1
宣統皇帝名溥儀,宣宗之曾孫,醇賢親王奕譞之孫,監國攝政王載灃之子也,於德宗為本生弟子。 母攝政王嫡福晉蘇完瓜爾佳氏。 光緒三十二年春正月十四日,誕於醇邸。 光緒三十四年三十四年冬十月壬申,德宗疾大漸,太皇太后命教養宮內。 癸酉,德宗崩,奉太皇太后懿旨,入承大統,為嗣皇帝,嗣穆宗,兼承大行皇帝之祧,時年三歲。 攝政王載灃奉太皇太后懿旨監國。 軍國機務,中外章奏,悉取攝政王處分,稱詔行之,大事並請皇太后懿旨。 詔行三年喪。 甲戌,尊聖祖母慈禧端佑康頤昭豫莊誠壽恭欽獻崇熙皇太后為太皇太后,兼祧母后皇后為皇太后。 先是,太皇太后並亦違豫。 是日,崩。 乙亥,申嚴門禁。 丁酉,尊封文宗祺貴妃為祺皇貴太妃,穆宗瑜貴妃為瑜皇貴妃,珣貴妃為珣皇貴妃,晉妃為晉貴妃,大行皇帝瑾妃為瑾貴妃。 戊寅,停各省進方物。 己卯,誥誡群臣,詔曰:「軍國政事,由監國攝政王裁定,為大行太皇太后懿旨。 自朕以下,一體服從。 嗣后王公百官,儻有觀望玩違,或越禮犯分,變更典章,淆亂國是,定即治以國法,庶無負大行太皇太后委寄之重,而慰天下臣民之望。」 庚辰,頒大行皇帝遺詔。 安慶兵變,剿定之。 十一月乙酉,頒大行太皇太后遺誥。 詔四時祭饗祝版,醇賢親王稱曰「本生祖考醇賢親王」,嫡福晉稱曰「本生祖妣醇賢親王嫡福晉」。 賑湖南澧州等屬水災。 戊子,皇太后懿旨,皇帝萬壽節,俟釋服後,改於每年正月十三日舉行慶賀禮。 庚寅,以即位前期告祭天地、宗廟、社稷、先師孔子,告祭大行太皇太后、大行皇帝几筵。 辛卯,帝即位於太和殿,以明年為宣統元年。 頒詔天下,罪非常所不原者咸赦除之。 詔遵大行太皇太后懿旨,仍定於第九年內,宣統八年頒布憲法,召集議員。 鑄宣統錢。 己亥,頒「中和位育」扁額於文廟。 壬寅,內閣等衙門會奏監國攝政王禮節總目,詔宣布之。 定守衛門禁章程,命貝勒載濤、毓朗、尚書鐵良總司稽察。 以副都統昆源管理察哈爾牧群。 定軍機處領班章京為從三品官,幫領班章京為從四品官。 福建龍溪、南靖等縣水災,發帑銀四萬兩賑之。 乙巳,詔各省督撫督率司道考察屬吏,秉公甄別。 不肖守令罔恤民瘼者,重治之。 立變通旗制處,命貝子溥倫、鎮國公載澤、那桐、寶熙、熙彥、達壽總其事。 諭內外臣工尚節儉,戒浮華。 丙午,遣官告祭孔子闕里、歷代帝王陵寢、五嶽、四瀆。 戊申,皇太后懿旨,罷頤和園臨幸。 加恩慶親王奕劻以親王世襲罔替,貝勒載洵、載濤加郡王銜,皇太后父公桂祥食雙俸,大學士以次,錫賚有差。 辛亥,冬至,祀天於圜丘,莊親王載功代行禮,自是壇廟大祀皆攝。 十二月壬子朔,加上穆宗毅皇帝、孝靜成皇后、孝德顯皇后、孝貞顯皇后、孝哲毅皇后尊謚。 頒宣統元年時憲書。 甲寅,立禁衛軍,命貝勒載濤、毓朗、尚書鐵良專司訓練。 裁湖南鎮溪營遊擊、乾州協守備,減留乾州協各營兵。 旌殉節故直隸提督馬玉昆妾於氏。 賑黑龍江、墨爾根、布特哈、黑水、大賚等城廳水災。 免直隸河間等八州縣被災地畝糧租。 丁巳,祈雪。 命張之洞兼督辦川漢鐵路大臣。 庚申,致仕大學士王文韶卒,贈太保。 追予故云貴總督張亮基謚。 民政部上調查戶口章程表式。 壬戌,袁世凱罷,命大學士那桐為軍機大臣。 癸亥,以梁敦彥為外務部尚書兼會辦大臣。 那桐免步軍統領,以毓朗代之。 乙丑,詔定西陵金龍峪為德宗景皇帝山陵,稱曰崇陵。 丁卯,復祈雪。 己巳,度支部上清理財政章程。 壬申,命張勛所部淮軍仍駐東三省,辦理剿撫事宜。 癸酉,義大利地震災,出帑銀五萬兩助賑。 憲政編查館奏,京旗初選、復選事宜,應歸順天府辦理。 乙亥,諭各省清蠲緩錢糧積弊。 丁丑,復祈雪。 是日,雪。 免陜西各州縣光緒三十二年逋賦。 戊寅,又雪。 憲政編查館上核覆城鄉地方自治,並另擬選舉章程,詔頒行之。 始制寶星,賜外務部總理、會辦大臣及出使各國大臣。 庚辰,設奉天各級審判廳、檢察廳。 辛巳,裁江西督糧道,設巡警、勸業兩道。 宣統元年宣統元年己酉春正月壬午朔,以大行在殯,不受朝賀。 癸未,免江蘇長洲等二十八廳州縣荒廢田地,暨昭文、金壇、丹徒、昆山、新陽、靖江、溧陽等七縣漕屯銀米。 戊子,置呼倫貝爾沿邊卡倫。 庚寅,欽差大臣東三省總督徐世昌以病請免,不許。 辛卯,皇太后聖壽節,停筵宴,不受賀。 甲午,免雲南阿迷州被災逋賦。 乙未,度支部奏改定幣制,請仍飭會議。 下政務處覆議。 開廣西富川縣錫礦。 丁酉,禁置買奴婢。 戊戌,以近年新設衙門,新建省分,調用人員,請加經費,不能綜覈名實,命中外切實考覈裁汰,毋漫無限制。 美利堅國開萬國禁煙會議於江蘇上海,端方蒞會。 乙亥,陳璧被劾罷,以徐世昌為郵傳部尚書。 調錫良為欽差大臣、東三省總督,兼管三省將軍事。 以李經羲為雲貴總督。 壬寅,命雲南交涉使高而謙赴澳門勘界。 民政部上整頓京師內外警政酌改廳區章程。 癸卯,上大行太皇太后尊謚,翼日頒詔天下。 戊申,詔籌備立憲事宜,本年各省應行各節,依限成立,不得延誤。 諭核定新刑律,來年頒行。 復已革廣西提督蘇元春原官。 罷福建廈門貢燕。 己酉,上大行皇帝尊謚廟號,翼日頒詔天下。 庚戌,重整海軍,命肅親王善耆、鎮國公載澤、尚書鐵良、提督薩鎮冰籌畫,慶親王奕劻總司稽查。 罷鐵良專司訓練禁衛軍大臣。 二月壬子,修德宗實錄。 癸丑,諭京、外問刑衙門清訟獄,釐剔弊端。 戊午,農工商部奏,和蘭將訂新律,收華僑入籍,請定國籍法。 下修訂法律大臣會外務部議。 庚申,免浙江仁和等場竈課錢糧。 乙丑,宣示實行預備立憲宗旨,詔曰:「國是已定,期在必成。 內外大小臣工,皆當共體此意,翊贊新猷。 言責諸臣,亦應於一切新政得失利病,剴切敷陳。」 丁卯,命熙彥、喬樹枬、劉廷琛、吳士鑒、周自齊、勞乃宣、趙炳麟、譚學衡與榮慶、陸潤庠、張英麟、唐景崇、寶熙、朱益藩分日進講。 講義令孫家鼐、張之洞核定。 庚午,憲政編查館上統計表式。 甲戌,申鴉片煙禁。 丙子,免雲南宣威州被災村莊銀米。 閏二月甲申,詔嚴預備立憲責成,戒部臣、疆臣因循敷衍,放棄責任。 以服制倫紀攸關,詔自今內外遭父母喪者,滿、漢皆離任聽終制。 命前內閣學士陳寶琛總理禮學館。 免浙江仁和等三十二州縣並杭、嚴二衛,杭、衢、嚴三所荒廢田地山塘丁漕銀米。 丙戌,軍機大臣、大學士那桐丁母憂,詔奪情,百日孝滿改署任,仍入直。 戊子,置庫倫理刑司員。 免廣東新礦井口稅。 予死事安徽炮營管帶官陳昌鏞優恤。 辛卯,監國攝政王班見王公百官於文華殿。 增設海參崴總領事。 頒行度支部印花票稅。 置直省財政監理官。 丙申,裁湖北黃州、荊門、鄖陽、宜昌、施南、德安副將、參將、遊擊、都司、中軍守備各官。 出使大臣伍廷芳與美國訂立公斷專約成。 丁酉,修崇陵。 戊戌,立法政貴胄學堂,命貝勒毓朗總理。 乙巳,旌賞年逾百歲甘肅固原州回民李生潮,賜御書匾額。 己酉,以大行在殯,止年班內外劄薩克蒙古汗、王、貝勒、貝子、公、臺吉、塔布囊等,及呼圖克圖喇嘛,西藏堪布,察木多帕克巴拉,回子伯克,土司、土舍,廓爾喀等毋來京。 三月辛亥,增設浙江巡警道、勸業道。 甲寅,復前河南巡撫李鶴年原官。 庚申,皇太后懿旨,度支部每歲交進年節另款銀二十八萬兩,自今停進。 辛酉,奉移德宗景皇帝梓宮於西陵梁格莊行宮。 甲子,以輪船招商局歸郵傳部管轄。 乙丑,復裁奉天巡警道。 增設洮昌等處兵備道,臨長海等處分巡兵備道。 改奉錦山海關道為錦新等處兵備道兼山海關監督,東邊道為興鳳等處兵備道。 升興京廳為興京府。 丙寅,免梓宮經過宛平、良鄉、涿州、房山、淶水五州縣本年額賦十分之五,易州十分之七,並賞民間平毀麥田銀每畝一錢。 己巳,詔復前戶部尚書立山、兵部尚書徐用儀、吏部左侍郎許景澄、內閣學士聯元、太常寺卿袁昶原官,並賜謚。 命陸軍協都統吳祿貞督辦吉林邊務。 裁山西雁平道。 辛未,以前外務部左參議楊樞充出使比國大臣。 亞東、江孜、噶大克開埠設關。 丙子,增置奉天輝南直隸廳。 戊寅,四川總督趙爾巽、駐藏大臣趙爾豐助款興學,下部優敘。 趙爾巽捐廉贍族,賞御書「誼篤宗親」匾額。 夏四月庚辰,以各國遣使來吊,命貝子銜鎮國將軍載振使日本,法部尚書戴鴻慈使俄羅斯報謝,他國命駐使將事。 甲申,度支部立幣制調查局,鑄通行銀幣。 乙酉,普免光緒十四年訖光緒三十三年直省逋賦。 癸巳,裁吉林琿春、三姓、寧古塔、伯都訥、阿勒楚喀各城副都統。 置琿春兵備道,三姓兵備道。 升改增置綏芬、延吉、五常、雙城、賓州、臨江諸府,伊通直隸州,榆樹直隸廳,寶清、綏遠二州,琿春、濱江、東寧三廳,富錦、穆棱、和龍、樺川、臨湖、汪清、額穆諸縣。 尋復設舒蘭、阿城、勃利、饒河四縣。 甲午,命內閣、部院、翰林、科道會議德宗升祔大禮。 乙未,祈雨。 丙申,甘肅蘭州、涼州、鞏昌、碾伯、會寧各屬災,發帑銀六萬兩賑之。 壬寅,裁奉天左右參贊,承宣、諮議兩廳。 甲辰,復祈雨。 戊申,諭禁煙大臣切實考驗,毋許瞻徇敷衍。 外省文武職官學堂,責成督、撫、將軍、都統等嚴查禁。 五月己酉朔,日有食之。 辛亥,廷試遊學畢業生進士黃德章等一百二十人,授官有差。 壬子,於式枚言,各省諮議局章程與普魯士國地方議會制度不符。 下憲政編查館妥議。 癸丑,陳啟泰卒,以瑞澂為江蘇巡撫。 允浙江紳士為故兵部尚書徐用儀、吏部右侍郎許景澄、太常寺卿袁昶於浙江西湖立祠。 甲寅,復祈雨。 陜甘總督升允以疏陳立憲利弊罷,以長庚代之。 乙卯,命廣福署伊犁將軍。 丁巳,聯豫、溫宗堯奏陳西藏籌辦練兵興學事宜。 己未,命世續署外務部會辦大臣。 楊士驤卒,以端方為直隸總督兼辦理通商事務大臣,張人駿為兩江總督兼辦理通商事務大臣,孫寶琦署山東巡撫。 辛酉,以乍丫地方曩屬四川,命畫歸邊務大臣管轄。 甲子,諭農工商部趣各省興舉農林工藝各政。 乙丑,復祈雨。 是日雨。 戊辰,復前協辦大學士、戶部尚書翁同龢原官。 己巳,唐紹儀免奉天巡撫,以侍郎候補。 辛未,立遊美學務處。 癸酉,河南省改編營制。 甲戌,賑雲南南寧州地震災。 丙子,詔立軍諮處,以貝勒毓朗領之。 攝政王代為統率陸海軍大元帥,貝勒載洵、提督薩鎮冰俱充籌辦海軍大臣。 賑湖南澧州水災。 丁丑,命貝勒載濤管理軍諮處事務。 六月甲申,慶親王奕劻免管理陸軍部事。 賑湖北漢陽等府水災。 乙酉,伊犁始編練陸軍。 丙戌,授程德全奉天巡撫,陳昭常吉林巡撫,周樹模黑龍江巡撫。 丁亥,開甘肅臯蘭縣、新城、西固城渠,以工代賑。 己丑,賑雲南彌勒縣習洱等處地震災。 免雲南太和縣屬上年被災田糧。 庚寅,復已故降調兩廣總督毛鴻賓原官。 追予禦賊殉難已故江蘇常州府通判嶽昌於常州府建祠。 賑奉天安東水災。 甲午,呂海寰罷,以徐世昌充督辦津浦鐵路大臣,沈雲沛副之。 更奉天錦新道名錦新營口等處分巡兵備道。 乙未,吉林大水,發帑銀六萬兩賑之。 賑湖南澧州、安鄉、常德、岳州等廳州縣水災。 丁酉,湖北荊州、漢陽兩府潦,發帑銀六萬兩,並命籌銀二十萬兩急賑之。 辛丑,除熱河新軍營房占用圈地額租。 壬寅,賑浙江錢塘等十一縣水災。 癸卯,罷張勛東三省行營翼長,命赴甘肅提督任。 甲辰,命伍廷芳、錢恂俱來京,以署外務部右丞張蔭棠為出使美墨秘古四國大臣,署外務部右參議吳宗濂為出使義國大臣。 趙爾巽奏平四川寧遠淺水倮夷。 乙巳,賞京師貧民棉衣銀,後以為常。 丙午,命李準為廣東水師提督。 秋七月戊申朔,裁湖南常德、寶慶、永順、岳州、澧州、臨武、桂陽、宣奉、永州、武岡、沅州、綏靖、辰州、嶺東各協、營,暨撫標、提標副將、參將、遊擊、都司、守備等官。 癸丑,浚遼河。 丙辰,籌辦海軍大臣上擬訂海軍長官旗式章服圖說,管理軍諮處上酌擬軍諮處暫行章程。 賑江西萍鄉等縣水災。 丁巳,停秋決。 法部上補訂高等各級審判廳試辦章程及擬定外省審判廳編制大綱。 開四川重慶江北廳龍王洞煤鐵礦。 戊午,免雲南魯甸、鎮雄二廳被災田畝銀米。 甲申,南洋籌設勸業會,命南洋大臣、兩江總督張人駿為會長,各省籌辦協會,出品免稅釐。 辛酉,德宗景皇帝梓宮奉移山陵,免所過各州縣旗租,並賞籽種銀。 甲子,裁河南糧鹽道,增置巡警、勸業二道。 戊辰,諭直省整飭積穀。 恤以死建言頤和園八品苑副永麟。 庚午,增設南洋各島領事。 壬申,學部立圖書館於京師。 洪江會匪姚芢山伏誅。 丙子,湖北平糶。 八月丁丑朔,考察憲政大臣李家駒進日本司法制度考等書。 辛巳,開黑龍江墨爾根嫩江甘河煤礦。 甲申,改吉林濱江道為西北路道,西路道為西南路道,並前設之東北路道、東南路道俱名分巡兵備道。 乙酉,賑福建福州風災,熱河開魯、平泉兩州縣水災。 丙戌,藏番不靖,趙爾豐剿定之。 命候補內閣學士李家駒協理資政院事。 戊子,京張鐵路工成。 除浙江鎮海縣開浚河道挖廢民竈田地銀米。 己丑,開湖南平江金礦,新化銻礦,常寧鉛礦。 庚寅,予救父捐軀湖北黃陂縣舉人陳鴻偉孝行,宣付史館。 丁酉,大學士孫家鼐、張之洞並以病乞休。 詔慰留之。 戊戌,農工商部奏試行勸業富簽公債票。 己亥,大學士張之洞卒,贈太保,入祀賢良祠。 命戴鴻慈在軍機大臣上學習行走。 以廷傑為法部尚書,葛寶華為禮部尚書。 庚子,調誠勛為熱河都統,以溥良為察哈爾都統。 癸卯,京師開廠煮粥濟貧民,發粟二千五百石有奇,已改設教養局、習藝所者仍給之,歲以為常。 乙巳,修訂法律大臣進編訂現行刑律,下憲政編查館核議。 丙午,詔以九月初一日為各省召集議員開議之期,特申誥誡。 諭曰:「諮議局議員於地方利弊當切實指陳,妥善計畫。 勿挾私心以妨公益,勿逞意氣以紊成規,勿見事太易而議論稍涉囂張,勿權限不明而定法或滋侵越。 各督撫亦當虛心采納,裁度施行,以期上下一心,漸臻上理。 至開局以後,各督撫尤應遵照定章,實行監督,務使議決事件不稍逾越權限,違背法律。 共攄忠愛,以圖富強,朕實有厚望焉。」 是月,載洵、薩鎮冰出洋考查海軍。 九月丁未朔,始制爵章頒賜。 辛亥,和蘭保和會條約成,分別批準畫押。 癸丑,命趙爾巽兼署成都將軍。 乙卯,內閣會奏德宗升祔大禮。 詔穆宗毅皇帝、德宗景皇帝同為百世不祧之廟,宜以昭穆分左右,不以昭穆分尊卑。 定德宗升祔太廟中殿,供奉西又次楹又五室穆位。 前殿於文宗顯皇帝之次,恭設坐西東向穆位。 奉先殿準此。 永為定制。 丁巳,賞陸軍貴胄學堂畢業學生子爵成全等侍衛,及進敘有差。 己未,資政院上選舉章程。 壬戌,德人遊歷雲南,為怒夷所害,捕誅之。 甲子,豫河安瀾。 賑廣東省城及南海各縣水災。 乙丑,錫林果勒盟阿巴嘎、阿巴哈那爾、浩齊特、烏珠穆沁災,發帑銀三萬兩賑之。 賑雲南鎮雄等州縣水災。 丙寅,黃河安瀾。 授鹿傳霖體仁閣大學士,吏部尚書陸潤庠協辦大學士。 賞遊學畢業生項驤等舉人。 辛未,升翰林院侍講學士為正四品,侍讀、侍講從四品,撰文秘書郎、修撰正五品,編修、檢討從五品。 頒爪哇僑民捐立學堂扁額。 癸酉,南河安瀾。 是月,韓人安重根戕日本前朝鮮統監伊藤博文於哈爾濱。 冬十月丁丑朔,四川西昌、會理交界二板房夷匪為亂,官軍剿平之。 成都將軍馬亮卒。 庚辰,葬孝欽顯皇后於菩陀峪定東陵,免梓宮經過州縣地方額賦,並賞平毀麥田籽種銀。 乙酉,孝欽顯皇后神牌祔太廟,翼日頒詔天下。 丙戌,定成都將軍勿庸統轄松潘、建昌。 以玉昆為成都將軍。 丁亥,直隸總督端方坐違制奪職。 調陳夔龍為直隸總督,兼辦理通商事務大臣,瑞澂署湖廣總督,寶棻為江蘇巡撫。 以孫寶琦為山東巡撫,丁寶銓為山西巡撫。 己丑,詔第一、二屆籌辦憲政事宜,內外諸臣應竭誠負責,並命憲政編查館稽核所奏成績,有因循敷衍、措置遲逾者,甄劾以聞。 庚寅,憲政編查館上釐定各省提法使官制章程。 開庫倫哈拉格囊圍金礦。 延祉以疾免,命三多署庫倫辦事大臣。 辛卯,江蘇溧陽、金壇、荊溪、宜興、丹徒、丹陽、震澤等縣災,發帑銀三萬兩賑之。 癸巳,民政部奏,援案請賞米石,核定各廠院實需數目,收養貧民,詔行之。 賑雲南大姚、文山等縣水災。 甲午,大學士孫家鼐卒,贈太傅,入祀賢良祠,賞銀治喪。 詔以已故五品卿銜山西即用知縣汪宗沂經學卓越,宣付史館。 賞食餉閑散宗室、覺羅人等一月錢糧,暨孤寡半月錢糧,八旗、綠、步各營官兵半月錢糧,歲以為常。 丁酉,免雲南元江州屬被水田畝銀米。 庚子,東明黃河安瀾。 癸卯,除廣東緝匪花紅,自今文武官有再收花紅者以贓論。 復前禮部尚書李端棻原官。 甲辰,停今年吉林珠貢。 乙巳,順天紳士請為已故戶部尚書立山、內閣學士聯元立祠,許之。 十一月戊申,免直隸武清等十一廳縣額賦旗租,開州、東明、長垣等三州縣額賦。 己酉,上兼祧母后皇太后徽號曰隆裕皇太后,翼日頒詔天下。 癸丑,民政部上府廳州縣自治選舉章程。 癸亥,復前福建巡撫張兆棟原官。 設黑龍江璦琿沿邊卡倫二十,自額爾古訥河訖於遜河口。 乙丑,置督辦鹽政大臣,以載澤為之,產鹽省分督撫為會辦鹽政大臣,行鹽省分督撫俱兼銜。 丙寅,授陸潤庠體仁閣大學士,戴鴻慈以尚書協辦大學士。 辛未,以貝勒毓朗為步軍統領。 癸酉,都察院上互選規則。 乙亥,學部上女學服色章程。 予絕學專家已故候選同知直隸州知州華蘅芳,與其弟故直隸州州判世芳,及已故二品封職徐壽俱宣付史館。 十二月己卯,詔求直言。 辛巳,增置奉天安圖、撫松二縣。 壬午,賞遊學專門詹天佑等工科、文科、法科進士,工科、格致科舉人。 癸未,免山東青城等八十九州縣及衛所鹽場本年錢糧。 乙酉,德宗景皇帝神牌升祔奉先殿。 賞一產三男河南柘城縣民婦張劉氏、通許縣民婦田厲氏米布。 賑廣東佛山等十三廳縣災。 丙戌,定太醫院院使為四品。 戊子,錄咸豐、同治年間戡定發、撚、回諸匪功臣後,敘官有差。 除琿春軍隊營房占用旗戶地畝租。 庚寅,趙爾豐奏四川德格土司多格生吉納土,改設流官,賞土舍都司世襲。 壬辰,慶親王奕劻免管理陸軍貴胄學堂,以貝勒載潤代之。 癸巳,增置熱河隆化縣。 乙未,憲政編查館上禁煙條例,頒行之。 復故前湖南巡撫陳寶箴原官。 丙申,憲政編查館上禁買賣人口條款。 戊戌,法部上法官懲戒章程。 己亥,憲政編查館上京師地方自治選舉章程。 庚子,升太醫院左右院判為五品。 壬寅,憲政編查館上府廳州縣地方自治章程,並府廳州縣議事會議員選舉章程。 癸卯,憲政編查館上法院編制法,並法官考試任用、司法區城分劃、及初級暨地方審判廳管轄案件各暫行章程。 宣統二年-二年庚戌春正月丙午朔,不受朝賀。 己酉,廣州新軍作亂,練軍討平之。 辛亥,詔以人心浮動,黨會繁多,混入軍營,句引煽惑,命軍諮處、陸軍部、南北洋大臣新舊諸軍嚴密稽查,軍人尤重服從長官命令,如有聚眾開會演說,並嚴查禁。 移吉林大通縣駐松花江南岸,更名方正縣。 乙卯,廣東革命黨王占魁等伏誅。 丁巳,達賴喇嘛患川兵至,出奔。 諭聯豫等仍遣員迎護回藏。 辛酉,詔奪阿旺羅布藏吐布丹甲錯濟寨汪曲卻勒朗結達賴喇嘛名號。 鹽政處上督辦鹽政試行章程。 癸亥,協辦大學士戴鴻慈卒,贈太子少保銜,賞銀治喪。 呂海寰等上中國紅十字會章程,命盛宣懷充會長。 監察御史江春霖以論慶親王奕劻誤國,斥回原衙門。 命郵傳部尚書徐世昌協辦大學士,內閣學士吳郁生在軍機大臣上學習行走。 甲子,管理軍諮處貝勒戴濤請赴日本、美、英、法、德、義、奧、俄八國考察陸軍。 辛未,英國舉行萬國刑律改良會,法部奏遣檢察廳長徐謙往與會。 甲戌,詔:「預備立憲,宜化除成見,悉泯異同。 自今滿、漢文武諸臣陳奏事件,一律稱臣,以昭畫一而示大同。」 二月乙亥朔,聯豫請以新噶勒丹池巴羅布藏丹巴代理前藏事務。 丙子,禁洋商湖南購運米石。 辛巳,鐵良以疾免,以蔭昌為陸軍部尚書,梁敦彥為稅務處會辦大臣。 免浙江仁和、海沙、鮑郎、蘆瀝四場暨江蘇橫浦、浦東二場荒蕪竈蕩宣統元年逋課。 壬午,免陜西榆林等四州縣舊欠,榆林府倉糧米草束。 乙酉,以內閣侍讀學士梁誠為出使德國大臣。 丁亥,民政部上修正報律,下憲政編查館核奏。 己丑,復發帑銀三萬兩賑安徽災。 壬辰,免吉林五常廳、樺甸縣宣統元年逋賦。 甲午,聯豫奏拉裏僧俗暨工布番兵投誠歸化。 丙申,葛寶華卒,調榮慶為禮部尚書,以唐景崇為學部尚書。 己亥,予故湖北提督夏毓秀優恤。 癸卯,憲政編查館上行政綱目。 籌辦海軍大臣奏各司名目職掌。 三月乙巳朔,王士珍以疾免,命雷震春署江北提督。 己酉,雲南威寧邪匪襲昭城,官軍剿滅之,匪首李老麽伏誅。 辛亥,湖南民饑倡變,諭擒首要,散脅從。 壬子,湖南巡撫岑春蓂罷,命楊文鼎暫代之。 遣楊士琦赴南洋充勸業會審查總長。 丁巳,祈雨。 庚申,雨。 追復故海軍提督丁汝昌原官。 廢秋審覆審舊制。 諭沿江各省督撫平糶。 河南巡撫吳重熹免,以寶棻代之。 調程德全為江蘇巡撫。 壬戌,予遺愛在民故太常寺卿袁昶安徽蕪湖縣建祠。 癸亥,裁奉天巡撫。 授廣福伊犁將軍。 甲子,革命黨人汪兆銘、黃復生、羅世勛謀以藥彈轟擊攝政王,事覺,捕下法部獄。 庚午,旌殉夫烈婦山東曲阜孔令保妻潘氏,宣付史館。 夏四月甲戌朔,詔資政院於本年九月一日開院,欽選宗室王、公世爵、宗室、覺羅各部院官暨碩學通儒議員八十八人,前期召集。 丙子,裁福建督糧道,增設巡警道、勸業道。 丁丑,命載濤充專使大臣,往英國吊祭。 戊寅,賞遊學畢業生吳匡時等七人工科進士、法政科舉人有差。 庚辰,憲政編查館修訂法律大臣進現行刑律,命頒行之。 詔曰:「此項刑律,為改用新律之預備。 內外問刑衙門,當悉心講求,依法聽斷。 毋任意出入,致枉縱。」 癸未,詔:「各省增設巡警、勸業兩道,原期保衛治安,振興實業。 督撫於已補人員悉心考覈,如不能勝任,或於缺不宜,即奏明另補,毋回護瞻徇。」 乙酉,聯豫請西藏曲水、哈拉烏蘇、江達、山南、碩般多及三十九族地方各設委員一人,並停藏番造槍、造幣兩廠。 前出使義大利大臣錢恂進和會條約譯詮。 丁亥,以江北鹽梟、會匪出沒靡常,諭雷震春剿撫之。 己丑,度支部上幣制兌換則例。 詔:「國幣單位,定名曰圓。 暫就銀為本位,以一圓為主幣,重庫平七錢二分。 另以五角、二角五分、一角三種銀幣,及五分鎳幣,二分、一分、五釐、一釐四種銅幣為輔幣。 圓、角、分、釐,各以十進,著為定制。」 以聯芳為荊州將軍。 庚寅,定續選納稅多額十人為議員。 辛卯,命郵傳部侍郎汪大燮充出使日本大臣。 癸巳,梁敦彥以疾免,以鄒嘉來署外務部尚書兼會辦大臣。 除湖北石首縣文義洲地方租課、蘆課。 丙申,湖南巡撫岑春蓂褫職。 五月丙辰,升四川寧遠阿拉所巡檢為鹽邊廳撫夷通判。 戊午,湖南常德府水潦災,發帑銀二萬兩賑之。 李經羲奏雲南永昌府屬鎮康土州改流官,增置永康州。 免雲南陸涼州被旱銀糧。 辛酉,賑江北海州等處水災。 癸亥,都察院代遞諮議局議員孫洪伊等並直省旗籍代表等呈請速開國會。 詔仍俟九年籌備完全,再行降旨定期召集議員,宣諭之。 甲子,免湖南苗疆佃民欠租,湖南鳳凰、乾州、永綏、保靖、瀘溪、麻陽、古丈坪七廳縣積欠屯租穀石。 己巳,賑湖北災。 辛未,裁奉天同江廳河防同知。 六月壬午,黑龍江災,發帑銀二萬兩賑之。 乙酉,汪大燮進考查英國憲政編輯各書。 己丑,命籌辦海軍事務大臣貝勒載洵充參預政務大臣。 壬辰,命外務部侍郎胡惟德充稅務處幫辦大臣。 丙申,詔:「各省督撫勞於行政,亟於籌款,而恒疏於察吏。 不知吏治不修,則勞民傷財,亂端且從此起,新政何由而行? 其各慎選牧令,為地擇人,斯為綏靖地方至計。」 戊戌,詔各部院、各督撫嚴劾貪官汙吏,並諭貴戚及中外大臣敦品勵行,整躬率屬。 己亥,命載澤、壽勛會阿穆爾靈圭、載潤查辦前鋒營暨內務府三旗護軍營,釐定章程以聞。 是月,山東萊陽紳民相仇,匪首曲思文聚眾萬餘,圍攻城邑,劫殺官兵,海陽亦因徵收錢糧激變,旋並平定之。 秋七月甲辰,裁福建督糧道,置勸業道。 瑞興免,以誌銳為杭州將軍。 乙巳,瑞澂、楊文鼎奏湘省匪勢蔓延,擬行清鄉法,從之。 戊申,詔農工商部會同各督撫等調查礦產,熟籌開辦。 庚戌,詔趣各督撫查造官民荒田及氣候土宜圖冊,並興舉工藝實業,報農工商部奏聞。 壬子,農工商部立度量權衡用器制造廠。 癸丑,貝勒載濤奏考察各國軍政,軍人犯罪,統歸軍法會議處審斷,非普通裁判所得與聞。 諭照行之。 甲寅,世續、吳郁生免軍機大臣,以毓朗、徐世昌為軍機大臣。 命唐紹儀署郵傳部尚書。 毓朗免步軍統領並專司訓練禁衛軍大臣。 命烏珍兼署步軍統領。 設各省交涉使。 新疆陸軍營官田熙年以擅殺釀變伏誅。 丙辰,安徽皖南、南陵、宿州、靈壁等屬潦災,發帑銀四萬兩賑之。 丁巳,法部上秋審條款。 庚申,前江西提學使浙路總理湯壽潛,以劾盛宣懷為蘇浙路罪魁禍首,奪職。 辛酉,賑皖北饑民。 以忠瑞為科布多辦事大臣。 聯魁免新疆巡撫,以何彥升代之。 改各省按察使為提法使。 甲子,大學士鹿傳霖卒,贈太保,入祀賢良祠,賞銀治喪。 乙丑,命外務部參議上行走沈瑞麟充出使奧國大臣,外務部右丞劉玉麟充和蘭萬國禁煙大會全權委員。 戊辰,奉天開葫蘆島港。 己巳,置黑龍江訥河直隸廳同知。 是月,載洵、薩鎮冰復往美利堅、日本兩國考察海軍。 八月甲戌,置奉天鎮東縣。 乙亥,清銳免,以鐵良為江寧將軍。 癸未,命沈家本充資政院副總裁。 甲申,以外務部右丞劉玉麟充出使英國大臣。 丁亥,理藩部奏變通禁止出邊開墾地畝、民人聘娶蒙古婦女、內外蒙古不準延用內地書吏教讀、公牘不得擅用漢文,蒙古人不得用漢字命名等舊例,許之。 增置四川昭覺縣。 己丑,聯芳免,以鳳山為荊州將軍。 命蔭昌兼訓練近畿各鎮大臣。 甲子,命近畿陸軍各鎮俱歸陸軍部管轄。 裁近畿督練公所。 增置奉天鹽運使。 改四川鹽茶道為鹽運使,茶務歸勸業道管理。 乙未,以奏報禁種煙苗粉飾,下吉林、黑龍江、河南、山西、福建、廣西、雲南、新疆諸省督撫部議,申諭各省嚴切查禁。 丙午,授徐世昌為體仁閣大學士,以吏部尚書李殿林協辦大學士。 丁酉,以廓爾喀額爾德尼王畢熱提畢畢噶爾瑪生寫熱曾噶扒噶都熱薩哈拒西藏求援兵,詔嘉獎之。 庚子,賑陜西華、渭南兩州縣潦災。 九月辛丑朔,資政院舉行開院禮,監國攝政王蒞會頒訓辭。 壬寅,賞遊學畢業生吳乃琛等四百五十九人文、醫、格致、農、工、商、法政進士、舉人有差。 癸卯,免甘肅河、金、渭源、伏羌、安定、會寧、寧靈、循化、秦九廳州縣上年被災地畝錢糧草束。 丙午,江北徐州等屬雨潦災,命度支部發帑賑之。 乙巳,署綏遠城將軍、督辦墾務大臣信勤以疾免,調堃岫代之。 以奎芳為烏裏雅蘇臺將軍。 戊申,命度支部再發帑銀二萬兩賑皖北災。 壬子,張人駿以上海市情危急,請借洋款酌劑,並輸運庫帑銀五十萬兩,許之。 癸丑,永定河安瀾。 賑四川釂竹等廳縣水災。 甲寅,裁海龍圍場總管。 丙辰,詔直省舉賢良方正,從嚴甄取。 己未,予積貲興學山東堂邑義丐武訓事實宣付史館。 裁湖南常德府同知、寶慶府長安營同知。 癸亥,諭綏遠城墾務緊要,沿邊道廳以下官,凡關墾務者,均聽墾務大臣節制。 丙寅,楊樞以疾免,命農工商部右丞李國傑充出使比國大臣。 賑黑龍江水災。 丁卯,袁樹勛以疾免,命張鳴岐署兩廣總督。 以沈秉堃為雲南巡撫。 戊辰,裁貴州副將、遊擊、都司、守備等官。 免新疆迪化等十一廳縣民欠錢糧、籽種。 十月癸酉,詔改於宣統五年開國會,以直省督撫多以為言,復據順天直隸各省諮議局人民代表請原速開國會,故有是命。 甲戌,命溥倫、載澤充纂擬憲法大臣。 乙亥,黃河安瀾。 丁丑,廣西岑溪匪亂,官軍剿定之,匪首陳榮安伏誅。 程文炳卒,以程允和為長江水師提督,命甘肅提督張勛接統江南浦口各營。 免甘肅靈州水災銀米。 庚辰,增韞奏浙江裁綠營改編水師。 辛巳,詔以縮改宣統五年開設議院,責成各主管衙門切實籌備,民政、度支、法、學諸部俱有應負責任,提前通盤籌畫,分別最要、次要,詳細以聞。 並誡勉直省督撫淬厲精神,切實遵行,毋再因循推諉,致誤限期。 壬午,何彥升卒,以袁大化為新疆巡撫。 戊戌,予故大學士、前署兩廣總督張之洞於江寧省城建祠。 十一月癸卯,罷陸軍尚書、侍郎及左右丞、參議,改設陸軍大臣、副大臣各一人。 置海軍部,設海軍大臣、副大臣各一人。 以蔭昌為陸軍大臣,壽勛副之。 貝勒載洵為海軍大臣,譚學衡副之。 乙巳,命海軍提督薩鎮冰統巡洋長江艦隊。 丙午,雲南大姚縣民亂,入城劫獄殺人,官軍剿定之,匪首陳文培、鄧良臣俱伏誅。 己酉,命前安徽巡撫馮煦為江、皖籌賑大臣。 壬子,農工商部進編輯棉花圖說。 丁巳,資政院言軍機大臣責任不明,難資輔弼,請設立責任內閣。 詔以朝廷自有權衡,非院臣所得擅預,斥之。 雷震春罷,命段祺瑞署江北提督。 庚申,陳夔龍奏順直諮議局呈請明年即開國會,諭提前豫備事宜已慮不及,豈能再議更張。 命剴切宣示,不準再行要求瀆奏。 加賞普濟教養局倉米六十石,月以為常。 辛酉,置各省高等審判、檢察廳,設丞、長,湖南緩設。 癸亥,東三省國會請原代表來京,呈請明年即開國會。 軍機大臣以聞。 詔民政部、步軍統領衙門勒歸籍,勿逗留,再有來京及各省聚眾者察治之。 甲子,詔趣憲政編查館擬訂籌備清單,內閣官制並纂擬具奏。 予故大學士張之洞於湖北省城建祠。 乙丑,慶親王奕劻請免軍機大臣及總理外務部,優詔慰留之。 己巳,資政院請明諭剪發易服。 十二月壬申,諭各省曉諭學堂,禁學生幹豫政治,聚眾要求,違者重治。 丙子,唐紹儀以疾免,以盛宣懷為郵傳部尚書。 丁丑,察哈爾右翼四旗蒙古災,發帑銀一萬兩賑之。 己卯,誌銳請變通銷除旗檔舊制。 辛巳,召增祺入覲,命孚琦署廣州將軍。 壬午,召趙爾巽入覲。 癸未,重申煙禁,地方官仍前粉飾者罪之,並命民政、度支二部考核。 命各省總督會同憲政編查館王大臣參訂外省官制。 乙酉,裁並江蘇州縣,設審判廳。 江寧以江寧並入上元,蘇州以長洲、元和並入吳,江都並入甘泉,昭文並入常熟,新陽並入昆山,震澤並入吳江,婁並入華亭,陽湖並入武進,金匱並入無錫,荊溪並入宜興。 丁亥,憲政編查館上遵擬修正逐年籌備事宜清單。 裁吉林水師營官丁。 戊子,四川匪踞黔江縣為亂,官軍擊卻之,復其城。 己丑,考察憲政大臣李家駒進日本租稅制度考、會計制度考。 癸巳,四川匪首溫朝鍾竄入湖北咸豐縣境,擒斬之。 乙未,命貝子銜鎮國將軍載振充頭等專使大臣,賀英君加冕。 資政院議決新刑律總則、分則,詔頒布之。 丙申,免陜西咸寧等六十四府廳州縣光緒三十三年逋賦,並廣有倉錢糧草束。 丁酉,資政院上議決統一國庫章程。 戊戌,資政院奏議決宣統三年歲出歲入總豫算。 廷傑卒,以紹昌為法部尚書。 己亥,裁甘肅蘭州道,置勸業道。 是月,江、淮饑,人相食。 東三省疫。 宣統三年-三年辛亥春正月庚子朔,以山海關外防疫,天寒道阻,諭陳夔龍、錫良安置各省工作人。 丙午,馮煦奏察勘徐、淮災狀。 己酉,免江蘇長洲等四十廳州縣田地銀糧。 庚戌,賑江蘇高郵、寶應、清河、安東、山陽、阜寧等縣水災。 甲寅,度支部上全國豫算章程。 丙辰,釋服。 御史胡思敬劾憲政編查館,言新官不可濫設,舊官不可盡裁; 起草應用正人,頒行當采眾議。 下其章於政務處。 庚申,調誌銳為伊犁將軍,廣福為杭州將軍。 乙丑,除非刑。 凡遣、流以下罪,毋用刑訊。 法部奏上已革綏遠城將軍貽穀罪論死。 詔改戍新疆效力贖罪。 乙巳,命周樹模會勘中俄邊界。 是月,直隸、山東民疫。 二月庚午朔,予故大學士、前湖南巡撫王文韶於湖南省城建祠。 馮煦請濬睢河。 民政部上編訂戶籍法。 壬申,諭所司防疫,毋藉端騷擾,並命民政部、步軍統領衙門、順天府以保衛民生之意諭人民。 乙亥,四川德格、春科、高日三土司改設流官,置邊北道,登科府,德化、白玉二州,石渠、同普二縣。 定應遣新疆軍臺人犯改發巴、藏。 丙子,免雲南昆明等三州縣被災田地條糧銀米。 丁丑,免浙江仁和等三十州縣,杭、嚴二衛,衢、嚴二所荒地錢糧漕米。 戊寅,改陸軍部、海軍部大臣、副大臣為正都統、副都統,仍以蔭昌、壽勛、載洵、譚學衡為之。 英人占片馬。 癸未,命李家駒撰擬講義輪班進呈。 丙戌,裁駐藏幫辦大臣,設左右參贊。 丁亥,頒浙江惠興女學堂「貞心毅力」扁額。 己丑,外務部上勛章贈賞章程。 命度支部右侍郎陳邦瑞、學部右侍郎李家駒、民政部左參議汪榮寶協纂憲法。 以誠勛為廣州將軍,溥颋為熱河都統。 以貝子溥倫為農工商部尚書,世續為資政院總裁,李家駒副之,劉若曾為修訂法律大臣。 壬辰,禁洋商運鹽入口。 改設英屬檳榔嶼正領事官。 三月庚子,以劉銳恒為雲南提督。 裁稽察守衛處,置管理前鋒、護軍等營事務處,三旗護軍仍隸內務府。 陸軍部奏,東三省測量局員焦滇賄賣秘密地圖,誅之。 辛丑,裁奉天承德、錦二縣。 壬寅,裁四川川北、重慶二鎮總兵官。 癸卯,頒盡忠節、守禮節、尚武勇、崇信義、敦樸素、重廉恥六條訓諭軍人。 丁未,賞陸軍各鎮、協統制、統領等官何宗蓮、李奎元等陸軍副都統銜、協都統有差。 戊申,吉林濬圖們江航路通於海。 己酉,命出使義國大臣吳宗濂充專使,賀義大利立國慶典。 庚戌,革命黨人以藥彈擊殺署廣州將軍孚琦。 壬子,以薩鎮冰為海軍副都統。 趙爾豐奏平三巖野番,改孔撒、麻書兩土司,設流官。 甲寅,授張鳴岐兩廣總督。 乙卯,度支部尚書載澤與英美德法四國銀行締結借款契約。 丙辰,賞伊犁將軍誌銳尚書銜,伊犁地方文武各官受節制。 免浙江仁和等三十七州縣並衛所田塘宣統二年銀糧。 戊午,以江、皖、豫災,命馮煦會三省督撫籌春賑。 己未,和蘭開禁煙會於海牙,命出使德國大臣梁誠往與會。 賑科布多劄哈沁蒙古遊牧災。 庚申,錫良以疾免,調趙爾巽為東三省總督,授欽差大臣,兼管三省將軍事。 加直隸熱河道提法使銜。 辛酉,命趙爾豐署四川總督,王人文為川滇邊務大臣。 予哀毀殉親前浙江巡撫聶緝椝孝行宣付使館。 癸亥,漢儒趙岐、元儒劉因俱從祀文廟。 華商創立大同學校於日本橫濱,頒「育才廣學」扁額。 丁卯,革命黨人黃興率其黨於廣州焚總督衙署,擊走之。 夏四月辛未,楊文鼎請緩裁湖南綠營及防軍。 甲戌,賞遊學畢業生鍾世銘、汪爔芝等法政科進士、舉人,工科舉人有差。 丙子,趙爾巽奏請用人行政便宜行事,從之。 丁丑,裁山東撫、鎮標營官。 戊寅,詔改立責任內閣。 頒內閣官制。 授慶親王奕劻為內閣總理大臣,大學士那桐、徐世昌俱為協理大臣。 以梁敦彥為外務大臣,善耆為民政大臣,載澤為度支大臣,唐景崇為學務大臣,蔭昌為陸軍大臣,載洵為海軍大臣,紹昌為司法大臣,溥倫為農工商大臣,盛宣懷為郵傳大臣,壽耆為理藩大臣。 復命內閣總、協理大臣俱為國務大臣,內閣總理大臣、協理大臣均充憲政編查館大臣,慶親王奕劻仍管理外務部。 置弼德院,以陸潤庠為院長,榮慶副之。 罷舊內閣、辦理軍機處及會議政務處。 大學士、協辦大學士仍序次於翰林院。 裁內閣學士以下官。 置軍諮府,以貝勒載濤、毓朗俱為軍諮大臣,命訂府官制。 趙爾巽會陳夔龍、張人駿、瑞澂、李經羲與憲政編查館大臣商訂外省官制。 己卯,慶親王奕劻、大學士那桐、徐世昌俱辭內閣總理、協理,不許,趣即任事。 重申鴉片煙禁,諭民政、度支二部,各省督撫剋期禁絕。 詔定鐵路國有。 先是,給事中石長信疏論各省商民集股造路公司弊害,宜敕部臣將全國幹路定為國有,自餘枝路準各省紳商集股自修,上韙之,下郵傳部議。 至是,奏言:「中國幅員廣袤,邊疆遼遠,必有縱橫四境諸大幹路,方足以利行政而握中樞。 從前規畫未善,致路政錯亂紛歧,不分枝幹,不量民力,一紙呈請,輒準商辦。 乃數載以來,粵則收股及半,造路無多。 川則倒帳甚鉅,參追無著。 湘、鄂則開局多年,徒供坐耗。 循是不已,恐曠日彌久,民累愈深,上下交受其害。 應請定幹路均歸國有,枝路任民自為。 曉諭人民,宣統三年以前各省分設公司集股商辦之幹路,應即由國家收回。 亟圖修築,悉廢以前批準之案。」 故有是詔。 辛未,吉林火災,發帑銀四萬兩賑之。 癸未,贈恤署廣州將軍副都統孚琦。 丁亥,資政院請預算借款兩事歸院會議,不許。 戊子,起端方以侍郎候補,充督辦粵漢、川漢鐵路大臣。 諭裁缺候補人員毋得奏事。 諭本年秋季調集禁衛軍及近畿各鎮陸軍於直隸永平府大操。 己丑,恭親王溥偉以疾免禁煙大臣,以順承郡王訥勒赫代之。 庚寅,郵傳大臣盛宣懷與英德法美四國銀行締結借款契約成。 辛卯,龐鴻書罷,以沈瑜慶為貴州巡撫。 壬辰,命督撫曉諭人民,鐵路現歸官辦,起降旨之日,川、湘兩省租股,並停罷之。 宣統三年四月以前所收者,應由郵傳部、督辦鐵路大臣會督撫查奏。 地方官敢有隱匿不報者詰治。 楊文鼎奏湘省自聞鐵路幹路收歸國有諭旨,群情洶懼,譁噪異常,遍發傳單,恐滋煽動。 諭嚴行禁止,儻有匪徒從中煽惑,意在作亂者,照懲治亂黨例,格殺勿論。 朱家寶奏江、淮交會為匪黨出沒之區,比歲薦饑,盜風尤熾。 請援鄂、蜀懲辦會匪、土匪章程,犯者以軍法從事。 丙申,移稅務司附屬之郵政歸郵傳部管理。 除雲南昆明縣官用田地額賦。 丁酉,賑山東滕、嶧二縣災。 五月庚子,用湖南京官大理寺少卿王世祺等言,停湖南因路抽收房捐及米鹽捐。 辛酉,楊文鼎奏湖南諮議局呈湘路力能自辦,不甘借債,據情代奏,嚴飭之。 恤墨西哥被害華僑銀。 壬寅,裁廣西綠營都司、守備以下官及馬步兵。 癸卯,山東兗、沂、曹三府,濟寧州災,發帑銀三萬兩賑之。 四川諮議局以紳民自聞鐵路國有之旨,函電紛馳,請緩接收,並請停刊訁謄黃,呈王人文代奏。 人文以聞,詔切責之,仍命迅速刊刻訁謄黃,遍行曉諭,並剴切開導。 乙巳,免琿春貧苦旗丁承領荒地價銀。 戊申,廷試遊學畢業生進士江古懷等,敘官有差。 乙卯,孫寶琦奏宗支不宜豫政,飭之。 壬子,起復那桐,仍授文淵閣大學士。 丙辰,廣東因收回路事,倡議不用官發紙幣,持票取銀。 諭張鳴岐防範。 丁巳,資政院上修改速記學堂章程。 戊午,度支、郵傳二部會奏川、粵、漢幹路收回辦法。 請收回粵、川、湘、鄂四省公司股票,由部特出國家鐵路股票換給。 粵路發六成。 湘、鄂路照本發還。 川路宜昌實用工料之款四百餘萬,給國家保利股票,其現存七百餘萬兩,或仍入股,或興實業,悉聽其便。 詔端方迅往三省會各督撫照行之。 丁寶銓以疾免,以陳寶琛為山西巡撫。 庚申,命於式枚總理禮學館。 甲子,內閣上內閣屬官官制、法制院官制,詔頒布之。 置內閣承宣廳,制誥、敘官、統計、印鑄四局。 設閣丞、廳長、局長各官。 並置內閣法制院院使。 罷憲政編查館、吏部、中書科、稽察欽奉上諭事件處、批本處,俱歸其事於內閣。 以繙書房改隸翰林院。 陸軍部奏,簡各省督練公所軍事參議官。 乙丑,翰林院進檢討章梫所纂康熙政要。 六月丁卯,命資政院會內閣改訂院章。 賑湖南武陵、龍陽、益陽三縣水災。 保定陸軍軍械局火藥庫、陸軍第二鎮演武廳火藥庫俱火。 庚辰,安徽水,無為州五里碑、九連等處圩壞。 辛巳,以榮慶為弼德院院長,鄒嘉來副之。 陸潤庠免禁煙大臣,陳寶琛免山西巡撫,以侍郎候補。 伊克坦免都察院副都御史,以副都統記名。 裁兼管順天府府尹。 壬午,以陸鍾琦為山西巡撫。 癸未,趙爾豐奏收巴塘得榮地方,戶民請納糧稅,浪莊寺喇嘛千餘人許還俗。 又奏巴塘臨卡石戶民投誠,撥隸三壩廳管理。 乙酉,伊克昭盟紥薩克固山貝子三濟密都布旗災,發帑銀一萬兩賑之。 丙戌,丹噶爾廳及西寧縣匪黨糾眾為亂,官軍擊散之,首犯李旺、李統春、李官博儉等伏誅。 辛卯,置典禮院,設掌院大學士、副掌院學士、學士、直學士各官。 以李殿林為典禮院掌院學士,郭曾炘為副。 壬辰,四川紳民羅綸等二千四百餘人,以收路國有,盛宣懷、端方會度支部奏定辦法,對待川民純用威力,未為持平,不敢從命,呈請裁察。 王人文以聞,詔以一再瀆奏,切責之。 增設和屬爪哇島總領事,泗水、蘇門答臘正領事。 甲午,湖南常德府大雨河溢,浸屬縣,壞田廬,發帑銀六萬兩賑之。 丙申,以禁煙與英使續訂條件,重申厲禁,諭中外切實奉行。 閏六月己亥,命寶熙充禁煙大臣。 庚子,恩壽以疾免,以余誠格為陜西巡撫。 癸卯,安徽大雨,江潮暴發,濱江沿河各州縣澇災,發帑銀五萬兩賑之。 庚戌,調余誠格為湖南巡撫,楊文鼎為陜西巡撫。 壬子,詔本年調集禁衛軍及近畿各鎮軍於永平府大操,命軍諮大臣貝勒載濤恭代親臨監軍。 癸丑,命貝子溥倫、鎮國公載澤會宗人府纂擬皇室大典。 乙卯,革命黨人以藥彈道擊廣東水師提督李準,傷而免。 前吉林將軍銘安卒。 丙辰,命載振、陸潤庠、增祺、陳寶琛、丁振鐸、姚錫光、沈雲沛、誠勛、清銳、朱祖謀俱充弼德院顧問大臣,國務大臣奕劻、那桐、徐世昌、梁敦彥、善耆、載澤、唐景崇、蔭昌、載洵、紹昌、溥倫、盛宣懷、壽耆及宗人府宗令世鐸、總管內務府大臣奎俊、繼祿俱兼任弼德院顧問大臣。 丁巳,調善耆為理藩大臣,以桂春署民政大臣。 調鳳山為廣州將軍,以壽耆為荊州將軍。 川路股東會會長顏楷等呈劾郵傳部,趙爾豐以聞,不報。 辛酉,裁各省府治首縣,改置地方審判廳。 乙丑,內閣請修訂法規。 七月壬申,趙爾豐奏鐵路收歸國有,川民仍多誤會,相率要求。 諭郵傳部、督辦鐵路大臣清理路股,明示辦法,以釋群疑。 甲戌,命瑞澂、張鳴岐、趙爾豐、余誠格各於轄境會辦鐵路事宜。 命端方赴四川按查路事。 丁丑,以四川人心浮動,宜防鼓惑,諭提督田振邦嚴束營伍彈壓之,趣端方速赴四川,許帶兵隊。 趙爾豐、玉昆率提督、司、道奏,川民爭路激烈,請交資政院議決仍歸商辦,不許,仍責趙爾豐彈壓解散。 己卯,江蘇各屬大雨,圩堤潰決,田禾淹沒,發帑銀四萬兩賑之。 永定河決。 端方入川,水陸新舊諸軍聽調遣。 調陸徵祥為出使俄國大臣,劉鏡人為出使和國大臣。 辛巳,忠瑞免,以桂芳為科布多辦事大臣。 溥睘免,以薩蔭圖為科布多參贊大臣。 壬午,四川亂作,趙爾豐執諮議局議長蒲殿俊、副議長羅綸、保路同志會長鄧孝可、股東會長顏楷、張瀾及胡嶸、江三乘、葉秉誠、王銘新九人。 尋同志會聚眾圍總督署,擊之始散。 賑浙江杭、嘉、湖、紹四府災。 癸未,帝入學,大學士陸潤庠、侍郎陳寶琛授讀,副都統伊克坦教習國語清文。 賑湖北水災。 甲申,廣東澄海縣堤決,發帑銀四萬兩賑之。 四川旅京人民以爭路開會,具呈資政院乞代奏。 命捕代表劉聲元解歸籍。 諭學部約束學生勿預外事,並敕所司禁聚眾開會。 丁亥,山東濟南及東西路各州縣水災,黃河上遊民墊復決,發帑銀五萬兩賑之。 賑福建水災。 戊子,命前兩廣總督岑春煊往四川,會趙爾豐辦理剿撫事宜。 己丑,監國攝政王閱禁衛軍。 癸巳,以四川民亂,諭趙爾豐督飭諸軍迅速擊散,仍分別良莠剿撫,被脅者宥之。 甲午,波密野番投誠。 八月丙申,總稅務司赫德卒,晉太子太保銜。 予故成都將軍、前伊犁將軍馬亮於伊犁建祠。 壬寅,慶親王奕劻復請免內閣總理大臣及管理外務部,不許。 甲辰,裁直隸督標、提標,通永、天津、正定、大名、宣化各鎮標官弁馬步守兵,提督依舊。 丙午,江南提督劉光才以疾免,調張勛代之,以張懷芝為甘肅提督。 丁未,定國樂。 庚戌,置鹽政院,設大臣以下官,廢鹽務處。 命載澤兼任鹽政大臣。 癸丑,端方、瑞澂奏,湖北境內粵漢、川漢鐵路改歸國有,取消商辦公司,議定接收路股辦法,詔嘉之,並以深明大義獎士紳。 甲寅,革命黨謀亂於武昌,事覺,捕三十二人,誅劉汝夔等三人。 瑞澂以聞,詔嘉其弭患初萌,定亂俄頃,命就擒獲諸人嚴鞫,並緝逃亡。 乙卯,武昌新軍變附於革命黨,總督瑞澂棄城走,遂陷武昌。 詔奪瑞澂職,仍命權總督事,戴罪圖功。 命陸軍大臣蔭昌督師往討,湖北軍及援軍悉聽節制,薩鎮冰率兵艦、程允和率水師並援之。 丙辰,張彪以兵匪構變,棄營潛逃,奪湖北提督,仍責剿匪。 停永平大操。 弛山西、河南運糧禁。 武昌軍民擁陸軍第二十一混成協統領官黎元洪稱都督,置軍政府。 嗣是行省各擁兵據地號獨立,舉為魁者皆稱都督。 革命軍取漢陽,襲兵工廠、鐵廠,據漢口。 丁巳,起袁世凱為湖廣總督,岑春煊為四川總督,俱督辦剿撫事宜。 命貝勒載濤督禁衛各軍守近畿。 戊午,王人文罷,復以趙爾豐為川滇邊務大臣。 停奉天今年貢。 己未,岑春煊辭四川總督,詔不許。 趣梁敦彥來京供職。 京師開糶濟民食。 壬戌,詔長江水陸諸軍俱聽袁世凱節制。 諭川、楚用兵,原脅從,自拔來歸,不咎既往,原隨軍自效,能擒獻匪黨者,優賞之。 獲逆黨名冊應銷毀,毋株連。 兩省被擾地方撫恤之。 免裁各省綠營、巡防隊。 壽耆免,授連魁荊州將軍。 癸亥,皇太后懿旨,發帑銀二十萬兩賑湖北遭兵難民。 福建龍溪、南靖兩縣河溢堤決,發帑銀二萬兩賑之。 以湖北用兵,諭山東、山西兩省購運米麥濟軍。 甲子,命副都統王士珍襄辦湖北軍務。 九月乙丑朔,日有食之。 資政院第二次開會,詔勖議員。 湖南新軍變,巡撫余誠格奔於兵艦,巡防營統領前廣西右江鎮總兵黃忠浩死之。 丙寅,陜西新軍變,護巡撫布政使錢能訓自殺不克,遂走潼關,西安將軍文瑞、副都統承燕、克蒙額俱死之。 丁卯,皇太后懿旨,發內帑二十四萬兩賑直隸、吉林、江蘇、安徽、山東、浙江、湖南、廣東諸省饑,立慈善救濟會。 戊辰,張蔭棠免,以施肇基充出使義墨秘魯三國大臣。 革命黨人以藥彈擊殺廣州將軍鳳山。 己巳,皇太后助帑於慈善救濟會。 資政院言郵傳大臣盛宣懷侵權違法,罔上欺君,塗附政策,釀成禍亂,實為誤國首惡,詔奪職。 端方奏,訪查川亂緣起,實由官民交閧而成,請釋諮議局議長蒲殿俊及鄧孝可等九人,湖北拘留法部主事蕭湘並免議,從之。 以唐紹儀為郵傳大臣。 命陳邦瑞為江、皖賑務大臣。 庚午,皇太后出內帑一百萬兩濟湖北軍。 召蔭昌還,授袁世凱欽差大臣,督辦湖北剿撫事宜,節制諸軍。 命軍諮使馮國璋總統第一軍,江北提督段祺瑞總統第二軍,俱受袁世凱節制。 以春祿為廣州將軍。 贈恤遇害廣州將軍鳳山。 馮國璋與革命軍戰於灄口,水陸夾擊漢口,復之。 壬申,以瑞澂失守武昌,避登兵艦,潛逃出省,偷生喪恥,詔逮京,下法部治罪。 癸酉,下詔罪己。 命溥倫、載澤纂憲法條文,迅速以聞。 資政院總裁大學士世續以疾免,以李家駒代之,達壽為副。 桂春回倉場侍郎任,趙秉鈞署民政大臣。 奪湖南巡撫余誠格職,仍權管湖南巡撫事。 山西新軍變,巡撫陸鍾琦死之。 雲南新軍變,總督李經羲遁,布政使世增及統制官鍾麟同、兵備處候補道王振畿、輜重營管帶範鍾嶽俱死之。 命湯壽潛總辦浙江團練。 開黨禁。 戊戌政變獲咎,及先後犯政治革命嫌疑,與此次被脅自歸者,悉原之。 資政院言內閣應負責任,請廢現行章程,實行內閣完全制度,不以親貴充任。 詔韙之。 順天府平糶。 甲戌,江西新軍變,巡撫馮汝骙走九江,仰藥死。 安徽新軍犯省垣,擊散之。 乙亥,授袁世凱內閣總理大臣,命組織完全內閣。 慶親王奕劻罷內閣總理大臣,命為弼德院院長。 那桐、徐世昌罷內閣協理大臣,及榮慶並為弼德院顧問大臣。 罷善耆、鄒嘉來、載澤、唐景崇、蔭昌、載洵、紹昌、溥倫、唐紹儀、壽耆國務大臣,俱解部務。 載濤罷軍諮大臣,以蔭昌為之。 起魏光燾為湖廣總督,命速往湖北。 陸海各軍及長江水師仍聽袁世凱節制調遣。 丙子,召袁世凱來京。 命王士珍權署湖廣總督。 用張紹曾言,改命資政院制定憲法。 丁丑,資政院奏采用君主立憲主義,上重大信條十九事。 發內帑十萬兩賑四川遭兵難民。 戊寅,詔統兵大員以朝廷與民更始,不忍再用兵力之意諭人民。 諭統兵大員申明紀律,禁擾民。 命第六鎮統制吳祿貞署山西巡撫。 袁世凱辭內閣總理大臣,溫詔勉之。 贈恤殉難山西巡撫陸鍾琦。 貴州獨立,舉都督,巡撫沈瑜慶遁。 革命軍陷上海。 袁世凱命前敵諸軍停進兵。 尋遣知府劉承恩、正參領蔡廷幹詣黎元洪勸解兵,不得要領而還。 己卯,詔許革命黨人以法律組政黨。 資政院言漢口之役,官軍慘殺人民,請敕停戰。 諭袁世凱按治軍官罪,商民損失由國家償之。 吳祿貞奏,遣員入敵軍勸告,下令停攻擊,親赴襄子關撫慰革命軍,詔嘉之。 裁廣東交涉使司。 江蘇巡撫程德全以蘇州附革命軍,自稱都督。 浙江新軍變,巡撫增韞被執,尋縱之。 庚辰,予第二十鎮統制張紹曾侍郎銜,宣撫長江。 紹曾稱疾不赴。 命張勛充會辦南洋軍務大臣。 趙爾豐免,命端方署四川總督。 趣袁世凱入京。 釋政治嫌疑犯汪兆銘、黃復生、羅世勛於獄。 辛巳,廣西巡撫沈秉堃自稱都督。 內閣銓敘局火。 壬午,江寧新軍統制徐紹楨以其軍變,將軍鐵良、總督張人駿、提督張勛拒守。 鎮江陷,京口副都統載穆死之。 安徽新軍變,推巡撫朱家寶為都督。 癸未,詔特命袁世凱為內閣總理大臣。 從資政院奏,依憲法信條公舉,故有是命。 呂海寰請依紅十字會法,推廣慈善救濟會,從之。 廣東獨立,舉都督,總督張鳴岐遁。 福建新軍變,將軍樸壽、總督松壽死之。 甲申,皇太后懿旨罷繼祿,起世續復為總管內務府大臣。 召錫良入覲。 以朝廷於滿、漢軍民初無歧視,命統兵大員曉諭之。 乙酉,山東巡撫孫寶琦宣告獨立。 順天府奏立臨時慈善普濟赤十字總會於京師。 罷貝勒毓朗軍諮大臣,以徐世昌代之。 丙戌,賞恤江寧戰守將士。 命呂海寰充中國紅十字會會長,兼慈善救濟會事。 東三省諮議局及新軍要求獨立,總督趙爾巽不從,寢其議,仍令解勸之。 丁亥,命近畿各鎮及各路軍隊並姜桂題所部俱聽袁世凱節制。 戊子,分遣被兵各省宣慰使,徵國民意見。 命各省督撫舉足為代表者來京與會議。 趙爾巽以川事引咎請罷,詔不許。 吳祿貞以兵至石家莊,為其下所殺。 御史溫肅劾祿貞包藏禍心,反形顯著。 詔陳夔龍按查。 王士珍以疾免,命段芝貴護湖廣總督。 永定河合龍。 袁世凱來京。 己丑,以張錫鑾為山西巡撫。 溥颋免,以錫良為熱河都統。 庚寅,袁世凱舉國務大臣。 詔命梁敦彥為外務大臣,趙秉鈞為民政大臣,嚴修為度支大臣,唐景崇為學務大臣,王士珍為陸軍大臣,薩鎮冰為海軍大臣,沈家本為司法大臣,張謇為農工商大臣,楊士琦為郵傳大臣,達壽為理藩大臣,俱置副大臣佐之。 於式枚、寶熙充修律大臣。 紹昌、林紹年、陳邦瑞、王垿、吳郁生、恩順俱充弼德院顧問大臣。 辛卯,命段祺瑞署湖廣總督。 起升允署陜西巡撫,督辦軍務。 壬辰,浙江巡撫增韞坐擅離職守奪職。 癸巳,以督攻秣陵關餘黨,將士奮勇,賞張勛二等輕車都尉世職。 甲午,資政院上改訂院章,頒布之。 冬十月丙申,內閣奏立憲牴觸事項,停召對奏事。 弼德院、軍諮府並限制之。 廢各衙門直日舊章。 更命世續復為文淵閣大學士。 戊戌,伍廷芳、張謇、唐文治、溫宗堯勸告攝政王,請贊共和政體。 庚子,以憲法信條十九事誓告太廟,攝政王代行祀事。 以勞乃宣為大學堂總監督。 溥良免,命直隸宣化鎮總兵黃懋澄兼署察哈爾都統。 辛丑,命甘肅提督張懷芝幫辦直隸防務。 四川成都獨立,舉都督。 壬寅,督辦鐵路大臣、候補侍郎、署四川總督端方率兵入川,次資州,為其下所殺。 其弟端錦從,並遇害。 敘復漢陽功,封馮國璋二等男爵。 命科爾沁親王阿穆爾靈圭往奉天,會趙爾巽籌畫蒙古事宜。 變軍犯金陵,副將王有宏戰死。 甲辰,孫寶琦罷獨立,自劾待罪。 詔原之,褒獎山東官商不附和者。 發帑犒張勛軍。 賞梁鼎芬三品京堂,會李準規復廣東。 丙午,革命軍陷江寧,將軍鐵良、總督張人駿走上海,張勛以其餘眾退保徐州。 袁世凱與民軍訂暫時息戰條款,停戰三日。 自是展期再三,至決定國體日乃已。 命徐世昌充專司訓練禁衛軍大臣。 丁未,寶棻免,以齊耀琳為河南巡撫。 命壽勛會袁世凱、徐世昌籌辦軍務。 戊申,哲布尊丹巴胡圖克圖自立,逐庫倫辦事大臣三多。 詔奪三多職。 己酉,贈恤殉難江西巡撫馮汝骙。 庚戌,監國攝政王載灃奏皇太后,繳監國攝政王章,退歸藩邸。 皇太后懿旨,晉世續、徐世昌俱為太保,衛護皇帝。 諭段祺瑞剿當陽、天門諸路土匪。 辛亥,詔授袁世凱全權大臣,委代表人赴南方討論大局。 以馮國璋為察哈爾都統。 資政院請改用陽歷,並臣民自由剪發,詔俱行之。 壬子,改訓練禁衛軍大臣為總統官,以馮國璋為之。 以良弼為軍諮府軍諮使。 贈恤殉難閩浙總督松壽。 丙辰,開黑龍江省太平山察漢敖拉煤礦。 丁巳,革命軍至荊州,署左翼副都統恒齡死之。 戊午,內閣奏行愛國公債票。 辛酉,孫寶琦免,以胡建樞為山東巡撫。 十一月甲子朔,袁世凱請廢臣工封奏舊制。 乙丑,命前署湖北提法使施紀雲、前光祿寺少卿陳鍾信四川團練。 丙寅,成都尹昌衡、羅綸以同志軍入總督衙,劫前署四川總督、川滇邊務大臣趙爾豐執之,不屈,死。 戊辰,贈恤死事廣東潮州鎮總兵趙國賢。 壬申,皇太后命召集臨時國會,以共和立憲國體付公決。 初,袁世凱遣唐紹儀南下,與民軍代表伍廷芳討論大局,以上海為議和地,一再會議,廷芳力持廢帝制建共和國,紹儀不能折,以當先奏聞取上裁,遂以入告。 世凱奏請召集王公大臣開御前會議,終從其言。 至是,乃定期開國民會議於上海,解決國體。 甲戌,各省代表十七人開選舉臨時大總統選舉會於上海,舉臨時大總統,立政府於南京,定號曰中華民國。 戊寅,勸親貴王公等輸財贍軍。 大理院正卿定成免,以劉若曾代之。 己卯,楊士琦免,命梁士詒署郵傳大臣。 辛巳,贈恤署四川總督、督辦粵漢川漢鐵路大臣、候補侍郎端方及其弟知府端錦。 罷鹽政院。 灤州兵變,撫定之。 伊犁新軍協統領官楊纘緒軍變,將軍誌銳死之。 丁亥,告諭哲布尊丹巴胡圖克圖,並賚先朝珍物。 庚寅,贈恤殉難署荊州左翼副都統恒齡。 辛卯,袁世凱道遇炸彈,不中。 壬辰,命張懷芝兼幫辦山東防務大臣。 癸巳,命所司保護外人生命財產。 命舒清阿幫辦湖北防務。 以烏珍為步軍統領,京師戒嚴。 十二月甲午朔,賞張懷芝巡撫銜。 己未,再予前山西巡撫陸鍾琦二等輕車都尉世職,追贈同時遇害其子翰林院侍講陸光熙三品京堂,優恤賜謚,並旌恤鍾琦妻唐氏。 丁酉,張人駿罷,命張勛護兩江總督。 胡建樞罷,命張廣建署山東巡撫,吳鼎元會辦山東防務。 己亥,贈恤殉難伊犁將軍誌銳。 辛丑,皇太后懿旨,以袁世凱公忠體國,封一等侯爵。 命額勒渾署伊犁將軍,文琦辦塔爾巴哈臺參贊大臣事。 李家駒免,以許鼎霖為資政院總裁。 革命黨以藥彈擊良弼,傷股,越二日死。 壬寅,袁世凱辭侯爵,固讓再三乃受。 癸卯,以復潼關,賞銀一萬兩犒軍。 甲辰,以敘漢陽功,復張彪提督。 乙巳,以張懷芝為安徽巡撫。 贈恤死事福州將軍樸壽。 丁未,命張錫鑾往奉天會辦防務,李盛鐸署山西巡撫,盧永祥會辦山西軍務。 贈恤遇害軍諮府軍諮使良弼。 戊申,以王賡為軍諮府軍諮使。 己酉,皇太后懿旨,授袁世凱全權,與民軍商酌條件奏聞。 時岑春煊、袁樹勛、陸徵祥、段祺瑞等請速定共和國體,以免生靈塗炭,故不俟國會召集,決定自讓政權,遂有是命。 庚戌,命昆源會辦熱河防務。 辛亥,命宋小濂署黑龍江巡撫。 壬子,徐世昌免軍諮大臣,贈恤雲南殉難甘肅布政使世增。 乙卯,錫良免,命昆源署熱河都統。 丁巳,免江南徐州府未完丁漕銀糧。 戊午,袁世凱奏與南方代表伍廷芳議,贊成共和,並進皇室優待條件八,皇族待遇條件四,滿、蒙、回、藏待遇條件七,凡十九條。 皇太后命袁世凱以全權立臨時共和政府,與民軍商統一辦法。 袁世凱遂承皇太后懿旨,宣示中外曰:「前因民軍起義,各省響應,九夏沸騰,生靈塗炭。 特命袁世凱遣員與民軍代表討論大局,議開國會、公決政體。 兩月以來,尚無確當辦法。 南北暌隔,彼此相持。 商輟於塗,士露於野。 國體一日不決,民生一日不安。 今全國人民心理,多傾向共和。 南中各省,既倡義於前,北方將領,亦主張於後。 人心所向,天命可知。 予亦何忍因一姓之尊榮,拂兆民之好惡。 是用外觀大勢,內審輿情,特率皇帝將統治權公諸全國,定為立憲共和國體。 近慰海內厭亂望治之心,遠協古聖天下為公之義。 袁世凱前經資政院選為總理大臣,當茲新舊代謝之際,宜為南北統一之方。 即由袁世凱以全權組織臨時共和政府,與民軍協商統一辦法。 總期人民安堵,海宇乂安,仍合滿、蒙、漢、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國。 予與皇帝得以退處安閒,優遊歲月,受國民之優禮,親見郅治之告成,豈不懿歟!」 又曰:「古之君天下者,重在保全民命,不忍以養人者害人。 現將新定國體,無非欲先弭大亂,期保乂安。 若拂逆多數之民心,重啟無窮之戰禍,則大局決裂,殘殺相尋,必演成種族之慘痛。 將至九廟震驚,兆民荼毒,後禍何忍復言。 兩害相形,取其輕者。 此正朝廷審時觀變,恫瘝吾民之苦衷。 凡爾京、外臣民,務當善體此意,為全局熟權利害,勿得挾虛矯之意氣,逞偏激之空言,致國與民兩受其害。 著民政部、步軍統領、姜桂題、馮國璋等嚴密防範,剴切開導。 俾皆曉然於朝廷應天順人,大公無私之意。 至國家設官分職,以為民極。 內列閣、府、部、院,外建督、撫、司、道,所以康保群黎,非為一人一家而設。 爾京、外大小各官,均宜慨念時艱,慎供職守。 應即責成各長官敦切誡勸,勿曠厥官,用副予夙昔愛撫庶民之至意。」 又曰:「前以大局阽危,兆民困苦,特飭內閣與民軍商酌優待皇室各條件,以期和平解決。 茲據覆奏,民軍所開優禮條件,於宗廟陵寢永遠奉祀,先皇陵制如舊妥修各節,均已一律擔承。 皇帝但卸政權,不廢尊號。 並議定優待皇室八條,待遇皇族四條,待遇滿、蒙、回、藏七條。 覽奏尚為周至。 特行宣示皇族暨滿、蒙、回、藏人等,此後務當化除畛域,共保治安,重睹世界之升平,胥享共和之幸福,予有厚望焉。」 遂遜位。 論曰:帝沖齡嗣服,監國攝政,軍國機務,悉由處分,大事並白太后取進止。 大變既起,遽謝政權,天下為公,永存優待,遂開千古未有之奇。 虞賓在位,文物猶新。 是非論定,修史者每難之。 然孔子作春秋,筆則筆,削則削。 所見之世且詳於所聞,一朝掌故,烏可從闕。 儻亦為天下後世所共鑒歟? 紀25
Emperor Xuantong, named Puyi, was Xuanzong's great-grandson, Prince Yixuan's grandson, Regent Zaifeng's son, and Dezong's biological nephew. His mother was Regent Zaifeng's principal consort, a Suwan Guwalgiya woman. He was born at the Pure Prince's house on day 14 of spring, month 1, Guangxu year 32. Guangxu year 34, winter, month 10, renshen day: Dezong fell critically ill and the Grand Empress Dowager had Puyi brought up inside the palace. On guiyou day Dezong died; by the Grand Empress Dowager's order Puyi took the throne as successor for Muzong and the late emperor's line, aged three. Regent Zaifeng governed the realm by the Grand Empress Dowager's order. War, government, and all memorials went to the Regent Prince as edicts; major matters also needed the Empress Dowager's approval. The court proclaimed three years of mourning. On jiaxu day Cixi became Grand Empress Dowager and the empress who carried both lines became Empress Dowager. The Grand Empress Dowager had been ill as well. That same day she died. On yihai day palace security was tightened. On dingyou day several late emperors' consorts received higher noble consort ranks. On wuyin day tribute goods from the provinces were halted. On jimao day officials were warned by edict: military and state affairs belong to the Regent Prince, as the late Grand Empress Dowager ordered. From the throne downward, all must obey. Any prince or official who defies orders, breaks ritual, or confuses policy will be punished at once, to honor the late Grand Empress Dowager's trust and the people's hopes. The edict closed. On gengchen day the late emperor's final edict was issued. An Anqing mutiny was put down. In month 11, yiyou day, the late Grand Empress Dowager's death rescript was issued. Sacrifice boards were ordered to name Prince Yixuan and his principal consort as Puyi's biological forebears. Hunan's Lizhou flood victims were fed. On wuzi day the Empress Dowager moved the emperor's birthday rites to the 13th of month 1 after mourning ended. On gengyin day the court announced sacrifices to Heaven, Earth, temples, Confucius, and the late rulers' mourning couches before enthronement. On xinmao day Puyi was enthroned in the Hall of Supreme Harmony and the next year became Xuantong 1. A realm-wide amnesty forgave all but the gravest crimes. By the late Grand Empress Dowager's plan, a constitution would be issued in year 9 (Xuantong 8) and delegates summoned. Xuantong coins were minted. On jihai day the "Central Harmony and Nurturing Growth" plaque went to the Confucian temple. On renyin day the Regent Prince's ritual code was submitted and promulgated. Gate-guard rules were set and Zaitao, Yulang, and Tie Liang were put in charge of inspection. Kun Yuan was made vice commander over Chahar herds. Grand Council lead clerks became third-rank posts and assistants fourth-rank. Forty thousand taels relieved flood victims in Fujian's Longxi and Nanjing counties. On yisi day governors were told to rate their subordinates fairly. Magistrates who ignored public suffering faced harsh punishment. A banner-reform office was set up under Pulun, Zaize, Natong, Baoxi, Xiyan, and Dashou. The court urged frugality and warned against extravagance. On bingwu day sacrifices were sent to Qufu, imperial tombs, the Five Peaks, and the Four Rivers. On wushen day the Empress Dowager ended Summer Palace visits. Yikuang became a perpetual hereditary prince; Zaixun and Zaitao gained acting grand-prince titles; Guixiang got double pay; officials were rewarded by rank. On xinhai, winter solstice, Zaigong sacrificed to Heaven at the Circular Mound; major rites were henceforth performed by proxy. Month 12, renzi new moon: posthumous titles were added for Muzong and several empresses. The Xuantong 1 calendar was issued. On jiayin day the Forbidden Guards were founded under Zaitao, Yulang, and Tie Liang. Hunan military posts at Zhenxi and Qianzhou were cut and garrison troops reduced. Yu, concubine of the martyred Ma Yugun of Zhili, was honored. Floods in Heilongjiang, Mergen, Buteha, Heishui, and Dazhai were relieved. Grain tax was forgiven in eight flooded Hejian counties, Zhili. On dingsi day the court prayed for snow. Zhang Zhidong was also put in charge of the Sichuan-Hankou Railway. On gengshen day Wang Wenshao died in retirement and was posthumously made Grand Guardian. The late Zhang Liangji of Yunnan-Guizhou received a posthumous title. The Civil Affairs Ministry filed census survey forms. On renxu day Yuan Shikai was removed and Natong joined the Grand Council. On guihai day Liang Dunyan became foreign minister and joint minister. Natong left the Metropolitan Garrison command and Yulang took over. On yichou day Dezong's tomb was fixed at Golden Dragon Valley, Western Mausoleum, as Chongling. On dingmao day the court again prayed for snow. On jisi day the Revenue Ministry filed finance cleanup rules. On renshen day Zhang Xun's Huai Army stayed in Manchuria for pacification duty. On guiyou day fifty thousand taels aided Italy's earthquake victims. The constitutional office said capital-banner elections should go to Shuntian Prefecture. On yihai day provinces were told to end tax-clearance abuses. On dingchou day the court prayed for snow again. Snow fell that day. Shaanxi's Guangxu 32 tax arrears were forgiven. On wuyin day it snowed again. Local self-government and election drafts were reviewed and promulgated. Merit stars were first created for the foreign minister, joint ministers, and envoys. On gengchen day Fengtian got graded trial courts and procuratorates. On xinsi day Jiangxi cut its grain circuit and added patrol and industry circuits. Xuantong 1, spring, month 1, renwu new moon: with the late emperor in mourning, New Year levees were canceled. On guiwei day Jiangsu wasteland and transport dues in twenty-eight districts were forgiven. On wuzi day frontier guard posts were set on the Hulunbuir border. On gengyin day Xu Shichang's sick leave as Manchuria governor was denied. On xinmao, the Empress Dowager's birthday, feasts and congratulations were canceled. On jiawu day Yunnan's Ami disaster arrears were forgiven. On yiwei day the Revenue Ministry asked further debate on currency reform. The Government Affairs Office was told to review it. Guangxi's Fuchuan tin mines were opened. On dingyou day buying and selling slaves was banned. On wuxu day new offices were told to cut staff and funds after real audits, not open-ended growth. The U.S. opened an international opium conference at Shanghai; Duan Fang attended. On yihai day Chen Bi was impeached out and Xu Shichang became post minister. Xi Liang became Manchuria governor-special commissioner and oversaw the three generals. Li Jingxi became Yunnan-Guizhou governor. On renyin day Gao Erqian of Yunnan went to Macao to survey the border. The Civil Affairs Ministry filed revised Beijing police districts. On guimao day the late Grand Empress Dowager's posthumous title was set and promulgated next day. On wushen day provinces were ordered to meet every constitutional deadline this year. The new criminal code would be issued next year. Su Yuanchun regained his old Guangxi command post. Fujian's Xiamen swift tribute ended. On jiyou day Dezong's posthumous title and temple name were set and announced next day. On gengxu day the navy was reorganized under Shanqi, Zaize, Tie Liang, and Sa Zhenbing, with Yikuang inspecting. Tie Liang left exclusive command of Forbidden Guards training. Month 2, renzi day: Dezong's Veritable Records were revised. On guichou day courts were told to clear cases and end abuses. On wuwu day the ministry asked for a nationality law as the Netherlands planned new laws for overseas Chinese. Legal revision ministers were told to meet with foreign affairs on it. On gengshen day Zhejiang salt-field taxes in Renhe and elsewhere were forgiven. On yichou day the court proclaimed constitutional prep: 「The national course is set and must be finished on time. Every official at court and in the provinces must share that aim and help the new order. Censors should speak plainly on what each new policy gains or costs. The edict closed. On dingmao day a roster of tutors was ordered to lecture on rotation. Sun Jianai and Zhang Zhidong would approve lecture texts. On gengwu day the constitutional office filed statistical forms. On jiaxu day the opium ban was renewed. On bingzi day Xuanwei's flooded villages were forgiven tax grain and silver. Leap month 2, jiashen: the throne warned ministries and governors not to stall constitutional prep. Henceforth Manchu and Han officials alike must leave office for full parent mourning. Chen Baochen was made head of the Ritual Studies Hall. Zhejiang wasteland taxes and transport dues in thirty-two counties were forgiven. On bingxu day Natong's mother died; he was ordered to keep working through mourning with acting rank after a hundred days. On wuzi day Urga got judicial commissioners. Guangdong's new-mine wellhead tax was cut. Anhui artillery commander Chen Changyong, killed on duty, received posthumous honors. On xinmao day the Regent Prince received officials at Wenhua Hall. A consul-general was added at Vladivostok. The Revenue Ministry's stamp tax took effect. Each province got a fiscal supervisor. On bingshen day many Hubei military posts from Huangzhou to De'an were abolished. Wu Tingfang finished the U.S. arbitration treaty. On dingyou day Chongling tomb work began. On wuxu day the Aristocratic School of Political Law opened under Prince Yulang. On yisi day centenarian Li Shengchao of Gansu received an imperial plaque. On jiyou day mourning canceled the annual New Year visits of frontier nobles and lamas. Month 3, xinhai day: Zhejiang added patrol and industry circuits. On jiayin day Li Henian regained his old Henan governorship. On gengshen day the Empress Dowager ended the Revenue Ministry's annual 280,000-tael holiday payment. On xinyou day Dezong's coffin went to Lianggezhuang at the Western Mausoleum. On jiazi day the Merchants Steamship Bureau moved to the post ministry. On yichou day Fengtian's patrol circuit was cut again. New defense circuits were added in Manchuria and elsewhere. Fengtian customs and eastern circuits were renamed defense circuits. Xingjing Department became Xingjing Prefecture. On bingyin day counties on the coffin route got tax cuts and silver for ruined wheat fields. On jisi day the martyred 1900 ministers were restored and given posthumous titles. Wu Luzhen was put in charge of Jilin frontier affairs. Shanxi's Yanping circuit was abolished. On xinwei day Yang Shu became minister to Belgium. Yadong, Gyantse, and Gartok opened as customs ports. On bingzi day Huinan Direct Prefecture was added in Fengtian. On wuyin day Zhao Erxun and Zhao Erfeng were praised for school donations. Zhao Erxun's clan support won an imperial "Deep kinship duty" plaque. Month 4, gengchen: Zaizhen went to Japan and Dai Hongci to Russia to thank condolence missions; other states used resident ministers. On jiashen day a currency bureau was set up and silver coin minted. On yiyou day tax arrears from Guangxu 14–33 were broadly forgiven. On guisi day five Jilin deputy commanders were abolished. Hunchun and Sanxing got defense circuits. Many Jilin prefectures, departments, and counties were created or upgraded. Shulan, Acheng, Boli, and Raohe counties were soon restored. On jiawu day offices were told to plan Dezong's ancestral temple elevation. On yiwei day the court prayed for rain. On bingshen day sixty thousand taels relieved Gansu disasters. On renyin day Fengtian councillors and two offices were cut. On jiachen day the court prayed for rain again. On wushen day opium commissioners were told to enforce the ban without favoritism. Governors and generals were to enforce bans in provincial official schools. Month 5, jiyou new moon: a solar eclipse occurred. On xinhai day 120 returned-student jinshi including Huang Dezhang passed the palace exam and received ranks. On renzi day Yu Shimei said provincial assembly rules diverged from Prussia's. The constitutional office was told to review it. On guichou day Chen Qitai died and Rui Cheng became Jiangsu governor. Zhejiang gentry were allowed West Lake shrines to the 1900 martyred ministers. On jiayin day the court prayed for rain again. Sheng Yun was removed as Shaanxi-Gansu governor for his constitutional memorial; Chang Geng replaced him. On yimao day Guangfu acted as Ili general. On dingsi day Lianyu and Wen Zongyao reported on Tibetan troops and schools. On jiwei day Shixu acted as joint foreign minister. Yang Shixiang died; Duan Fang took Zhili, Zhang Renjun took Liangjiang, Sun Baoqi acted in Shandong. On xinyou day Chaya was put under the frontier commissioner as former Sichuan territory. On jiazi day provinces were urged to expand agriculture, forestry, and industry. On yichou day the court prayed for rain again. Rain fell that day. On wuchen day Weng Tonghe regained his old rank. On jisi day Tang Shaoyi left Fengtian governorship for vice-minister reserve. On xinwei day the Office for Study in America was founded. On guiyou day Henan reorganized its camps. On jiaxu day Yunnan's Nanning earthquake victims were fed. On bingzi day the General Staff was founded under Prince Yulang. The Regent Prince commanded land and sea forces; Zaitao and Sa Zhenbing planned the navy. Hunan's Lizhou flood victims were relieved. On dingchou day Zaitao managed General Staff affairs. Month 6, jiashen: Yikuang left Army Ministry management. Hubei flood victims in Hanyang and elsewhere were fed. On yiyou day Ili began drilling a land army. On bingxu day Cheng Detuan, Chen Zhaochang, and Zhou Shumo became the three Manchuria governors. On dinghai day Gansu canal work employed flood victims. On jichou day Yunnan earthquake victims in Mile and Xier were fed. Taihe's disaster grain tax was forgiven. On gengyin day Mao Hongbin regained his old Liang-Guang post. Yue Chang, killed fighting bandits, got a shrine in Changzhou. Andong flood victims in Fengtian were fed. On jiawu day Lv Haihuan left office; Xu Shichang headed the Tianjin-Pukou Railway with Shen Yunpei as deputy. Fengtian's Jinzhou circuit was renamed the Jinzhou-Yingkou defense sub-circuit. On yiwei day sixty thousand taels relieved Jilin's great flood. Hunan floods from Lizhou to Yuezhou were relieved. On dingyou day Hubei's Jingzhou and Hanyang floods got sixty thousand taels plus orders to raise two hundred thousand more. On xinchou day Rehe barracks land rent was forgiven. On renyin day Zhejiang floods in Qiantang and ten counties were relieved. On guimao day Zhang Xun left Manchuria for Gansu commander. On jiachen day Wu Tingfang and Qian Xun were recalled; Zhang Yintang went to the Americas and Wu Zonglian to Italy. Zhao Erxun reported pacifying shallow-water Lolo in Sichuan's Ningyuan. On yisi day the capital poor got winter-clothing silver, later annual. On bingwu day Li Zhun became Guangdong naval commander. Month 7, wushen new moon: Hunan cut many garrisons and staff posts. On guichou day the Liao River was dredged. On bingchen day navy insignia drafts and General Staff rules were filed. Jiangxi's Pingxiang flood victims were fed. On dingsi day autumn executions were halted. The Law Ministry filed high-court trial rules and provincial court outlines. Sichuan's Chongqing Jiangbei Dragon King Cave mines opened. On wuwu day Ludian and Zhenxiong disaster taxes were forgiven. On jiashen day Zhang Renjun chaired a southern industry fair with tax-free exhibits. On xinyou day Dezong's coffin went to the tomb with route tax relief and seed silver. On jiazi day Henan cut its grain-salt circuit and added patrol and industry circuits. On wuchen day provinces were told to refill granaries. Yong Lin, who died remonstrating at the Summer Palace, was posthumously honored. On gengwu day southern-island consuls were added. On renshen day the Education Ministry opened a capital library. Hong River rebel Yao Qishan was executed. On bingzi day Hubei sold grain at fair price. Month 8, dingchou new moon: Li Jiaju filed studies including Japan's judiciary. On xinsi day Heilongjiang's Mergen Gan River coal mines opened. On jiashen day Jilin circuits were renamed northwest, southwest, northeast, and southeast defense posts. On yiyou day Fujian wind and Rehe floods were relieved. On bingxu day Zhao Erfeng pacified Tibetan unrest. Li Jiaju was told to assist the Political Consultative Pavilion. On wuzi day the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway opened. Zhenhai's ruined canal fields were forgiven tax. On jichou day Hunan opened Pingjiang gold, Xinhua antimony, and Changning lead mines. On gengyin day filial martyr Chen Hongwei of Huangpi was recorded in the histories. On dingyou day Sun Jianai and Zhang Zhidong both sought sick retirement. An edict asked them to stay. On wuxu day the ministry trialed industry-promotion bonds. On jihai day Zhang Zhidong died and was made Grand Guardian with temple honors. Dai Hongci was told to learn on the Grand Council. Ting Jie became law minister and Ge Baohua rites minister. On gengzi day Cheng Xun took Rehe and Pu Liang Chahar. On guimao day capital porridge kitchens fed the poor with 2,500+ shi yearly thereafter. On yisi day the revised penal code went to the constitutional office. On bingwu day the ninth month's first day was fixed for provincial assemblies to open. The throne said: 「Assembly delegates must speak frankly on local good and harm and plan carefully. They must not serve private ends, break rules in anger, speak rashly, or exceed legal bounds. Governors must heed them and act so court and provinces move together toward order. Once assemblies meet, governors must supervise so decisions stay within law and authority. Serve loyally for national strength — the throne expects much. The instruction closed. That month Zaitao and Sa Zhenbing inspected navies abroad. Month 9, dingwei new moon: nobility insignia were first issued. On xinhai day the Hague Convention was signed and ratified. On guichou day Zhao Erxun also acted as Chengdu general. On yimao day the Grand Secretariat reported Dezong's temple elevation rites. An edict placed Muzong and Dezong as co-eternal temples by left-right zhao-mu, not by rank. Dezong would enter the central Grand Temple hall in the western fifth mu chamber. A western-facing mu seat was set before the hall beside Wenzong. The Hall of Ancestors followed the same rule. The arrangement became permanent law. On dingsi day army academy graduates including Zicheng Quan became guards with graded promotion. On jiwei day the Political Consultative Pavilion filed election rules. On renxu day Yunnan Yi killed a German traveler; the killers were caught and executed. On jiazi day the Henan Yellow River ran clear. Guangdong floods in Guangzhou and Nanhai were relieved. On yichou day thirty thousand taels aided Xilin Gol league disasters. Yunnan floods in Zhenxiong and elsewhere were relieved. On bingyin day the Yellow River ran clear. Lu Chuanlin became a grand secretary; Lu Runxiang joint grand secretary. Returned students including Xiang Xiang became juren. On xinwei day Hanlin ranks were raised. Java overseas Chinese school plaques were issued. On guiyou day the southern Yellow River ran clear. That month Korean An Jung-geun killed Ito Hirobumi at Harbin. Month 10, dingchou new moon: Sichuan Yi rebels at Erbangfang were crushed. Ma Liang, Chengdu general, died. On gengchen day the late empress dowager was buried at Putuo Valley with route tax relief. On yiyou day her tablet entered the Grand Temple and was announced next day. On bingxu day the Chengdu general no longer commanded Songpan and Jianchang. Yu Kun became Chengdu general. On dinghai day Duan Fang lost Zhili for breaking rules. Chen Qilong took Zhili, Rui Cheng acted in Huguang, Bao Fen took Jiangsu. Sun Baoqi became Shandong governor and Ding Baochen Shanxi governor. On jichou day constitutional prep was audited and slack officials could be impeached. On gengyin day provincial chief-procurator rules were finalized. Urga's Harag Langang gold mines opened. Yan Zhi left for illness; Sanduo acted as Urga commissioner. On xinmao day thirty thousand taels relieved Jiangsu county disasters. On guisi day the ministry's poor-relief rice plan was approved. Yunnan floods in Dayao and Wenshan were relieved. On jiawu day Sun Jianai died with Grand Tutor honors and funeral silver. Wang Zongyi, classical scholar, was ordered recorded in the histories. Bannermen, orphans, and troops got annual stipend grants. On dingyou day Yuanjiang flood taxes were forgiven. On gengzi day the Dongming Yellow River ran clear. On guimao day Guangdong capture bonuses ended; taking them became bribery. Li Duanfen regained his old rites post. On jiachen day Jilin's pearl tribute was canceled this year. On yisi day Shuntian was allowed shrines to Lishan and Lian Yuan. Month 11, wushen: Zhili tax and banner rent were cut in eleven districts and three counties. On jiyou day the dual-line empress dowager received the title Longyu and it was announced next day. On guichou day Civil Affairs sent up fu-ting-zhou-xian self-government election rules. On guihai day Zhang Zhaodong regained his former Fujian governor post. Twenty Aihui border guard posts were set from the Ergun to the Xun estuary. On yichou day a salt superintendent was created under Zaize; producing provinces' governors co-supervised and distributing provinces' governors took concurrent titles. On bingyin day Lu Runxiang became Tiren Hall grand secretary and Dai Hongci associate grand secretary. On xinwei day Prince Yulang took the Metropolitan Garrison. On guiyou day the Censorate sent up mutual-election rules. On yihai day Education sent up women's-school dress regulations. Hua Hengfang, Shifang, and Xu Shou—masters of abstruse learning—were ordered entered in the histories. In month 12, jimao, the throne called for blunt counsel. On xinsi day Fengtian gained Antu and Fusong counties. On renwu day Zhan Tianyou and other returned students received engineering, letters, and law jinshi and science juren. On guiwei day grain tax was remitted for eighty-nine Shandong counties and salt-field districts. On yiyou day Emperor Dezong's tablet was enshrined in the Ancestral Hall. Zhecheng's Zhang Liu and Tongxu's Tian Li—each bearing triplets—received grain and cloth. Thirteen Guangdong departments and counties including Foshan received disaster relief. On bingxu day the Medical Academy superintendent became fourth rank. On wuzi day descendants of Xianfeng-Tongzhi pacification merit received graded offices. Hunchun barracks' occupation rent on banner land was remitted. On gengyin day Zhao Erfeng reported Sichuan Dege's Duogeshengji submitting territory for direct rule and rewarded the hereditary company commander. On renchen day Yikuang left the Army Nobles' Academy and Zairun replaced him. On guisi day Rehe gained Longhua county. On yiwei day the Constitutional Research Bureau's anti-opium rules were promulgated. Former Hunan governor Chen Baozhen was posthumously restored. On bingshen day the Constitutional Research Bureau sent up anti-trafficking articles. On wuxu day Justice sent up judge-discipline regulations. On jihai day the Constitutional Research Bureau sent up capital local-election rules. On gengzi day the Medical Academy's vice-superintendents rose to fifth rank. On renyin day the Constitutional Research Bureau sent up local self-government and council-election rules. On guimao day the Constitutional Research Bureau sent up court organization and provisional judicial rules. Xuantong 2, spring 1, bingwu new moon: levee congratulations were not held. On jiyou day Guangzhou's new army mutinied and training troops put it down. On xinhai day the throne, citing unrest and secret-society infiltration of the army, ordered strict inspection and banned soldiers' mass meetings and speeches. Jilin's Datong was moved south of the Songhua and renamed Fangzheng. On yimao day Guangdong revolutionaries including Wang Zhankui were executed. On dingsi day the Dalai Lama fled, fearing Sichuan troops. Lian Yu was told still to send escorts to bring him back to Tibet. On xinyou day the Dalai Lama's title was stripped. The Salt Administration sent up trial salt-superintendent regulations. On guihai day Dai Hongci died and received posthumous Junior Guardian rank and funeral silver. Lu Haihuan sent up Chinese Red Cross rules and Sheng Xuanhuai became president. Censor Jiang Chunlin, who attacked Yikuang for harming the state, was sent back to his yamen. Xu Shichang became associate grand secretary and Wu Yusheng studied under the Grand Council. On jiazi day General Staff Prince Zaitao asked to inspect armies in eight countries. On xinwei day Britain held a penal-reform congress and Justice sent Procurator Xu Qian. On jiaxu day the throne said: 「Preparing constitutional rule means dissolving prejudice and erasing difference. Henceforth all Manchu and Han officials shall address themselves uniformly as chen, for one standard and great harmony. 」Month 2, yihai new moon: Lian Yu asked the new Kaletan Poolba Luobuzangdanba to act for former Tibet. On bingzi day foreign merchants were banned from buying Hunan rice. On xinsi day Tie Liang left for illness; Yin Chang became army minister and Liang Dunyi tax co-superintendent. Xuantong 1 arrears for desolate Zhejiang and Jiangsu salt pans were remitted. On renwu day Yulin and three other Shaanxi counties' arrears and granary dues were remitted. On yiyou day Liang Cheng became envoy to Germany. On dinghai day Civil Affairs sent revised press law to the Constitutional Research Bureau. On jichou day another thirty thousand taels went to Anhui disaster relief. On renchen day Jilin Wuchang and Huadian's Xuantong 1 tax arrears were remitted. On jiawu day Lian Yu reported Lhasa clergy and laity and Gongbo Tibetans submitting. On bingshen day Ge Baohua died; Rong Qing became rites minister and Tang Jingchong education minister. On jihai day late Hubei commander Xia Yuxiu received preferential posthumous treatment. On guimao day the Constitutional Research Bureau sent up an administrative outline. Naval affairs superintendent memorialized department titles and duties. Month 3, yisi new moon: Wang Shizhen left for illness and Lei Zhenchun acted as Jiangbei commander. On jiyou day Yunnan Weining heterodox bandits raided Zhaocheng; troops killed them and chief Li Laomo was executed. On xinhai day Hunan famine victims rioted; the throne ordered ringleaders seized and followers dispersed. On renzi day Cen Chunmian left Hunan and Yang Wendian acted as governor. Yang Shiqi went to Nanyang as chief industrial-exposition examiner. On dingsi day the court prayed for rain. On gengshen day rain fell. Late naval commander Ding Ruchang was posthumously restored. Autumn review and reassessment were abolished. Yangtze governors-general were told to sell grain at fair price. Wu Chongxi left Henan and Bao Fen replaced him. Cheng Dequan became Jiangsu governor. On renxu day a Wuhu shrine was ordered for late Yuan Chong, beloved in death. On guihai day the Fengtian governorship was abolished. Guangfu became Ili general. On jiazi day Wang Mingji, Huang Fusheng, and Luo Shixun plotted to bomb the Prince Regent, were caught, and jailed by Justice. On gengwu day Kong Lingbao's widow Pan of Qufu, who died with her husband, was honored for the histories. Month 4, jiaxu new moon: the Advisory Council would open ninth month 1; eighty-eight imperially chosen members were summoned early. On bingzi day Fujian lost its grain intendant and gained police and industrial circuits. On dingchou day Prince Zaitao became special envoy to Britain for mourning. On wuyin day returned students including Wu Kuangshi received engineering jinshi and law juren. On gengchen day the Constitutional Research Bureau's current penal code was ordered promulgated. The throne said: 「This code prepares adoption of new law. Court and provincial criminal offices must study it and judge by law. They must not act arbitrarily and warp justice. 」On guiwei day the throne said: 「Provincial police and industrial circuits were meant to guard order and revive enterprise. Governors must examine appointees; if unfit they must memorialize replacements without favor. 」On yiyou day Lian Yu asked commissioners for six Tibetan districts and closure of Tibetan gun and coin factories. Former Italy envoy Qian Xun presented translated peace-treaty articles. On dinghai day Jiangbei salt smugglers and secret societies were ordered suppressed by Lei Zhenchun. On jichou day Revenue sent up currency exchange rules. The throne said: 「The national currency unit is called yuan. For now silver is standard; one main yuan weighs seven mace two candareens kuping. Half-, quarter-, and one-dime silver and nickel and copper subsidiary coins were added. Yuan, dime, cent, and mil advance by tens as fixed regulation. 」Lian Fang became Jingzhou general. On gengyin day ten top continued-tax payers were fixed as councilors. On xinmao day Wang Daxie became envoy to Japan. On guisi day Liang Dunyi left for illness and Zou Jialai acted as foreign minister and co-superintendent. Shishou's Wenyi Isle rent and reed tax were remitted. On bingshen day Cen Chunmian was stripped of the Hunan governorship. Month 5, bingchen: Sichuan Ningyuan's Alasuo inspector became salt-front pacification commissioner. On wuwu day twenty thousand taels went to flood-stricken Changde, Hunan. Li Jingxi reported Yunnan Zhenkang native rule converted to direct administration and Yongkang added. Yunnan Luliang drought taxes were remitted. On xinyou day northern Jiangsu flood victims including Haizhou were relieved. On guihai day the Censorate forwarded Sun Hongyi and provincial banner representatives' petition for a swift parliament. The throne still waited for nine-year preparation before fixing parliament's date and proclaimed it. On jiazi day Hunan Miao tenants' rent arrears and seven districts' garrison grain arrears were remitted. On jisi day Hubei disaster victims were relieved. On xinwei day Fengtian's Tongjiang river-defense subprefect was abolished. Month 6, renwu: twenty thousand taels went to Heilongjiang disaster relief. On yiyou day Wang Daxie presented books on British constitutional compilation. On jichou day naval superintendent Prince Zaixun joined government affairs. On renchen day Hu Weide became tax co-superintendent. On bingshen day the throne said: 「Governors labor at rule and fund-raising yet neglect inspecting officials. Without sound officials, exhausting the people breeds disorder and new policies cannot proceed. Each must pick honest magistrates and fit men to places—the supreme plan for peace. 」On wuxu day ministries and governors were ordered to impeach corrupt officials and nobles and ministers to rectify conduct. On jihai day Zaize and Shou Xun with A Mu'erlinggui and Zairun were to fix Vanguard and Interior Guard rules. That month Laizhou gentry feuded, Qu Siwen led ten thousand to besiege towns and kill troops, and Haiyang rose over taxes; both were pacified. Month 7, jiachen: Fujian lost its grain intendant and gained an industrial circuit. Rui Xing left and Zhirui became Hangzhou general. On yisi day Rui Cheng and Yang Wendian proposed Hunan village pacification as bandits spread; approved. On wushen day Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce with governors were told to survey minerals and plan mines. On gengxu day governors were urged to map waste land and climate, promote crafts, and report to Agriculture. On renzi day Agriculture opened a weights-and-measures factory. On guichou day Zaitao reported foreign armies try soldiers only in military courts, not civil ones. The throne ordered it carried out. On jiayin day Shixu and Wu Yusheng left the Grand Council; Yulang and Xu Shichang joined it. Tang Shaoyi acted as postal minister. Yulang left the Metropolitan Garrison and sole Imperial Guard training. Wu Zhen concurrently acted as Metropolitan Garrison commander. Each province gained a foreign-affairs commissioner. Xinjiang camp officer Tian Xi was executed for unauthorized killing that sparked mutiny. On bingchen day forty thousand taels went to flooded southern Anhui. On dingsi day Justice sent up autumn-review articles. On gengshen day Tang Shouqian lost office for attacking Sheng Xuanhuai over the Jiangsu-Zhejiang railway. On xinyou day northern Anhui famine victims were relieved. Zhong Rui became Kobdo commissioner. Lian Kui left Xinjiang and He Yansheng replaced him. Provincial surveillance commissioners became judicial commissioners. On jiazi day Lu Chuanlin died and received posthumous Grand Tutor rank, eminent-statesmen shrine, and funeral silver. On yichou day Shen Ruilin became envoy to Austria and Liu Yulin commissioner to the Dutch anti-opium congress. On wuchen day Fengtian's Huludao port opened. On jisi day Heilongjiang gained a Nehe direct subprefect. That month Zaixun and Sa Zhenbing again inspected navies in America and Japan. Month 8, jiaxu: Fengtian gained Zhendong county. On yihai day Qing Rui left and Tie Liang became Jiangning general. On guiwei day Shen Jiaben became Advisory Council vice-president. On jiashen day Liu Yulin became envoy to Britain. On dinghai day Colonial Affairs relaxed frontier-cultivation, marriage, clerk, document, and naming bans for Mongolia; approved. Sichuan gained Zhaojue county. On jichou day Lian Fang left and Feng Shan became Jingzhou general. Yin Chang concurrently trained metropolitan-area divisions. On jiazi day metropolitan land divisions came under the Army Ministry. The metropolitan training office was abolished. Fengtian gained a salt transport commissioner. Sichuan's salt-tea circuit became salt transport and tea went to the industrial circuit. On yiwei day eight provinces' cosmetic anti-opium reports drew council review and a renewed planting ban. On bingwu day Xu Shichang became Tiren grand secretary and Li Dianlin associate grand secretary. On dingyou day the Gorkha king was commended for refusing Tibet troops. On gengzi day Shaanxi Hua and Weinan flood victims were relieved. Month 9, xinchou new moon: the Advisory Council opened; the Prince Regent attended and lectured. On renyin day four hundred fifty-nine returned students received graded jinshi and juren. On guimao day nine Gansu districts' last-year disaster land taxes were remitted. On bingwu day Revenue was told to fund northern Jiangsu rain-flood relief. On yisi day acting Suiyuan general Xin Qin left for illness and Kun Xiu replaced him. Kui Fang became Urga general. On wushen day Revenue issued another twenty thousand taels to northern Anhui. On renzi day Zhang Renjun's Shanghai crisis loan and five hundred thousand taels transport were approved. On guichou day the Yongding ran clear. Sichuan flood victims in Zizhu and other districts were relieved. On jiayin day the Hailong hunting-ground superintendent was abolished. On bingchen day provinces were told to recommend eminent men under strict selection. On jiwei day Wu Xun of Tangyi, who begged to fund schools, entered the histories. Hunan lost Changde's subprefect and Baoding's Chang'an garrison subprefect. On guihai day Suiyuan reclamation officials were placed under the reclamation superintendent. On bingyin day Yang Shu left for illness and Li Guojie became envoy to Belgium. Heilongjiang flood victims were relieved. On dingmao day Yuan Shuxun left for illness and Zhang Mingqi acted as two-Guangs governor-general. Shen Bingkan became Yunnan governor. On wuchen day Guizhou brigade through major posts were abolished. Eleven Xinjiang districts' popular tax and seed arrears were remitted. Month 10, guiyou: parliament was moved to Xuantong 5 after governors and Zhili representatives pressed for earlier opening. On jiaxu day Pulun and Zaize drafted the constitution. On yihai day the Yellow River ran clear. On dingchou day Guangxi Cenxi bandits were suppressed and chief Chen Rong'an executed. Cheng Wenbing died; Cheng Yunhe became Yangtze naval commander and Zhang Xun took Jiangnan Pukou camps. Gansu Lingzhou flood silver and grain were remitted. On gengchen day Zeng Yun reported Zhejiang's Green Standard abolished and reorganized as navy. On xinsi day the throne, having moved parliament to Xuantong 5, charged ministries to plan essentials and secondaries in detail. Governors were admonished to act earnestly and not miss the deadline. On renwu day He Yansheng died and Yuan Dahua became Xinjiang governor. On wuxu day late Zhang Zhidong received a Jiangning shrine. Month 11, guimao: army minister, vice minister, directors, and counsellors were abolished for one minister and one vice minister. A Navy Ministry was created with one minister and one vice minister. Yin Chang became army minister and Shou Xun vice minister. Prince Zaixun became navy minister and Tan Xueheng vice minister. On yisi day Sa Zhenbing took the cruiser and Yangtze fleets. On bingwu day Dayao, Yunnan, rioters raided the prison; troops suppressed them and chiefs Chen Wenpei and Deng Liangchen were executed. On jiyou day former Anhui governor Feng Xu became Jiangsu-Anhui relief commissioner. On renzi day Agriculture presented an edited cotton treatise. On dingsi day the Advisory Council asked for a responsible cabinet, citing unclear Grand Council duties. The throne said the court held its own balance, rebuked the council for overstepping. Lei Zhenchun left and Duan Qirui acted as Jiangbei commander. On gengshen day Chen Kuilong reported Shuntian's next-year parliament petition; the throne said preparation already strained further change. They were sternly told not to demand or memorialize again. The Universal Relief Bureau gained sixty shi monthly in perpetuity. On xinyou day provincial high courts and procuratorates were set; Hunan's was deferred. On guihai day three eastern provinces' parliament petitioners came to the capital. The Grand Council reported. Civil Affairs and the Metropolitan Garrison were told to send petitioners home and punish further gatherings. On jiazi day the Constitutional Research Bureau was urged to draft the preparatory checklist and cabinet organization. Late Zhang Zhidong received a Hubei shrine. On yichou day Yikuang asked to leave the Grand Council and Foreign Ministry; the throne urged him to stay. On jisi day the Advisory Council asked for an edict on queue-cutting and dress reform. Month 12, renshen: provinces were told to forbid students' political interference and mass demands. On bingzi day Tang Shaoyi left for illness and Sheng Xuanhuai became postal minister. On dingchou day ten thousand taels went to Chakhar's four right-wing banners. On jimao day Zhirui asked to abolish the old banner register flexibly. On xinsi day Zeng Qi was summoned and Fu Qi acted as Guangzhou general. On renwu day Zhao Erfen was summoned. On guiwei day the opium ban was reaffirmed and Civil Affairs and Revenue were to assess officials. Governors-general with Constitutional Research princes were to revise provincial organization. On yiyou day Jiangsu merged counties and set trial offices. Jiangning merged into Shangyuan, Suzhou's paired counties into Wu, and eight other Jiangsu county pairs were merged likewise. On dinghai day the Constitutional Research Bureau sent a revised annual preparatory checklist. Jilin naval camp clerks and soldiers were abolished. On wuzi day Sichuan bandits held Qianjiang; troops drove them off and recovered the city. On jichou day Li Jiaju presented Japanese tax and accounting studies. On guisi day Sichuan chief Wen Chaozhong was captured in Hubei Xianfeng and executed. On yiwei day Zaizhen became chief envoy to the British coronation. The Advisory Council's new penal code general and particular provisions were promulgated. On bingshen day sixty-four Shaanxi districts' Guangxu 33 arrears and Guangyou granary dues were remitted. On dingyou day the Advisory Council sent a unified national-treasury charter. On wuxu day the Advisory Council memorialized Xuantong 3's resolved budget. Ting Jie died and Shaochang became justice minister. On jihai day Gansu lost its Lanzhou circuit and gained an industrial circuit. That month Jianghuai famine drove people to cannibalism. Plague struck the three eastern provinces. Xuantong 3, spring 1, gengzi new moon: Chen Kuilong and Xi Liang were told to settle provincial workers beyond Shanhaiguan for epidemic prevention. On bingwu day Feng Xu reported inspecting Xuzhou-Huai disaster. On jiyou day forty Jiangsu districts' field taxes were remitted. On gengxu day six Jiangsu counties' flood victims were relieved. On jiayin day Revenue sent up national budget regulations. On bingchen day mourning garments were laid aside. Censor Hu Sijing attacked the Constitutional Research Bureau for reckless new offices and abolishing all old ones; drafting needs upright men and promulgation needs public discussion. his memorial went to the Government Affairs Office. On gengshen day Zhirui became Ili general and Guangfu Hangzhou general. On yichou day corporal punishment short of death was abolished. Exile and lesser crimes could not be tortured. Justice memorialized dismissed Suiyuan general Yi Gu condemned to death. The throne changed it to Xinjiang banishment for redeeming guilt. On yisi day Zhou Shumo surveyed the Sino-Russian boundary. That month plague struck Zhili and Shandong commoners. Month 2, gengwu new moon: late Wang Wenshao received a Hunan shrine. Feng Xu asked to dredge the Sui River. Civil Affairs sent up a compiled household-registration law. On renshen day epidemic offices were forbidden harassment and told to protect livelihood. On yihai day Sichuan's Dege, Chunke, and Gaori chieftains became direct rule with new circuit, prefecture, departments, and counties. Xinjiang courier-station convicts were instead sent to Ba and Zang. On bingzi day three Yunnan districts' disaster land taxes were remitted. On dingchou day thirty Zhejiang waste-land taxes and garrison tribute were remitted. On wuyin day army and navy ministers became chief and deputy commanders; Yin Chang, Shou Xun, Zaixun, and Tan Xueheng stayed. Britain occupied Pianma. On guiwei day Li Jiaju was ordered to draft rotating lectures. On bingxu day Tibet's assistant resident was abolished for left and right councillors. On dinghai day Zhejiang's Huixing Girls' School received a 「Steadfast Heart and Stalwart Resolve」 plaque. On jichou day Foreign Affairs sent up order-and-reward regulations. Chen Bangrui, Li Jiaju, and Wang Rongbao were ordered to assist compiling the constitution. Cheng Xun became Guangzhou general and Pu Huang Rehe governor-general. Prince Pulun headed Agriculture; Shixu chaired the Advisory Council with Li Jiaju vice-chair; Liu Ruoceng revised law. On renchen day foreign salt import was forbidden. British Penang's consul became chief consul. Month 3, gengzi: Liu Ruiheng became Yunnan commander. The inspection office was abolished for a camp-management office; Three-Banner Guard stayed under Interior. The Army Ministry reported Jiao Dian executed for selling secret survey maps. On xinchou day Fengtian abolished Chengde and Jin counties. On renyin day Sichuan's northern and Chongqing regional commanders were abolished. On guimao day six soldier injunctions—loyalty, ritual, valor, faith, plain living, shame—were promulgated. On dingwei day He Zonglian, Li Kuiyuan, and other commanders received graded deputy ranks. On wushen day Jilin opened the Tumen River to the sea. On jiyou day Italy envoy Wu Zonglian became special envoy to Italy's founding celebration. On gengxu day revolutionaries bombed acting Guangzhou general Fu Qi to death. On renzi day Sa Zhenbing became navy deputy commander-in-chief. Zhao Erfeng reported pacifying Sanyan tribes and converting Kongsa and Mashu to direct rule. On jiayin day Zhang Mingqi became two-Guangs governor-general. On yimao day Zaize concluded a loan with British, American, German, and French banks. On bingchen day Ili General Zhirui received ministerial rank and command over Ili officials. Thirty-seven Zhejiang districts' Xuantong 2 field taxes were remitted. On wuwu day Feng Xu joined three provinces' governors in spring relief for Jiangsu, Anhui, and Henan. On jiwei day Liang Cheng went to the Hague Dutch anti-opium congress. Kobdo Zakhachin nomads received disaster relief. On gengshen day Xi Liang left for illness; Zhao Erfen became three-eastern-province governor-general and imperial commissioner over generals. Zhili's Rehe judicial commissioner gained an additional title. On xinyou day Zhao Erfeng acted as Sichuan governor and Wang Renwen took border affairs. Late Zhejiang governor Nie Jigui, who died mourning a parent, entered the histories. On guihai day Zhao Qi and Liu Yin entered the Confucian temple. Overseas Chinese opened Datong School in Yokohama and received a 「Cultivate Talent and Broaden Learning」 plaque. On dingmao day Huang Xing's revolutionaries burned the Guangzhou governor-general's office and routed him. In summer month 4, xinwei, Yang Wending asked to slow Hunan Green Standard and defense cuts. On jiaxu day overseas graduates Zhong Shiming, Wang Yizhi, and others received law jinshi, juren, and engineering juren ranks. On bingzi day Zhao Erxun won discretionary appointment power. On dingchou day Shandong Green Standard provincial and garrison posts were abolished. On wuyin day the throne ordered a responsible cabinet. Cabinet regulations were issued. Prince Qing Yikuang became cabinet prime minister; Natong and Xu Shichang became associate prime ministers. Liang Dunyan took foreign affairs, Shanqi civil affairs, Zaize revenue, Tang Jingchong education, Yin Chang army, Zaixun navy, Shaochang justice, Pulun agriculture and industry, Sheng Xuanhuai posts, and Shouqi dependencies. Cabinet prime and associate ministers also became state ministers and constitutional drafting ministers; Yikuang still ran foreign affairs. The Privy Council was set up under Lu Runxiang with Rongqing as deputy. The old cabinet, Grand Council, and government affairs conference were abolished. Grand and associate grand secretaries still ranked below the Hanlin. Cabinet academicians and subordinate posts were abolished. The General Staff was created with Princes Zaitao and Yulang as ministers and told to draft its regulations. Zhao Erxun met Chen Ailong, Zhang Renjun, Ruicheng, Li Jingxi, and drafting ministers to revise provincial government. On jimao day Yikuang, Natong, and Xu Shichang tried to quit the cabinet and were refused and ordered to serve. Opium prohibition was reaffirmed and civil affairs, revenue, and every province told to end it on schedule. The throne nationalized trunk railways. Earlier Censor Shi Changxin said merchant railway companies were corrupting the realm; trunk lines should be state-owned and branches left to gentry stock; the court agreed and sent it to posts. The ministry said: 「China is vast and remote—trunk lines must run in every direction before rule and the center hold firm. Old planning was bad—trunk and branch were confused, the people's strength ignored, and every petition became a merchant line. Guangdong raised barely half its shares and built little. Sichuan debts ballooned beyond recovery. Hunan and Hubei companies sat for years and only burned money. If this went on, years would pass, burdens deepen, and court and country both suffer. Trunk lines should be nationalized and branches left to private effort. Provincial trunk companies formed before Xuantong year 3 must be bought back by the state. Build at once and void every earlier approval.」 Hence the edict. On xinwei day Jilin fire relief received 40,000 taels. On guiwei day Acting Guangzhou General Fuqi was posthumously honored. On dinghai day the assembly asked to debate budgets and loans and was refused. On wuzi day Duanfang returned as vice minister and took the Guang-Han and Chuan-Han railways. Abolished-post personnel awaiting appointment were barred from memorializing. Autumn maneuvers at Yongping were ordered for the guard and nearby Zhili garrisons. On jichou day Prince Gong Puwei quit the opium post for illness and Prince Shuncheng Nelehe replaced him. On gengyin day Sheng Xuanhuai finished railway loans with British, German, French, and American banks. On xinmao day Pang Hongshu left office and Shen Yuqing became Guizhou governor. On renchen day provinces were told railways were state-run and Sichuan-Hunan levies must stop from the edict date. Collections before Xuantong year 3 month 4 must be reported by posts, the railway chief, and provincial governors. Officials who hid receipts would be punished. Yang Wending said Hunan panicked after the nationalization edict, with uproar and handbills that might incite trouble. The court ordered a crackdown—rebels who stirred crowds were to be killed on sight under the rebel statute. Zhu Jiabao said the Jiang-Huai border bred bandits and famine years had made robbery fiercer. He asked for Hubei-Sichuan secret-society rules and military-law punishment. On bingshen day customs postal service went to posts and communications. Kunming official-field land tax was forgiven. On dingyou day Shandong's Teng and Yi counties were fed. In month 5, gengzi, Beijing official Wang Shiqi ended Hunan's railway house tax and rice-salt levies. On xinyou day Yang Wending relayed Hunan's refusal to borrow for its railway and was sharply rebuked. Silver was sent for Chinese killed in Mexico. On renyin day Guangxi Green Standard brigade and defender posts and troops were cut. On guimao day Shandong's Yan, Yi, Cao, and Jining received 30,000 taels. Sichuan's assembly asked to delay takeover and stop printing the edict after nationalization; Wang Renwen relayed it. Wang Renwen reported it; the court rebuked them but still ordered the edict printed and preached. On yisi day poor Hunchun bannermen owed no wasteland fees. On wushen day returned-student jinshi Jiang Guhuai and others were examined and posted. On yimao day Sun Baoqi said princes should not meddle in politics and was rebuked. On renzi day Natong returned as Wenyuan grand secretary. On bingchen day Guangdong refused government notes over railway recovery and demanded silver. Zhang Mingqi was told to guard against it. On dingsi day the assembly revised stenography academy rules. On wuwu day revenue and posts reported how to recover Sichuan, Guangdong, and Hankou trunk railways. They asked to swap Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, and Hubei stock for state railway bonds. Guangdong would get sixty percent. Hunan and Hubei would be repaid at par. Sichuan's four million spent at Yichang would become state bonds; seven million on hand could stay invested or enter industry. Duanfang was told to hurry to the three provinces and enforce the plan with each governor. Ding Baochen quit for illness and Chen Baochen became Shanxi governor. On gengshen day Yu Shimei took the College of Rites. On jiazi day the cabinet issued subordinate and legislative bureau regulations. A cabinet dispatch office and edict, appointment, statistics, and seal bureaus were set up. Chancellors, directors, and bureau chiefs were named. A cabinet legislative bureau president was appointed. Drafting, personnel, secretariat, rescript investigation, and drafting offices were abolished and merged into the cabinet. The Translation Office went under the Hanlin. The army ministry simplified provincial training-office advisers. On yichou day the Hanlin presented Zhang Jie's Kangxi Political Essentials. In month 6, dingmao, the assembly was told to revise its charter with the cabinet. Hunan's Wuling, Longyang, and Yiyang flood victims were fed. Baoding ordnance and Second Division powder magazines burned. On gengchen day Anhui flooded and Wuwei dikes broke at Wuli Tablet and Jiulian. On xinsi day Rongqing headed the Privy Council and Zou Jialai deputized. Lu Runxiang left the opium post; Chen Baochen left Shanxi and went on vice-minister reserve. Yiketan left the censorate and went on vice commander reserve. The concurrent Shuntian prefect post was cut. On renwu day Lu Zhongqi became Shanxi governor. On guiwei day Zhao Erfeng said Batang's Derong paid tax and a thousand Langzhuang monks were allowed to leave the robe. He also said Linka Rock households submitted to Sanba subprefecture. On yiyou day Ike Zhaoleague's Sanjimidub banner received 10,000 taels. On bingxu day Dangar and Xining bandits rose, troops scattered them, and Li Wang, Li Tongchun, and Li Guanbo were executed. On xinmao day the College of Rites was set up with chief, deputy, academician, and direct academician posts. Li Dianlin headed the College of Rites and Guo Cengxin deputized. On renchen day 2,400 Sichuan gentry led by Luo Lun said nationalization and Sheng Xuanhuai's harsh methods were unfair and asked for review. Wang Renwen relayed it; the court rebuked repeated disrespect. Consuls were added for the Dutch East Indies, Surabaya, and Sumatra. On jiawu day Hunan's Changde flooded its counties and received 60,000 taels. On bingshen day Britain renewed opium terms, the ban was reaffirmed, and all were told to enforce it. In intercalary month 6, jihai, Baoxi became opium prohibition minister. On gengzi day Enshou quit for illness and Yu Chengge became Shaanxi governor. On guimao day Anhui's Yangtze flood counties received 50,000 taels. On gengxu day Yu Chengge went to Hunan and Yang Wending to Shaanxi. On renzi day Yongping maneuvers were ordered with Prince Zaitao overseeing for the regent. On guichou day Princes Pulun and Zaize joined the clan court to draft the imperial code. On yimao day revolutionaries bombed Guangdong naval commander Li Zhun, who survived wounded. Former Jilin General Ming'an died. On bingchen day Zai Zhen, Lu Runxiang, and others became privy advisers; Yikuang, Natong, Xu Shichang, and other state ministers also advised the privy council. On dingsi day Shanqi took dependencies and Gui Chun acted for civil affairs. Fengshan became Guangzhou general and Shouqi Jingzhou general. Sichuan railway shareholders impeached posts through Zhao Erfeng and got no answer. On xinyou day provincial chief counties were cut and local courts set up. On yichou day the cabinet asked to revise regulations. In month 7, renshen, Zhao Erfeng said Sichuan still misunderstood nationalization and pressed demands. Posts and the railway chief were told to settle shares and explain the plan. On jiaxu day Ruicheng, Zhang Mingqi, Zhao Erfeng, and Yu Chengge were told to handle railways in their provinces. Duanfang was sent to Sichuan to investigate railways. On dingchou day Tian Zhenbang was told to hold his troops and Duanfang to hurry to Sichuan with soldiers. Zhao Erfeng and Yukun asked the assembly to restore merchant railways; the court refused and ordered suppression. On jimao day Jiangsu floods broke dikes and received 40,000 taels. The Yongding River burst. Duanfang entered Sichuan with all land and water forces at his call. Lu Zhengxiang went to Russia and Liu Jingren to the Netherlands. On xinsi day Zhongrui left office and Guifang became Kobdo commissioner. Puyi left Kobdo and Sayintu became deputy commissioner. On renwu day Sichuan rose; Zhao Erfeng arrested Pu Dianjun, Luo Lun, Deng Xiaoke, Yan Kai, Zhang Lan, and five others. Soon the league besieged the governor's office and was driven off by force. Zhejiang's Hang, Jia, Hu, and Shao prefectures were fed. On guiwei day the Emperor began study under Lu Runxiang, Chen Baochen, and Yiketan for Manchu. Hubei flood victims were fed. On jiashen day Guangdong's Chenghai dikes broke and received 40,000 taels. Sichuan residents in Beijing petitioned the assembly over the railway fight. Representative Liu Shengyuan was arrested and sent home. Education was told to keep students out of politics and mass meetings were banned. On dinghai day Shandong and the Yellow River upstream flooded and received 50,000 taels. Fujian flood victims were fed. On wuzi day Cen Chunxuan was sent to Sichuan with Zhao Erfeng to pacify and suppress. On jichou day the Prince Regent reviewed the guard. On guisi day Zhao Erfeng was told to scatter Sichuan rebels, spare the coerced, and punish ringleaders. On jiawu day Bomi tribes submitted. In month 8, bingshen, Inspector General Hart died and received Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent rank. Former Chengdu and Ili General Ma Liang received a temple at Ili. On renyin day Prince Qing Yikuang tried again to quit the cabinet and foreign affairs and was refused. On jiachen day Zhili provincial, brigade, and garrison posts and troops were cut but brigade commanders kept. On bingwu day Liu Guangcai quit, Zhang Xun took Jiangnan, and Zhang Huaizhi took Gansu. On dingwei day state music was set. On gengxu day the Salt Administration Bureau replaced the Salt Affairs Office. Zaize also took salt administration. On guichou day Duanfang and Ruicheng nationalized Guang-Han and Chuan-Han lines in Hubei and were praised. On jiazi day a Wuchang plot was uncovered, thirty-two arrested, and Liu Ru'ao and three executed. Ruicheng reported it; the court praised early suppression and ordered harsh interrogation and pursuit. On yimao day Wuchang's new army mutinied, Ruicheng fled, and the city fell. Ruicheng lost his post but stayed as acting governor to redeem himself. Yin Chang was sent to suppress Wuchang with Hubei forces, Sa Zhenbing's fleet, and Cheng Yunhe's navy. On bingchen day Zhang Biao fled a mutiny, lost Hubei command, but still had to fight bandits. Yongping maneuvers were canceled. Shanxi and Henan grain transport bans were lifted. Wuchang made Li Yuanhong of the Twenty-first Mixed Brigade governor and founded a military government. Then provinces seized troops, declared independence, and called their leaders governors. Revolutionaries took Hanyang, seized the arsenal and ironworks, and held Hankou. On dingsi day Yuan Shikai became Huguang governor-general and Cen Chunxuan Sichuan governor-general for suppression. Prince Zaitao was told to hold the guard and nearby armies around the capital. On wuwu day Wang Renwen left and Zhao Erfeng returned to Sichuan-Yunnan border affairs. Fengtian tribute was suspended for the year. On jiwei day Cen Chunxuan tried to refuse Sichuan and was refused. Liang Dunyan was summoned to Beijing. Beijing sold grain at fair price. On renxu day all Yangtze land and water forces went to Yuan Shikai. Sichuan and Huguang coerced men who defected would be spared; those who served or captured rebels would be rewarded. Rebel registers were to be burned and kin left alone. War-torn districts in both provinces were to be comforted. Provincial Green Standard and patrol cuts were canceled. Shouqi left office and Lian Kui became Jingzhou general. On guihai day the empress dowager sent 200,000 taels for Hubei war victims. Fujian's Longxi and Nanjing floods received 20,000 taels. Shandong and Shanxi were told to buy grain for the Hubei army. On jiazi day Wang Shizhen was sent to assist Hubei military affairs. On month 9's yichou new moon the sun was eclipsed. The assembly's second session opened under an exhorting edict. Hunan's new army mutinied; Yu Chengge fled to a ship and Huang Zhonghao was killed. On bingyin day Shaanxi mutinied; Qian Nengxun fled to Tong Pass and Wen Rui, Cheng Yan, and Keming'e died. On dingmao day the empress dowager sent 240,000 taels for eight provinces' famine and founded a relief society. On wuchen day Zhang Yintang left and Shi Zhaoji went to Italy, Mexico, and Peru. Revolutionaries bombed and killed Guangzhou General Fengshan. On jisi day the empress dowager gave to the relief society. The assembly impeached Sheng Xuanhuai as the ruin of the state and he was dismissed. Duanfang said Sichuan's trouble came from official-people strife and won release for Pu Dianjun, Deng Xiaoke, and eight others plus Xiao Xiang. Tang Shaoyi became posts minister. Chen Bangrui took Jiang-Anhui relief. On gengwu day the empress dowager sent one million taels to the Hubei army. Yin Chang returned; Yuan Shikai became imperial commissioner for Hubei with full army command. Feng Guozhang took the First Army and Duan Qirui the Second, both under Yuan Shikai. Chunlu became Guangzhou general. Slain Guangzhou General Fengshan was posthumously honored. Feng Guozhang fought at Zhangkou and land-water forces retook Hankou. On renshen day Ruicheng was arrested for abandoning Wuchang and fleeing on a warship. On guiyou day the throne confessed fault. Pulun and Zaize were told to draft the constitution quickly. Assembly President Shiro quit for illness; Li Jiaju replaced him with Dashou as deputy. Gui Chun went back to grain transport and Zhao Bingjun acted for civil affairs. Yu Chengge lost Hunan governorship but still acted there. Shanxi mutinied and Governor Lu Zhongqi was killed. Yunnan mutinied; Li Jingxi fled and Shizeng, Zhong Lintong, Wang Zhenji, and Fan Zhongyue died. Tang Shouqian took Zhejiang militia training. Party bans were lifted. 1898 victims, revolution suspects, and coerced returners were all pardoned. The assembly said the cabinet must be fully responsible, without kinsmen, under new rules. The court approved. Shuntian sold grain at fair price. On jiaxu day Jiangxi mutinied; Feng Rukui fled to Jiujiang and poisoned himself. Anhui's new army struck the capital and was driven off. On yihai day Yuan Shikai became prime minister and was told to form a responsible cabinet. Prince Qing Yikuang left the cabinet and headed the Privy Council. Natong and Xu Shichang left the cabinet and joined Rongqing as privy advisers. Shanqi, Zaize, Tang Jingchong, Yin Chang, Pulun, Tang Shaoyi, Shouqi, and other state ministers were dismissed. Zaitao left the General Staff and Yin Chang replaced him. Wei Guangtao returned as Huguang governor-general and was rushed to Hubei. Land, sea, and Yangtze forces stayed under Yuan Shikai. On bingzi day Yuan Shikai was summoned to Beijing. Wang Shizhen acted as Huguang governor-general. On Zhang Shaozeng's advice the assembly was told to draft the constitution. On dingchou day the assembly proposed constitutional monarchy and nineteen great articles. Sichuan war victims received 100,000 inner-treasury taels. On wuyin day commanders were told the court sought renewal with the people and would not rush to arms. Commanders were told to keep discipline and spare civilians. Wu Luzhen of the Sixth Division acted as Shanxi governor. Yuan Shikai tried to refuse the premiership and was warmly pressed to accept. Martyr Shanxi Governor Lu Zhongqi was posthumously honored. Guizhou declared independence, chose a governor, and Shen Yuqing fled. Revolutionaries seized Shanghai. Yuan Shikai halted the advance. Soon Liu Chengen and Cai Tinggan failed to persuade Li Yuanhong to disarm. On jimao day revolutionaries were allowed lawful political parties. The assembly said Hankou troops had slaughtered civilians and asked for a ceasefire. Yuan Shikai was told to punish officers and pay merchant losses. Wu Luzhen asked to parley, halt attacks, and comfort rebels at Xiangzikou and was praised. Guangdong's diplomatic commissioner was cut. Jiangsu's Cheng Desheng joined the revolution at Suzhou as governor. Zhejiang mutinied; Governor Zengyun was seized then released. On gengchen day Zhang Shaozeng of the Twentieth Division received vice-minister rank to pacify the Yangtze. Zhang Shaozeng pleaded illness and stayed. Zhang Xun also took Southern Seas military affairs. Zhao Erfeng left and Duanfang acted as Sichuan governor-general. Yuan Shikai was urged to Beijing. Wang Zhaoming, Huang Fusheng, and Luo Shixun were freed. On xinsi day Guangxi's Shen Bingcheng declared himself governor. The cabinet appointments bureau burned. On renwu day Xu Shaozhen mutinied at Jiangning while Tie Liang, Zhang Renjun, and Zhang Xun held the city. Zhenjiang fell and Vice Commander Zaimu was killed. Anhui mutinied and made Zhu Jiabao governor. On guiwei day Yuan Shikai was specially appointed prime minister. The assembly's constitutional articles of faith led to the appointment. Lu Haihuan asked to run relief on Red Cross lines and was approved. Guangdong declared independence and Zhang Mingqi fled. Fujian mutinied; Pu Shou and Songshou were killed. On jiashen day the empress dowager dismissed Jilu and recalled Shiro to the household department. Xiliang was summoned to court. Commanders were told the court made no Manchu-Han distinction. On yiyou day Shandong's Sun Baoqi declared independence. Shuntian set up a temporary capital Red Cross society. Prince Yulang left the General Staff and Xu Shichang replaced him. On bingxu day Jiangning's defenders were rewarded. Lu Haihuan headed the Chinese Red Cross and relief work. Manchuria's assembly and new army sought independence; Zhao Erxun refused and ordered persuasion. On dinghai day nearby garrisons, route armies, and Jiang Guiyi's troops went to Yuan Shikai. On wuzi day commissioners were sent to war provinces to hear the people. Each governor was told to send representatives to Beijing. Zhao Erxun tried to resign over Sichuan and was refused. Wu Luzhen reached Shijiazhuang and was killed by his men. Censor Wen Su impeached Wu Luzhen for treason. Chen Ailong was told to investigate. Wang Shizhen quit for illness and Duan Zhigui acted for Huguang. The Yongding River was closed. Yuan Shikai reached Beijing. On jichou day Zhang Xiluan became Shanxi governor. Puying left Rehe and Xiliang became governor-general. On gengyin day Yuan Shikai named his cabinet. Yuan Shikai's cabinet: Liang Dunyan foreign affairs, Zhao Bingjun civil affairs, Yan Xiu revenue, Tang Jingchong education, Wang Shizhen army, Sa Zhenbing navy, Shen Jiaben justice, Zhang Jian agriculture and industry, Yang Shiqi posts, Dashou dependencies. Yu Shimei and Baoxi revised the legal code. Shaochang, Lin Shaonian, Chen Bangrui, Wang Qi, Wu Yusheng, and Enshun became privy advisers. On xinmao day Duan Qirui acted as Huguang governor-general. Sheng Yun returned to act as Shaanxi governor with military charge. On renchen day Zhejiang's Zengyun was dismissed for abandoning his post. On guisi day Zhang Xun received hereditary Second Class Light Chariot Commandant for Moling Pass. On jiawu day the assembly's revised charter was issued. In winter month 10, bingshen, the cabinet suspended memorial audiences under constitutional rule. The privy council and General Staff were restricted too. Old yamen daily-duty rules were abolished. Shiro again became Wenyuan grand secretary. On wuxu day Wu Tingfang, Zhang Jian, Tang Wenzi, and Wen Zongyao urged the regent toward republic. On gengzi day the nineteen constitutional articles were sworn at the ancestral temple by the regent for the emperor. Lao Naixuan took the Imperial University. Puliang left Chahar and Huang Maocheng of Xuanhua acted there. On xinchou day Zhang Huaizhi of Gansu helped Zhili defense. Chengdu declared independence and chose a governor. On renyin day Duanfang was killed by his men at Zizhou on the march into Sichuan. His brother Duan Jin, who followed him, was also killed. Feng Guozhang received Second Class Baron for retaking Hanyang. Horqin Prince Almuerging was sent to Fengtian to plan Mongol affairs with Zhao Erxun. Rebel troops struck Jinling and Deputy Commander Wang Youhong was killed. On jiachen day Sun Baoqi gave up independence and impeached himself to await sentence. He was pardoned and Shandong officials and merchants who stayed loyal were rewarded. Treasury silver was sent to reward Zhang Xun's troops. Liang Dingfen received third-rank capital status and was told to help Li Zhun retake Guangdong. On bingwu day revolutionaries seized Jiangning; Tieliang and Zhang Renjun fled to Shanghai while Zhang Xun fell back to Xuzhou with what remained. Yuan Shikai and the revolutionaries signed a temporary truce and stopped fighting for three days. The truce was extended repeatedly until the national polity was settled. Xu Shichang was made the minister in charge of drilling the Imperial Guard. On dingwei day Bao Fang was removed and Qi Yaolin became Henan governor. Shou Xun was told to handle military affairs with Yuan Shikai and Xu Shichang. On wushen day the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu declared independence and drove out Urga commissioner San Duo. San Duo was dismissed by edict. On jiyou day Jiangxi Governor Feng Ruqi, killed in service, received posthumous honors. On gengxu day Regent Prince Zai Feng memorialized the empress dowager, gave back the regent seal, and went home to his princedom. The empress dowager made Shi Xu and Xu Shichang grand tutors to guard the emperor. Duan Qirui was told to crush bandits along the Dangyang and Tianmen lines. On xinhai day Yuan Shikai was made plenipotentiary minister with authority to send envoys south on the great settlement. Feng Guozhang became Chahar governor-general. The Advisory Council sought the solar calendar and free queue-cutting; both were approved. On renzi day the Imperial Guard training minister became guard president under Feng Guozhang. Liang Bi was appointed General Staff military advisory commissioner. Fujian-Zhejiang Governor-General Song Shou, killed in service, received posthumous honors. On bingchen day Heilongjiang's Taiping Mountain Chahan Aolai coal mine was opened. On dingsi day revolutionaries reached Jingzhou and Acting Left Deputy Commander Hengling was killed. On wuwu day the cabinet floated patriotic bonds. On xinyou day Sun Baoqi was removed and Hu Jianchu became Shandong governor. In month 11, jiazi new moon, Yuan Shikai sought an end to sealed official memorials. On yichou day ex-acting Hubei legal commissioner Shi Jiyun and ex-Guanglu vice minister Chen Zhong were told to run Sichuan militia. On bingyin day Yin Changheng and Luo Lun's Comrade Army seized Zhao Erfeng in the governor's yamen and killed him when he refused to submit. On wuchen day Chaozhou commander Zhao Guoxian, killed in service, received posthumous honors. On renshen day the empress dowager ordered a provisional congress to decide the republican constitutional polity by public vote. Earlier Yuan Shikai had sent Tang Shaoyi to negotiate in Shanghai with Wu Tingfang; Wu held out for abolishing the throne and a republic, Tang could not prevail, and he returned to seek the court's ruling. Yuan Shikai asked for a princes-and-ministers audience conference and the court at last agreed. A national conference was then scheduled at Shanghai to decide the polity. On jiaxu day seventeen provincial delegates at Shanghai elected a provisional president, set up government at Nanjing, and named the state the Republic of China. On wuyin day princes and nobles were urged to donate funds for the armies. Chief justice Ding Cheng was removed and Liu Ruoceng took his place. On jimao day Yang Shiqi was removed and Liang Shiyi became acting posts minister. On xinsi day Duan Fang, acting Sichuan governor and railway commissioner, and his brother Duan Jin received posthumous honors for dying in service. The Salt Administration Bureau was cut. A Luanzhou mutiny was pacified. Ili New Army acting commander Yang Zuanxu mutinied and General Zhirui was killed. On dinghai day the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu was admonished by edict and given former-dynasty treasures. On gengyin day Acting Jingzhou Left Deputy Commander Hengling received posthumous honors for dying in service. On xinmao day a bomb was thrown at Yuan Shikai on the road and missed. On renchen day Zhang Huaiyi was also told to help handle Shandong defense. On guisi day officials were ordered to protect foreign lives and property. Shu Qinga was told to help with Hubei defense. Wu Zhen became metropolitan garrison commander and Beijing was put under martial law. In month 12, jiawu new moon, Zhang Huaiyi received acting governor rank. On jiwei day Lu Zhongqi received a second hereditary light-chariot commandancy; his son Lu Guangxi, killed with him, was posthumously made third-rank capital officer with title and honors for Lady Tang. On dingyou day Zhang Renjun was removed and Zhang Xun was told to act as Liangjiang governor-general. Hu Jianchu was removed; Zhang Guangjian became acting Shandong governor and Wu Dingyuan helped on Shandong defense. On jihai day Ili General Zhirui, killed in service, received posthumous honors. On xinchou day the empress dowager enfeoffed Yuan Shikai as first-class marquis for loyal public service. Elerhun became acting Ili general and Wen Qi took Tarbagatai councillor affairs. Li Jiaju was removed and Xu Dingsen became Advisory Council president. Revolutionaries bombed Liang Bi in the thigh; he died two days later. On renyin day Yuan Shikai refused the marquisate until repeated urging made him accept. On guimao day Tong Pass's recovery brought ten thousand taels to reward the troops. On jiachen day Zhang Biao was restored to provincial commander for Hanyang merit. On yisi day Zhang Huaiyi became Anhui governor. Fuzhou General Pu Shou, killed in service, received posthumous honors. On dingwei day Zhang Xiluan went to Fengtian on defense; Li Shengduo became acting Shanxi governor and Lu Yongxiang helped Shanxi command. General Staff commissioner Liang Bi, assassinated, received posthumous honors. On wushen day Wang Geng became General Staff military advisory commissioner. On jiyou day the empress dowager gave Yuan Shikai full power to negotiate with the revolutionaries and report up. Cen Chunxuan, Yuan Shukun, Lu Zhengxiang, Duan Qirui, and others then urged a swift republic to spare the people; without waiting for congress the court decided to yield power. On gengxu day Kun Yuan was told to help with Rehe defense. On xinhai day Song Xiaolian became acting Heilongjiang governor. On renzi day Xu Shichang left the military advisory post; Gansu commissioner Shi Zeng, killed in Yunnan service, received posthumous honors. On yimao day Xi Liang was removed and Kun Yuan became acting Rehe governor-general. On dingsi day unpaid Xuzhou land tax and transport grain were forgiven. On wuwu day Yuan Shikai reported agreement with Wu Tingfang on a republic plus nineteen articles on the throne, the clan, and Manchu-Mongol-Muslim-Tibetan treatment. The empress dowager told Yuan Shikai to form a provisional republican government and negotiate unity with the revolutionaries. Yuan Shikai then proclaimed the empress dowager's edict at home and abroad: 「Earlier the revolutionary army rose, the provinces followed, the realm boiled nine summers long, and the people burned in war. The throne had ordered Yuan Shikai to send envoys south, open a congress, and let the polity be decided by vote. Two months passed with no settled plan. North and south were estranged and locked in stalemate. Trade stopped on the roads and scholars slept in the open fields. One day without a settled polity meant one more day without peace for the people. Now the whole nation's heart leaned toward republic. The south had risen first; northern generals had followed. Where hearts turn, Heaven's mandate is plain. How could We cling to one clan's honor against the will of the myriad people? Reading the great trend abroad and public feeling within, We yield the emperor's ruling power to the nation and fix a constitutional republic. It will ease the empire's hunger for peace now and match the sages' teaching that all under Heaven belongs to all. Yuan Shikai, already chosen prime minister by the Advisory Council, should bridge old and new and unite north and south. Let Yuan Shikai, with full power, form a provisional republican government and negotiate unity with the revolutionaries. The aim is peace for the people, order for the realm, and one Republic of China embracing Manchu, Mongol, Han, Muslim, and Tibetan lands entire. The emperor and We may then retire in ease, enjoy the nation's courtesy, and see perfect order achieved—what glory could exceed it! 」It also said: 「Ancient rulers held the realm to preserve life and would not harm the people to feed power. The new polity is meant first to end great disorder and secure lasting peace. Defy the majority and war without end will shatter the settlement, slaughter breed slaughter, and racial catastrophe follow. The ancestral temples will shake, the myriad people suffer—later disaster beggars words. Between two harms, choose the lighter. This is the court reading the times, watching change, and weighing the people's pain. Officials and people everywhere must grasp this intent, weigh the whole situation, and not let pride or reckless words harm state and people alike. The Ministry of Civil Affairs, the metropolitan garrison, Jiang Guiti, Feng Guozhang, and others were ordered to guard strictly and instruct earnestly. So all would see the court answering Heaven and the people with great impartiality. Offices and duties exist to serve as the people's pole— cabinets and ministries within, governors and commissioners without—all to comfort the people, not one man or one house. Capital and provincial officials alike should feel the hard times and keep their posts carefully. Each chief should admonish his men not to neglect duty, fulfilling Our long intent to cherish the people. 」It also said: 「Earlier, with the realm on the brink and the people in distress, We ordered the cabinet to negotiate preferential terms for the imperial house with the revolutionaries in hope of peace. The returned memorial reported that the revolutionaries' courteous terms—perpetual temple and tomb rites and maintenance of former tomb rules—were all accepted. The emperor yields ruling power but keeps his honored title. Eight articles on the imperial house, four on the clan, and seven on Manchu, Mongol, Muslim, and Tibetan treatment were also fixed. The memorial was judged thorough. The throne proclaimed to the clan and to Manchus, Mongols, Muslims, and Tibetans: dissolve old boundaries, keep the peace together, see the world made tranquil, and share republican happiness—on this We set great hope. With that, the abdication was carried out. The historiographer says: The emperor came to the throne as a child; a regent ruled; military and civil affairs all passed through him, and great matters were reported to the empress dowager. When great change broke out he yielded power at once; all under Heaven was for the public and preferential treatment was preserved—a wonder without precedent. Like Yu's guest on the throne, ritual and culture were still renewed. When judgment is finally rendered, historians always find it hard. Yet Confucius compiling the Spring and Autumn Annals wrote what should be written and cut what should be cut. The age he saw is set down more fully than the age he heard of; how can a single reign's record be left blank? May later ages under Heaven judge it together as well? Chapter 25