193Explicit · shiji:054:s0088
- Date Text: 孝惠二年Explicit · hanshu:048:s0126
- Date Text: UnknownExplicit · hanshu:048:s0271
Age
- Statement: old at time of release from fettersExplicit · shiji:053:s0097
Attested activity
- Qualitative: late Qin
- Source Date: Text: 二年 · Western Year: BC 155Explicit · hanshu:006:s0051
- Source Date: Text: 二年春 · Western Year: BC 155Explicit · shiji:011:s0009
- Source Date: Text: 二年秋七月辛未 · Western Year: BC 193Explicit · hanshu:003:s0032
- Source Date: Text: 亦有蕭、張之謀 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 193Explicit event contextual date · shiji:025:s0022
- Source Date: Text: 制詞比之蕭何 · Western Year: AD 1370Explicit event contextual date · mingshi:127:s0054
- Source Date: Text: 十一年 · Western Year: BC 196Explicit event contextual date · shiji:091:s0113, shiji:091:s0100
- Source Date: Text: 大統十年 · Western Year: AD 544Explicit event contextual date · zhoushu:023:s0042, zhoushu:023:s0152
- Source Date: Text: 孝惠二年 · Western Year: BC 193Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0109
- Source Date: Text: 建中四年 · Western Year: AD 783Explicit event contextual date · jiutangshu:131:s0024, jiutangshu:131:s0006
- Source Date: Text: 惠帝二年 · Western Year: BC 193Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0088
- Source Date: Text: 故當其有事也，非蕭、曹… · Western Year: BC 200Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:099:s0070
- Source Date: Text: 漢三年 · Western Year: BC 204
- Source Date: Text: 漢二年 · Western Year: BC 205Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0017
- Source Date: Text: 漢五年 · Western Year: BC 202Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0026, shiji:053:s0028
- Source Date: Text: 漢初 · Western Interval: Start: BC 209 · End: BC 141Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:051:s0017
- Source Date: Text: 漢初 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 195Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:142:s0010
- Source Date: Text: 漢十一年 · Western Year: BC 196
- Source Date: Text: 漢十二年秋 · Western Year: BC 195Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0071, shiji:053:s0072
- Source Date: Text: 漢興 · Western Year: BC 200Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:025:s0105
- Source Date: Text: 漢興之初 · Western Interval: Start: BC 202 · End: BC 195Explicit event contextual date · hanshu:101:s0002
- Source Date: Text: 秦時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 221 · End: BC 209Explicit event contextual date · shiji:054:s0002
- Source Date: Text: 蕭何 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 193Explicit · zhoushu:026:s0070
- Source Date: Text: 蕭曹以來 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 193Explicit event contextual date · nanqishu:016:s0016
- Source Date: Text: 邁蕭、曹 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 193Strongly inferred · nanqishu:004:s0067
- Source Date: Text: 高帝時 · Western Interval: Start: BC 206 · End: BC 195
- Source Date: Text: 高祖在漢中，謂蕭何 · Western Year: AD 206Explicit · songshi:359:s0036
Family
Immediate source-linked family. Drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom, and select a person to open their record.
- Ancestor of Xi (係)Kinship Term: grandson / 孫 · Generation Distance: 2 · Line: paternal
Kinship Term: grandson / 孫 · Generation Distance: 2 - Parent of Child of Xiao He (蕭何子)Kinship Term: child / 子 · Parentage: biological
Kinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological
Kinship Term: child / 子 · Parentage: biological - Child of Father of Xiao HeKinship Term: father / 父 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: father
- Kinship Role: father, sons, and brothers enfeoffed · Count: 11 · Note: more than tenExplicit · shiji:053:s0058
- Kinship Role: sons, grandsons, and brothers able to bear arms · Count: 2 · Note: ; exact count unspecified in sourceExplicit · shiji:053:s0024, shiji:053:s0025
- Kinship Role: clan members who followed Gaozu · Count: 20 · Note: several dozenExplicit · shiji:053:s0039
- Kinship Role: descendants who lost the marquisate · Count: 4 · Note: four generationsExplicit · shiji:053:s0110
Career and standing
- Label: chief clerk / 主吏Explicit · shiji:054:s0002
- Label: clerk handling documents and law / 刀筆吏Explicit · shiji:053:s0002, shiji:053:s0111
- Label: Chancellor / 丞相 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: when Lord of Pei became King of Han · Western Year: BC 206Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0011
- Label: Prime Minister / 相國 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 漢十一年 · Western Year: BC 196Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0062
- Label: Chancellor / 相國 · Action: held
- Label: chief clerk of Pei / 沛主吏掾 · Action: heldExplicit · shiji:053:s0002
- Label: clerk of Sishui / 泗水卒史 · Action: heldExplicit · shiji:053:s0007
- Label: deputy to the Lord of Pei / 丞 · Action: heldExplicit · shiji:053:s0009
- chief clerk / 主吏Explicit · hanshu:001:s0016, hanshu:001:s0531
- Office: assistant magistrate / 丞Explicit · hanshu:048:s0009
- Office: chancellor / 丞相Explicit · hanshu:048:s0026, hanshu:048:s0029
- Office: Chancellor / 相國Explicit · hanshu:048:s0224, hanshu:048:s0226
- Office: chief clerk of Pei / 沛主吏掾Explicit · hanshu:048:s0002, hanshu:048:s0146
- Office: minister of state / 相國Explicit · hanshu:048:s0075
- Title: Marquis of Zan / 酂侯 · Action: enfeoffed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 漢五年 · Western Year: BC 202Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0028
- Title: Prime Minister fief increase / 益封五千戶 · Action: increased · Amount: five thousand households / 五千戶 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 漢十一年 · Western Year: BC 196Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0062
- Title: Marquis of Zan / 酂侯 · Action: increased · Amount: two thousand households / 二千戶 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 漢五年 · Western Year: BC 202Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0059
- Added Households: 2000Explicit · hanshu:048:s0070
- Added Households: 5000Explicit · hanshu:048:s0075
- Title: Marquis of Zan / 酇侯 · Households: 8000Explicit · hanshu:048:s0040
- Label: posthumous title Marquis Wenzhong / 謚為文終侯 · Action: granted · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 孝惠二年 · Western Year: BC 193Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0109
- Label: wear sword and shoes in the audience hall; not hasten at court / 帶劍履上殿，入朝不趨 · Action: grantedExplicit · shiji:053:s0054
- Title: Marquis of Zan / 酂侯 · Action: heldExplicit · shiji:053:s0028
- Title: Marquis of Zan / 酇侯 · Households: 8000Explicit · hanshu:048:s0040
- Status: first in merit ranking among ministers · Action: heldExplicit · shiji:053:s0052, shiji:053:s0054
- Status: imprisonment · Action: entered · Label: handed to Commandant of Justice and shackled / 下相國廷尉，械繫之Explicit · shiji:053:s0086
- Status: pardon · Action: received · Label: pardoned and released / 赦出相國Explicit · shiji:053:s0096
Places and affiliations
- Label: Han / 漢 · Relation: served
- Label: Qin / 秦 · Relation: served
- Label: Western Han / 漢 · Relation: servedExplicit · hanshu:101:s0002
- Polity: Han / 漢 · Relation: servedExplicit · qingshigao:142:s0010, shiji:025:s0022
- Polity Name: Han / 漢Explicit · hanshu:048:s0026
- Place: Feng in Pei / 沛豐Explicit · shiji:053:s0001
- Place: Pei / 沛Explicit · hanshu:048:s0001
- Place: Guanzhong / 關中 · Relation: posted-toExplicit · shiji:053:s0017, shiji:053:s0021
- Place: Yueyang / 櫟陽 · Relation: governed-fromExplicit · shiji:053:s0017
Works and attributed material
- Text: 蕭何次律令Explicit · hanshu:002:s0364
- Work: Nine Chapters / 九章 · Relation: compilerExplicit · qingshigao:142:s0010
- Work: Nine-Chapter Statutes / 律九章 · Relation: compilerExplicit · hanshu:025:s0159
- Kind: speech · Role: addressee · Provenance: Mode: quotation · Source Work: Unknown
Events and relationships
- Explicit · shiji:025:s0022
- Kind: political · Role: subject · Action: bought land cheaply to appear corrupt and allay suspicion · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 漢十二年秋 · Western Year: BC 195Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0077, shiji:053:s0079
- Kind: political · Role: exemplar · Action: cited-as-model-or-warning · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 大統十年 · Western Year: AD 544 · Provenance: Mode: document · Source Person Id: Su Chuo (蘇綽)Explicit · zhoushu:023:s0152
- Kind: political · Role: subject · Action: declined increased fief and donated wealth to the army · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 漢十一年 · Western Year: BC 196Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0069, shiji:053:s0070
- Kind: political · Role: planner · Action: devised plan used to execute Marquis of Huaiyin · Other Person Id: Han Xin (韓信) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 漢十一年 · Western Year: BC 196Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0061
- Kind: political · Role: recommender · Action: endorsed Cao Shen as successor · Other Person Id: Cao Can (曹參)
- Kind: legal · Role: compiler · Action: expanded-to-nine-chaptersExplicit · qingshigao:142:s0010
- Kind: military-logistics · Role: guardian of Guanzhong · Action: guarded Guanzhong and attended the crown prince · Place: Guanzhong / 關中 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 漢二年 · Western Year: BC 205Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0017
- Kind: legal · Role: defendant · Action: imprisoned in fetters then pardoned · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 漢十二年 · Western Year: BC 195Explicit event contextual date · shiji:053:s0086, shiji:053:s0096
- Kind: military-logistics · Role: chancellor · Action: secured Ba and Shu and supplied the army · Place: Ba and Shu / 巴蜀Explicit · shiji:053:s0016
- Kind: administrative · Role: archivist · Action: secured Qin laws maps and registers at Xianyang · Place: Xianyang / 咸陽Explicit · shiji:053:s0010, shiji:053:s0013
- Kind: political · Role: advisor · Action: sent kinsmen to the front to allay suspicion · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 漢三年 · Western Year: BC 204
- Explicit · hanshu:025:s0105
- Relation: advisor-of · Person Id: Emperor Gaozu (高祖)Explicit · shiji:025:s0022
- Type: served · Person Id: Emperor Gaozu (高祖)Explicit · hanshu:048:s0003, hanshu:048:s0026
- Relation: patron-of · Person Id: Han Xin (韓信)Explicit · hanshu:101:s0130, shiji:053:s0014
- Relation: recommended · Person Id: Cao Can (曹參)Explicit · shiji:054:s0099
- Relation: rival-of · Person Id: Cao Can (曹參)Explicit · shiji:053:s0101
- Relation: advised-by · Person Id: Zhao Ping (召平)Explicit · shiji:053:s0066, shiji:053:s0070
- Relation: advised-by · Person Id: Bao Sheng (鮑生)Explicit · shiji:053:s0023, shiji:053:s0025
- Type: husband-of · Person Id: Tong (同)Explicit · hanshu:048:s0128
- Type: father-of · Person Id: Xiao Lu (蕭祿)Explicit · hanshu:048:s0127
- Relation: recommended-by · Person Id: E Jun (鄂君)Explicit · shiji:053:s0043, shiji:053:s0056
- Type: father-of · Person Id: Xiao Yan (蕭延)Explicit · hanshu:048:s0128
Assessments and attributes
- Assessment: greatest merit among ministers; ranked first · Provenance: Mode: named-speaker · Speaker Person Id: Emperor Gaozu (高祖)
- Assessment: mediocre Qin clerk without extraordinary conduct before Han rise · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment · Speaker Person Id: Sima Qian (太史公)Explicit · shiji:053:s0111
- Assessment: merit of the hunter who points the way, not of the hunting dog · Provenance: Mode: named-speaker · Speaker Person Id: Emperor Gaozu (高祖)
- Assessment: merit shone after rivals were destroyed; fame rivals Hong Yao and San Yisheng · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment · Speaker Person Id: Sima Qian (太史公)Explicit · shiji:053:s0113, shiji:053:s0114
- Assessment: ten-thousand-generation merit preserving Guanzhong · Provenance: Mode: named-speaker · Speaker Person Id: E Jun (鄂君)
- Kind: character · Statement: frugal; chose poor dwelling places and did not repair walls
- Item: personal guard of five hundred soldiers under a commandant / 卒五百人一都尉為相國衛 · Relation: assignedExplicit · shiji:053:s0062
- Item: Qin laws, decrees, maps, and registers / 秦丞相御史律令圖書 · Relation: securedExplicit · shiji:053:s0010
Source notes
- Historicity: historicalExplicit · nanqishu:016:s0016
References in the histories
Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.