1
歷代天文誌,自《史記·天官書》後,唯晉、隋兩誌,備述天體、儀象、星占,唐、宋加詳,皆未盡也。 至元,景測益精明,占候較密,然疆宇所囿,聲教未宏,齊政窺璣,尚多略焉。 有清統一區夏,聖聖相承。 聖祖親釐象數,究極精微,前後制新儀七,測日月星辰,則窮極分秒; 度輿圖經緯,則穹歷幅隕。 世宗復以歲久積差,準監臣改用橢圓術。 高宗又以舊記星紀,間有疏漏,御製璣衡撫辰儀,重加測候。 迨平定回疆及兩金川,復令重度裏差,增入時憲。 理明數確,器精法密,自古以來,所未有也。 今為天文誌,備載推驗之法,其天象昭垂,見於歷朝實錄及所司載記者,亦悉書之。 乾隆六十年以後,國史無徵,則從闕焉。
Dynastic astronomy monographs after Sima Qian's Heavenly Offices are fully descriptive only in the Jin and Sui versions; Tang and Song expanded them, but gaps remain. Yuan observers refined instruments and tightened forecasts, but within a limited empire their cosmological governance still fell short. The Qing unified China, one sage emperor following another. The Kangxi emperor personally mastered calendrical astronomy, devised seven new instruments, and measured the sun, moon, and stars to the second. In surveying terrestrial longitude and latitude he mapped the heavens' span across the sky. Yongzheng, seeing accumulated error over the years, had supervising astronomers adopt elliptical theory. Qianlong, finding gaps in older star catalogs, built the Armillary Sphere and Chronographic Instrument and remeasured the sky. After pacifying Xinjiang and the two Jinchuan campaigns, he ordered li-cha remeasured and entered into the Shixian calendar. Clarity of principle, exactitude of number, refinement of instrument, and density of method were unmatched in earlier ages. This Astronomy Treatise records computational methods and every celestial phenomenon noted in dynastic Veritable Records and observatory logs. After Qianlong 60 the Veritable Records offer no material, so the account stops there.
2
天象地體裏差
Celestial Phenomena, Earth's Form, and Li-Cha
3
天象歷象考成天象篇云:「《楚辭·天問》曰:『圜則九重,孰營度之?』 後世歷家,謂天有十二重,非天實有如許重數,蓋言日月星辰運轉於天,各有所行之道,即楚辭所謂圜也。 欲明諸圜之理,必詳諸圜之動,欲考諸圜之動,必以至靜不動者準之,然後得其盈縮。 蓋天道靜專者也,天行動直者也。 至靜者自有一天,與地相為表裏,故群動者運於其間而不息。 若無至靜者以驗至動,則聖人亦無所成其能矣。 人恒在地面測天,而七政之行無不可得者,正為以靜驗動故也。
The Compilation of Heavenly Phenomena quotes the Chu Ci Heavenly Questions: "The heavens are ninefold round — who designed and measured them? Later astronomers spoke of twelve celestial spheres not as literal shells but as the separate paths of sun, moon, and stars — the "round" of the Chu Ci. To understand celestial spheres one must study their motion against an absolutely fixed reference; only then can expansion and contraction be calculated. Heaven's Way is still and single-minded; its motion is active and direct. An absolutely fixed heaven pairs with earth as inner and outer; all moving bodies wheel within it unceasingly. Without a fixed frame against which to measure motion, even the sage could not perfect his art. Observers stand on earth yet can chart the seven luminaries because motion is measured against what does not move.
4
「十二重天,最外者為至靜不動; 次為宗動,南北極赤道所由分也。 次為南北歲差; 次為東西歲差; 此二重天,其動甚微,歷家姑置之而不論焉。 次為三垣二十八宿,經星行焉。 次為填星所行; 次為歲星所行; 次為熒惑所行; 次則太陽所行,黃道是也。 次為太白所行; 次為辰星所行; 最內者則太陰所行,白道是也。 要以去地之遠近而為諸天之內外,然所以知去地之遠近者,則又從諸曜之掩食及行度之遲疾而得之。 蓋凡為所掩食者必在上,而掩之食之者必在下。 月體能蔽日光而日為之食,是日遠月近之徵也。 月能掩食五星,而月與五星又能掩食恒星,是五星高於月而卑於恒星也。 五星又能互相掩食,是五星各有遠近也。
"Of the twelve spheres, the outermost is absolutely fixed; next the primum mobile, which defines the poles and equator; next north-south precession; next east-west precession; these two spheres move imperceptibly and astronomers usually ignore them. next the Three Enclosures and Twenty-eight Mansions where fixed stars travel; next Saturn's sphere; next Jupiter's; next Mars's; next the sun's ecliptic; next Venus's; next Mercury's; innermost the moon's white path. Near and far are ranked by distance from earth, known from mutual occultations, eclipses, and relative speed in degrees. The body eclipsed lies above; the eclipser below. The moon blocks the sun in eclipse, proving the sun farther than the moon. The moon occults the five planets; moon and planets occult fixed stars — planets stand above the moon but below the fixed stars. The five planets also occult one another, each at a different distance.
5
「又宗動天以渾灝之氣挈諸天左旋,其行甚速。 故近宗動天者,左旋速而右移之度遲。 漸遠宗動天,則左旋較遲而右移之度轉速。 今右移之度,惟恒星最遲,土木次之,火又次之。 日、金、水較速而月最速,是又以次而近之證也。」
"The primum mobile, by vast ethereal force, drags all spheres in daily rotation — very fast. Near it, daily rotation is fast and apparent retrograde motion slow. Farther out, daily rotation slows and retrograde motion quickens. Retrograde speed ranks fixed stars slowest, then Saturn and Jupiter, then Mars. The sun, Venus, and Mercury move faster; the moon fastest — another proof of nearness. (closing quotation mark in the source.)
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考成後編日躔歷理云:「西法自多祿某以至第谷,立為本天高卑、本輪、均輪諸說,近世刻白爾、噶西尼等,又以本天為橢圓。」 月離歷理云:「自西人創為橢圓之法,日距月天最高有遠近,則太陰本天心有進退。 地心與天心相距,兩心差有大小。」 合觀諸論,天象備矣。
The Daily Solar Motion Treatise notes: from Ptolemy through Tycho came deferents, epicycles, and eccentrics; Kepler and Cassini made the deferent elliptical. The Lunar Distance Treatise adds: elliptical theory makes the sun's distance from the lunar sphere vary and the lunar deferent center oscillate. Earth center and celestial center diverge by a measurable interval. Taken together, these accounts complete the picture of celestial phenomena.
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恒星天無地半徑差及次輪消息,故誌土星以下七天距地心數,著考測之詳焉。 諸天距地心數:
Fixed stars show no parallax or epicycle variation; below Saturn the treatise lists each planet's distance from earth's center from survey data. Distances from earth center:
8
土星最高一十一又一百零四萬二千六百分之三十五萬二千六百日天半徑;
Saturn apogee: 11 + 1,042,626/352,606 solar radii;
9
木星最高六又一百九十二萬九千四百八十分之一百三十萬五千九百日天半徑;
Jupiter apogee: 6 + 1,929,408/1,305,590 solar radii;
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火星最高二又六百三十萬二千七百五十分之五百五十五萬二千二百五十日天半徑;
Mars apogee: 2 + 6,302,705/5,552,250 solar radii;
11
日均輪術最高一千一百六十二地半徑,橢圓術最高二萬零九百七十五地半徑;
Sun: mean epicycle 1,162 earth radii; ellipse 20,975 earth radii;
12
金星最高高於日一千萬分日天半徑之七百五十四萬五千六百四十四,最下下於日如之;
Venus apogee: 7,545,644/10,000,000 solar radius above the sun; perigee equally below;
13
水星最高高於日一千萬分日天半徑之四百五十三萬二千一百五十五,最下下於日如之;
Mercury apogee: 4,532,155/10,000,000 solar radius above the sun; perigee equally below;
14
月均輪術最高朔望時五十八又百分之一十六地半徑,橢圓術最高六十三又百分之七十七地半徑。
Moon: mean epicycle 58.16 earth radii at syzygy; ellipse 63.77 earth radii.
15
地體渾天家謂天包地如卵裹黃,內經:「黃帝曰:『地之為下否乎?』 岐伯曰:『地為人之下,太虛之中也。』 曰:『憑乎?』 曰:『大義舉之也。』」 大戴禮:「單居離問於曾子曰:『天圓而地方,誠有之乎?』 曾子曰:『如誠天圓而地方,則是四角之不掩也。 參嘗聞諸夫子曰:「天道曰圓,地道曰方。」』」 宋儒邵子曰:「天何依? 依乎地; 地何附? 附乎天。 天地何所依附? 自相依附。 自相依附,天依形,地附氣。」 程子曰:「據日景以三萬里為中,若有窮,然有至一邊已及一萬五千里,而天地之運蓋如初。 然則中者亦時中耳。」 又曰:「今人所定天體,只是且以眼定,視所極處不見,遂以為盡。 然向曾有於海上見南極下有大星十,則今所見天體蓋未定。 日月升降,不過三萬里中,然而中國只到鄯善、沙車,已是一萬五千里。 若就彼觀日,尚只是三萬里中也。 伯淳在澤州,嘗三次食韭黃,始食懷州韭,次食澤州,次食并州,則知數百里間,氣候已爭三月矣。 若都以此差之,則須爭半歲。 如是,則有在此冬至、在彼夏至者,只是一般為冬夏而已。」 朱子天問註云:「天之形圓如彈丸,其運轉者亦無形質,但如勁風之旋。 地則氣之渣滓聚成形質者,但以其束於勁風旋轉之中,故得以兀然浮空甚久而不墮耳。」 西人謂地體渾圓,四面皆有人,冬夏互異,晝夜相反,與內經、戴記及宋儒之言若合符節。 今以天周三百六十度徵之,南行二百里,則北極低一度; 北行二百里,則北極高一度。 東西當赤道下行二百里,則見月食之早晚亦差一度。 其在赤道南北緯圈下行,雖廣狹不同,然莫不應乎渾象。 則知地之大周皆三百六十度,東西南北皆周七萬二千里,以古尺八寸計之,則周九萬里; 以圍三徑一率之,則徑三萬里; 亦與古三萬里為中之說相符。 然則地體渾圓,無疑義矣。 距緯應大周里數不同,為誌其要。
On earth's form: armillary cosmologists say heaven encloses earth like a shell around a yolk. The Inner Classic records: "The Yellow Emperor asked, 'Is earth truly beneath us? Qibo answered, 'Earth lies below humanity, suspended in the Great Void.' The emperor asked, 'On what does it rest?' Qibo said, 'The Great Principle holds it up.'" The Great Dai Rites records Danju Li asking Zengzi, 'Heaven is round and earth square — is that true? Zengzi replied, 'If heaven were round and earth square, the corners would not align.' I heard the Master say, "Heaven's Way is called round; earth's Way is called square."' Shao Yong of the Song asked, "On what does heaven rely? On earth. It relies on earth; On what does earth attach? To heaven. On what do heaven and earth attach to each other? They attach to each other. Mutually attaching: heaven by form, earth by qi." Cheng Yi said, "By gnomon shadow, thirty thousand li marks the center; it seems finite, yet at fifteen thousand li on one side heaven and earth still move as before. The center is only the center for a given moment." He also said, "People define the heavens only by sight — where the eye stops, they call that the edge. Yet at sea ten bright stars appeared south of the pole, so our celestial map remains uncertain. The sun and moon move within thirty thousand li of center, while China reaches only Shanshan and Yarkand — half that span. From there the sun would still appear at the same central distance. At Zezhou, Bochun ate chives three times — from Huai, Ze, and Bing — and found climate three months apart within hundreds of li. Extrapolated, the difference would reach half a year. One place could have winter solstice while another had summer solstice — merely opposite seasons." (closing quotation mark in the source.) Zhu Xi's Heavenly Questions commentary: heaven is round like a pellet; its rotation has no solid body, only a whirl of fierce wind. Earth is condensed qi, held aloft in that whirl so long that it seems to float without falling." Westerners hold the earth a perfect sphere with inhabitants on every side, opposite seasons and reversed day and night — matching the Inner Classic, Dai Rites, and Song masters. Measured against the 360-degree celestial circuit: going 200 li south lowers the north pole 1°; going 200 li north raises it 1°. Along the equator, 200 li east or west shifts lunar eclipse timing by 1°. Movement along parallels north and south of the equator, though distances vary by latitude, matches the armillary model. Earth's full circumference is 360°, 72,000 li in every direction; by the ancient 8-cun foot that is 90,000 li around; with pi as 3, diameter 30,000 li; matching the old doctrine of 30,000 li to the center. Earth is therefore certainly a sphere. East-west distance per degree of latitude varies; the key figures follow.
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赤道南北距緯東西每度相距里數:距緯一度,一百九十九里三百四十步; 距緯五度,一百九十九里八十步; 距緯十度,一百九十六里三百四十步;
East-west distance per degree of latitude from the equator: at 1° latitude, 199 li 340 paces; at 5°, 199 li 80 paces; at 10°, 196 li 340 paces;
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距緯十五度,一百九十三里六十步; 距緯二十度,一百八十七里三百二十步; 距緯二十五度,一百八十一里八十步; 距緯三十度,一百七十三里六十步;
at 15°, 193 li 60 paces; at 20°, 187 li 320 paces; at 25°, 181 li 80 paces; at 30°, 173 li 60 paces;
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距緯三十五度,一百六十三里二百八十步; 距緯四十度,一百五十三里八十步; 距緯四十五度,一百四十一里一百二十步; 距緯五十度,一百二十八里二百步;
at 35°, 163 li 280 paces; at 40°, 153 li 80 paces; at 45° latitude, 141 li 120 paces; at 50°, 128 li 200 paces;
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距緯五十五度,一百一十四里二百四十步; 距緯六十度,九十九里三百四十步; 距緯六十五度,八十四里二百步; 距緯七十度,六十八里一百四十步;
at 55°, 114 li 240 paces; at 60°, 99 li 340 paces; at 65°, 84 li 200 paces; at 70°, 68 li 140 paces;
20
距緯七十五度,五十一里二百四十步; 距緯八十度,三十四里一百六十步; 距緯八十五度,一十七里八十步; 距緯八十九度,三里一百六十步。
at 75°, 51 li 240 paces; at 80°, 34 li 160 paces; at 85°, 17 li 80 paces; at 89°, 3 li 160 paces.
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裏差者,因人所居有南北東西之不同,則天頂地平亦異,可以計裏而定,故名裏差,其所關於仰觀甚鉅。 蓋恒星之隱見,晝夜之永短,七曜之出沒,節氣之早晚,交食之深淺先後,莫不因之而各殊。 惟得其所差之數,則各殊之故,皆可豫知,不致詫為失行而生飾說矣。 新法算書所載各省北極高及東西偏度,大概據輿圖道里定之,多有未確。 今以康熙年間實測各省及諸蒙古高度、偏度,並乾隆時憲所增省分,與回疆部落、兩金川土司等,晝夜永短,節氣早晚,推得高度、偏度備列焉。
Li-cha ("li difference") names the shift in zenith and horizon when observers stand at different longitudes and latitudes; it matters greatly for what one sees overhead. Star visibility, day length, planetary risings, seasonal timing, and eclipse depth and order all vary with place. Once the correction is known, local variation is predictable and need not be mistaken for errant heavens. Earlier manuals listed provincial polar heights and longitudinal offsets from map distances — often inaccurate. Here Kangxi surveys, Qianlong additions, Xinjiang, and Jinchuan observations yield revised polar altitudes and longitudinal offsets.
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北極高度:京師高三十九度五十五分; 盛京高四十一度五十一分; 山西高三十七度五十三分三十秒;
North polar altitude: Beijing 39°55'; Mukden 41°51'; Shanxi 37°53'30";
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朝鮮高三十七度三十九分十五秒; 山東高三十六度四十五分二十四秒; 河南高三十四度五十二分二十六秒; 陜西高三十四度十六分;
Korea 37°39'15"; Shandong 36°45'24"; Henan 34°52'26"; Shaanxi 34°16';
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江南高三十二度四分; 四川高三十度四十一分; 湖廣高三十度三十四分四十八秒; 浙江高三十度十八分二十秒;
Jiangnan 32°04'; Sichuan 30°41'; Huguang 30°34'48"; Zhejiang 30°18'20";
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江西高二十八度三十七分十二秒; 貴州高二十六度三十分二十秒; 福建高二十六度二分二十四秒; 廣西高二十五度十三分七秒;
Jiangxi 28°37'12"; Guizhou 26°30'20"; Fujian 26°02'24"; Guangxi 25°13'07";
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雲南高二十五度六分; 廣東高二十三度十分; 布壟堪布爾嘎蘇泰高四十九度二十八分; 額格塞楞格高四十九度二十七分;
Yunnan 25°06'; Guangdong 23°10'; Bulung Ke'ergasutai 49°28'; Ege Selengge 49°27';
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桑錦達賚湖高四十九度十二分; 肯特山高四十八度三十三分; 克嚕倫河巴爾城高四十八度五分三十秒; 圖拉河汗山高四十七度五十七分十秒;
Sangjin Dalai Lake 49°12'; Kent Mountain 48°33'; Kerulen River Balcheng 48°05'30"; Tula River Khan Mountain 47°57'10";
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喀爾喀河克勒和碩高四十七度三十四分三十秒; 杜爾伯特高四十七度十五分; 鄂爾坤河額爾得尼昭高四十六度五十八分十五秒; 崆格紮布韓堪河高四十六度四十二分;
Khalkha River Keleheshuo 47°34'30"; Dorbet 47°15'; Orkhon River Erdeni Zhao 46°58'15"; Kongge Zhabu Hankhan River 46°42';
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紥賚特高四十六度三十分; 推河高四十六度二十九分二十秒; 科爾沁高四十六度十七分; 郭爾羅斯高四十五度三十分;
Jasak 46°30'; Tui River 46°29'20"; Horqin 46°17'; Gorlos 45°30';
30
阿嚕科爾沁高四十五度三十分; 翁吉河高四十五度三十分; 薩克薩克圖古裏克高四十五度二十三分四十五秒; 烏朱穆沁高四十四度四十五分;
Aru Horqin 45°30'; Wengji River 45°30'; Saksak Tugurik 45°23'45"; Ujumchin 44°45';
31
浩齊特高四十四度六分; 固爾班賽堪高四十三度四十八分; 巴林高四十三度三十六分; 紥嚕特高四十三度三十分;
Haoqit 44°06'; Gurban Saikhan 43°48'; Bairin 43°36'; Jalut 43°30';
32
阿巴哈納爾高四十三度二十三分; 阿巴噶高四十三度二十三分; 奈曼高四十三度十五分; 克什克騰高四十三度;
Abahanaer 43°23'; Abaga 43°23'; Naiman 43°15'; Keshiketeng 43°00';
33
蘇尼特高四十三度; 哈密高四十二度五十三分; 翁牛特高四十二度三十分; 敖漢高四十二度十五分;
Sunid 43°00'; Hami 42°53'; Wengniut 42°30'; Aohan 42°15';
34
喀爾喀高四十一度四十四分; 四子部落高四十一度四十一分; 喀喇沁高四十一度三十分; 茂明安高四十一度十五分;
Khalkha 41°44'; Four-Banner Tribe 41°41'; Kharchin 41°30'; Maominggan 41°15';
35
烏喇特高四十度五十二分; 歸化城高四十度四十九分; 土默特高四十度四十九分; 鄂爾多斯高三十九度三十分;
Urad 40°52'; Guihuacheng 40°49'; Tumed 40°49'; Ordos 39°30';
36
阿拉善山高三十八度三十分。 右康熙年間實測。 雅克薩城高五十一度四十八分; 黑龍江高五十度一分;
Alashan Mountain 38°30'. Above: Kangxi-era surveys. Yaksa 51°48'; Heilongjiang 50°01';
37
三姓高四十七度二十分; 伯都訥高四十五度十五分; 吉林高四十三度四十七分; 甘肅高三十六度八分;
Sanxing 47°20'; Bodune 45°15'; Jilin 43°47'; Gansu 36°08';
38
安徽高三十度三十七分; 湖南高二十八度十三分; 越南高二十二度十六分; 阿勒坦淖爾烏梁海高五十三度三十分;
Anhui 30°37'; Hunan 28°13'; Annam 22°16'; Altan Nur Uryankhai 53°30';
39
汗山哈屯河高五十一度十分; 唐努山烏梁海高五十度四十分; 烏蘭固木杜爾伯特高四十九度二十分; 額爾齊斯河高四十八度三十五分;
Khan Mountain Hatun River 51°10'; Tangnu Mountain Uryankhai 50°40'; Ulan Gom Dorbet 49°20'; Irtysh River 48°35';
40
齋桑淖爾高四十八度三十五分; 阿勒臺山烏梁海高四十八度三十分; 阿勒輝山高四十八度二十分; 科布多城高四十八度二分;
Zaisan Nur 48°35'; Altai Mountain Uryankhai 48°30'; Alehui Mountain 48°20'; Kobdo 48°02';
41
烏裏雅蘇臺城高四十七度四十八分; 哈薩克高四十七度三十分; 塔爾巴哈臺高四十七度; 布勒罕河土爾扈特高四十七度;
Uliastai 47°48'; Kazakh 47°30'; Tarbagatai 47°00'; Bulegan River Torghut 47°00';
42
巴爾噶什淖爾高四十七度; 烏隴古河高四十六度四十分; 赫色勒巴斯淖爾高四十六度四十分; 和博克薩哩土爾扈特高四十六度四十分;
Balkhash Nur 47°00'; Ulungu River 46°40'; Hesele Bas Nur 46°40'; Khoboksar Torghut 46°40';
43
紥哈沁高四十六度三十分; 齋爾土爾扈特高四十六度十分; 哈布塔克高四十五度; 吹河高四十四度五十分;
Zakhchin 46°30'; Jair Torghut 46°10'; Khobdo: 45° latitude; the Chui River: 44°50′ latitude;
44
博羅塔拉高四十四度五十分; 拜達克高四十四度四十三分; 晶河土爾扈特高四十四度三十五分; 庫爾喀喇烏蘇土爾扈特高四十四度三十分;
Bortala: 44°50′ latitude; Badakh: 44°43′ latitude; Jing River Torghut: 44°35′ latitude; Körkö Üüs Torghut: 44°30′ latitude;
45
安濟海高四十四度十三分; 哈什高四十四度八分; 伊犁高四十三度五十六分; 塔拉斯河高四十三度五十分;
Anji Hai: 44°13′ latitude; Kash: 44°8′ latitude; Ili: 43°56′ latitude; the Talas River: 43°50′ latitude;
46
穆壘高四十三度四十五分; 濟木薩高四十三度四十分; 巴裏坤高四十三度三十九分; 崆吉斯高四十三度三十三分;
Mulei: 43°45′ latitude; Jimsar: 43°40′ latitude; Barkol: 43°39′ latitude; Konggis: 43°33′ latitude;
47
烏魯木齊高四十三度二十七分; 珠勒都斯高四十三度十七分; 吐魯番高四十三度四分; 塔什幹高四十三度三分;
Urumqi: 43°27′ latitude; Zhuledusi: 43°17′ latitude; Turfan: 43°4′ latitude; Tashkent: 43°3′ latitude;
48
和碩特高四十三度; 那林山高四十三度; 特穆爾圖淖爾高四十二度五十分; 魯克沁高四十二度四十八分;
Khoshuud: 43° latitude; Nalin Mountain: 43° latitude; Temurtu Nor: 42°50′ latitude; Lukchin: 42°48′ latitude;
49
烏沙克塔勒高四十二度十六分; 哈喇沙爾高四十二度七分; 庫爾勒高四十一度四十六分; 布爾古高四十一度四十四分;
Ushak-tarla: 42°16′ latitude; Karashahr: 42°7′ latitude; Korla: 41°46′ latitude; Burgu: 41°44′ latitude;
50
賽哩木高四十一度四十一分; 納木幹高四十一度三十八分; 庫車高四十一度三十七分; 布嚕特高四十一度二十八分;
Sayram: 41°41′ latitude; Namangan: 41°38′ latitude; Kucha: 41°37′ latitude; Burut: 41°28′ latitude;
51
安集延高四十一度二十八分; 霍罕高四十一度二十三分; 阿克蘇高四十一度九分; 烏什高四十一度六分;
Andijan: 41°28′ latitude; Kokand: 41°23′ latitude; Aksu: 41°9′ latitude; Ush: 41°6′ latitude;
52
鄂什高四十度十九分; 喀什噶爾高三十九度二十五分; 巴爾楚克高三十九度十五分; 英吉沙爾高三十八度四十七分;
Osh: 40°19′ latitude; Kashgar: 39°25′ latitude; Barchuk: 39°15′ latitude; Yengisar: 38°47′ latitude;
53
葉爾羌高三十八度十九分; 斡罕高三十八度; 色埒庫勒高三十七度四十八分; 喀楚特高三十七度十一分;
Yarkand: 38°19′ latitude; Wakhan: 38° latitude; Seriqkul: 37°48′ latitude; Qachar: 37°11′ latitude;
54
哈喇哈什高三十七度十分; 克裏雅高三十七度; 和闐高三十七度; 伊裏齊高三十七度;
Karakash: 37°10′ latitude; Keriya: 37° latitude; Khotan: 37° latitude; Iliq: 37° latitude;
55
博羅爾高三十七度; 三珠高三十六度五十八分; 玉隴哈什高三十六度五十二分; 鄂啰善高三十六度四十九分;
Bolor: 37° latitude; Sanzhu: 36°58′ latitude; Yulong Kash: 36°52′ latitude; Eloshan: 36°49′ latitude;
56
什克南高三十六度四十七分; 巴達克山高三十六度二十三分; 三雜谷高三十二度一分; 黨壩高三十一度五十六分;
Shignan: 36°47′ latitude; Badakhshan: 36°23′ latitude; Sanzagu: 32°1′ latitude; Dangba: 31°56′ latitude;
57
綽斯甲布高三十一度五十三分; 金川勒烏圍高三十一度三十四分; 金川噶拉依高三十一度十九分; 瓦寺高三十一度十七分;
Chosjab: 31°53′ latitude; Jinchuan Lewuwei: 31°34′ latitude; Jinchuan Galai: 31°19′ latitude; Wasi: 31°17′ latitude;
58
革布什咱高三十一度八分; 布拉克底高三十一度四分; 小金川美諾高三十一度; 巴旺高三十度五十八分;
Gebusizan: 31°8′ latitude; Bulakdi: 31°4′ latitude; Lesser Jinchuan Meinuo: 31° latitude; Bawang: 30°58′ latitude;
59
沃克什高三十度五十六分; 明正高三十度二十八分; 木坪高三十度二十五分; 右乾隆時憲所增。
Wokesi: 30°56′ latitude; Mingzheng: 30°28′ latitude; Muping: 30°25′ latitude; Above: Qianlong-era additions to the Shixian Calendar.
60
東西偏度:盛京偏東七度十五分; 浙江偏東三度四十一分二十四秒; 福建偏東二度五十九分;
East-west longitudinal offsets: Shengjing, 7°15′ east of the capital meridian; Zhejiang: 3°41′24″ E of the capital meridian; Fujian: 2°59′ E of the capital meridian;
61
江南偏東二度十八分; 山東偏東二度十五分; 江西偏西三十七分; 河南偏西一度五十六分;
Jiangnan: 2°18′ E of the capital meridian; Shandong: 2°15′ E of the capital meridian; Jiangxi: 37′ W of the capital meridian; Henan: 1°56′ W of the capital meridian;
62
湖廣偏西二度十七分; 廣東偏西三度三十三分十五秒; 山西偏西三度五十七分四十二秒; 廣西偏西六度十四分四十秒;
Huguang: 2°17′ W of the capital meridian; Guangdong: 3°33′15″ W of the capital meridian; Shanxi: 3°57′42″ W of the capital meridian; Guangxi: 6°14′40″ W of the capital meridian;
63
陜西偏西七度三十三分四十秒; 貴州偏西九度五十二分四十秒; 四川偏西十二度十六分; 雲南偏西十三度三十七分;
Shaanxi: 7°33′40″ W of the capital meridian; Guizhou: 9°52′40″ W of the capital meridian; Sichuan: 12°16′ W of the capital meridian; Yunnan: 13°37′ W of the capital meridian;
64
朝鮮偏東十度三十分; 郭爾羅斯偏東八度十分; 紥賴特偏東七度四十五分; 杜爾伯特偏東六度十分;
Korea: 10°30′ E of the capital meridian; Gorlos: 8°10′ E of the capital meridian; Jalaid: 7°45′ E of the capital meridian; Dorbet: 6°10′ E of the capital meridian;
65
紥嚕特偏東五度; 奈曼偏東五度; 科爾沁偏東四度三十分; 敖漢偏東四度;
Jalut: 5° E of the capital meridian; Naiman: 5° E of the capital meridian; Horqin: 4°30′ E of the capital meridian; Aohan: 4° E of the capital meridian;
66
阿祿科爾沁偏東三度五十分; 喀爾喀河克勒和邵偏東二度四十六分; 巴林偏東二度十四分; 喀喇沁偏東二度;
Alu Horqin: 3°50′ E of the capital meridian; Khalkha River Keleheshao: 2°46′ E of the capital meridian; Bairin: 2°14′ E of the capital meridian; Kharachin: 2° E of the capital meridian;
67
翁牛特偏東二度; 烏朱穆秦偏東一度十分; 克什克騰偏東一度十分; 蒿齊忒偏東三十分;
Ungniut: 2° E of the capital meridian; Ujimqin: 1°10′ E of the capital meridian; Keshiketeng: 1°10′ E of the capital meridian; Haoqit: 30′ E of the capital meridian;
68
阿霸哈納爾偏東二十八分; 阿霸垓偏東二十八分; 蘇尼特偏西一度二十八分; 克魯倫河巴拉斯城偏西二度五十二分;
Abag Hanar: 28′ E of the capital meridian; Abagai: 28′ E of the capital meridian; Sunid: 1°28′ W of the capital meridian; Kerulen River Baras City: 2°52′ W of the capital meridian;
69
四子部落偏西四度二十二分; 歸化城偏西四度四十八分; 土默特偏西四度四十八分; 喀爾喀偏西五度五十五分;
Four Banners: 4°22′ W of the capital meridian; Guihua City: 4°48′ W of the capital meridian; Tumed: 4°48′ W of the capital meridian; Khalkha: 5°55′ W of the capital meridian;
70
毛明安偏西六度九分; 吳喇忒偏西六度三十分; 肯忒山偏西七度三分; 鄂爾多斯偏西八度;
Maominggan: 6°9′ W of the capital meridian; Urad: 6°30′ W of the capital meridian; Kentai Mountain: 7°3′ W of the capital meridian; Ordos: 8° W of the capital meridian;
71
圖拉河韓山偏西九度十二分; 翁機河偏西十一度; 固爾班賽堪偏西十一度; 布龍看布爾嘎蘇泰偏西十一度二十二分;
Tula River Hanshan: 9°12′ W of the capital meridian; Wengji River: 11° W of the capital meridian; Gurban Saikhan: 11° W of the capital meridian; Burung Burga Sutai: 11°22′ W of the capital meridian;
72
阿蘭善山偏西十二度; 厄格塞楞格偏西十二度二十五分; 鄂爾昆河厄爾德尼招偏西十三度五分; 推河偏西十五度十五分;
Alashan Mountain: 12° W of the capital meridian; Egeselingge: 12°25′ W of the capital meridian; Orkhon River Erdene Zhao: 13°5′ W of the capital meridian; the Tui River: 15°15′ W of the capital meridian;
73
桑金答賴湖偏西十六度二十分; 薩克薩圖古裏克偏西十九度三十分; 空格衣紮布韓河偏西二十度十二分; 哈密城偏西二十二度三十二分。
Sangjin Dalai Lake: 16°20′ W of the capital meridian; Saksatu Gurik: 19°30′ W of the capital meridian; Kongge Yizhabu Han River: 20°12′ W of the capital meridian; Hami City: 22°32′ W of the capital meridian.
74
右康熙年間實測。 三姓偏東十三度二十分; 黑龍江偏東十度五十八分:吉林偏東十度二十七分;
Above: Kangxi-era measured values. Sanxing: 13°20′ E of the capital meridian; Amur: 10°58′ E; Jilin: 10°27′ E of the capital meridian;
75
伯都訥偏東八度三十七分; 安徽偏東三十四分; 雅克薩城偏西十七分; 湖南偏西三度四十二分;
Boduna: 8°37′ E of the capital meridian; Anhui: 34′ E of the capital meridian; Albazin: 17′ W of the capital meridian; Hunan: 3°42′ W of the capital meridian;
76
越南偏西十度; 甘肅偏西十二度三十六分; 烏裏雅蘇臺城偏西二十二度四十分; 巴裏坤偏西二十三度;
Annam: 10° W of the capital meridian; Gansu: 12°36′ W of the capital meridian; Uliastai City: 22°40′ W of the capital meridian; Barkol: 23° W of the capital meridian;
77
紥哈沁偏西二十三度十分; 唐努山烏梁海偏西二十四度二十分; 哈布塔克偏西二十四度二十六分; 拜達克偏西二十五度;
Zhahacin: 23°10′ W of the capital meridian; Tannu Uriankhai: 24°20′ W of the capital meridian; Khobdo: 24°26′ W of the capital meridian; Badakh: 25° W of the capital meridian;
78
穆壘偏西二十五度三十六分; 烏蘭固木杜爾伯特偏西二十五度四十分; 魯克沁偏西二十六度十一分; 吐魯番偏西二十六度四十五分;
Mulei: 25°36′ W of the capital meridian; Ulan Gom Dorbet: 25°40′ W of the capital meridian; Lukchin: 26°11′ W of the capital meridian; Turfan: 26°45′ W of the capital meridian;
79
濟木薩偏西二十六度五十二分; 科布多城偏西二十七度二十分; 烏魯木齊偏西二十七度五十六分; 布勒罕河土爾扈特偏西二十八度十分;
Jimsar: 26°52′ W of the capital meridian; Kobdo City: 27°20′ W of the capital meridian; Urumqi: 27°56′ W of the capital meridian; Bulegan River Torghut: 28°10′ W of the capital meridian;
80
烏沙克塔勒偏西二十八度二十六分; 阿勒臺山烏梁海偏西二十八度三十五分; 阿勒坦淖爾烏梁海偏西二十八度四十分; 汗山哈屯河偏西二十九度;
Ushak-tarla: 28°26′ W of the capital meridian; Altai Uriankhai: 28°35′ W of the capital meridian; Altan Nor Uriankhai: 28°40′ W of the capital meridian; Hanshan Hatun River: 29° W of the capital meridian;
81
烏隴古河偏西二十九度十五分; 赫色勒巴斯淖爾偏西二十九度十五分; 哈喇沙爾偏西二十度十七分; 庫爾勒偏西二十九度五十六分;
the Ulungu River: 29°15′ W of the capital meridian; Hesele Bas Nor: 29°15′ W of the capital meridian; Karashahr: 20°17′ W of the capital meridian; Korla: 29°56′ W of the capital meridian;
82
塔爾巴哈臺偏西三十度; 珠勒都斯偏西三十度五十分; 安濟海偏西三十度五十四分; 和碩特偏西三十一度;
Tarbagatai: 30° W of the capital meridian; Zhuledusi: 30°50′ W of the capital meridian; Anji Hai: 30°54′ W of the capital meridian; Khoshuud: 31° W of the capital meridian;
83
和博克薩哩土爾扈特偏西三十一度十五分; 庫爾喀喇烏蘇土爾扈特偏西三十一度五十六分; 崆吉斯偏西三十二度; 布古爾偏西三十二度七分;
Hoboksar Torghut: 31°15′ W of the capital meridian; Körkö Üüs Torghut: 31°56′ W of the capital meridian; Konggis: 32° W of the capital meridian; Burgu: 32°7′ W of the capital meridian;
84
額爾齊斯河偏西三十二度二十五分; 齋桑淖爾偏西三十二度二十五分; 哈什偏西三十三度; 齋爾土爾扈特偏西三十三度;
the Irtysh River: 32°25′ W of the capital meridian; Zaisan Nor: 32°25′ W of the capital meridian; Kash: 33° W of the capital meridian; Zhail Torghut: 33° W of the capital meridian;
85
博啰塔拉偏西三十三度三十分; 晶河土爾扈特偏西三十三度三十分; 庫車偏西三十三度三十二分; 克裏雅偏西三十三度三十三分;
Bortala: 33°30′ W of the capital meridian; Jing River Torghut: 33°30′ W of the capital meridian; Kucha: 33°32′ W of the capital meridian; Keriya: 33°33′ W of the capital meridian;
86
伊犁偏西三十四度二十分; 賽哩木偏西三十四度四十分; 哈薩克偏西三十四度五十分; 玉隴哈什偏西三十五度三十七分;
Ili: 34°20′ W of the capital meridian; Sayram: 34°40′ W of the capital meridian; the Kazakhs: 34°50′ W of the capital meridian; Yulong Kash: 35°37′ W of the capital meridian;
87
和闐偏西三十五度五十二分; 伊裏齊偏西三十五度五十二分; 哈喇哈什偏西三十六度十四分; 阿勒輝山偏西三十六度五十分;
Khotan: 35°52′ W of the capital meridian; Iliq: 35°52′ W of the capital meridian; Karakash: 36°14′ W of the capital meridian; Alehui Mountain: 36°50′ W of the capital meridian;
88
阿克蘇偏西三十七度十五分; 三珠偏西三十七度四十七分; 巴爾噶什淖爾偏西三十八度十分; 烏什偏西三十八度二十七分;
Aksu: 37°15′ W of the capital meridian; Sanzhu: 37°47′ W of the capital meridian; Balkhash Nor: 38°10′ W of the capital meridian; Ush: 38°27′ W of the capital meridian;
89
特穆爾圖淖爾偏西三十九度二十分; 巴爾楚克偏西三十九度三十五分; 葉爾羌偏西四十度十分; 英吉沙爾偏西四十一度五十分;
Temurtu Nor: 39°20′ W of the capital meridian; Barchuk: 39°35′ W of the capital meridian; Yarkand: 40°10′ W of the capital meridian; Yengisar: 41°50′ W of the capital meridian;
90
吹河偏西四十二度; 喀什噶爾偏西四十二度二十五分; 色埒庫勒偏西四十二度二十四分; 喀楚特偏西四十二度三十二分;
the Chui River: 42° W of the capital meridian; Kashgar: 42°25′ W of the capital meridian; Seriqkul: 42°24′ W of the capital meridian; Qachar: 42°32′ W of the capital meridian;
91
鄂什偏西四十二度五十分; 博羅爾偏西四十三度三十八分; 巴達克山偏西四十三度五十分; 塔拉斯河偏西四十四度;
Osh: 42°50′ W of the capital meridian; Bolor: 43°38′ W of the capital meridian; Badakhshan: 43°50′ W of the capital meridian; the Talas River: 44° W of the capital meridian;
92
布嚕特偏西四十四度三十五分; 安集延偏西四十四度三十五分; 什克南偏西四十四度四十六分; 那林山偏西四十五度;
Burut: 44°35′ W of the capital meridian; Andijan: 44°35′ W of the capital meridian; Shignan: 44°46′ W of the capital meridian; Nalin Mountain: 45° W of the capital meridian;
93
斡罕偏西四十五度九分; 鄂啰善偏西四十五度二十六分; 納木幹偏西四十五度四十分; 霍罕偏西四十五度五十六分;
Wakhan: 45°9′ W of the capital meridian; Eloshan: 45°26′ W of the capital meridian; Namangan: 45°40′ W of the capital meridian; Kokand: 45°56′ W of the capital meridian;
94
塔什幹偏西四十七度四十三分; 瓦寺偏西十二度五十八分; 木坪偏西十三度三十七分; 沃克什偏西十三度五十一分;
Tashkent lies forty-seven degrees forty-three minutes west of the capital; Wasi lies twelve degrees fifty-eight minutes west of the capital; Muping lies thirteen degrees thirty-seven minutes west of the capital; Wakhan lies thirteen degrees fifty-one minutes west of the capital;
95
三雜谷偏西十三度五十六分; 小金川美諾偏西十四度七分; 布拉克底偏西十四度二十二分; 金川噶拉依偏西十四度二十九分;
Sanzagou lies thirteen degrees fifty-six minutes west of the capital; Lesser Jinchuan at Meinuo lies fourteen degrees seven minutes west of the capital; Bulake lies fourteen degrees twenty-two minutes west of the capital; Jinchuan at Galaiyi lies fourteen degrees twenty-nine minutes west of the capital;
96
黨壩偏西十四度二十九分; 金川勒烏圍偏西十四度三十四分; 巴旺偏西十四度三十四分; 綽斯甲布偏西十四度四十四分;
Dangba lies fourteen degrees twenty-nine minutes west of the capital; Jinchuan at Lewuwei lies fourteen degrees thirty-four minutes west of the capital; Bawang lies fourteen degrees thirty-four minutes west of the capital; Chosjiabu lies fourteen degrees forty-four minutes west of the capital;
97
明正偏西十四度四十九分; 革布什咱偏西十四度五十一分。
Mingzheng lies fourteen degrees forty-nine minutes west of the capital; Geshizhaizan lies fourteen degrees fifty-one minutes west of the capital.
98
右乾隆時憲所增。
The above were additions of the Qianlong Board of Astronomy.