Overview
The translated histories identify Zhang Zhidong as an administrator, official, scholar, and statesman. This record brings together 64 passages from 18 chapters across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.
Names
| Type | English | Chinese | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal | Zhang Zhidong | 張之洞 | Zhang Zhidong |
| Title | Acting Southern Seas Minister | 署南洋大臣 | |
| Title | Governor-General | 總督 | |
| Posthumous | Wenxiang | 文襄 | Wenxiang |
| Courtesy | Xiangtao | 香濤 | Xiangtao |
| Surname | Zhang | 張 | Zhāng |
| Surname | Zhang | 張 | Zhang |
| Personal name | Zhang Zhidong | 張之洞 | Zhang Zhidong |
| Personal | Zhang Zhidong | 張之洞 | Zhāng Zhīdòng |
| Personal | Zhang Zhidong | 張之洞 | Zhang ZhiDong |
| Personal name | Zhang Zhidong | 張之洞 | |
| Given | Zhidong | 之洞 | Zhīdòng |
| Alternate | Zhidong | 之洞 | |
| Given name | Zhidong | 之洞 | Zhidong |
| Given | Zhidong | 之洞 | Zhidong |
Identity
- Historicity
- Historical
- Identification
- Named
- Sex
- Male
- Sex: male
- Sex: male
Roles
- Administrator
- Official
- Scholar
- Statesman
- Teacher
Life and dates
Death
- Age: Value: 73 · Reckoning: sui · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 逾年 · Western Year: AD 1909Explicit · qingshigao:437:s0190
- Explicit · qingshigao:443:s0189
Age
- Age: Value: 16 · Reckoning: sui · Event: provincial examination first placeExplicit · qingshigao:437:s0095
- Age: Value: 73 · Reckoning: suiExplicit · qingshigao:437:s0190
Attested activity
- Source Date: Text: 光緒十年 · Regnal Year: 10 · Western Year: AD 1884Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0054
- Source Date: Text: 光緒二十九年 · Regnal Year: 29 · Western Year: AD 1903Explicit · qingshigao:141:s0131
- Source Date: Text: 光緒八年 · Regnal Year: 8 · Western Year: AD 1882Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0007, qingshigao:458:s0106
- Source Date: Text: 七年 · Western Year: AD 1881Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0109
- Source Date: Text: 三十二年 · Western Year: AD 1906Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0183
- Source Date: Text: 三十四年 · Western Year: AD 1908
- Source Date: Text: 三十年 · Western Year: AD 1904Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:143:s0125
- Source Date: Text: 二十一年 · Western Year: AD 1895Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0156
- Source Date: Text: 二十八年 · Western Year: AD 1902Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0177
- Source Date: Text: 二十六年 · Western Year: AD 1900Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0168
- Source Date: Text: 二十四年 · Western Year: AD 1898Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0167, qingshigao:464:s0134
- Source Date: Text: 光緒二十一年 · Western Year: AD 1895Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:139:s0195
- Source Date: Text: 光緒二十一年 · Western Year: AD 1895Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0173
- Source Date: Text: 光緒二十一年十二月 · Western Year: AD 1895Explicit · qingshigao:152:s0013
- Source Date: Text: 光緒二十七年 · Western Year: AD 1901Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:139:s0234, qingshigao:139:s0236
- Source Date: Text: 光緒二十三年 · Western Year: AD 1897Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:473:s0131, qingshigao:473:s0134
- Source Date: Text: 光緒二十二年 · Western Year: AD 1896Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:139:s0211, qingshigao:139:s0213
- Source Date: Text: 光緒二十八年 · Western Year: AD 1902Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:142:s0120
- Source Date: Text: 光緒二十年 · Western Year: AD 1894Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:139:s0193
- Source Date: Text: 光緒六年 · Western Year: AD 1880Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:133:s0191
- Source Date: Text: 光緒六年 · Western Year: AD 1880Explicit · qingshigao:441:s0100, qingshigao:441:s0096
- Source Date: Text: 光緒初 · Western Year: AD 1875Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0100
- Source Date: Text: 光緒十一年 · Western Year: AD 1885Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:139:s0187, qingshigao:464:s0129
- Source Date: Text: 光緒十三年 · Western Year: AD 1887Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:139:s0192
- Source Date: Text: 光緒十二年 · Western Year: AD 1886Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:139:s0189
- Source Date: Text: 光緒十二年 · Western Year: AD 1886Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0116
- Source Date: Text: 光緒間 · Western Year: AD 1882Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:467:s0012
- Source Date: Text: 入覲改定學章 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1903 · End: AD 1904Strongly inferred · qingshigao:443:s0067
- Source Date: Text: 八年 · Western Year: AD 1882Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0112
- Source Date: Text: 六年 · Western Year: AD 1867Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0097
- Source Date: Text: 六年 · Western Year: AD 1880Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0105
- Source Date: Text: 十二年 · Western Year: AD 1873Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0098
- Source Date: Text: 十二年 · Western Year: AD 1886
- Source Date: Text: 十八年 · Western Year: AD 1892Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:471:s0025, qingshigao:471:s0023
- Source Date: Text: 十年春 · Western Year: AD 1884Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0114, qingshigao:437:s0115
- Source Date: Text: 同治二年 · Western Year: AD 1863Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:437:s0096
- Source Date: Text: 和議後 · Western Year: AD 1885Explicit · qingshigao:463:s0108
- Source Date: Text: 宣統元年 · Western Year: AD 1909Strongly inferred · qingshigao:443:s0189
- Source Date: Text: 張之洞督粵 · Western Year: AD 1889Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:445:s0080
- Source Date: Text: 拳亂 · Western Year: AD 1900Explicit · qingshigao:472:s0224
- Source Date: Text: 明年 · Western Year: AD 1896Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:464:s0060
- Source Date: Text: 法越戰爭期間 · Western Year: AD 1884Explicit · qingshigao:463:s0028
- Source Date: Text: 督粵 · Western Year: AD 1884Explicit · qingshigao:472:s0149
- Source Date: Text: 論曰 · Western Year: AD 1909Explicit · qingshigao:437:s0241
- Source Date: Text: 逾年 · Western Year: AD 1909
Career and standing
- Label: governor-general of Guangdong and Guangxi / 兩廣總督 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 十年 · Western Year: AD 1884Explicit · qingshigao:437:s0115
- Label: governor of Shanxi / 山西巡撫 · Action: appointedExplicit · qingshigao:437:s0110
- Label: governor-general of Huguang / 湖廣總督 · Action: appointedExplicit · qingshigao:437:s0134, qingshigao:437:s0152
- Label: Grand Councilor / 軍機大臣 · Action: appointedExplicit · qingshigao:437:s0184
- Office: Governor / 巡撫 · Action: held · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒八年 · Regnal Year: 8 · Western Year: AD 1882Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0007
- Label: Governor-General of Jiangsu / 江督 · Action: held · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒二十一年 · Western Year: AD 1895Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0173
- Label: Governor-General of Hubei / 鄂督 · Action: held · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒十二年 · Western Year: AD 1886Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0116
- Label: Acting Minister of the Southern Seas / 署南洋大臣 · Action: heldExplicit · qingshigao:152:s0013
- Label: governor of Guangdong / 督粵 · Action: heldExplicit · qingshigao:445:s0080
- Label: Governor-General of the Two Guangs / 兩廣總督 · Action: heldExplicit · qingshigao:133:s0191
- Label: Viceroy of Huguang / 湖廣總督 · Action: heldExplicit · qingshigao:142:s0120
- Label: reward for academy success / 獎勵 · Action: receivedExplicit · qingshigao:139:s0193
- Action: reprimanded · Reason: responsibility as Xu Yanxu's recommender · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒十年 · Regnal Year: 10 · Western Year: AD 1884Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0054
Places and affiliations
- Label: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
- Label: Qing / 清 · Relation: servedStrongly inferred · qingshigao:139:s0187, qingshigao:150:s0116
- Polity: Qing · Relation: servedExplicit · qingshigao:458:s0007
- Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: served
- Polity: Qing / 清 · Relation: servedStrongly inferred · qingshigao:152:s0013, qingshigao:437:s0093
- Place: Nanpi, Zhili / 直隸南皮Explicit · qingshigao:437:s0093
- Place: Guangdong / 廣東 · Relation: active-atExplicit · qingshigao:139:s0189, qingshigao:139:s0192
- Place: Hubei / 湖北 · Relation: active-atExplicit · qingshigao:139:s0213
- Place: Huguang / 湖廣 · Relation: posted-toExplicit · qingshigao:142:s0120
- Place: Jiangning / 江寧 · Relation: active-atExplicit · qingshigao:139:s0194
Learning and skills
- Credential: Presented Scholar, first class third place / 進士一甲三名 · Action: earned · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 同治二年 · Western Year: AD 1863Explicit · qingshigao:437:s0096
Works and attributed material
- Work: Exhortation to Learning / 勸學篇 · Relation: authorExplicit · qingshigao:437:s0167
- Work: Southern Seas naval academy / 南洋水師學堂 · Relation: foundedExplicit · qingshigao:139:s0193
- Kind: memorial · Role: author · About: Beijing-Hankou railway proposalExplicit · qingshigao:437:s0138, qingshigao:437:s0139, qingshigao:437:s0140, qingshigao:437:s0141, qingshigao:437:s0142, qingshigao:437:s0143, qingshigao:437:s0144, qingshigao:437:s0145, qingshigao:437:s0146, qingshigao:437:s0147, qingshigao:437:s0148, qingshigao:437:s0149, qingshigao:437:s0150, qingshigao:437:s0151
- Kind: deathbed-memorial · Role: author · About: recommended Yu ShimeiExplicit · qingshigao:443:s0189
- Kind: memorial · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒八年 · Regnal Year: 8 · Western Year: AD 1882 · Subject: recommended Tang Jiong for military affairs · Other Person Id: Tang Jiong (唐炯)Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0106
- Kind: memorial · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒八年 · Regnal Year: 8 · Western Year: AD 1882 · Subject: recommended Xu Yanxu for military affairs · Other Person Id: Xu Yanxu (徐延旭)Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0007
- Kind: joint-proposal · Role: author · Other Person Id: Liu Kunyi (劉坤一) · Summary: twelve essentials for training officers; propose capital staff office
- Kind: memorial · Role: author · Quoted: trueExplicit · qingshigao:152:s0013, qingshigao:152:s0014, qingshigao:152:s0015, qingshigao:152:s0016, qingshigao:152:s0017, qingshigao:152:s0018, qingshigao:152:s0019, qingshigao:152:s0020, qingshigao:152:s0021, qingshigao:152:s0022, qingshigao:152:s0023, qingshigao:152:s0024, qingshigao:152:s0025, qingshigao:152:s0026, qingshigao:152:s0027, qingshigao:152:s0028, qingshigao:152:s0029, qingshigao:152:s0030, qingshigao:152:s0031, qingshigao:152:s0032
- Kind: proposal · Role: author · Summary: old camps had seven deep abuses; hire German officers
Events and relationships
- Kind: military · Role: reformer · Action: cut-Hubei-banners-and-adopted-German-style-drillExplicit · qingshigao:139:s0213
- Kind: military · Role: founder · Action: established-army-academy · Place: Jiangning / 江寧Explicit · qingshigao:139:s0194
- Kind: military · Role: founder · Action: established-naval-and-army-academies · Place: Guangdong / 廣東Explicit · qingshigao:139:s0192
- Kind: administrative · Role: regulator · Action: extended-small-steamer-routesExplicit · qingshigao:150:s0173
- Kind: institutional · Role: founder · Action: founded Guangya AcademyExplicit · qingshigao:445:s0080
- Kind: diplomatic · Role: participant · Action: joined southeast mutual protection agreement with foreign consulsExplicit · qingshigao:437:s0168
- Kind: political · Role: memorialist · Action: joint-reform-memorial · Other Person Id: Liu Kunyi (劉坤一)Explicit · qingshigao:143:s0125
- Kind: political · Role: recommender · Action: jointly-recommended-legal-revisersExplicit · qingshigao:142:s0120
- Kind: administrative · Role: author · Action: memorialized-to-establish-postal-service · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒二十一年十二月 · Western Year: AD 1895Explicit · qingshigao:152:s0013, qingshigao:152:s0014
- Kind: political · Role: opponent · Action: opposed-Tonkin-cableExplicit · qingshigao:471:s0017
- Kind: administrative · Role: reviser · Action: ordered to revise school regulationsExplicit · qingshigao:443:s0067
- Kind: administrative · Role: memorialist · Action: proposed-postal-reform · Other Person Id: Liu Kunyi (劉坤一) · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒二十九年 · Regnal Year: 29 · Western Year: AD 1903
- Kind: military · Role: recruiter · Action: recruited-sand-dwellers · Place: Humen / 虎門 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒六年 · Western Year: AD 1880Explicit · qingshigao:133:s0191
- Kind: military · Role: reformer · Action: reorganized-Guangdong-garrison-for-foreign-armsExplicit · qingshigao:139:s0189, qingshigao:139:s0190
- Kind: diplomatic · Role: dispatcher · Action: sent-envoy · Other Person Id: Wang Ronghe (王榮和) · Place: Southeast Asia / 南洋Explicit · qingshigao:150:s0116
- Kind: military · Role: regulator · Action: set-coastal-defense-new-drill-regulationsExplicit · qingshigao:139:s0187
- Relation: recommender-of · Person Id: Yang Rui (楊銳)Explicit · qingshigao:464:s0134
- Relation: teacher-of · Person Id: Yang Rui (楊銳)Explicit · qingshigao:464:s0129
- Relation: recommender-of · Person Id: Shen Jiaben (沈家本)Explicit · qingshigao:142:s0120
- Relation: ally-of · Person Id: Liu Kunyi (劉坤一)Explicit · qingshigao:437:s0168, qingshigao:437:s0172
- Relation: colleague-of · Person Id: Liu Kunyi (劉坤一)Explicit · qingshigao:139:s0236
- Relation: recommender-of · Person Id: Wu Tingfang (伍廷芳)Explicit · qingshigao:142:s0120
- Relation: recommender-of · Person Id: Sheng Xuanhuai (盛宣懷)Explicit · qingshigao:471:s0025
- Relation: patron-of · Person Id: Zhang Biao (張彪)Explicit · qingshigao:473:s0131
- Relation: consulted-with · Person Id: Thomas Gell (葛顯禮)Explicit · qingshigao:152:s0027
Assessments and attributes
- Assessment: admired Sheng Xuanhuai's ability · Provenance: Mode: narrativeExplicit · qingshigao:471:s0025
- Assessment: loved talent; wherever he served he launched grand projects; died without increasing family landholdings · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
- Assessment: postal-service-unified-authority-benefits-merchants-people-and-state · Provenance: Mode: quotation · Speaker Person Id: Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)Explicit · qingshigao:152:s0018, qingshigao:152:s0051
- Kind: physical-description · Statement: short in stature with a great beard; stern and dignified bearingExplicit · qingshigao:437:s0192
Source notes
- Historicity: historicalExplicit · qingshigao:473:s0056
References in the histories
Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.