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卷54 志二十九 地理一 直隶

Volume 54 Treatises 29: Geography 1, Zhi Li

Chapter 54 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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== 使使 西 西西 西西 西西 西 西 西西 西西 西西 殿 西西殿 殿 西 西西西西西 沿 西 西 西便西西便 西 西 西 西 西西 西 檿西 西 西 沿 西 西 檿 西 涿 涿檿西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 使 西 檿 西 夿 西檿 西 西 西 西 涿 西 西 西鹿 西 檿 西 涿 涿鹿 西 西 西 西 西 檿檿 簿 西 西 西 西 西西西 西 西 使 西 滿 滿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 鹿 西 西 西 西 𧦬 西 西 西 鹿 西 西鹿 西 綿西 西 西 西 西 西 西鹿 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 𧦬 𧦬 𧦬 西 西 沿 西 𡉏 簿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 漿 西 西 西 西 西 鹿 鹿 西 西 鹿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 黿 西 西 西 西 西 檿 西 西 西 西 西 簿 西 西 西 西 使 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 簿 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 𩣑 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西西 西 西 西 西 西 西使 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 涿鹿 西 西 西 鹿 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西祿 西西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 檿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 簿 西 西 西簿 使 西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西西 西 西 鹿西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 綿 西 西 鹿 祿 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
Treatise 29, Geography 1 — Zhili: the domain of the Ji and Yan regions described in the Yugong. Under the Ming it served as Beijing, with a Beiping provincial administration commission and the Wanquan capital guard command. Early in the Shunzhi reign the Qing fixed the capital at the imperial city and made the region Zhili Province. One governor-general was installed, titled Xuanda (Xuanfu–Datong). (Headquartered at Datong in Shanxi, with jurisdiction over Xuanfu. It was abolished in Shunzhi year 13. ) Three governors were appointed: Shuntian (based at Zunhua, governing Shuntian and Yongping prefectures. Abolished at the beginning of the Kangxi reign. ) Baoding (based at Zhending, governing Baoding, Zhending, Shunde, Guangping, Daming, and Hejian. Abolished in Shunzhi year 16. ) Xuanfu (based at Xuanfu garrison, governing Yanqing and Bao'an. Abolished in Shunzhi year 8. In year 5 a governor-general for Zhili, Shandong, and Henan was created. (He was stationed at Daming and in year 16 the post was changed to Governor of Zhili.) (The following year the seat moved to Zhending and in Kangxi year 8 it moved again to Baoding.) In Yongzheng year 2 the office was again made governor-general. The metropolitan intendant's traditional jurisdiction remained Shuntian, by established custom. (Earlier, in Shunzhi year 18 a Zhili governor-general had been added, likewise stationed at Daming. In Kangxi year 5 it became the three-province governor-general and was abolished in year 8.) In Kangxi year 32 Xuanfu garrison was converted into Xuanhua prefecture. (Yanqing and Bao'an were reduced in rank and placed under it.) In Yongzheng year 1 Rehe subprefecture was created and Zhending was renamed Zhengding. In year 2 five directly governed prefectures—Ding, Ji, Jin, Zhao, and Shen—were added, along with Zhangjiakou subprefecture. In year 3 Tianjin guard was raised to a directly governed prefecture and in year 9 to a full prefecture. In year 10 Duolunor subprefecture was established. In year 11 both Rehe subprefecture and Yizhou were made directly governed prefectures. In year 12 Dushikou subprefecture was created. (Jin subprefecture was demoted and subordinated to Zhengding.) In Qianlong year 7 Chengde was again reduced to Rehe subprefecture. In year 8 Zunhua was promoted to a directly governed prefecture. In year 43 Rehe subprefecture was again raised to Chengde prefecture. In Guangxu year 2 Weichang subprefecture was established. (It was placed under Chengde.) In year 30 Chaoyang prefecture was created. (The next year Jianping was established and subordinated to it.) In year 33 Chifeng county was promoted to a directly governed prefecture. (Kailu and three other counties were created and placed under it.) Today, apart from the metropolitan intendant, the province contains eleven prefectures, seven directly governed prefectures, three directly governed subprefectures, nine ordinary prefectures, one ordinary subprefecture, and 104 counties. On the north it reaches the border of the Right Wing Abag Banner in Inner Mongolia; (1,200 li.) On the east to the border of Ningyuan subprefecture in Fengtian; (680 li.) On the south to the border of Lanfeng county in Henan; (1,430 li.) On the west to the border of Guangning county in Shanxi. (550 li.) It spans 1,230 li east to west and 2,630 li north to south. In Xuantong year 3 there were 4,995,495 registered households and a population of 23,613,171. (Its mountains include Mount Heng and the Taihang range. Its rivers are the Sanggan (Yongding), the Hutuo (Ziya), and the Wei, Yi, Zhang, Bai, and Luan. Its chief strategic barriers are the passes at Jingxing, Shanhai, Juyong, Zijing, and Daoma, and the gates at Xifeng, Gubei, Dushi, and Zhangjia. For transport, sea routes run from Tianjin southeast to Zhifu and Shanghai, northeast to Yingkou, and east to Inchon in Korea and Nagasaki in Japan. Railways include the Beijing–Tianjin, Tianjin–Yuyang, Beijing–Hankou, Zhengding–Taiyuan, and Beijing–Zhangjiakou lines. Postal roads run east through Shanhaiguan to Suizhong in Shengjing, west through Zijing Pass to Lingqiu in Shanxi, south across the plain to Dezhou in Shandong, and north through Gubeikou to Rehe. Telegraph lines run northwest to Urga and southwest to Taiyuan; from Tianjin northeast to Fengtian; and a submarine cable from Dagu east to Zhifu.) Shuntian Prefecture: (In the early Ming it was called Beiping Prefecture. After the capital was built at Beijing the name was changed again. Since the Liao, every dynasty has made this its capital. In Zhengtong year 6 it was formally fixed as the Capital.) It governed six subprefectures and twenty-five counties. Early in Shunzhi the capital was given an intendant, vice intendant, and administrative magistrate. The Shuntian governor was based at Zunhua and was abolished early in Kangxi. In year 15 Zunhua was promoted to subprefecture rank. In year 27 four circuit subprefects were appointed to divide control over the subordinate prefectures and counties. They were assigned to the Tongyong and Bachang circuits. They were also placed under the overall supervision of the Zhili governor-general. In Yongzheng year 1 a ministry or court grandee was again specially appointed to oversee prefectural affairs, with no fixed number of posts. In year 9 Ninghe county was created. In Qianlong year 8 Zunhua was again raised to a directly governed prefecture, with Yutian and Fengrun subordinated to it. It spans 440 li east to west and 500 li north to south. Its north polar altitude is 39°55′. It governs five subprefectures and nineteen counties. (Under the Liao this was Nanjing; the site lies southwest of the present city—the Tang Youzhou frontier garrison town. The Jin enlarged it. By the Yuan the old site had largely disappeared. The Yuan Dadu, by contrast, covered the ground outside today's Anding and Desheng gates. Early in the Ming the northern wall was pulled in and Yuan arrangements were revised. At the start of Yongle the southern city was expanded again, so that it no longer matched the Hongwu layout. The Imperial City today measures eighteen li around. Inside the Zhengyang Gate stands the Daqing Gate; to the southeast is the Chang'an Left Gate; to the southwest is the Chang'an Right Gate; to the east is the Dong'an Gate; to the west is the Xi'an Gate; due north is the Di'an Gate, formerly the Bei'an Gate, renamed in Shunzhi year 9. Inside the Daqing Gate is the Tian'an Gate, formerly the Chengtian Gate, renamed in Shunzhi year 8. On the left stands the Imperial Ancestral Temple; on the right the Altar of Land and Grain. Facing the dawn to rule, the sovereign dwells here at the center of the realm. Within lies the Duan Gate, with the Left Que Gate on the left and the Right Que Gate on the right. Inside stands the Forbidden City. It backs on Jingshan to the north and adjoins the Western Park on the west; within the park Yingtai is ringed by the Taiye Pool. To the south, linked with the Duan Gate, is the Wu Gate. On the north is the Shenwu Gate, on the east the Donghua Gate, and on the west the Xihua Gate. Inside the Wu Gate, on the east is the Xiehe Gate, which opens east to the Wenhua Hall; on the west is the Xihe Gate, which opens west to the Wuying Hall—formerly the Yonghe Gate, renamed in Qianlong year 1. At the center stands the Taihe Gate; on the left are the Zhaode Gate and Tiren Pavilion; on the right the Zhendu Gate and Hongyi Pavilion; Within lie the Taihe, Zhonghe, and Baohe halls, up to the Qianqing Gate. On the east is the Jingyun Gate; on the west the Longzong Gate. All of this constitutes the Outer Court, by established regulation. Outside lies the capital city, forty li around, with nine gates: the Zhengyang Gate to the south; the Chongwen Gate southeast of it; the Xuanwu Gate southwest; the Chaoyang Gate southeast of the east side; the Dongzhi Gate northeast of the east side; the Fucheng Gate southwest of the west side; the Xizhi Gate northwest of the west side; the Anding Gate northeast of the north side; and the Desheng Gate northwest of the north side. All follow the Ming layout. The Eight Banners were quartered as follows: Bordered Yellow inside Anding Gate; Plain Yellow inside Desheng Gate; Plain White inside Dongzhi Gate; Bordered White inside Chaoyang Gate; Plain Red inside Xizhi Gate; Bordered Red inside Fucheng Gate; Plain Blue inside Chongwen Gate; Bordered Blue inside Xuanwu Gate. They were arrayed like stars on a board, without intermingling. The outer city is twenty-eight li long and has seven gates: the Yongding Gate to the south; the Zuo'an Gate on the left; the You'an Gate on the right; the Guangqu Gate to the east; the Guangning Gate to the west; at the eastern and western corners facing north are the Dongbian Gate in the east and the Xibian Gate in the west. All were built in the Ming Jiajing reign. The drum tower stands outside the Di'an Gate; it was destroyed in the Ming Yongle reign and rebuilt in Qianlong year 12. ) Daxing: (strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. It lies on the eastern side of the prefecture and is subordinate to the Western Circuit subprefecture. To the north is the Yu River, which enters from Changping and receives the Qing River. To the northwest the Jade River enters from Wanping. It splits in two: one branch becomes the moat and joins the Paozi River outside Chongwen Gate; the other enters Desheng Gate as Jishuitan—the North Sea—flows on as the Taiye Pool, and divides into the Imperial Canal. It joins the southeastern branch at Desheng Bridge, reunites, and flows east as the Tonghui River. The Liangshui River also enters from Wanping, runs through the Southern Park—the South Sea—from which the Dragon and Phoenix rivers issue. The Dragon River is silted up. The Southern Circuit subprefecture is based at Huangcun. The assistant magistrate is based at Lixianzhuang. It has three market towns: Qingyundian, Fengheying, and Baitacun. There is a Caiyuying patrol office. There is a courier station. Railway. ) Wanping: (strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. It is subordinate to the Western Circuit subprefecture. The Western Hills range extends from the Taihang and forms the right arm of the sacred capital. Twenty li to the northwest is Wengshan, whose lake is the West Sea. In Qianlong year 15 the mountain was named Wanshou and the lake Kunming. There is the Qingyi Garden, renamed Yihe in Guangxu year 15. Nearby is Yuquan Hill, the source of the Qing and Jade rivers. The Jade River passes Gaoliang Bridge, also known as the Gaoliang River. The Yongding River enters from Huailai; west of Lushi Hill it is also called the Lugou River, branching out and re-entering. It has ash dams and flood-relief channels. There are twelve flood sections; at Shijingshan north and south bank subprefects have jurisdiction: seven under full control—Shijingshan, two at Lugou Bridge, North Head Works Upper, North Head Works Middle, South Head Works Upper, North Second Works Lower; and five under divided control—South Head Works Lower, North Head Works Lower, North Second Works Upper, South Third Works, and North Third Works. From Shunzhi year 8 to Tongzhi year 3 the channel was shifted sixteen times; the northern flow was cut off to the central channel, which passes Yubakou and Sanfengyan to reach the sea. Since Daoguang year 22, despite minor breaches and shifts, there has been no serious damage. The Liangshui, Siniu, and Longquan rivers also issue from the southwest. To the west is Haidian, with the Changchun and Yuanming gardens, destroyed at the end of the Xianfeng reign. The Western Circuit subprefecture is based at Lugou Bridge and has a patrol office. The assistant magistrate is based at Mentougou. There are also three patrol offices at Panggezhuang, Qingbaikou, and Dongzhaitang. Eight market towns: Yanhekou, Moshikou, Yufa, Pingluoying, Wulituo, Zhaocun, Wangpingkou, and Tianjinguan. Railway. ) Liangxiang: (strategic, populous, difficult. It lies seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Western Circuit subprefecture. The Yongding River enters from Wanping. It has four flood sections, all under divided jurisdiction of the Shijingshan south bank subprefect: North Head Works Lower, North Second Works Upper, South Head Works Lower, and South Second Works. The Jinmen stone sluice was built in Kangxi year 46 and later abandoned. In Qianlong year 3 it was moved to the South Second flood section; the flood-relief stone dam was still called Jinmen Sluice. There are seventeen Yongding flood-relief dams. The Gongcun River enters from Fangshan, becomes the Siniu River, and rejoins the Ciwai River. The Lu River enters from Fangshan; at Liuli town it is called the Liuli River and receives the Jiahuo River. To the north is the Huangxinzhuang traveling palace; to the south the Jiaolao Terrace. The assistant magistrate is based at Zhaocun. It has two courier stations: Gujie and Changxindian. Railway. ) Gu'an: (populous, difficult. It lies one hundred twenty li west of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Southern Circuit subprefecture. The Yongding River north and south bank subprefects and the Shijingshan subprefect are based here. The Yongding River enters from Wanping. It has six flood sections under the north and south bank subprefects and the Sanjiaodian intendant: two under full jurisdiction—South Fourth Works and North Fourth Works Upper; and four under divided jurisdiction—South Third Works, North Third Works, North Fourth Works Lower, and South Fifth Works. The Juma branch river enters from Zhuo; there was formerly a Jinmen Sluice. A flood-relief channel also enters from Zhuo, receives the Taiping River, and is called the Siniu River; it branches into the Huangjia River, and to the west the Wugong River—all are silted up. Hancheng lies eighteen li to the southeast. Siputou lies seventy li to the south. There is Niutuozhen market town. There is one county courier station. ) Yongqing: (light tax burden. It lies one hundred forty li south-southeast of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Southern Circuit subprefecture. The Sanjiaodian intendant is based here. The Yongding River enters from Gu'an. It has seven flood sections under the north bank subprefect; the intendant has full jurisdiction over three—South Sixth Works, North Fifth Works, and North Sixth Works; and four under divided jurisdiction—North Fourth Works Lower, South Fifth Works, South Seventh Works, and North Seventh Works. There is a Xin'an town patrol office, also subordinate to Ba prefecture. ) Dong'an: (light tax burden. It lies one hundred forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Southern Circuit subprefecture. The Yongding River enters from Yongqing. It has three flood sections, all under divided jurisdiction of the Sanjiaodian north intendant: South Seventh Works, South Eighth Works Upper, and North Seventh Works. Its former channel is silted up. The Feng River enters from Daxing. There is Jiuzhou market town. There is one county courier station. ) Xianghe: (light tax burden. It lies one hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Eastern Circuit subprefecture. To the west is the Northern Transport Canal, which enters from Tongzhou. There is the Wangjiawu flood-relief river, dredged in Yongzheng year 9, one hundred forty li in length. The northern Wotou River also enters from Tongzhou. There is one county courier station. ) Tongzhou: (strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. It lies forty li east of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Eastern Circuit subprefecture. The Tongyong circuit intendant and the granary commissioner-general are based here. In Shunzhi year 16 Huo county was merged into it. The subprefect in charge of river management is based here. The Bai, Yu, and Chao rivers all enter from Shunyi. The Yu River takes in the Tonghui River and meets the Bai, forming the Northern Transport Canal, which then receives the Liangshui River. The Chao River runs past Wotou village and is called the Wotou River. The Feng River enters from Dong'an. Outside the north gate is a stone dam managed by the subprefect, through which tribute grain for fifteen capital granaries is transported. To its east is an earthen dam managed by the assistant prefect, serving the central two granaries west of the prefecture. Three market towns: Matoudian, Yongledian, and Majuqiao. It has two courier stations: Luhe and Hehe. Railway. ) Sanhe: (strategic, populous, difficult. It lies one hundred ten li east, slightly north of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Eastern Circuit subprefecture. On Panlong Mountain to the northwest is a traveling palace, relocated to Daxinzhuang in Qianlong year 19. To the north is the Ju River, which enters from Pinggu and skirts the southeastern side of the city. To the southwest, the Wotou River enters along the border from Tongzhou. The Baoqiu River was an ancient great inundation whose source lies beyond the frontier; it is now silted up. It now issues from Tiangezhuang in the northwest; in fair weather it is a dry channel, but in rain it pours violently and is popularly called the "Bursting Belly River." There is Mafang market town. There is one county courier station. ) Wuqing: (strategic, populous, tax-exhausted. It lies ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Eastern Circuit subprefecture. To the southwest, the Yongding River enters from Dong'an. It has three flood sections under the Sanjiaodian north bank intendant: South Eighth Works Upper, South Eighth Works Lower, and North Seventh Works. To the northeast, the Northern Transport Canal enters from Xianghe. In Kangxi year 38 Kuang'ergang breached; the following year it was dredged as a flood-relief river, and later silted up. Late in the Tongzhi reign the new flood-relief river was dredged again. North of Baodi the Feng River enters from Tongzhou; in Yongzheng year 4 it was diverted south from Houshang village, running down to Shuangkou at Tianjin to enter the marsh. Sanjiaodian, also called East Marsh, was the ancient Yongnu marsh and spanned the territories of seven prefectures and counties: Bazhou, Wen'an, Dong'angu, Wuqing, Jinghai, Wen'an, and Dacheng. In Yongzheng year 4 the Yongding River was discharged into the marsh; half of it silted shut, leaving only a corner at Wangqingtuo. After Qianlong year 16, river branches were led through the marsh eastward, and level wasteland stretched as far as the eye could see. The canal subprefect is based at Hexiwu and the intendant at Yangcun; both places have courier stations. Eight market towns: Wangqingtuo, Anping, Tongbai, Cuihuangkou, Sanliqian, Nancaicun, Kuang'ergang, and Huanghuadian. ) Baodi: (populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. It lies one hundred eighty li east, slightly south of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Eastern Circuit subprefecture. To the north, the Ji Transport Canal enters along the border from Jizhou's right bank where it meets the Ju River, passes Jiangkuan village, the Baoqiu River enters from Sanhe and receives the Wotou River, and the Baozhen River flows into it. Farther south is the Kuang'ergang new flood-relief river. North of it the Wangjiawu flood-relief river is silted up. Magistrate Liu Zhiyan dredged from Dabaizhuang to Biaokou and also repaired the Wotou and Baozhen dikes. There is Yupuying market town. There is one county courier station. ) Ninghe: (strategic, populous, difficult. It lies three hundred li southeast of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Eastern Circuit subprefecture. It was established in Yongzheng year 9 by converting the Ming Baodi Liangcheng guard battalion. The sea lies to the southeast; ninety li away is Beitangkou. The Ji Transport Canal enters from Baodi and winds south around the city; there is Qilihai, which gathers the Wangjiawu and Kuang'ergang flood-relief rivers, spreads into fishing-weir outlets, receives the Ningche and Gu rivers in divided flow, and again takes in the Jinzhong River. To the southeast, Dagukou borders Tianjin, and sea sand enters along the border. North of it is Beitangkou. To the southeast is Lutai town, where the Tianjin river fisheries intendant and the Tongyong garrison commander-in-chief are based. There is a patrol office and a salt intendant. Three market towns: Beitangkou, Xinhezhuang, and Yingcheng. ) Changping Prefecture: (strategic, populous, difficult. It lies ninety li north of the prefectural seat. The Bachang circuit intendant is based here. The Northern Circuit subprefecture is based at Gonghuacheng, and the prefecture is subordinate to it. To the north is Tianshou Mountain, where the thirteen Ming imperial tombs lie. To the northwest, the Yu River enters from Yanqing, runs underground and reemerges, joins the Shanshui River on the left, and receives the Nansha River on the right. Farther east, the Longquan River meets the Jiaozhouying River and flows into it. The Qidu River also enters from Yanqing. South of it the Jiudu River and the Siniu River both issue from the northeast. The border wall runs from Mia'er Harbor in the west to Miziyu Pass in the east. It has four garrison posts: Hengling Road, Zhenbiancheng, Changyucheng, and Baiyangkou. It also extends to Mutianyu Pass, with one garrison post: Huanghua Road. Two traveling palaces: Tangshan and Lügou. Nine market towns in all: Gangquanying, Niufang, Haoba Tun, Shatun, Gaoliying, Lügou, Qianying, Qiantun, and Zaojiaotun. There are two: the Yuhe courier station at the prefectural seat, and Huilongguan. ) Shunyi: (strategic, difficult. It lies sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Northern Circuit subprefecture. To the north is Niulanshan. The Bai River enters from Huairou, runs along the eastern foothills, and joins the Huai River. East of it is Hunu Mountain, where the Chao River rises; it is also called the Arrow Shaft River. The Jiaozhouying River issues west of the county and receives the Siniu River. The Yu River also enters from Daxing. Two traveling palaces: Sanjiadian and Nanshicao. Two market towns: Caoheying and Yanggezhuang. There is one county courier station. ) Miyun: (strategic, populous, difficult. It lies one hundred thirty li northeast of the prefectural seat. It is subordinate to the Northern Circuit subprefecture. South of the county is Miyun Mountain. To the east is Jiusong Mountain, formerly called Jiuzhuangling. To the west is the Gu River, which enters from Luanping, joins the Baimaguan River, and becomes the Bai River. To the right a branch channel issues forth. The Chao River likewise enters from Luanping, joins the Tang River, and further receives the Qian Tower River; skirting the city from the southwest it comes to meet—the people also call it the Chao-Bai River. At Chao River Camp the provincial military commander is stationed. At Gubeikou Pass the deputy lieutenant-general and patrol commissioner are stationed. Two western camps: Shitang Road and Shixia City. Two garrison posts: Chao River Stream and Baimaguan Pass. Two eastern camps: Caojia Road and Qiangzi Road. Five garrison posts: Simatai, Heiyu Pass, Jijia Camp, Yangjia Fort, and Zhenluo Pass. There are three traveling palaces at Liujiazhuang, Luojia Bridge, and Yaotingzhuang. Two courier stations: Fenghuang and Shixia. ) Huairou: (strategic, populous. One hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. Subordinate to the Northern Route Circuit. Two traveling palaces at Chenji Mountain and Zhiyuan Temple. The Shi River issues from the east; its lower course is the Ru River. The Bai River enters from Miyun; a branch channel also enters from the county, receives Yanshi Stream, and rejoins. To the west the Seven Crossings River enters from Changping, joins the Nine Crossings River, skirts the city to the southeast, joins the Xiaoquan River, and is called the Huai River. There is a garrison post. One county courier station. ) Zhuozhou: (strategic, populous, difficult. One hundred and forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Subordinate to the Western Route Circuit. To the west is Dulou Mountain. To the northeast the Yongding River enters from Liangxiang. Its Jintai Sluice diversion channel is silted up. To the northwest the Juma Branch River divides and enters from Fangshan and rejoins; the Huliang River joins the Staff-Drawn Spring to pour into it. East of Fuluo Camp it enfolds the Huo River, wrongly enters and emerges again, and pours into the Liuli River. Further east it receives the Jianniu River; silted up, with diverging channels. To the southwest is the Dugang Marsh. To the southeast is the ancient Zhuo River, now obliterated. Five market towns: Wangjiadian, Songmudian, Liuheying, Magou Village, and Changgou. Zhuolu courier station. ) Fangshan: (populous, difficult. Ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. Subordinate to the Western Route Circuit. To the southwest is Great Fang Mountain, also called Great Defense Mountain, with the Gou Peak. In the eighth year of Yongzheng a phoenix gathered here. Also Stone Sutra Mountain. The Longquan River, the ancient Fangshui, has two sources issuing from Great An Mountain in the northwest; flowing southeast it is called the Lu River. There is the Sha River encircling the city; it joins the Baer River to pour into it—this is the Liuli River. The Juma River enters from Laishui, runs along the border past Tiesuo Cliff, and the branch river issues forth. It divides into two. To its east is the Staff-Drawn Spring. The Huliang River and Huo River both issue from the southwest, while the Ciziwei River and Ya River issue from the northeast. Also the Shunshui River enters from Wanping. There is a Cijiawu patrol commissioner. There is the Jiyang courier station. ) Bazhou: (strategic, populous. One hundred and eighty li south of the prefectural seat. Subordinate to the Southern Route Circuit. The Jade Belt River enters from Baoding and becomes the Daqing River. The southern branch runs via Yuanjiakou and is called the Huitong River. The middle branch, the Zhongting River, also enters from Baoding, passes Kaolaquan, receives the Jianniu River, again divides into a northern branch whose lower course is the Xinzhang River, again wrongly enters the Jianniu and Huangjia rivers, rising and falling with the Yongding. The northern branch is the ancient grain-transport canal. At the beginning of the Guangxu reign Brigade Commander Chen Benrong dredged it and restored the Canger Marsh embankment, planting sixty-one thousand willows. Two traveling palaces: one at Taibao Village, one at Suqiao Market Town. There is a registrar, also subordinate to Wenan. Also at Xinan Market Town a patrol commissioner, also subordinate to Yongqing. There is the Yijin courier station. ) Wenan: (populous, difficult. Three hundred and forty li south and slightly east of the prefectural seat. Subordinate to the Southern Route Circuit. The three branches of the Daqing River all enter from Ba, trending toward Dongdian. Its northern and middle branches join west of Shengfang and are called the Xinzhang River. The Wenan Depression extends three hundred li round; there are the Huoshao, Niutai, and Ma marshes. In the eighth year of Guangxu the channel below Taitou was dredged, a length of one thousand nine hundred and twenty zhang. At Zuojiazhuang there is a traveling palace. One county courier station. ) Dacheng: (populous, difficult. Three hundred and ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. Subordinate to the Southern Route Circuit. To the northwest the Huitong River enters from Wenan, passes Taitou Village; there is a traveling palace. The Daqing River and Xinzhang River both enter from Wenan. The Ziya River enters from Hejian; formerly it received the ancient Yang River—in the Guangxu period it was diverted from Zhuxian at Xian, and the old channel has long been obliterated. Also the western branch of the Black Dragon Harbor enters from Qing and joins the eastern branch river. ) Baoding: (light tax burden. Two hundred li south and slightly west of the prefectural seat. Subordinate to the Southern Route Circuit. To the southwest the Daqing River enters from Xiong and is called the Jade Belt River; passing Zhangqingkou, west of the mouth is Xidian and east is Dongdian—bordered in the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong. Further north it joins the Zhao King River; reaching Lugezhuang, in the Kangxi period it was diverted as the Zhongting River, joining the Shiwang River to enter Ba. One county courier station. ) Jizhou: (strategic, populous. One hundred and eighty li east and slightly north of the prefectural seat. Subordinate to the Eastern Route Circuit. To the northwest are Pan Mountain, Peach Blossom Mountain, and Ge Mountain; three traveling palaces. The Ji Canal from the early Ming Tianshun period drew the Chao River upstream to the present prefecture, later abandoned. At the beginning of Shunzhi it was dredged again, with the Fengling imperial grain route at its upper source. The Li River enters from the east at Zunhua, joins the Lin River, and at Wuliqiao south of the city it first becomes the Ji Canal. Turning south, the Ju River issues outside Huangyakou north of the prefecture, wrongly emerges to Sanhe, again runs along the border to meet. Four garrison posts: Huanghuadian, Qingshanling, Huangya Pass, and Jiangjunshi Pass. There is the Yuyang courier station. Pinggu: light tax burden. One hundred and fifty li northeast of the prefectural seat. Subordinate to the Northern Route Circuit. To the northeast the Ju River enters from Ji, joins the Dule River, skirts the city southwest, meets the Shi River—that is, the Ru River. One county courier station. ) Baoding Prefecture: (strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Subordinate to the Qing River Circuit. Under the Ming it governed three departments and seventeen counties. ) In the eighth year of Kangxi the provincial governor was moved here from Zhending, making it the seat of Zhili Province. In the second year of Yongzheng it was changed to governor-general. The provincial treasurer, Qing River intendant, and others are all stationed here. In the twelfth year Yizhou was promoted to a directly governed department, with Laishui placed under it. Shenze was also transferred to Dingzhou. In the Daoguang period Xin'an was abolished. Three hundred and fifty li northeast of the capital. Three hundred and fifty li wide and four hundred li long. North polar altitude thirty-eight degrees fifty-one minutes. The capital lies fifty-two minutes west of it. It governs two departments and fourteen counties. Qingyuan: strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. The Qingyuan River is the prefectural river, the upper course of the ancient Shen River. The Qicun River enters from Mancheng, joins the Baicao Ditch, encircles the city, receives the Xuhe Ditch on the left, and further east joins the Jinxian River. The Tang River enters from Wangdu, joins the Yangcheng River, receives the Qixianzhuang River—now silted up; in the Xianfeng period it shifted south; at the end of Tongzhi it shifted further south into Li, reaching Anzhou, again ran along the border to enter, and below joined the prefectural river as the middle branch of the Daqing River. There is Dajidian Market Town, Zhangdengdian patrol commissioner, and Jintai courier station. Railway. Mancheng: strategic. Forty li west and slightly north of the prefectural seat. To the southwest is Baoyang Mountain. To the west is the Yu River, entering from Yizhou and going underground; at the east of the county it wells up as the One-Mu and Jiju springs, joins the Shen Spring, and becomes the Qicun River. The Fangshun River enters from Wanxian, dividing into the Baicao Ditch and Jinxian River. The Xu River enters from Yizhou, also called the Dace River, flowing east into Ansu. The Thousand-Li Long Embankment begins in the county border and ends at Zangjia Bridge in Xian County, spanning the three prefectures of Shuntian, Baoding, and Hejian. The river registrar is stationed at Fangshunqiao Market Town. There is the Xingyang courier station. Ansu: strategic. Forty-five li north and slightly east of the prefectural seat. To the west is Black Mountain. To the southwest is Yicun Ridge. The Bao River enters from Yizhou, joins the Qushui River, at the north of the city receives the Jizhua Spring River, and below reaches Xin'an to enter the marsh. To its north the Ping Spring River enters from Dingxing and flows east into Rongcheng; its branch channel issues from the west of the city to the right, and with the Cao River jointly enters Anzhou. There are the Liangmen Marsh and Baigou courier station. Railway. Dingxing: strategic, populous. One hundred and twenty li north and slightly east of the prefectural seat. To the north the Juma River enters from Laishui, passes west of the city and south, receives the middle and north Yishui and Macun River, and runs along the border into Rongcheng and Xincheng as the border river. To the north there is also the Border River. To the southwest is the Jizhua River. To the southeast is Langan Ditch. There are the Fanyang Marsh, Gucheng Market Town, and Xuanhua courier station. Railway. Xincheng: strategic, populous. One hundred and fifty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south is the Juma River, running along the border from Dingxing; its northern branch enters from Gu'an, and at Shijiuza to the left is diverted as the Luseng Diversion River—now silted up. Further southwest it joins the Ziquan River and Doumen River, receives the Langan River—that is, the Border River wrongly emerging and re-entering. Further south it is called the Baigou River, entering Rongcheng to rejoin. Three market towns: Fangguan, Xinqiao, and Baigou. Fenshui courier station. Tang: light tax burden. One hundred and twenty li west and slightly south of the prefectural seat. To the north is Yao Mountain. To the northeast is Wangdu Mountain. To the northwest is Great Mao Mountain. To the west is the Tang River, the ancient Boshui, entering from Guangchang and wrongly emerging; on the left it joins the Daoliu River. To the west is the Bao River, receiving on the right the Heng River, Mani River, and Tang River. Also to the northeast is the Fangshui River. Northwest of Daoma Pass are four passes: Yueling, Liujiao'an, Juncheng Market Town, and Zhoujiabao. Henghekou patrol commissioner. One county courier station. Boye: tax-exhausted. Ninety-five li south of the prefectural seat. To the southeast the Zhulong River enters along the border from Anping, also called the Chan River, bending south past Baita Village to enter Li. The Tang River enters from Qingyuan. One county courier station. Wangdu: strategic, difficult. Eighty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Formerly called Qingdu, renamed in the eleventh year of Qianlong. To the southeast the Tang River enters from Dingzhou. There are the Nine Dragon Springs encircling the city like pearls welling forth; issuing east they become the Longquan River. There is the Zhicheng courier station. Rongcheng: light tax burden. Ninety li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the north is the Juma River; the western branch enters along the border from Dingxing and joins the eastern Baigou River. The west is clear and weak, the east turbid and strong. Also the Bao River enters from Ansu; its Ping River is dry. One county courier station. Wan: light tax burden. Seventy li west and slightly south of the prefectural seat. To the west is Yiqi Mountain; the Qi River issues from it—that is, the Quni River. The gazetteer disliked its name and changed it to Fangshun. It receives the Fangshui River. The Pu River it formerly joined is dry. The Tang River again wrongly enters from its county and joins the Qingshui River. Li: populous, difficult. Ninety li south and slightly east of the prefectural seat. To the south the Zhulong River enters from Boye, also called the Yangcun River. The Tang River enters from Boye; from the beginning of Daoguang it shifted north. The river registrar is stationed at Zhang Village. One county courier station. Xiong: strategic, populous, difficult. One hundred and twenty li northeast of the prefectural seat. Xidian Marsh lies south of the county. Spanning Anzhou, Gaoyang, and Renqiu, three hundred and thirty li round, it gathers all waters of the prefecture—what are called the seventy-two clear rivers. Zhaobeikou chokes its middle. Twelve bridges. The Sijiao River enters from Anzhou, issues at the fifth bridge, and is called the Daqing River, wrongly emerging and re-entering. The Baigou River enters from Rongcheng, south reaching the Dagang and Chaihe marshes. The Daqing River was then diverted north of the Medicine King traveling palace to meet. There is the Guiyi courier station. Qizhou: light tax burden. One hundred and twenty li south and slightly west of the prefectural seat. To the south is the northern branch of the Hutuo River, running along the border from Shenze. To its north the Zhulong River gathers the three waters of Bo, Sha, and Zi from Dingzhou. Bo is the Tang River; at the beginning of Jiaqing it shifted, and the Mengliang River seized it. This becomes the Zhulong River. Further south it passes Chengezhuang to enter Boye. One county courier station. Shulu: populous, difficult. Two hundred and forty li south and slightly west of the prefectural seat. To the northwest the Hutuo River enters from Jinzhou into Shenzhou as the southern branch; its branch channel enters Anping—the shift of the tenth year of Tongzhi. Its old channels number seven. The county assistant magistrate is stationed at Xiaozhang Village. One county courier station. Anzhou: light tax burden. Sixty li east and slightly north of the prefectural seat. In the twelfth year of Daoguang Xin'an was abolished and merged in. The prefectural river and Tang River enter from Qingyuan and join, receive the Cao River, pass north of the city as the Yicheng River, pour into Baiyang Marsh on the right, facing the Zhulong River entering from Gaoyang. Pouring into the miscellaneous marshes on the left, they rejoin as the Sishu River, also called the Sijiao River. The western marshes total ninety-nine; Baiyang is the widest, next is Shaoche, and the miscellaneous marshes are the most numerous. Two traveling palaces in Xin'an Township. One department courier station. Gaoyang: light tax burden. Sixty-five li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the northwest the Tang River enters from Li, also called the Tutou River. To the southeast the Zhulong River also enters from Li; in the Shunzhi period it again burst at Buli Village, hence also called the Buli River. Formerly it joined the Gan River—that is, the Gao River, which gave the county its name—now silted up. One county courier station. Zhending Prefecture: (strategic, populous. Subordinate to the Qing River Circuit. The regional commander is stationed here. Under the Ming it was called Zhending. It governed five departments and twenty-seven counties. ) In the first year of Yongzheng it was called Zhengding. In the second year Ji, Zhao, Shen, Ding, and Jin were promoted to five directly governed departments, with seventeen counties including Nan'gong placed under them. In the twelfth year Jinzhou was demoted, and its subordinate Wuji and Gaocheng together with Dingzhou and Xinle were returned to this jurisdiction. Two hundred and ninety li east of the provincial seat. Two hundred and seventy li wide and three hundred and eighty li long. North polar altitude thirty-eight degrees eleven minutes. The capital lies one degree forty-eight minutes west of it. It governs one department and thirteen counties. Zhengding: strategic, populous, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. Formerly called Zhending, renamed in the first year of Yongzheng. To the west is the Hutuo River, entering from Pingshan. There are two old channels of the Ye River. To its north the Linji River joins northwest springs and the Wang Spring River. Further north the Zi River enters from Xinle and goes underground flowing east. The Hutuo River is prone to shifting; north of the Fu and south of the Zi, for several hundred li flooding has spread almost everywhere. The present river was a diversion in the seventh year of Tongzhi, restoring the old channel of Kangxi that flowed east into Shen, An, and Rao. There are the Hengshan and Fucheng courier stations. Huolu: strategic. Sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the south is Fenglong Mountain. To the north is Wufeng Mountain; the Jiao River issues from it. It joins the Little Sha and Zuojin rivers. To the west is the Lu Spring River; east to Dayaoshe it receives the Ye River. Now silted up. There is the Zhenning courier station. Jingxing: light tax burden. One hundred and thirty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Northeast of Jingxing Mountain is a pass. To the north the Mianman River enters from Pingdingzhou in Shanxi, joins the Gantao River—also called the Wei River. Turning north, on the left it receives the Jinzhu Spring; reaching Dongye Village it is called the Ye River. To the southwest is Guguan, attached to Pingdingzhou, with a brigade general posted. To its north is Niangzi Pass. There is a garrison post. The border wall to the northwest begins at Diyan and to the south ends at Yangzhuangkou. There is the Xingshan courier station. Fuping: light tax burden. Two hundred and ten li northwest of the prefectural seat. At the end of Shunzhi it was abolished. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi it was restored. Northeast of Great Mao Mountain the Pingyang River issues. The Sha River enters from Fanzhi in Shanxi, receives the north-flowing river of Lingqiu and the Yaozi rivers as the Pai River, and further east joins the Banyu and Yanzhi rivers. Also a branch river issues from White Snake Ridge south of the county. The border wall to the northeast begins at Luolukou and to the southwest ends at Dangchenghekou. There are Longquan Pass and Changcheng Ridge. East of the garrison post is Wangkuai Market Town. In the Kangxi period the county seat was temporarily placed here. Also Cigouying Market Town. One county courier station. Luancheng: light tax burden. Sixty li south of the prefectural seat. To the west is the Jiao River, entering from Huolu, receiving the North Sha and Jinshui rivers. To the south and west are two old cities. Guancheng courier station. Xingtang: light tax burden. Seventy-five li north of the prefectural seat. To the northwest is Ji Mountain; the Gao River issues from its north two ridge mouths, joins the Gan Spring River and Longmen Ditch, skirts the city southeast, and joins the Jiamu Ditch. To the north the Pai River enters from Quyang, joining the Qu River. To the west the Zi River enters from Lingshou and goes underground. Lingshou: light tax burden. Sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the south the Hutuo River from Pingshan runs along the border joining Songyang River and Wei River. The Wei River is the Wei water of the Yugong. To the northwest the Zi River enters from Wutai in Shanxi, receiving branch rivers. Further southeast it joins the Ciyu River, also called the Ci River, entering Xingtang. The border wall to the north begins at Baicaogoukou and to the south ends at Chegutuokou. There is the Chatou Market Town patrol commissioner. In the Qianlong period it was moved to Ciyu Market Town. Pingshan: light tax burden. Eighty li west and slightly north of the prefectural seat. To the northwest is Fang Mountain; the Hui River issues from it—the ancient Shijiu water, now obliterated. The Hutuo River first enters the northwest of the county from Wutai in Shanxi, beginning to emerge from the mountains. It further receives the Ye River and becomes swift and fierce. The border wall to the north begins at Hehekou and to the south ends at Qingfengkou. There is the Hongzidian patrol commissioner. Yuanyi: light tax burden. Ninety li south and slightly west of the prefectural seat. To the northwest is Fenglong Mountain, where the north Zhi River issues and flows down into the Hulu River. The Wuji River south enters Zanhuang to meet the southern source, re-enters to join, wrongly emerges and re-enters, reaching Zhitudun Village to meet the Huai River. The Zhulong River from the west of the county gathers mountain streams; the North Sha River issues from Gezi Ridge—now all dry. To its south the Jinshui River flows east into Luancheng. One county courier station. Zanhuang: light tax burden. One hundred and twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the third year of Yongzheng it was transferred from Zhaozhou to this jurisdiction. To the southwest is Zanhuang Mountain; the Ji River issues from it. To its north the Zhi River has two southern sources, issuing from Kelan and Siwang mountains. The Huai River has two sources—one at Huangshaling, one at Zhihutaoshan—now all dry. Wangjiaping Market Town was changed to a garrison post at the end of Xianfeng. One county courier station. Jinzhou: light tax burden. Ninety li east and slightly southwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest the Hutuo River enters from Wuji. In the tenth year of Tongzhi it was changed to enter from Gaocheng. Also two old channels. There is a courier station. Wuji: light tax burden. Seventy li east of the prefectural seat. In the second year of Yongzheng it was transferred to Jinzhou; in the twelfth year restored. The Hutuo River enters from Gaocheng, again wrongly emerges, re-enters, passes Donghancun, and again divides into two. Its Zi River enters, passes south of the county, bends east then north. The Mudao Ditch enters from Xinle, joins the moat river, wrongly emerges and re-enters, and merges into Shenze. One county courier station. Gaocheng: light tax burden. Fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the second year of Yongzhi transferred to Jinzhou; in the twelfth year restored. The Hutuo River enters from Zhengding, joining the Xihan and Wangquan rivers. In the Shunzhi and Kangxi periods it burst twice, both southeast past Zhoutou into the Baimu River. The Zi River enters from Zhengding and the Mudao Ditch from Xinle; with the Wang Mang Ditch all are dry. One county courier station. Xinle: strategic, tax-exhausted. Seventy-five li northeast of the prefectural seat. In the second year of Yongzheng transferred to Dingzhou; in the twelfth year restored. The Pai River enters from Xingtang, joining the Gao River. The Mudao Ditch issues from the Hui River of Pingshan; the Zi River seized it. In the Shunzhi period Magistrate Lin Huawan dredged from Minquan Market Town in the southwest. At the beginning of Jiaqing a branch of the Zi again entered from Zhengding to seize it, wrongly emerging and re-entering, joining the Yu River. One county courier station. Daming Prefecture: (strategic, populous, difficult. The regional commander is stationed here. At the beginning of Shunzhi the Dashunguang Circuit was established. In the early Yongzheng period it was changed to the Qing River Circuit; in the eleventh year it was restored. Initially following Ming institutions, it governed one department and ten counties. ) In the third year of Yongzheng Neihuang, Jun, and Hua were divided and placed under Henan Zhangde and Weihui. In the twenty-third year of Qianlong Wei County was abolished and divided between Daming and Yuancheng. Eight hundred li northeast of the provincial seat. Two hundred li wide and three hundred and seventy li long. North polar altitude thirty degrees twenty-one minutes thirty seconds. The capital lies one degree six minutes west of it. It governs one department and six counties. Daming: strategic, populous, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. The prefectural seat lies to the south. Under the Ming the seat was moved eight li south to Nanle Market Town. In the twenty-second year of Qianlong it was buried by the Zhang River; the old site was restored, but only the county assistant magistrate is stationed there. The Wei River enters from Neihuang in Henan. Its new Wei River enters from Qingfeng, wrongly emerges and re-enters to meet. The Zhang River divides and enters from Lincheng—one enters the Wei, one reaches south of the prefectural seat as the Zhang diversion channel. To the east are three old county seats. To the northeast is Xiaotan Market Town; in the Jiaqing period a river registrar was placed. One county courier station. Yuancheng: populous. Adjacent to the capital. The prefectural seat lies to the north. Three old cities. To the southeast the Wei River enters from Daming. Its Zhang diversion channel and ancient Zhang River enter, pass Beizhangzhuang to join, and both flow east into Guantao. To the southeast the Majia River enters from Nanle. One county courier station. Nanle: difficult. Fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the twenty-first year of Jiaqing the newly opened Wei River first entered from Daming. After the fourteenth year of Guangxu the Zhang River began to come from this county to meet. To the west are the Zhulong River, Yuerugu River, and to the east the Liuta abandoned river—all entering from Qingfeng. Also to the east the Longwo River enters from Guancheng in Shandong, stopping at Longwo Village. In summer and autumn during prolonged rain it often spreads again. Yet on the Liuta plain there was formerly the Shunshui Ditch; in the Kangxi period Magistrate Wang Peizong dredged it; in the twenty-first year of Guangxu Yuan Siying dredged it again, naming it Yongshun—the district relied on it. Qingfeng: difficult. Ninety li south and slightly east of the prefectural seat. To the west is Guangyang Mountain. The Wei River runs along the border from Neihuang in Henan. To the west is the ancient Majia River. The Zhulong River enters from Kai. There is Shunhebao Market Town. One county courier station. Dongming: populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Two hundred and twenty li south of the prefectural seat. To the west is the Yellow River entering from Changyuan. Since the Ming, within the county border it has shifted three times: in the eighth year of Jiaqing it seized the Hong River, in the twenty-fourth year the Qi River, in the fifth year of Xianfeng the Jialu River; later it shifted north again to become the present channel. To the south is Dushengji Market Town. In the tenth year of Yongzheng the garrison command was changed to a regional command, and the next year a patrol commissioner was placed. Formerly there was an intendant; abolished in the Daoguang period. Kaizhou: populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. One hundred and twenty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods the Yellow River burst in from Dongming in six channels, joining and dividing again. The northern branch is the ancient Guzi River, also called the Maoxiang River—a former small channel; in the Kangxi period it burst at Jinglongkou and first became large. The southern branch is the ancient Pu channel, merged into Pu prefecture in Shandong. Also two Yellow River old channels: the ancient Majia River and ancient Zhulong River. Also the Xiao River enters from Huaxian in Henan, also called the Majia River. Four market towns: Xuzhen Fort, Liangmenji, Jingdianji, and Liuxiatun. Lvqiu Fort; the department judge is stationed. At Guding Market Town there is an abolished patrol commissioner. One department courier station. Changyuan: populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Two hundred and ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. East is the Yellow River entering from Lanfeng in Henan; formerly it passed Pan'gangli—in the eighth year of Xianfeng it shifted to Langang, in the second year of Tongzhi it again bent west from Lantongji to the old city mouth as the present channel. The county assistant magistrate is stationed at Dahuangji. There is the Dagang abolished patrol commissioner. One county courier station. Xingtai Prefecture: strategic. Subordinate to the Dashunguang Circuit. Five hundred and seventy li northeast of the provincial seat. Two hundred and eighty li wide and a hundred and fifty li long. North polar altitude thirty-seven degrees seven minutes. The capital lies one degree forty-nine minutes west of it. It governs nine counties. Xingtai: strategic, populous, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. To the west is Feng Mountain. The Ye River issues from Malingkou northwest; silted up. Now it enters from Neiqiu, joining the Daoqi, Jiangshui, and Luoluo rivers as the Hong River. To the north is the Dahu River, joining the Shaying River. Also the Bai Spring River, receiving the Qili River on the right. To the west is Huangcun patrol commissioner. There is the Longgang courier station. Railway. Shahe: strategic. Thirty-five li south of the prefectural seat. The Sha River enters from Wu'an in Henan, joining the Hong River of Xingtai. A branch channel issues to the right, passes south of the city and east, receives the Xilanggou water—its east is the Donglanggou. One county courier station. Railway. Nanhe: populous, tax-exhausted. Forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the west the Bai Spring River enters from Xingtai. A branch of the Sha River also enters from its county, joining the Donglanggou. Its main channel is called the Dry River. Further east the Ming River and Liulei River enter from Jize. There is a courier station. Railway. Pingxiang: tax-exhausted, difficult. Eighty li east of the prefectural seat. To the east the Fuyang River enters from Jize. To the west the Liulei River enters from Nanhe. One county courier station. Guangzong: tax-exhausted. One hundred and twenty li east of the prefectural seat. Two Zhang River old channels; in the twenty-sixth year of Kangxi they overflowed, and Magistrate Wu Cunli added east and west dikes totaling more than nineteen thousand zhang. One county courier station. Julu: tax-exhausted, difficult. One hundred and ten li east of the prefectural seat. The Julu Marsh is the Great Continent Marsh. The Fuyang River enters from Ren. The old Zhang River shifted in the Kangxi period and is abandoned. One county courier station. Tangshan: light tax burden. Eighty li northeast of the prefectural seat. There is Xuanwu Mountain. The Zhi River, Liyang River, and Liulin River all enter from Neiqiu. There is a courier station. Neiqiu: strategic. Sixty li north of the prefectural seat. Que Mountain, also called Longteng Mountain; Longteng water issues from it, gathering the Nine Dragon waters of the western hills, flowing east as the Liulin River. At its western foothill Gunao—the southern source of the Zhi River issues there, wrongly emerging and re-entering; its Zhi second and third channels join as the Ye River. There is the Zhongqiu courier station. Railway. Ren: light tax burden. Forty li northeast of the prefectural seat. The Fuyang River enters from Pingxiang. There is the Great Continent Marsh, receiving nine rivers and eight waters; overflowing east it becomes the Jizhua River to meet. Formerly the marsh spanned Julu, Longping, and Ningjin borders, where the Hutuo, Zhang, and Fu gathered. Now the Hutuo is north, the Zhang south, and the Fu also shifted east. The continent at Ren is the Southern Marsh—that is, Zhangjia Marsh; at Ningjin is the Northern Marsh—that is, Ningjin Marsh. One county courier station. Guangping Prefecture: light tax burden. Subordinate to the Dashunguang Circuit. Under the Ming it governed nine counties. In the early Yongzheng period Prince Yixian, because of the Fu River, memorialized to cut Cizhou of Henan Zhangde to place under this jurisdiction. Six hundred and eighty li northeast of the provincial seat. Three hundred and fifty li wide and a hundred and eighty li long. North polar altitude thirty-six degrees forty-six minutes thirty seconds. The capital lies one degree thirty-five minutes west of it. It governs one department and nine counties. Yongnian: strategic, populous, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. To the northwest is Lou Mountain. To the northeast the Sha River enters from Shahe. To the south the Ming River enters from Wu'an in Henan. In the Qianlong period it burst into the Niutou River; at the end of Tongzhi it returned to its old course. To the southeast the Fuyang River enters from Handan, dividing as the Liulei River—that is, the Niutou River. There are eight sluices, all diverting the Fu to irrigate more than nineteen thousand mu of fields. The Lintao Pass intendant was abolished in the Daoguang period; the river affairs subprefect was moved to station here. One county courier station. Quzhou: populous. Forty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the southwest the Fuyang River enters from Yongnian. The Zhang River old channel to the southeast—from the beginning of Wanli in the Ming it carried the Fu north; in the tenth year of Kangxi it first shifted south, in the forty-seventh year further south, passing Daming and Yuancheng. One county courier station. Feixiang: light tax burden. Forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. East and west Zhang River old channels number two. To the east is Jiudian Camp. In the Kangxi period the county seat was temporarily placed here. One county courier station. Jize: tax-exhausted, difficult. Sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the east the Fuyang River enters from Quzhou; to the right it is diverted as the Xinglong River. To the west are the Sha, Ming, and Niutou rivers entering from Yongnian. Guangping: light tax burden. Sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. The Zhang River old channel formerly entered from Cheng'an; its branch Quanzhuang River—both obliterated. One county courier station. Handan: strategic, populous, difficult. Fifty li southwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest is Zi Mountain. To the west is Ling Mountain. To the northeast the Fuyang River enters from Ci, joining the Zhu, Qin, and Shuyuan rivers. There is the Congtai courier station. Railway. Cheng'an: light tax burden. Sixty li south and slightly west of the prefectural seat. The Huan and Zhang old channels both enter from Lincheng in Henan. In the Shunzhi and Kangxi periods the Zhang River twice destroyed the city walls. At the end of Qianlong it was changed to enter the Wei from Santai in its county. Wei: difficult. One hundred and ten li northeast of the prefectural seat. To the south is the Zhang River old channel. Zhangtai Village abolished patrol commissioner. One county courier station. Qinghe: light tax burden. One hundred and eighty li east of the prefectural seat. The Qinghe old channel lies west of the county. The Wei River enters along the border from Linqing in Shandong. Its Wucheng is the ancient Tunshi branch river. To the northwest is the Zhang River old channel. In the Yongzheng period the county assistant magistrate was moved to Youfangkou, also handling patrol commissioner duties. One county courier station. Cizhou: strategic, populous, difficult. One hundred and twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the fourth year of Yongzheng it was transferred from Zhangde in Henan to this jurisdiction. To the west is Shenlin Mountain. Fu Mountain—north and south sources of the Fu water issue from it. Joining the Yangqu River and Ni River, spreading east as the Five-Claw Ditch. Encircling the city, again dividing into three, joining the Jianniu River and Jian River. The Zhang River enters from Shexian in Henan. The department judge is stationed at Pengcheng Market Town. There is the Fuyang courier station. Tianjin Prefecture: (strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Initially subordinate to the Tianjin Circuit. Under the Ming it was a guard, territory of Hejian. ) In the third year of Yongzheng it became a directly governed department; Wuqing of Shuntian and Qing and Jinghai of Hejian were placed under it. Wuqing soon returned to its former jurisdiction. In the ninth year it was promoted to a prefecture and an attached prefectural county was established. Cangzhou was demoted and its three subordinate counties were placed under this jurisdiction. The Tianjin intendant, regional commander, Changlu salt transport commissioner, and Tongyong garrison commander are stationed. In the tenth year of Xianfeng maritime prohibitions were opened and a commissioner for the three treaty ports was appointed. In the ninth year of Tongzhi it was abolished as the Jinhai Customs Circuit; the governor-general concurrently served as Beiyang imperial commissioner, stationed at Baoding, moving to Tianjin every half year. The prefectural city lies southwest of Sankoukou. In the Gengzi year of Guangxu the Boxer turmoil razed it to level ground. Four hundred and sixty li west of the provincial seat. Two hundred and twenty li wide and three hundred and eighty li long. North polar altitude thirty-nine degrees ten minutes. The capital lies forty-seven minutes east of it. It governs one department and six counties. Tianjin: strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. Established in the ninth year of Yongzheng. The sea lies a hundred and twenty li to the southeast. The Northern Canal enters from Wuqing, gathering the Daqing, Yongding, Ziya, and Southern Canal as the Hai River, passing Zizhulin, through twenty-one gu, with more than ten diversion channels left and right, entering at Dagukou. Dagu Market Town has an assistant commander and subprefect. In the early Yongzheng period the Tianjin naval camp was established. In the early Tongzhi period the machine bureau was established. Later Xincheng batteries were built, echoing the Dagu batteries. Xincheng has a coastal defense subprefect. Eight Changlu salt fields from Shanhaiguan to Leling in Shandong, more than eight hundred li long. Three patrol commissioners at Fengcai Field southeast Ge'gu, Xigu, and Yangqing. Eight market towns: Dagu, Sanhe, Touhangou, Pugou, Xianshui'gu, Shuanggang, Beimatou, and Zhaojiachang. Two courier stations: Yangqing water and land. Shipping routes: southeast to Yantai and Shanghai, northeast to Yingkou, east to Incheon in Korea and Nagasaki in Japan. Railways: Beijing-Tianjin, Tianjin-Yushu, Tianjin-Baoding, Tianjin-Pukou, and others. Qing: strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. One hundred and sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. At the end of Shunzhi Xingji was abolished and merged in. In the third year of Yongzheng it was transferred from Hejian to this jurisdiction. The Southern Canal enters from Cangzhou; there is the Xingji diversion river. To the west the Black Dragon Harbor River enters from Hejian; to the southeast are two old channels of the Hutuo and Zhang. Changlu Market Town, seventy li south of the county, had the salt transport commissioner—now moved to Tianjin. There is a Liuchuan river-control registrar. Two market-town patrol commissioners: Xingji and Dulin. Two garrison posts: Hedong and Machang. Two water courier stations: Liuchuan and Ganping. Jinghai: strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the third year of Yongzheng transferred from Hejian to this jurisdiction. To the south the Southern Canal enters from Qing; to the right issues as the Jinguantun diversion river. To the west the Ziya River enters from Dacheng, receiving the Black Dragon Harbor River. To the northwest the Daqing River also enters, receiving the branch Xinzhang River. There is the Duliu Market Town patrol commissioner. There is the Fengxin courier station. Cangzhou: strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Two hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming it belonged to Hejian. In the seventh year of Yongzheng promoted to a directly governed department, soon demoted to come under this jurisdiction. The sea lies a hundred and thirty li to the east. The Southern Canal enters from Nanpi; to the right issues as the Jiedi diversion river. To its north the Xingji diversion river enters from Qing. To its south the Shibei River carries the Wang Mang River from Nanpi, gathering as Muzhu Harbor, reaching Qikou to enter. To the southeast the Xuanhui River also enters from Nanpi. There is the Yanzhen Field salt commissioner. Four market towns: Zhuanhe, Qikou, Jiedi, and Jiuzhou. Three patrol commissioners: Fenghuadian, Mengcun, and Licun. Two courier stations: Zhuanhe water and land. Nanpi: populous, difficult. Two hundred and seventy li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Yongzheng period transferred from Cangzhou to this jurisdiction. The Southern Canal runs along the border from Dongguang. The Xuanhui River enters from Dongguang, dividing as the Wang Mang River. The Jin River from Ningjin wrongly enters several times. Two market towns: Xuejiawo and Fengjiakou. Xinqiao courier station. Yanshan: populous. Two hundred and sixty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Yongzheng period transferred from Cangzhou to this jurisdiction. The sea lies a hundred and twenty li to the northeast. The Xuanhui River enters from the department. The ancient Yellow River Gejin enters from Nanpi, wrongly emerges and re-enters, merging into Leling in Shandong. To the east is the abandoned Wudi Ditch. Haifeng Field at Yang'erzhuang, with two patrol commissioners placed at the old county seat. Three market towns: Langtuozi, Hancun, and Gaojiawan. Qingyun: light tax burden. Three hundred and twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Yongzheng period transferred from Cangzhou to this jurisdiction. Gejin wrongly enters from Yanshan, receiving the Husu and Fufu rivers. The Majia River enters from Leling and flows into Haifeng in Shandong. One county courier station. Hejian Prefecture: (strategic, populous, difficult. Subordinate to the Qing River Circuit. Under the Ming it governed two departments and sixteen counties. ) In the third year of Yongzheng Tianjin Guard was promoted to a directly governed department. At the end of Shunzhi Xingji was abolished and merged into Qing. Then Qing and Jinghai were placed under it. In the seventh year Cangzhou was again promoted, with Dongguang, Nanpi, Yanshan, and Qingyun placed under it. In the ninth year Dongguang returned to this jurisdiction. One hundred and forty li north of the provincial seat. Two hundred li wide and three hundred and eighty li long. North polar altitude thirty-eight degrees thirty minutes. The capital lies seventeen minutes west of it. It governs one department and ten counties. Hejian: strategic, populous, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. The Ziya River and Black Dragon Harbor River enter from Xian. To the west is the ancient Yang River, joining the Tang River. At the end of Tongzhi the Hutuo passed here, later abandoned. The county assistant magistrate is stationed at Dongcheng Market Town. Also five market towns: Ershilipu, Wofotang, Shahe Bridge, Chongxian, and Xincun. Two patrol commissioners: Jinghe Market Town and Beiweicun. There is the Yinghai courier station. Xian: strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Fifty-five li south and slightly east of the prefectural seat. To the southwest the Fuyang River enters from Wuqiang, dividing as a Hutuo branch river. To the northeast three Black Dragon Harbor rivers and the Nan Tingzi River—all obliterated. Two market towns: Huai and Shangjialin. There is the Lecheng courier station. Fucheng: strategic. One hundred and forty li south and slightly east of the prefectural seat. To the west the Zhang River enters from Jingzhou. To the southeast the ancient Sha River—that is, the Tunshi River—also enters from Jing, also called the Man River. There is the Manhe courier station. Suning: light tax burden. Forty li west of the prefectural seat. The ancient Tang River enters from Raoyang—dry. The ancient Yang River enters from Xian. Formerly the Zhulong River overflowed between Gaoyang and Li as the Zhongbao River, further east dividing as the Jade Belt River—now all obliterated. There is the Fucheng courier station. Renqiu: strategic, populous, difficult. Sixty-seven li north of the prefectural seat. The Sijiao River enters from Anzhou, issuing at Zhaobeikou. To the east is the Dagang diversion river. At the end of Tongzhi it was dredged again as the Zhao King New River, pouring down into the Jade Belt River of Qingyuan, and the eastern garrison assistant magistrate of Mozhou was moved here. There is the abandoned Yang River. Guzhou Market Town. Mozhou courier station. Jiaohe: populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. One hundred and ten li southeast of the prefectural seat. The Southern Canal runs along the border from Dongguang. To its west the Man River, Zhang River, Tingzi River, and Hutuo branch river—all dry. There is a Botou Market Town river registrar and abolished patrol commissioner. Gaochuan Market Town. Fuzhuang courier station. There was an assistant magistrate—abolished. Ningjin: light tax burden. Two hundred and thirty li southeast of the prefectural seat. The ancient Yellow River Gejin enters from Wuqiao. South is the Tu River, formerly entering from Dezhou in Shandong; below reaching Qingyun it is the Xian River. Some also call it the Majia River. There is Baotou Market Town. There is a courier station. Jingzhou: populous, difficult. One hundred and ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. The Southern Canal runs along the border from Dezhou in Shandong. The ancient Sha River enters from Gucheng, called the Dayang River. The Quliu River enters from Gucheng, called the Jiangjiang River, joining as the Man River. Also to the northwest is the abandoned Zhang River. Three market towns: Liuzhimiao, Anling, and Lianwo. Longhua Market Town patrol commissioner. There is the Dongguang courier station. Wuqiao: populous, difficult. Two hundred and forty li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the west the Southern Canal enters along the border from Dezhou in Shandong. To the east is the Xuanhui River. Also to the east the Sha River—the ancient Yellow River Gejin, now the Sinvsi diversion river, Goupan River, now the Shaomaying diversion river—enter from Dezhou and join. There is the Longhua Market Town patrol commissioner. Lianwo Market Town river registrar. Placed under Jingzhou. There was a water courier station assistant magistrate—abolished. Dongguang: populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. One hundred and sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. The Southern Canal enters from Wuqiao. To the east the Xuanhui River, joining the Sha and Man rivers divided from Jing and Fucheng. Two market towns: Dengmingsi Village and Xiakou. Matou courier station. Gucheng: tax-exhausted, difficult. Two hundred and eighty li south and slightly east of the prefectural seat. The Southern Canal enters from Shandong. Wucheng runs along the border to enter. Two branches of Tunshi northwest of Dezhou are called the ancient Sha River and Quliu River, both issuing west of the county. There is the abandoned Zhang River—that is, the Huanglu River. The county assistant magistrate is stationed at Zhengjiakou. There is a garrison. Ganling courier station. Chengde Prefecture: (strategic, populous, difficult. Subordinate to the Rehe Circuit. Under the Ming, Nuoyin and Taining guards. After Tianshun the Ulianghai dwelt here, later merged into Chahar. At the beginning of Shunzhi it came within the inner domains. ) In the forty-second year of Kangxi the Mountain Resort was built at Rehe, visited annually. In the fifty-second year it was walled. In the first year of Yongzheng a subprefecture was established. In the eleventh year Chengde directly governed department was established. In the seventh year of Qianlong it again became a subprefecture. In the forty-third year it became a prefecture. One department and five counties were established. In the fifteenth year of Jiaqing the Rehe Circuit commander was established. Also governing the eastern two leagues of Inner Mongolia, sixteen banners, plus one Xiletu Kulun Lama banner. At the beginning of Guangxu the Weichang subprefecture was established. In the thirtieth year Chaoyang was promoted to a prefecture. Jianchang was placed under it. The subprefecture was placed under Xuanhua. In the thirty-third year Chifeng was again promoted to a directly governed department. Seven hundred and eighty li southwest of the provincial seat. A thousand and two hundred li wide and eight hundred li long. North polar altitude forty-one degrees ten minutes. The capital lies one degree thirty minutes east of it. It governs one department and three counties. East of the prefecture is Tianqiao Mountain. To the west is Guangren Ridge, formerly Modou Ridge, renamed at the end of Kangxi. The Rehe River is the ancient Wulie water. The western source Guduerhu River enters from Fengning, receiving the middle source Maogou River—that is, the Mochin River—and the eastern source Saiyin River, passing the Panchui Peak, joining hot springs, and first called the Rehe River. The Luan River enters from Luanping and joins it. Further east it joins the Bai River and Laoniu River, turning south to receive the Liu River. To its west Huanghuachuan and Hei River; to its east the Pu River wrongly enters again from Pingquan. The Pu River merges into Qian'an. The Yixun River issues from Yixun Sechin in Weichang, south entering Fengning. Also to the west is the Qian Tower River, entering Miyun. Four traveling palaces: Diaoyutai, Huangtukan, Zhongguan, and Zhangsanying. The border wall to the north begins at Han'erling and to the south ends at Heita Pass. Eight market towns: Tang Sanying, Zhongguan, Xiabancheng, Xinzhangzi, Liugou, Ergou, Sangou, and Maogou. Shipianzi patrol commissioner. Rehe courier station. Luanping: strategic, difficult. Sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming, Nuoyin Guard. In the seventh year of Qianlong Halahetun subprefecture was established; changed in the forty-third year. To the west is Chenji Mountain. To the southwest is Qingshi Ridge. To the northwest the Luan River enters from Fengning, joining the Xingzhou River. On the left the Yixun River enters the prefecture border. The Chao River enters from Fengning. To the southwest the Gu River enters from Dushikou subprefecture, with the Tang, Hongtuyu, Fengjiayu, Huangyakou, Shuiyu, Baidao, Dashuiyu rivers all entering Miyun. To its west the Yanxi River enters Huairou. Five traveling palaces: Kalahetun, Wangjiaying, Changshanyu, Liangjianfang, and Bakashiying. The border wall to the east begins at Han'erling and to the west ends at Qianliankou. Seven market towns: Kalahetun, Dadianzi, Sandao Liang, Maquanzi, Hongqi, Husha, and Lamadong. Tujiangying patrol commissioner. One county courier station. Pingquan Department: strategic, populous, difficult. One hundred and fifty li east of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming, Nuoyin Guard. In the seventh year of Yongzhi Bagou subprefecture was established as the southern border. Changed in the forty-third year of Qianlong. To the west are Nalasutai Mountain and Chahantuoluo Sea Mountain. The Xibo River issues from its east. The eastern source of the Rehe River is the Saiyin River. The middle source Mochin River both issue northwest into the prefecture border. The Pu River, also called the Liu River, has four sources joining west of the old Yuan Huizhou city, called the Chahan River; passing west of Kuancheng it is called the Kuan River and enters Qian'an. The Laoha River, ancient Tuohuchen water, popularly shortened to Lao River, issues from Yong'an Mountain south of the right wing of Kharachin, also called Chahan River; meeting the Qizhaertai River, further north joining the Huoerhuoke and Bu'erhan Wulanshan rivers and Wulutoutai River, further northeast joining the Kundulun River, entering Jianchang. Eighty li northeast of Daning city; the department judge is stationed. Eight market towns: Qigouying, Yatougou, Nuanquan, Yingtaogou, Longxumen, Boluoshu, Talabolowa, and Wolfo Temple. Bagou tax office. One department courier station. Fengning: populous, difficult. Two hundred and sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming, Nuoyin Guard. In the first year of Qianlong the Four-Banner subprefecture was established. Changed in the forty-third year. To the northwest are He Mountain and Tai Mountain; Linglong Peak was formerly Xinglong Mountain, renamed in the nineteenth year of Qianlong. East is the western source of the Rehe River, entering from Weichang, passing Guduerhu Ridge as the Guduerhu River into the prefecture border. To the north the Shangdu River enters from Duolun subprefecture, receiving the Xiao Luan River, called the Luan River. To its west the Xingzhou River issues from Huer Mountain northwest. The Chao River, ancient Xu water, also called Baoqiu water, issues seventy li north of Dage north of the county at Chenggenying. Also the Tang River issues from Shibapan Ridge. To the northeast the Yixun River enters from the prefecture border, receiving the Yimatu River, merging into Luanping. Four traveling palaces: Boluohetun, Huanggu Tun, Shibaertai, and Jierhalangtu. Six market towns: Huangdi, Dengjiazhai, Shanghuangqi, Linjiaying, Senjitu, and Baihugou. Four patrol commissioners: Guojiatun, Dage'er, Huanggu Tun, and Tuban. One county courier station. Longhua: established in the thirtieth year of Guangxu at Zhangsanyingzi. There is a patrol commissioner handling registrar duties. Together with Guojiatun and Huanggu Tun—two. Chaoyang Prefecture: (populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Subordinate to the Rehe Circuit. Under the Ming, Yingzhou Guard. Later entered Taining Guard. ) In the third year of Qianlong Tazigou subprefecture was established as the eastern border. In the thirty-ninth year Sanzuo Pagoda subprefecture was split off. In the forty-third year Chaoyang County was established. In the thirtieth year of Guangxu, with much reclaimed land ripening, it was promoted to a prefecture and Jianchang placed under it. Three more counties were established. One thousand four hundred and twenty li southwest of the provincial seat. North polar altitude forty-one degrees forty-five minutes. The capital lies four degrees twenty-three minutes east of it. It governs four counties. To the northwest the Huang River enters from the Alukeerqin banner of Inner Mongolia. Southwest: the Da Ling River enters from Jianchang, joining the Nan Tu River, passing west of Xipingfang, on the left joining the Beikenu and Chahan rivers, further east joining the Bu'erge Sutai River, further east reaching Longcheng—also called Sanzuo Pagoda city. On the left joining the Gudu and Liangshui rivers, reaching Jinjiao Temple northeast, on the left joining the Tu River, entering Yizhou in Shengjing. The Xiao Ling River issues from Ming'an Kala Mountain of the right wing Tumet in the county. Three sources: middle Ming'an River, south Mulei River, north Canliu water—flowing southeast, joining the Haliutu River, entering Jin County in Fengtian. The Yangximu River has two sources, both issuing from the left wing of Kharachin, flowing southeast, joining the Haolai Kunde and Yazi rivers, entering Guangning in Fengtian. The Willow Palisade south begins at Jianchang and north ends at the left wing of Khorchin. Five gates: Xintai, Songlingzi, Jiuguantai, Qinghe, and Baituchang. Four market towns: Liujiazi, Boluochi, Sandao Liang, and Qinggou. Sanzuo Pagoda tax office. One county courier station. Jianchang: populous, difficult. Two hundred and sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming, abolished Yingzhou guard. In the forty-third year of Qianlong established from the western territory of Tazigou subprefecture. In the thirtieth year of Guangxu transferred from Chengde to this jurisdiction. To the north is Gu'erbantulega Mountain. To the southeast is Bayan Jiluke Mountain. East is Buhutu Mountain; Han Bailang Mountain—Bailang water issues from it, now called the Da Ling River. The southern source issues from Tuxin Tower south of the right wing of Kharachin, meeting the middle Ke'er and eastern Niulu sources, entering Chaoyang. To the north the Qi River from Luanping passes west of the county into Qian'an. The Souji River issues from Maotou Marsh southeast of the left wing of Kharachin, entering Jinzhou in Fengtian. To the north the Huang River enters from Chifeng, meeting the Laoha River. The river enters from Pingquan, joining the Bo'erke River, wrongly emerging and re-entering. The Yingjin River also comes from the county to meet, again joining the Luoma River, northeast to the valley mouth. In the eighth year of Qianlong renamed Aohan Yubao, meeting the Huang River, further east entering Chaoyang. The Willow Palisade north begins at Chaoyang and south ends at Linyu. One gate: Lishugou. Four market towns: Beizikouqin, Bolosuotara, Hujiertu, and Dachengzi. The county assistant magistrate is stationed at Sijiazi Market Town northeast. Tazigou tax office. Mangzhuang patrol commissioner. One county courier station. Chifeng Directly Governed Department: (populous, difficult. Under the Ming, Nuoyin Guard. ) In the seventh year of Yongzhi Bagou subprefecture was established as the northern border. In the twenty-ninth year of Qianlong Wulanhada subprefecture was split off. In the forty-third year Chifeng County was established, subordinate to Chengde Prefecture. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu promoted to a directly governed department. (Linxi was added. ) One thousand three hundred and twenty li southwest of the provincial seat. North polar altitude forty-two degrees thirty minutes. The capital lies two degrees forty-five minutes east of it. It governs one county. (The Huang River enters from Weichang two hundred-odd li north of the department at the Balin banner. Southeast: the Laoha River from Pingquan passes the southeast corner, receiving the Bo'erke River, north entering Jianchang. The Yingjin River, ancient Raole water, has three sources entering from Weichang, joining at Selie; Weichang southwest bends east, joining Bayan Guo River, Selie River, and Lei'ergen Wuliyasu River, entering the right wing Ujimut banner, joining Qibuchu and Yazi rivers, further south meeting the Shiligaha River; its upper course receives the Linxi'erha River. Waters northeast of Mulan gather at Yingjin; waters southeast gather at Xi'erha; the three sources join flowing north, joining the Keyihu River, entering Pingquan joining the Kele River, first entering the department, northwest meeting the Wulatai River. The Xibo River also comes from Pingquan, meeting the Yingjin River. The Yingjin River further east joins the Zhuosuo River, entering Jianchang. The Wulatai River has three sources, also gathered from Mulan waters, flowing east joining the Mo'ergen Jingqini, Ajige Qu, Gahaitu, and Bu'ehutu rivers. Four market towns: Dubizigou, Halamutou, Sidaoliang, and Yinzhi Gala. The county assistant magistrate is stationed at Dabei Market Town northwest. There is the Wulanhada tax office. There is a courier station. ) Linxi: (four hundred and eighteen li northwest of the department. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu established from lands northwest of the Balin Chahan Murun River. ) Xuanfu Prefecture: (strategic, populous, difficult. Subordinate to the Koubei Circuit. Under the Ming, Xuanfu garrison. ) In the eighth year of Shunzhi the Xuanfu provincial governor was abolished. In the tenth year guard and battalion officials were merged. It governed ten counties including Xuanfu. Yanqing and Bao'an were demoted and placed under it. In the third year of Kangxi Huailong Circuit was changed to Koubei Circuit, with the regional commander stationed here. In the fourth year placed under Shanxi, soon restored. In the seventh year the Wanquan command was abolished. In the thirty-second year it became a prefecture. Governor Guo Shilong memorialized for change, establishing eight counties. Later Yu Department was cut from Shanxi Datong to be placed under this jurisdiction. In the thirtieth year of Guangxu Weichang subprefecture was again cut from Chengde to be placed under this jurisdiction. Seven hundred li southeast of the provincial seat. Four hundred and forty li wide and three hundred and twenty li long. North polar altitude forty degrees thirty-seven minutes ten seconds. The capital lies one degree twenty-one minutes thirty seconds west of it. Subprefectures are not counted. It governs one subprefecture, three departments, and seven counties. Xuanhua: strategic, populous, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. Under the Ming, Xuanfu Front Guard. In the Shunzhi period the left and right guards were abolished and merged in, as the seat of Xuanfu garrison. In the thirty-second year of Kangxi changed to serve as the prefectural seat. To the north are East Wang Mountain and West Wang Mountain. To the west is the Yang River entering from Huai'an, on the left receiving the Qingshui, Liuhechuan, and Ni rivers, southeast into Huailai. To its south the Sanggan River enters from Xining, wrongly emerging several times; at Huailai it joins the Yang River, re-enters, and passes the prefecture border. Two forts: Jiming Fort and Shenjing Fort. There was a garrison commander—abolished in Kangxi. There is the Huashaoying patrol inspector. Two courier stations: Xuanhua and Jiming. Also two relay posts. Five military stations. Chicheng: light tax burden. Seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming, Chicheng Fort. Formerly the Upper North Route. Changed in the thirty-second year of Kangxi. Also Dishuiya, Yunzhou, Zhen'an, Maying, and Zhenning five forts were merged in. Chicheng mountain city. To the northeast the Bai River enters from Dushi, south issuing through Longhe Gorge, also called Longmenchuan, skirting the city southeast, joining Dashimen water—also called the Chicheng River. It further receives waters east of Jianziling and west of Haomenling, bending southeast, on the right receiving the Longmen River, on the left the Hongshaliang water, entering Yanqing. Two camps: Dushi Left and Dushi Right. Seven passes: Zhenning, Songshu, Maying, Junzi, Zhen'an five forts, Longmen post, and Dishuiya. In the Shunzhi period the brigade general was changed to a garrison commander at Dishuiya. In the Yongzheng period changed to a regional command. Eleven market towns: Xinzhoulou, Yunzhou Fort, and nine passes including Beizha, Dongzha, Xizha, Panshan, Tangzi, Qingpingzhenling, Siwang, Zhuandun, and Yeji. Two courier stations: Yunzhou and Chicheng. Wanquan: strategic, populous, difficult. Seventy-five li northwest of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming, Wanquan Right Guard. Formerly the Western Route; changed in the thirty-second year of Kangxi. To the northwest are Wild Fox Ridge and Qianma Ridge—now corrupted as Ximalin. To the west is the Yang River entering from Huai'an, on the left receiving Suncai Ditch, West Sha River, Xin River, and East Sha River, again entering. To the west is the Aiyang River. To the east is the Qingshui River entering from Zhangjiakou, joining Choutan and Huangtuliang waters, south into Xuanhua. Two camps: Wanquan and Zhangjiakou. There is an assistant regional commander. In the seventh year of Guangxu moved to Duolun subprefecture; only the regional command remains stationed. Five passes: Zhenkoutai, Shenweitai, Ximalin, Xinhe, and Shanfang Fort. There are five military stations. Longmen: light tax burden. One hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming, Longmen Guard. Formerly the Lower North Route. Changed in the thirty-second year of Kangxi. Also Ge'yu, Zhaochuan, Diaoe, and Chang'anling four forts were merged in. To the west is Longmen Mountain; the Longmen River issues from its north foothill, passes south of the city and east, on the left receiving waters west of Jianziling and south of Haomenling, entering Chicheng. To the west is the Little Qingshui River, dividing from Zhangjiakou to enter and join, called Liuhechuan. Also the Ni River merges into Xuanhua. One camp: Longmen Road. Two passes: Ge'yu Fort and Zhaochuan Fort. Eight market towns: Anbian, Jinglou, Dunzhen, Chongtai, Panshan, Yitai six passes, Changyuzhen, and Diaoe Fort. Chang'anling Fort also has a courier station; in Yongzhi a regional command was placed on the ridge, later abolished. There are two military stations. Huailai: strategic, populous. One hundred and fifty li southeast of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming, Huailai Guard. Formerly the Eastern Route. Changed in the thirty-second year of Kangxi. Also Bao'an Guard and Tumu and Yulin forts were merged in. To the south is Jundu Mountain. To the west is the Sanggan River entering from Xuanhua, again wrongly emerging and re-entering, joining the Yang River—the northern branch. Turning southeast, on the right receiving Fanshan water, on the left the You River; reaching Hehekou it meets the Gui River—the eastern branch. Further south it enters Wanping as the Lugou River. Two market towns: Bao'an city—in Yongzhi changed from brigade general to regional command; Fanshan Fort, with garrison commander stationed. There is the Shacheng Fort patrol commissioner. Two courier stations: Tumu and Yulin. Four military stations. Yu Department: strategic, tax-exhausted, difficult. Two hundred and forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the sixth year of Yongzhi transferred from Datong in Shanxi to this jurisdiction. There was a guard. Changed in the thirty-second year of Kangxi. Abolished and merged in the twenty-second year of Qianlong. To the southeast is Jitou Mountain, also called Mojishan. To the west is the Huliu River entering from Guangling in Shanxi, again wrongly emerging and re-entering. On left and right it receives the Dry Sha River with nine bends, north joining the Ding'an, Huizi, and Fusang Spring waters, entering Xining. Three market towns. Heishi Ridge is Feihu Ji; there is a Shendao Ditch patrol commissioner—abolished in Kangxi, handled by the registrar. Also Chakou and Taohuabao—three relay posts. Xining: light tax burden. Two hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the thirty-second year of Kangxi established from the Ming Shunsheng East and West cities. To the southeast are Yulin Mountain and Yueshen Mountain. To the west is the Sanggan River, the ancient Shi water, entering from Tianzhen in Shanxi. There is the Xiaozhuang Ditch, diverted in the tenth year of Qianlong. Further east, on the left receiving the Hugou River, joining the Wuli, branch, and West Sha rivers, reaching Xiaohekou to meet the Huliu River. There is Shunshengchuan Market Town. East City and West City—two relay posts. Huai'an: strategic, populous. One hundred and twenty li west and slightly south of the prefectural seat. Under the Ming, Huai'an Guard. Changed in the thirty-second year of Kangxi. Also abolished Wanquan Left Guard and its Chaigou Fort and Xiyanghe Fort, merging them in. To the northwest is Hua Mountain. To the south is Tuotai Valley. The Shuigoukou River enters from Tianzhen in Shanxi, joins Gu water, and from Hongtang Ditch flows northeast into the Yang River. The East Yang River enters from Zhangjiakou, meeting the West Yang and South Yang rivers, called the Yang River, also called the Swallow-Tail River, wrongly emerging and re-entering, joining the Shuigoukou River. One camp: Chaigou Fort, with patrol commissioner stationed. Two passes: East Yang River and West Yang River. Four market towns: Zuowei City, Xiyanghe Fort, Shuiguantai, and Zhenkoutai. Two courier stations: Huai'an and Wanquan. Four military stations. Yanqing Department: strategic, difficult. Two hundred li east and slightly south of the prefectural seat. Formerly subordinate to Xuanfu garrison as the Eastern Route. At the end of Shunzhi Yongning County was abolished and merged into the guard. Changed in the thirty-second year of Kangxi. In the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong also abolished Yanqing Guard and its five-thousand-household post, merging them in. To the north is Banquan Mountain. To the northeast is Dushan. To the south is Badaling. To the north the Bai River enters from Chicheng, again entering Dushi. The Gui River issues northeast of the department, goes underground and re-emerges as Huanglong Pool, joins Longwan water, encircles the city, joins the Gu, Cai, and Black Dragon rivers, and enters Huailai. Five market towns: Shixia Valley, Yingpankou, Xiaoshuikou, Zhen'an Fort, and Qianjiadian. Four passes: Zhousigou Fort, Sihaizhu Fort, Liugou City, and Badaling. To the east is the Yongning City patrol commissioner. Juyong courier station. One military station. Bao'an Department: light tax burden. Sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. Formerly subordinate to Xuanfu garrison as the Eastern Route. Changed in the thirty-second year of Kangxi. To the south are Zhuolu Mountain and Qiaoshan. To the southwest are Fu Mountain and Li Mountain. To the southeast is Gengjie Mountain. There is a spring deep and without outflow—the ancient Ban Spring. To the west the Sanggan River wrongly enters from Xuanhua, again wrongly enters Huailai, diverted into five canals. There is Mashuikou Market Town. There is a relay post. Weichang Subprefecture: strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Thirty-two li northwest; the chief and deputy superintendents are stationed. Originally lands of the eastern two leagues of Josotu and Juu Uda in Inner Mongolia. In the Kangxi period advanced as the hunting preserve called Mulan—in the national language, "deer stalking." The subprefecture was established in the second year of Guangxu. In the thirtieth year transferred from Chengde, also including northwestern Chifeng and northeastern Fengning borders. Amid the tribes of Inner Mongolia, thirteen hundred li round, three hundred li wide and two hundred long, with odd measures. The four boundaries are marked as the Willow Palisade. Two roads, both entering from Boluohetun. East Yankou, also called Shipianzi; west Jierhalangtu. By old regulation the autumn hunt in the eighth month: entering east then exiting west, entering west then exiting east—yearly as the rule. Sixty-nine hunting grounds in all; the Eight Banners divide guard duty within, each banner one camp and five karun posts. The Bordered Yellow Banner camp is at Qibuchu Gao, in the north-east; its karun are Saikandabahan Sechin, Aru Sele, Aru Hurusu Tai, Yingge, and Baixingtu. The Plain White Banner camp is at Nalinxi'erha, in the east-south; its karun are Balun Kundey, Wulatai, Xilanuohai, Nuolinxi'erha, and Ge'erqilao. The Bordered White Banner camp is at Shibaertai, between east and west of the south; its karun are Gahaitu, Zhuosuo, Shibaertai, Manitu, and Bodedoke. The Plain Blue Banner camp is at Shipianzi, in the south-east; its karun are Mulei Kharachin, Guduguer, Chahan Zak, Hantemu'er, and Nalasutu Zhaba. The Plain Yellow Banner camp is at Xilazhaba, in the north-west; its karun are Ku'ertu Tuoluo Hai, Nalasutu Heshuo, Shaledang, Xilazhaba, and Xilazhaba Sechin. The Plain Red Banner camp is at Kouken Tuoluo Hai, in the west-north; its karun are Chahan Bu'erge Sutai, Arsolang Ebo, Manitu Bulak, Qihula Tai, and Buhahun'er. The Bordered Red Banner north camp is at Sumugou, in the west-south; its karun are Hailasutai, Jiangjiaying, West Yanziwo, Guobai, and Heluo Bo'erqi. The Bordered Blue Banner camp is at Hailasutai, in the south-west; its karun are Zhu'ergadai, Suke Sutai, Buke, East Yanziwo, and Zhuosuogou. There is the Xitu patrol inspector. One subprefecture courier station. Koubei Three Subprefectures: (subordinate to the Koubei Circuit. Directly north of Xuanhua Prefecture, north of Zhangjiakou and Dushikou. In the late Ming, pasturelands of the Tartar tribes. ) In the fourteenth year of Kangxi the Chahar department of Yizhou was moved outside the Xuan-Da border; farmland inside the dam, pastures outside—established at the beginning of Shunzhi; six at Zhang and Du, one being Fengtian Zhangwutai. And the eastern four banners and western half-banner of Chahar. In the Yongzheng period three subprefectures with civil-law intendant were successively established. In the seventh year of Guangxu all were changed to subprefects governing the people. Six hundred li wide and six hundred and fifty li long. Zhangjiakou Subprefecture: (important. At the beginning of the Ming, Xinghe defense battalion. At the beginning of Shunzhi it was Zhangjiakou Route, subordinate to Xuanfu garrison. Sixty li northwest. In the Kangxi period a county assistant magistrate was placed. ) In the second year of Yongzheng changed to a civil-law subprefecture. Governing crown lands and the bordered yellow banner of Chahar eastern wing and plain yellow half-banner of the western wing, and banner people of Yu and Bao'an departments and Xuanhua, Wanquan, Huai'an, and Xining counties within the passes. Changed to govern the people in the seventh year of Guangxu, restored. Seven hundred and fifty li southeast of the provincial seat. North polar altitude forty degrees fifty minutes forty seconds. The capital lies one degree thirty-five minutes west of it. To the north are East Mountain, Gaoshan, and Great and Small Wuya mountains. The East Yang River has two sources, dividing to enter from Fengzhen subprefecture in Shanxi and joining; on the left receiving the Sulu Ji water. The Qingshui River issues from the northeast of the subprefecture, joins Maoling Ditch, Taizi River, and Yimatou River, called the Main Ditch, joins the Great West Ditch, Great East and Xin rivers and East-West Sha rivers, and merges into Wanquan. To its east the Little Qingshui River divides to enter Longmen. To the northwest is the Anguli Marsh. Also at Nuomohunboluo Mountain are pasturelands of the four plain-yellow banners; at Chaxi'ertu Chahan land is the Ministry of Rites pasture—both Ming Tiancheng Guard borderlands. At the Qiqiha'er River is the Taipusi Temple right-wing pasture, a hundred and fifty li wide—Ming Datong borderland. Northeast at Kalanidunjing is the Taipusi Temple left-wing pasture—Ming Xuanfu borderland. North controlling Guoluo'ebo Ridge are bordered-yellow banner pastures—the Ming abolished Xinghe battalion. From the tenth year of Yongzhi the subprefecture was the Kyakhta treaty route with Russia. In the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu five million square chi of land were set aside as a concession. Three market towns: Xinghe City, Taipingzhuang, and Uliassutai. There is a station. Dushikou Subprefecture: (important. At the beginning of the Ming it was Kaiping Guard. At the beginning of Shunzhi it was the Upper North Route, subordinate to Xuanfu garrison. Two hundred and fifty li northeast. In the Kangxi period a county assistant magistrate was placed at Dushikou, merging the guard into Chicheng. ) In the twelfth year of Yongzheng a civil-law subprefecture was established. Governing crown lands and the eastern-wing plain blue, bordered white, plain white, and bordered yellow banners of Chahar, and banner people of Yanqing department and Chicheng, Longmen, and Huailai counties within the passes. Changed to govern the people in the seventh year of Guangxu. The deputy regional commander and defense commandant. Are stationed. Seven hundred and ninety li south of the provincial seat. North polar altitude forty degrees fifty-four minutes forty seconds. The capital lies forty minutes west of it. To the southeast are Great and Small Shimen mountains and Taibao Mountain. The Bai River, ancient Gu water—the main source Ditou River issues from Gouya Mountain northwest of the subprefecture, joins east and west Zhashui mouths, meets the separate-source Dushi Spring, and south enters Chicheng. Again entering from Yanqing department, with the Hei River merging into Luanping; downstream joining the Chao and Yu rivers as the Northern Canal. The Shangdu River, ancient Ru water, issues from Bayan Tuntu Gu'er Mountain northeast of the subprefecture, joins three channels, northwest enters Duolun subprefecture; downstream is the Luan River, reaching Leting to enter the sea—a course of more than two thousand one hundred li. There are Jinlianchuan and Yikele Marsh. To the northeast is Boluo city, which has the imperial stud farm subordinate to the Shangsi Court. Four market towns: Dingzhuangwan, Heihechuan, Dongmaozhen, and Qianjiadian. There is a station. Duolun Subprefecture: (important. Under the Ming, Kaiping Guard territory. At the beginning of Shunzhi the Shangdu pasture was established, subordinate to Xuanfu garrison. Five hundred and fifty li northeast. ) In the thirtieth year of Kangxi the Khalkha were broken by the Zunghar rebels and the imperial carriage halted here to receive their surrender. In the tenth year of Yongzheng a civil-law subprefecture was established. Governing the eastern-wing plain blue, bordered white, plain yellow, and bordered yellow banners of Chahar, and Inner Mongolian banners and Khalkha banner people. Changed to govern the people in the seventh year of Guangxu. One thousand one hundred li southwest of the provincial seat. North polar altitude forty-two degrees twenty-eight minutes twenty seconds. The capital lies six minutes west of it. To the southwest is Camel Mountain. To the north the Xilamuleng River enters from the Keshiketeng banner of Inner Mongolia, joining the Biqike, Biluo, and Baicha rivers, and flows north into the Balin banner. To the southeast the Shangdu River enters from Dushikou, joining the Shiding, Keyibeng, E'ertong, Yizha'er, and Shibaertai rivers. Seven Stars Pool north of the Shangdu pasture, also called Duolun Marsh—the subprefecture takes its name from it. In Mongolian still water is called "bo"; large ones "nuo'er," and lesser ones "emo," "kule," and "ke'erkun" by rank. North of the subprefecture are more than ten marshes such as Buzhu and Boshuodai. To the northwest there are also alkaline pools. Xinghua Market Town lies south of Lama Temple; the Zhangjiakou deputy commander is stationed. There is the Baicha office. Also four garrison posts: Xingsheng Market Town, Erdao Spring, Shandian River, and Tuchengzi. One subprefecture courier station. Yongping Prefecture: (important. Subordinate to the Tongyong Circuit. Under the Ming it governed one department and five counties. In the early Qianlong period Shanhai Guard was abolished and Linyu established. Earlier, in the early Yongzheng period, Yutian and Fengrun of Shuntian were placed under this jurisdiction. ) In the eighth year of Qianlong it was again transferred to Zunhua. Eight hundred and thirty li west of the provincial seat. Three hundred and thirty li wide and three hundred and eighty li long. North polar altitude thirty-nine degrees fifty-five minutes thirty seconds. The capital lies two degrees twenty-eight minutes thirty seconds east of it. It governs one department and six counties. Lulong: strategic, populous, difficult. Adjacent to the capital. To the southeast is Yang Mountain. To the southwest is Guzhu Mountain. The Luan River enters from Qian'an, joining the Qinglong River. To the east is the Yinma River. To the northeast is the Yan River. One camp: Yanhe Road. Two market towns: Yanhezhuang and Yiqimiao. Luanhe courier station. Railway. Qian'an: populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Forty li northwest of the prefectural seat. To the northwest are Nine Mountains—in the Kangxi period renamed Five Tiger Mountain. The Luan River enters from Chengde Prefecture, joining the Huanghuachuan and Pu rivers; further south, on the left receiving Tiemenguan water, entering Panjiakou—the ancient Lulong Pass. On the right receiving the Sa River, it bends east past west of the city. The Qi River enters from Jianchang, joining the Baiyang and Lengkou rivers, becoming the Qinglong River. Juliang water issues from Huang Mountain in the northwest, also called the Huanxiang River. Also the Sha, Shi, Guan, Xuliuying, and Quanzhuang military farms. Two camps: Xifeng Road and Jianchang Road. Eight garrison posts: Longjing Pass, Panjiakou, Lijiayu, Qingshankou, Yumuling, Cayazi, Lengkou Pass, and Taolinkou. Three patrol commissioners: Santunying, Shahe Fort, and Xifengkou. In the Daoguang period the Santun deputy commander was moved to Dagu. Three market towns: Taipingzhai, Han'erya, and Shahe. Two courier stations: Qijialing and Luanyang. Funing: strategic, difficult. Seventy li east of the prefectural seat. The sea lies fifty li to the southeast. Three sources of the Dai Family River join south of Yuguan, becoming the Yu River, joining the Shizi River along the border. Also two sources of the Xiyang River receive the Yanzi River. The Qiangou River rises east of the river and enters from Linyu. The Sha River enters from the west at Qian'an and joins as the Hui River. Two garrison posts: Jielingkou and Taitouying. Three market towns: Puheying, Yanghekou, and Shenhe Fort. Two courier stations: Lufengkou and Yuguan. Changli: populous, difficult. Seventy li southeast of the prefectural seat. To the north is Jieshi Mountain. The sea lies thirty-odd li to the southeast, projecting north for seven li, also called Qili Sea. The Luan River enters from Luanzhou; a branch channel issues to the left and enters as Tianshuigoukou. The Yinma River enters from Lulong and becomes the Sha River. Four market towns: Jianggezhuang, Puhekou, Shayakou, and Habo Fort. Railway. Luanzhou: difficult. Forty-five li southwest of the prefectural seat. The sea lies a hundred and thirty li to the south. There is Liujiahekou, where the Qing River and Yi River enter along the border. West of Cansha Pass the Xiaoqing River enters. The Luan River enters from Lulong. The Sha River enters from Qian'an. The Guan River also enters from its county, called the Dou River, also called the Jianniu River, joining the Shiliu River. The department judge is stationed at Huggezhuang. Three market towns: Liuhekou, Daodi, and Kaiping. Zhenzi Market Town has the patrol commissioner stationed. Railway. Leting: light tax burden. One hundred and twenty li south and slightly east of the prefectural seat. The sea lies forty-five li to the south. The Luan River enters from Changli and divides into two: east is the Hulu River, reaching Laomigou; west is called the Dingliu, reaching Qinghekou to enter the Luan. Within fifty li of the sea entrance the water is jade-green, also called the Green Ocean Ditch. The total course is two thousand one hundred li. The Shibei salt field lies to the southwest. Two market towns: Xiguanli and Matouying. Linyu: strategic, populous, difficult. One hundred and seventy li northeast of the prefectural seat. The Fengtian Fengjin Circuit is attached here. In the second year of Qianlong the Ming Shanhai Guard was replaced by Shanhaiguan. Today the east gate is the ancient Yuguan. In the Shunzhi period a deputy commander was placed, later changed to a brigade commander. At the end of Daoguang it exchanged posts with the Yongping deputy commander. To the north is Jiaoshan, with the Long Wall resting on it. The Shi River, ancient Yu water, gives the county its name, corrupted as "Yu." It joins the Yazi River, and the Shuaifu River enters. The old channel is west of the traveling palace. To its west is the Tanghekou. The Daqing River issues from the northeast and enters Ningyuan in Fengtian. The Qiangou River and Qi River both issue from the northwest. Four garrison posts: Yiyuankou, Damaoshankou, Ninghaicheng, and Huangtuling. East of Xiaohekou is called the Willow Palisade. Two gates: Mingshuitang and Baishizui. Three market towns: Haiyang, Qiangou, and Baitaling. To the west is the Yanghua salt field. Shimenzhai patrol commissioner. Qian'an courier station. Railway. Zunhua Directly Governed Department: (strategic, populous, difficult. Subordinate to the Tongyong Circuit. Under the Ming it was a county subordinate to Jizhou. ) In the fifteenth year of Kangxi, because of the secluded imperial tombs, it was promoted to a department and transferred to Shuntian. In the eighth year of Qianlong, following the Yizhou precedent it was promoted to a directly governed department, cutting two counties from Yongping to place under it. Six hundred and thirty li southwest of the provincial seat. One hundred and sixty li wide and three hundred and seventy li long. North polar altitude forty degrees thirteen minutes. The capital lies one degree thirty-two minutes thirty seconds east of it. It governs two counties. Changrui Mountain, seventy li northwest, was originally Fengtailing, renamed Fengtai Mountain, renamed again at the beginning of Kangxi; the Eastern Tombs are there. Also to the northwest is Wuling Mountain, where the Lin, Liu, and Sa transverse four rivers issue. The transverse is the right source of the Sa, joining east into Qian'an to meet the left-source Hei River. The Li River, ancient Geng water, issues from northeast Luerling, enters from Qian'an, also called the Guo River, joining the Sha River. Also are the Shuangnv River and Chedaoyu water. At Malan Valley and Hongshankou the regional commander is stationed; Together with Nianyukou, Da'ankou, and Luowen Valley they are five market towns. Shimen Market Town; the department judge is stationed. Also four market towns: Dawaxun, Woshaozi, Zhaidaozi, and Laochang. To the west is Banbishan. Two patrol commissioners: stationed at the department and at Shimen. There is an assistant magistrate. Yutian: strategic, populous, difficult. Ninety-five li southwest of the department. In the second year of Yongzheng transferred from Shuntian to this jurisdiction. Placed under this jurisdiction in the eighth year of Qianlong. Yanshan lies twenty-five li to the northwest. To the north the Li River enters from the department, called the Zhangsi River; entering Ji it is called the Gu River, again along the border called the Ji Canal. The Xiaoquan River issues from the northeast; at the end of Jiaqing a traveling palace was built on it, renamed Yinghui River, joining the Lan Spring and Luoshan waters. The Huanxiang River enters from Fengrun, joins the Shaliu River, passes Yahong Bridge, joins the Heilong River, and further west comes to meet. The Shuangcheng River issues from Huangjia Mountain north of the county and also comes south to meet. At Yahong Bridge the river registrar is stationed. In the twelfth year of Jiaqing changed from river registrar. There is the Yangfan courier station. Railway. Fengrun: strategic, populous, difficult. One hundred li southeast of the department. Transferred to the same jurisdiction as Yutian. The sea lies two hundred li to the south. The Dou River enters from Luan, wrongly emerges and re-enters, joins the Bei River, divides and rejoins, and enters as the Jianhekou. The eastern branch Jintuo Marsh has a branch channel southwest joining the Wang Family River. The Ji Canal runs along the border from Yutian. The Huanxiang River enters from Qian'an, receiving the Shuangnv River and Chedaoyu water. In the Tongzhi period it burst south to Heimadian; then there was the Heilong River, joining the Ni River, both pouring into the Ji Canal. The Shaliu River issues from the northwest. Southwest of Fengtai Market Town are the river registrar and patrol commissioner. Yuezhi Field, a hundred li south, has the commissioner stationed; now moved to Songjiaying. Three market towns: Xiaoji, Bijiaquan, and Kaipingying. Also the Yifeng courier station. Railway. Yizhou Directly Governed Department: (populous, difficult. Subordinate to the Qing River Circuit. Under the Ming it belonged to Baoding and governed one county. ) In the eleventh year of Yongzheng it was promoted to a directly governed department. Guangchang was cut from Datong in Shanxi to be placed under this jurisdiction. One hundred and forty li south of the provincial seat. Two hundred and sixty li wide and two hundred and twenty li long. North polar altitude thirty-nine degrees twenty-three minutes. The capital lies one degree fifty minutes thirty seconds west of it. It governs two counties. To the west are two traveling palaces: one at Lianggezhuang; one at Taining Market Town, where the regional commander is stationed. There is Yongning Mountain; the Western Tombs are there. To the north the Yi Ru River issues from Yijin Ridge west of the department, joins the An and Wuli rivers; to its northeast is the Yingzi River. The middle Yi and Baijian rivers issue from Wufeng Ridge in the northwest; the south Yi and Bao rivers issue from Shihugang in the southwest; to its south are the Xu, Jian, and Border rivers. The Juma River enters from Guangchang, wrongly emerges and re-enters, joining more than ten lesser waters, and enters the border. Eighteen passes; Feihu is the most perilous. There are two abolished patrol commissioners at Tayai and Qifeng. Two market towns: Wulonggou and Zijing Pass. In the Kangxi period the deputy commander at Zhending was moved and a brigade general was placed, governing five camps: Baishikou, Guangchangying, Futuyu, Wulonggou, and Ningjing'an. Two courier stations: Qingyuan and Shangchen. There is an assistant magistrate, also serving as patrol commissioner. Also a department judge is stationed. Railway. Laishui: strategic, populous. Forty li northeast of the department. To the northwest is Tan Mountain. The Juma River enters from the department; a branch issues to the right joining Tieling water, again running along the northeast border to rejoin. A branch issues to the left, re-enters, and joins the Qingshui River. To the southwest the north Yi also enters from the department, joins the Yingzi River, and further east joins the Qiulan River. Seven passes. Two market towns: Dalongmen and Mashuikou. Formerly called the right bulwark of the capital; there is a regional command governing garrisons at Dalongkou, Jinshui Pass, and others. Two market towns: Shuidongying and Qiulan garrison. Huangzhuang Market Town patrol commissioner. Two courier stations: Zaicheng and Shiting. Railway. Guangchang: light tax burden. Eighty li west of the department. In the eleventh year of Yongzheng transferred from Datong in Shanxi to this jurisdiction. West of the city is the Lai River, corrupted as "Qi," also borrowed as "Seven"; the western source of the Juma issues there. It meets the eastern source, wrongly emerges and re-enters. The Tang River enters from Lingqiu in Shanxi. Eight passes. Eight market towns. Futuyu is the ancient Yinfang Road, the most perilous; Chajianling Pass, Baishikou, Huheling Pass, Huangtuling Pass, and Heishi Market Town at the ancient Feihu Pass. One county courier station. Railway. Jizhou Directly Governed Department: (populous, tax-exhausted. Subordinate to the Qing River Circuit. Under the Ming it belonged to Zhending. It governed four counties. ) In the second year of Yongzheng it was promoted to a directly governed department. Hengshui of Zhending was cut to be placed under this jurisdiction. Three hundred li north of the provincial seat. One hundred and sixty li wide and two hundred and fifty li long. North polar altitude thirty-seven degrees thirty-eight minutes fifty seconds. The capital lies forty-seven minutes thirty seconds west of it. It governs five counties. (The Hutuo and Fuyang rivers formerly from Shulu met west of the county and entered Hengshui. In the early Yongzheng period the Hutuo shifted north, separated from the Fu, and burst across; later it finally joined the Fu on its proper course. To the north is the dry Juzhong channel. One department courier station. ) Nangong: (light tax burden. Sixty li southwest of the department. Three Zhang River old channels: the middle Juzhong channel, southeast ancient Zhang, northwest new Zhang. Now it has again shifted south and the district is free of water calamity. One county courier station. ) Zaoqiang: (populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Thirty li southeast of the department. To the east the ancient Zhang River, also called the Huanglu River, enters from Nangong. To the west is the Suolu River. A Wei branch channel enters from the department. All are dry. ) Xinhe: (light tax burden. Sixty li west and slightly south of the department. To the west is the Fuyang River, entering again from Ningjin. There is the Hulu Bay, the old junction with the Zhang River. One county courier station. ) Wuyi: (tax-exhausted, difficult. Ninety li northeast of the department. To the west the Fuyang River enters from Hengshui. Also the abandoned Longzhi River and old Zhang River. There is a water courier station. ) Hengshui: (light tax burden. Ninety li northeast of the department. The Zhang River flows across; anciently also called the Heng River. The Sui named the county after it. Later it became the new Zhang River, shifting south in the Qianlong period. Its Hutuo now shifts north. Only the Fuyang River enters from the department. The ancient salt river is obliterated. One county courier station. Zhao Directly Governed Department: (strategic, populous. Subordinate to the Qing River Circuit. Under the Ming it belonged to Zhending. It governed six counties. ) In the second year of Yongzheng it was promoted to a directly governed department. (Zanhuang was transferred to Zhending. ) Three hundred and ninety li northeast of the provincial seat. Two hundred li wide and a hundred and forty li long. North polar altitude thirty-seven degrees forty-eight minutes thirty seconds. The capital lies one degree thirty-three minutes thirty seconds west of it. It governs five counties. (To the northwest the Jiao River enters from Luancheng, receiving the Zhulong, Ye, and Xintao rivers. The Huai River enters from Gaoyi; the Mianman having joined the Gantao and Ye rivers, the Jiao follows its old course—thus this is that Jiao. The lower course of the Taibai channel was also seized by the Ye River. There is a Hutuo old channel, silted at the beginning of Xianfeng. Haocheng courier station. ) Baixiang: (strategic, populous. Sixty li south of the department. The Wu River enters from Lincheng. The Ji River and its branch channels both enter from Gaoyi. The Ji receives the Xingou River. There is the Huaishui courier station. ) Longping: (light tax burden. Ninety li south of the department. To the east is the Fuyang River. The Feng River enters from Ren. The Feng has nine sluices, built in the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods. To the north the Zhi River enters from Tangshan, joining the Xingou water. The Ji River enters from Baixiang, joining branch channels and the Wu River, called the Huai-Wu River. There is a courier station. ) Gaoyi: (light tax burden. Fifty li southwest of the department. To the north the Huai River enters from Yuanyi. To the south is the Xingou River. The Ji River enters from Zanhuang. One county courier station. Railway. ) Ningjin: (light tax burden. Forty li southeast of the department. The Fuyang River enters from Longping. There is the Ningjin Marsh, more than a hundred li round, gathering the Feng, Zhi, and Wu waters and the department's Jiao and Huai rivers; they meet at Shizi River, wrongly emerging and re-entering. The district was formerly a marsh country; at the end of Kangxi the Zhang shifted south, in the early Yongzheng the Hutuo shifted east, and Prince Yixian dredged the various outlets, built dikes and set sluice gates to control inward and outward flow, and the accumulated floodwaters were finally drained. In the Guangxu period the Hutuo again silted up and half became dry land. There is the abolished Baichikou patrol commissioner. One county courier station. Shen Directly Governed Department: (light tax burden. Subordinate to the Qing River Circuit. Under the Ming it belonged to Zhending. It governed one county. ) Promoted in the second year of Yongzheng; Wuqiang and Raoyang of Zhending were placed under it. Hengshui was returned to Zhending. Two hundred and eighty li north of the provincial seat. One hundred and forty li wide and one hundred and sixty li long. North polar altitude thirty-eight degrees three minutes forty seconds. The capital lies forty-seven minutes west of it. It governs three counties. (The department territory has long suffered from the Zhang and Hutuo rivers. The rivers shifted away in turn; the Fu and Zi also do not run wildly. Only the Hutuo in the nineteenth year of Qianlong burst in as a branch from Shulu; in the seventh year of Tongzhi it shifted north again, entering from Anping, and all old channels are silted. There is a courier station. ) Wuqiang: (light tax burden. Fifty li east of the prefectural seat. To the south is Wuqiang Mountain, with a deep pool below. The Fuyang River enters from Wuyi; north of Xiaofan Market Town it seizes the Hutuo old channel. In the early Daoguang period the Fu and Hutuo overflowed together. There are the abandoned Tingzi and Longye rivers. There is a courier station. ) Raoyang: (tax-exhausted, populous, difficult. Sixty li northeast of the department. In the early Qianlong period Magistrate Hou Mai dredged seven new ditches because of the Hutuo. In the Tongzhi period Tang Shilu again dredged three main channels and eight branch canals, all pouring into the ancient Yang River of Xian. The next year it burst again at Anping. Magistrate Wu Enqing built dikes from Guocun to Qinwangzhuang, and the Hutuo and Zi finally separated. Now the middle and southern branches of the Hutuo enter from the department, while the ancient Tang River enters from Li—half silted. There is a courier station. Anping: (strategic, populous, tax-exhausted, difficult. Subordinate to the Qing River Circuit. Under the Ming it governed two counties. ) Promoted in the second year of Yongzheng. In the twelfth year, Shenze was taken from Qizhou of Baoding to be placed under this jurisdiction. Xinle was returned to Zhending. One hundred and fifty li northeast of the provincial seat. One hundred and forty li wide and two hundred li long. North polar altitude thirty-eight degrees thirty-two minutes thirty seconds. The capital lies one degree twenty-one minutes west of it. It governs two counties. Zhongshan: (within the city; a bell and drum tower is set up today. To the north the Tang River enters from Tang County—it first became a calamity. In the Qianlong period it seized the Xiaoqing River to the south. In the Jiaqing period it again seized the Xiaoqing River to the north as the present channel. To the south is the Jia River entering from Quyang. The Sha River enters from Xinle into the Zi River. In the tenth year of Tongzhi it shifted south, wrongly emerging and re-entering to join the Zi River, running along the border from Shenze. The Tang and Sha old channels and the Mudao Ditch are all dry. There is the Yongding courier station. Railway. ) Quyang: (light tax burden. Sixty li northwest of the department. To the northwest is Heng Mountain, the ancient Northern Sacred Peak. At the end of Shunzhi worship was moved to Hunyuan in Shanxi. The Heng River issues from its north valley, joining the Sanhui River. The Tang River receives the Mani River north of the county and wrongly enters. To the northwest the Sha River enters from Fuping, joins the Pingyang River, and on the left receives the Yuanjue Spring and other waters. The Changxing Ditch issues from Kong Mountain in the northwest, skirts the city southeast, joins the Quni Stream and Ling River, and from this is called the Mengliang River. One county courier station. ) Shenze County: (light tax burden. It lies ninety li southeast of the department. In the twelfth year of the Yongzheng reign it was transferred from Qizhou and placed under this jurisdiction. Both the Hutuo and Zi rivers enter from Wuji. The Hutuo splits into three channels; the northern branch is the main current. The Zi once took in the branch Mudao Ditch, which is now dry. Early in the Qianlong reign it broke through at Zhaobazhuang and was quickly blocked again. The Guandao Ditch was excavated anew to lead the west-city runoff eastward into Anping. One county courier station.
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