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=志三十=地理二奉天:禹貢青、冀二州之域。 (舜析其東北為幽、營。 夏仍青、冀。 商改營州。 周,幽州。 明,遼東都指揮使司。 )清天命十年三月,定都瀋陽。 天聦八年,尊為盛京。 順治元年,悉裁明諸衞所,設內大臣、副都統,及八旗駐防。 三年,改內大臣為昂邦章京,給鎮守總管印。 康熙元年,改昂邦章京為鎮守遼東等處地方將軍。 四年,改鎮守奉天等處地方將軍。 光緒三十三年三月,罷將軍,置東三省總督、奉天巡撫,改為行省。 北至洮南; (與黑龍江界。 )南至旅順口; (海界東南,以鴨綠江與朝鮮界。 )西至山海關; (與直隸界。 )東至安圖。 (與吉林界。 )廣一千八百里,袤一千七百五十里。 北極高三十九度四十分至四十四度十五分。 京師偏東四度至十二度。 宣統三年,編戶一百六十五萬五百七十三,口一千六十九萬六千零四。 共領府八,直隸廳五,廳三,州六,縣三十三。 (案:盛京,天聦五年因明瀋陽衞城增修。 城周九里三百三十二步,高三丈五尺,厚一丈,女牆高七尺五寸,垛口凡六百五十一。 門八:東之左曰撫近,右曰內治,南之左曰德盛,右曰天祐,西之左曰懷遠,右曰外攘,北之左曰地載,右曰福勝。 門各有樓闉,加之角樓。 四城之中為大政殿,太宗聽政之所也。 殿西為大內。 南向曰大清門,門內曰崇政殿,殿前東飛龍閣,西翔鳳閣。 崇政殿直北為鳳凰樓,樓北清寧宮。 宮之東曰衍慶宮、關睢宮,西曰永福宮、麟趾宮。 鳳凰樓之前,東為師善齋,齋南日華樓,西協中齋,齋南霞綺樓。 崇政殿東頤和殿,殿後介祉宮,宮後為敬典閣。 崇政殿西為迪光殿,殿後保極宮,宮後繼思齋,齋後崇謨閣。 大內之西文溯閣,藏書之所也。 東南太廟。 銀庫在大政殿南,織造庫在大內南。 戶部、禮部、工部在銀庫東,刑部、兵部在織造庫西。 御史公署在城東北隅。 其外關城則康熙十九年建,高七尺五寸,周三十二里四十八步。 門八:東之左曰小東關,右曰大東關,南之左曰大南關,右曰小南關,西之左曰大西關,右曰小西關,北之左曰小北關,右曰大北關。 關城內南為天壇,東為地壇、為堂子,西南隅為社稷壇、為雷雨壇,東南隅為先農祠、為耤田。 耤田西南隅設水門二,導小瀋水自門出焉,下流注於渾河。 其名山為醫巫閭、松嶺。 其巨川為遼河、渾河。 其重險:山海關、鳳凰城、威遠堡。 其船路:自營口西南通天津,南通之罘,東南通朝鮮仁川。 其鐵路:內屬者,營榆; 屬日者,俄築東清枝路。 其電線:西通天津,西南旅順,東南鳳凰、安東,東北吉林。 ):(衝,繁,疲,難。 總督兼將軍,民政、提法、交涉、度支、鹽運司,勸業道,副都統駐。 )順治十四年四月,於盛京城內置府,設府尹。 光緒三十一年八月,裁府尹設知府,為奉天省治。 西南至京師一千四百七十里。 廣八百七十里,袤九百九十里。 北極高四十一度五十一分五十秒。 京師偏東七度十五分。 領廳一,州二,縣八。 承德:(衝,繁,疲,難。 倚。 明,瀋陽中衞。 康熙三年置縣,附府。 福陵在東二十里天柱山,昭陵在西北十里隆業山。 有副都統兼二陵守衞大臣。 渾河在南,卽瀋水,自撫順入,西南入遼中。 左受高素屯、白塔鋪、於家臺河,右受馬官橋、萬泉河。 萬泉亦稱小瀋水。 東北:大清山,蒲河所出,西南流,逕永安橋,入新民境。 永安橋,崇德六年建。 初,太祖定瀋陽,以西路沮洳,命旗丁修疊道百二十里,直抵遼陽。 太宗復建此橋,行旅便之。 舊設驛四:西老邊,通新民; 北懿路,通鐵嶺; 東噶布拉村,通興京; 南十里河,卽明虎皮驛,通遼陽。 鐵路三:京奉,東清,安奉。 京奉鐵路行境內六十里,車站二,曰馬三家,曰瀋陽,在小西關外,卽京奉全路尾站。 商埠,光緒二十九年八月中美約開。 )遼陽州:(繁,疲,難。 府南百二十里。 明,定遼中衞,兼置自在州。 天命六年三月克遼陽,四月遷都於此。 十年移瀋陽。 順治十年設遼陽府,遼陽縣附郭。 十四年,府移縣來隸。 康熙三年六月,縣升為州,仍隸府。 有城守尉。 南:千山山脈,東自懷仁老嶺入,為遼東半島之脊,山南之水,獨行入海,遼東山脈主峰也。 北:太子河,自本溪入,西流至遼中境,迤南入海城。 左受細河、藍河、湯河、沙河、鞍山河; 右受十里河,渾河枝水,國語曰塔思哈河。 舊設驛三:曰迎水寺、浪子山、甜水站。 商埠,光緒三十一年中日約開。 有東清鐵路。 )復州:(繁、疲。 府南五百四十里。 明為復州衞。 天命七年三月復州降。 康熙三年併入蓋平。 雍正四年,分蓋平地置復州廳。 十一年改為州,隸府。 有城守尉。 州境多山,西與西南皆海。 其海曰復州灣。 北:浮渡河。 南:復州河,左受欒古河,皆西入海。 東:沙河、清水、贊子、碧流,右受吊橋河,皆南入金州。 長興島州判在西南百四十里海中,光緒三十四年置。 其東北娘娘宮。 港岸曰東崖、西崖,商船出入,海道咽喉也。 水門子巡檢,光緒三十二年置。 舊設鋪司四:北核桃哨、李官墳,通蓋平; 南麻河鋪、欒古城,通金州。 有東清鐵路。 )撫順:(衝,繁,疲,難。 府東八十里。 明,撫順千戶所。 天命四年克撫順。 光緒二十八年,分承德縣地設興仁縣,附府。 三十三年移治撫順城,劃興京西北地入之,更名,仍隸府。 東:薩爾滸山、鐵背山,皆天命四年破明兵處。 南:渾河南北二源自興京入,合流西,左受章黨、馬郡丹、塔兒峪、拉古河,右受溫道、柳林、金花樓河,入承德。 東有營盤市鎮,舊設驛一。 薩爾滸南,奉撫運煤鐵路; 西南姚千戶屯,安奉鐵路。 )開原:(繁、疲。 府東北三百里。 明洪武二十年,置三萬衞於元開元路故城西,二十一年徙此。 改開元為開原。 永樂七兼置安樂州。 天命四年六月克開原。 康熙三年六月置縣,隸府。 有城守尉。 東北:黃龍山。 西北:遼河自康平入,左納馬鬃、亮子河。 南:清河,右受碾盤河、扣河; 又南沙河,皆西入遼河。 東南:柴河,西入鐵嶺境。 又東南英額河,西南入興京。 邊門三:北馬千總臺,東北威遠堡,東南英額。 舊設驛一。 又有道,東南經石人溝至山城子,西經英城子達法庫門,東經威遠堡門至西豐,號四達通衢。 有東清鐵路。 )鐵嶺:(衝,疲。 府北一百三十里。 明置鐵嶺衞。 天命四年七月克鐵嶺。 康熙三年六置縣,隸府。 有防守尉。 遼河在西,自開原東南流入,屈西南流入法庫境。 其旁多水泊,曰蓮花泡、葦子、五角、蓮子、樂子諸湖,瀰漫十里,土人呼遼海,有遼海屯。 北柴河,南范河,又南懿路河,皆西入遼河。 舊設驛一。 商埠,中日約開。 有東清鐵路。 )海城:(繁,疲,難。 府南二百四十里。 明置海州衞。 天命六年海州降。 順治十年十一月置海城縣,隸遼陽府。 十四年四月改隸。 西六十里有牛莊防守尉。 西南:唐王山。 遼河在西。 渾河自遼中入,曰蛤蜊河,左匯太子河,西流入之,名三岔河。 北土河、鞍山河西入太子河,南入海州河,西入遼河。 三岔巡司,康熙二十一年置,駐牛莊。 西鄉、三家子、石佛寺等處舊有河道,繞流入遼,後淤塞。 光緒三十四年開濬故河,涸出良田三十六七萬畝。 東南有析木城市鎮。 舊設鋪司四:西南營口,南大石橋,接蓋平; 北鞍山站,接遼陽; 東二道河,入岫巖。 有東清鐵路。 )蓋平:(繁,疲。 府西南三百六十里。 明置蓋州衞。 天命六年三月蓋州降。 康熙三年六月置縣,隸府。 有城守尉。 又西南六十里有熊岳防守尉,故遼城也,舊駐副都統,後裁。 東:棉羊山,縣東南諸山皆發脈於此。 西瀕海曰蓋州灣。 北:淤泥河。 南:蓋州熊岳河、浮渡諸河,皆西流入海。 東南:碧流河,卽畢利河,出布霧山,南流入復州。 舊設鋪司三:西北沒溝營,北大石橋,南熊岳城。 有紅旗廠、藍旗廠、吳家屯三鹽場。 有東清鐵路。 )遼中:(繁,難。 府西南一百四十里。 明,定遼衞、右衞地。 光緒三十二年七月,分新民、遼陽、海城地,設治阿司牛彔鎮,尋劃承德西南境增入,置縣隸府。 遼河在西,有冷家口。 支流西南入盤山,曰分遼水,亦曰減河。 正流南入縣境。 又西柳河,南入分遼水。 又西鷂鷹河支津,南入柳河。 東:蒲河自新民入,南入渾河。 又東南太子河支津二入之。 西南:遼河。 西:達都牛錄,縣丞駐,光緒三十三年置。 )本溪:(府東南一百二十里。 明為清河城。 光緒三十二年,分遼陽、興京、鳳凰地,設治本溪湖,置縣隸府。 南:摩天嶺,一名太高嶺,山脈東連老嶺,西接千山。 其北:細河,卽萬流河,北流入遼陽。 其南:草河、賽馬集河,南流入鳳凰。 南:太子河南北二源,自懷仁、興京入,合流西入遼陽。 東:清河,南入太子河。 賽馬集巡檢,光緒三年置,屬鳳凰廳,三十二年來屬。 舊設連山關驛。 有安奉鐵路。 )金州廳:(衝,繁,疲、難。 府南七百二十里。 明置金州衞。 雍正十二年置寧海縣,隸府。 道光二十三年改金州廳,仍隸府。 有副都統,寄治承德。 廳境萬山環抱,東西南北皆海,惟東南一隅陸地,連復州成半島形。 沙河、清水、贊子、碧流諸河在東北入海。 有貔子窩市鎮。 旅順口在西南。 自旅順循半島以西,歷遼河口、大小凌河口至山海關,為渤海岸; 以東歷碧流河口、莊河口、大洋河口至鴨綠江,為黃海岸。 旅順鐵山角與山東登州頭對峙,為渤海口門。 有舊水師營城。 舊設鋪司一,石河驛。 商埠:光緒二十三年中俄約開。 海關在大連灣。 有東清鐵路。 ):(衝,繁,難。 省西北一百六十里。 明,三萬衞地。 )康熙元年,設法庫邊門防禦。 光緒三十二年,分新民府及開原、鐵嶺、康平三縣地,設治法庫門,置廳,直隸行省。 (法庫山在南。 遼河自鐵嶺入,北流,屈西流,逕廳南入新民。 其津渡處有三面船市鎮。 西:沙河,南入遼河。 又西秀水河,南入新民。 有秀水河市鎮。 廳城北門仍舊邊門。 邊門外道路作三叉形。 西行至彰武; 北行由桃兒山、馬奇溝赴康平,可至吉林伯都訥; 東北行由齊家店、公主屯赴昌圖,可至吉林長春。 北邊衝要也。 商埠,中日約開。 ):(繁,難。 明置廣寧中、左、右屯三衞,隸遼東都指揮使司。 )崇德七年三月克錦州。 康熙三年置廣寧府,并縣為治。 四年改置,徙治錦。 省西南四百九十里。 廣五百三十里,袤百七十里。 北極高四十度九分。 京師偏東四度三十九分。 領州二,廳二,縣三。 錦:(衝,繁,疲,難。 倚。 明置廣寧中屯衞及左屯、右屯衞。 康熙元年七月改錦州為錦縣,隸奉天府。 三年六月改隸廣寧府。 十二月罷廣寧,置錦州縣,附府。 舊駐副都統。 光緒三十四年裁。 有協領。 松山、杏山、塔山在南,皆崇德七年破明兵處。 紫荊山在東,為縣境諸山冠。 南瀕海。 東大凌河,西小凌河,右受女兒河,皆南入海。 西南:天橋廠巡檢,雍正元年置。 又西南海濱有地伸出海中如三角形,曰葫蘆島,島勢向西環抱成一海灣。 光緒三十四年,勘為通商港。 舊設驛二:小凌河,十三山。 京奉鐵路行境內一百一十里,車站四:錦州,雙陽甸,大凌河,石山站。 鹽場八:上坎、天橋廠、大東山、白馬石、邰子屯、頭溝、四溝、沙溝。 卡倫二:高家屯,天橋廠。 )錦西廳:(繁,難。 府西九十五里。 明,廣寧中屯衞地。 光緒三十二年分錦縣西境置江家屯廳,尋更名。 三十三年隸府。 東:大虹螺、小虹螺山,山東七里河,南入海。 女兒河導源直隸朝陽,東流入邊,逕廳北,迤東北流,又東流入錦縣。 北:松嶺邊門。 東北:虹螺峴市鎮。 舊設高橋驛。 京奉鐵路車站三:連山,高橋,女兒河。 )盤山廳:(衝,疲,難。 府東一百七十里。 明,廣寧盤山驛。 光緒三十二年,分廣寧縣地及盤蛇驛牧廠地置廳,隸府。 南瀕海。 分遼水自遼中冷家口西南入,逕廳南入海。 西南:沙河、東沙河、西沙河皆南入海。 錦營鐵路自廣寧溝幫子站分支入境,東南入營口,長百二十餘里。 車站三:胡家窩棚,雙台子,大窪。 鹽場五:藍石鰲、西夾信、南夾信、二道磧、二龍江。 )義州:(繁,疲,難。 府北九十里。 明,義州衞。 天命七年正月克義州。 崇德元年以封察哈爾。 康熙十四年,察哈爾叛,討平之。 六十一年設通判。 雍正十一年,置州隸府。 有城守尉。 東北:英歌龍灣山。 東南:望海山。 西北:崑崙山。 西南:大嶺、小嶺。 大凌河導源直隸朝陽,東流入邊,逕州北,屈南流入錦縣。 細河、清河導源直隸阜新,合流南入大凌河。 小凌河亦導源朝陽,東流入邊,逕州西南,迤南流入錦縣。 楊樹溝河南入小凌河。 北有九官台、清河、白土廠三邊門。 舊設鋪司四:南大嶺關、隆祉、七里河,東大榆樹,皆通錦縣。 )寧遠州:(衝,繁,疲、難。 府西南一百里。 明置寧遠衞。 順治元年克寧遠。 康熙三年置州,隸廣寧府,尋改隸府。 有城守尉。 西北:青山。 西南:望夫。 東:首山。 南瀕海。 寧遠西河、寧遠東河,在城南合流,南入海。 又西東沙、煙台、東關站、六股諸河,皆南入海。 有釣魚台海口。 海中島有桃花、菊花卽覺華島,島西南小島二,曰小張山、大張山,相距間水勢深闊,足容大戰艦。 島岸山可建炮台。 光緒三十四年勘為海軍港。 西北:白石嘴、梨樹溝、新台三邊門。 市街四邑環錯。 有山海關道稅局。 舊設驛二:東關、寧遠。 京奉鐵路車站三:東辛莊,沙後所,寧遠州。 鹽場十:廠子溝、項家屯、蘇家屯、張莊、杜家台、蜊蝗溝、五里橋、狐狸套、沙坨、大明山。 )廣寧:(衝,疲。 府東北一百六十里。 明,廣寧衞。 天命七年克廣寧。 康熙三年六月改廣寧為府,設廣寧縣。 十二月府移錦州,縣隸府。 有城守尉。 醫無閭山在西,古幽州鎮,今有北鎮廟。 東:沙河導源醫無閭山三道溝,東南流,逕城北而南,右受大石橋河,入盤山西南閭陽驛。 河南流入盤山,曰西沙河。 西北:馬市河,東南流入羊腸河。 舊設廣寧驛。 京奉鐵路行境內七十五里,車站三:羊圈子,溝幫子,青堆子。 自溝幫子分支逕南歷盤山達營口,名錦營鐵路,計行境內三十里。 有馬帳房、大台、小台、毛家屯、郭家屯、北井六鹽場。 )綏中:(衝,繁,疲,難。 府西南一百九十里。 明,廣寧前屯衞、中前所、中後所。 順治元年,克廣寧前屯衞,中前、中後所。 康熙三年,以其地併入寧遠州。 光緒二十八年六月析出置縣隸府。 北:大碏子山。 西:松嶺,筆架山。 南瀕海。 東以六股河與寧遠界。 六股河卽古六州河,導源直隸建昌,從白石嘴邊門入。 右受黑水、王寶河,迤南流入海。 西:高兒、石子、涼水諸河,皆南入海。 西:山海關。 邊門十有七,在縣境者曰明水塘邊門。 舊設驛二:山海關、涼水河。 京奉鐵路行境內一百一十里,車站四:前所,前衞,荒地,綏中。 ):(衝,繁,難。 省西一百二十里。 明,瀋陽中衞與廣寧左衞地。 )嘉慶十八年六月,分承德、廣寧二縣地置新民廳,隸奉天府。 光緒二十八年,升為府。 廣五百三十里,袤百七十里。 北極高四十一度五十六分。 京師偏東七度三十三分。 領縣二。 (無城。 遼河自法庫入,屈西南逕古城。 養息牧河自彰武入,左合秀水河,南入遼河。 其東蒲河自承德入,逕黑魚泡,西有新開河自庫倫入,為柳河,並入遼中。 又西鷂鷹河,南入鎮安。 舊設驛二:白旗堡、巨流河。 京奉鐵路車站四:白旗堡,新民府,巨流河,興隆店。 商埠,中日約開。 )鎮安:(衝,難。 府西一百五十里。 明,廣寧衞之鎮安堡。 光緒二十八年,分廣寧東境,設治小黑山,置縣隸府。 西:羊腸河,導源直隸阜新,下流散漫。 東沙河導源直隸綏東,南流,右受老河,入盤山曰南沙河,又東鷂鷹河,南溢為蓮花泡,入分遼水。 小三家子,縣丞,光緒三十二年置。 三十四年,其地設奉天官牧場。 東北有半拉門市鎮。 舊設驛二:小黑山、二道井。 京奉鐵路行境內八十里,車站四:高山子,打虎山,勵家窩鋪,繞陽河。 有卡:拉木屯、營城子二。 )彰武:(繁,疲,難。 府北百十里。 明初,置廣寧後屯衞,後徙。 康熙三十一年設養息牧廠於此。 光緒二十八年以養息牧墾地,設治橫道子,置縣隸府。 縣境居彰武臺邊門外。 東北:阿莫山。 東:少陵哈達山。 西北:杜爾筆山。 西:柳河,又西鷂鷹河,皆導源直隸綏東,世所稱小庫倫也。 東:養息牧河,導源科爾沁左翼前旗,皆南流入府境。 西北:哈爾套街,縣丞,光緒二十九年置。 有官商路三:一由縣治赴府,一由縣西北哈爾套街赴直隸綏東,一由縣西新立屯赴直隸阜新。 ):(省西南三百六十里。 明,蓋州衞之梁房口關。 )同治五年,設營口海防同知。 宣統元年,分海城、蓋平兩縣地置廳,直隸行省。 奉錦山海關道改為分巡錦新營口兵備道,駐廳:(北:遼河自海城入,南迤東流,屈西流入海。 納東南淤泥河,至蓋平遼河入海口。 距廳治四十五里,輪舶交通之地也。 初,廳境名沒溝營,為蒙古人窩棚。 道光中辦海防,其地始重。 通商後乃繁盛。 錦營鐵路自盤山大窪車站入境,歷田莊台至河北車站,長六十七里。 又自河東牛家屯至大石橋,與東清鐵路接。 有二道溝、三道溝等鹽場。 漁業總局。 商埠,咸豐十年天津約開。 有海關。 光緒三十二年設遼河巡船十艘。 三十四年增安海、綏遼兩巡海兵艦。 ):(繁,疲,難。 省東南三百二十里。 明,建州右衞。 )天聦八年,尊赫圖阿拉地曰興京。 乾隆三十八年,設理事通判。 光緒三年,改為興京撫民同知,移治新賓堡。 宣統元年,升為府。 廣六百六十里,袤三百一十里。 北極高四十一度四十五分十五秒。 京師偏東八度三十七分十六秒。 領縣四。 (永陵在西四十里啟運山,駐副都統。 西三十里興京城,駐協領。 東納嚕窩集果爾敏珠敦,總謂之分水嶺山脈,上接庫哷納窩集,下連龍岡。 山西之水皆入遼河,山東之水皆入松花江,為遼河、松花江之分水嶺,卽漢志遼山也。 渾河出其下。 南源曰蘇子河,左合索爾科河,西北流,北源曰英額河,左合滾馬嶺河,西南流,俱入撫順。 西南:平頂山,太子河北源所出,西入本溪。 舊設驛一:穆喜。 鋪司四:南老城、大呼倫、窪子嶺,入鳳凰境; 東舊門,通懷仁。 )通化:(繁,難。 府東南二百七十里。 明,建州衞之額爾敏路。 光緒三年置縣,隸興京同知。 宣統元年改隸府。 縣境居旺清邊門外。 北:龍岡山脈,自興京、海龍間納嚕窩集入,迤邐而東,歷臨江直達長白山,亙二百餘里。 山南之水皆入鴨綠江,山北之水皆入松花江,為鴨綠江、松花江之分水嶺,以其為永陵幹脈,故曰龍岡。 南有渾江,自臨江入,西流,屈東流,復迤西南入懷仁。 左受大羅圈溝河、小羅圈溝河,右受哈泥河、加爾圖庫河。 舊設馬撥七:西哈馬河、快當帽子、英額布、歡喜嶺、半截拉子,入興京; 又由快當帽子西南行,曰高麗墓、頭道溝等,達懷仁。 )懷仁:(疲,難。 府南一百八十里。 明,建州衞之棟鄂部。 光緒三年置縣,隸興京同知。 宣統元年改隸府。 縣境居鹼廠邊門外。 老嶺在西南,太子河南源所出,西北入本溪。 老嶺山脈自龍岡分入,迤西與摩天嶺接,山南之水皆入鴨綠江,山北之水皆入遼河,為遼河、鴨綠江之分水嶺,國語曰薩禪山。 渾江自通化入,流經北、西、南三面,入輯安。 富爾江合衣密蘇河自北,六道河、大雅河自西,流入渾江。 富爾江口蓋古梁口也。 古棟鄂河,南入大雅河。 西:四平街巡檢,光緒四年置。 渾江南流旋曲處有哈達山,乾隆十一年設莽牛哨於此,尋廢。 舊設馬撥十:東北三層砬子、二棚甸子、朱胡溝、恆道川、長春溝,入通化境; 西南大雅河、前牛毛、大青溝、砍椽溝、掛牌嶺,入寬甸。 )輯安:(疲,難。 府東南四百二十里。 明,建州衞之鴨綠江部。 光緒二十八年,分通化、懷仁二縣地,設治通溝口,置縣隸興京同知。 宣統元年改隸府。 東北:老嶺岡。 北:丸都山。 鴨綠江在南,自臨江入,迤西南入寬甸。 西:渾江自懷仁入,南入鴨綠江,曰渾江口。 光緒三十四年,設鴨、渾兩江巡船。 西岔溝門巡檢,光緒三年置,駐通溝口,二十八年移駐。 舊設馬撥九:北同和嶺、梨樹溝、葦沙河、二道崴子、夾皮溝,入通化; 西五道嶺、皮條溝、上漏河、二棚甸子,入懷仁。 又光緒三十四年城東新闢一道,由錯草溝出臨江。 )臨江:(繁,難。 府東南五百九十里。 明,鴨綠江部。 光緒二十八年,分通化縣地,設治帽兒山,置縣隸興京同知。 宣統元年改隸府。 北有龍岡。 鴨綠江在南,自長白入,西北流,屈西南,入輯安。 西:頭道溝,以次而東,而東北,沿鴨綠江有二十五道溝,皆岡前山水,南流注江,縣得其七,長白得其十八。 北:三岔子,卽長白山西南分水嶺,渾江所出,西南流,左受紅土崖河,入通化,舊所稱佟家江也,西北入道江。 巡檢,光緒二十八年自帽兒山移駐,屬通化,宣統元年來屬。 初,縣西北接通化,山路險絕。 光緒三十四年改修,自林子頭越老爺嶺,歷三道陽岔達縣治,剷山梁谿,長百二十餘里,通車馬,名蕩平嶺道。 ):(衝,繁,難。 省東南四百八十里。 明置鳳凰城堡。 )天命六年降。 乾隆四十一年,設鳳凰城巡司。 光緒二年改置廳,直隸行省。 廣六百六十五里,袤四百里。 北極高四十度三十四分十六秒。 京師偏東七度四十九分三十五秒。 領州一,縣二。 (有城守尉。 鳳凰山在南。 四大嶺在西北。 南瀕海。 東:草河,右受通遠堡河,左合靉河,南入安東。 東北:賽馬集河,南入靉河。 西:大洋河,南入海。 西北:哨子河,南入大洋河。 東北靉陽、南鳳凰二邊門。 舊設驛三:通遠堡、雪里站、鳳凰城。 有窟窿山至洋河口鹽場。 商埠,中日約開。 有安奉鐵路。 )岫巖州:安東:(繁,疲,難。 廳東南一百五十里。 明置鎮江城,天命六年降。 光緒二年置縣,隸廳。 分巡奉天東邊兵備道,宣統元年改為分巡興鳳兵備道,駐縣。 縣境居鳳凰邊門外。 北:元寶山。 鴨綠江東自寬甸入,右受草河,迤南流入海。 其海岸曰大東溝,卽太平溝,木材輸出之地也。 有巡司,光緒二十六年置。 東有九連城鎮,對岸卽朝鮮義州。 舊設馬撥十一:東沙河鎮,北中江台、大樓房、老邊牆,西北高麗店、營台、湯山城、邊門口,西南白菜地、石橋崗、大東溝。 有二道溝至窟窿山鹽場。 大東溝商埠,中美約開。 有海關。 安奉鐵路。 )寬甸:(繁,疲,難。 廳東北一百八十里。 明,東寧衞之寬甸六堡。 光緒三年置縣,隸廳。 縣境居靉陽邊門外。 東南:盤道嶺、望寶山。 東北:掛牌嶺。 鴨綠江南自輯安渾江口流入,西南入安東。 右受小蒲石、永甸、長甸、大蒲石、安平諸河。 東:渾江,右受小雅、北鼓、南鼓諸河。 靉河導源西北牛毛嶺,西南入廳境。 西南:長甸河縣丞,東北:二龍渡巡司,皆光緒三年置。 東南有小蒲石河、東北有太平哨二市鎮。 舊設馬撥十四:西大水溝、葡萄架、毛甸子、懸羊砬子、土門子、太平川、夾河口,入安東; 東北馬牙河、曲柳川、頭青溝、寺院崴子、興隆峪、北土門子,入懷仁。 ):(衝,繁,難。 省南六百里。 明,鳳凰城、岫巖城、金州衞地。 )光緒三十二年,分鳳凰廳、岫巖州地置廳,隸東邊道。 (南瀕海。 西以碧流河與復州、金州廳界。 東以大洋河與鳳凰廳界。 莊河導源西北雞冠山,南流,逕廳東入海。 東:英阿、沙河,皆南入海。 東:孤山、石城島二巡司。 又東南百四十里,海中鹿島,宣統元年隸廳。 大洋河亦稱大孤山港,港內商船通行,惟輪船不能進駛,寄泊鹿島。 西花園口,東青堆子,皆臨海小商港。 官商路三:東欒店,赴鳳凰; 北八道嶺,赴岫巖; 西北拉木屯,赴復州。 ):(衝,繁。 省東南九百八十里。 明,建州衞之鴨綠江部。 )光緒三十三年,分臨江縣及吉林長白山北麓地,設治塔甸,置府。 北極高四十二度。 京師偏東十二度。 領縣二。 (長白山在北。 上有天池,舊曰闥門,形橢圓,斜長二十九里,周七十餘里。 池深莫測,水鳴如鼓,七日一潮,土人謂池與海通。 鴨綠江導源天池南曰靉江,南流至雙岔口,葡萄河自東北來匯,此下為中、韓界水,始名鴨綠江。 屈西流,逕府南入臨江。 西以八道溝與臨江界。 東北至二十五道溝。 府治居十八道、十九道溝間。 唐滅高麗,用兵於此。 府治對岸卽朝鮮惠山鎮。 初,府境僅治鴨綠江一小逕,倚巖臨澗,必乘木槽渡江,假道朝鮮。 光緒三十四年新闢龍華岡道,自臨江新化街、史家蹚子以下入府西嘉魚河,至梨溝鎮達府治西,長約四百餘里,以避江道之險焉。 )安圖:(衝,繁。 府東北四百里。 明,建州左衞地。 宣統元年,以府東圖們江源地,設治紅旗河口,置縣隸府。 長白山在西。 圖們江在南,導源紅土溝,卽長白山東南分水嶺,東入吉林。 東:紅旗河,導源荒溝,卽長白山東北分水嶺,東南入圖們江。 西北有二道江,自天池出,北流,曰二道白河。 娘娘庫河導源荒溝,西北流,左合五道、四道、三道白河注之,屈西,富爾河自吉林南流注之,曰上兩江口,二道江之名始此。 又西,左受頭道白河,入撫松。 松花江正源也。 西二百里布林瑚里有天女浴池碑,土人呼圓池。 東南七里湖,由府至縣之道,光緒三十四年勘定。 自府東二十一道溝口入岡北行,出二十二道溝、十九道溝之間,至靉江源,經小白山後至新民屯,東行歷齊國屯、朝陽窩達縣治。 由縣西北行至上兩江口,達吉林樺甸。 東渡紅旗河,達吉林延吉。 南渡圖們江,卽朝鮮境。 )撫松:(衝,繁。 府西北五百二十里。 明,建州衞之訥音部。 宣統元年,以府西北松花江上游地,設治雙甸,置縣隸府。 長白山在東。 頭道江在西,上源曰緊江、漫江。 緊江導源長白山西坡,漫江導源章茂草頂山,卽長白山西南分水嶺,合而西北流,湯河自吉林東北流注之,頭道江之名始此。 又西北流,右受松香河。 又西北,二道江自安圖西流來匯,曰下兩江口。 此下統名松花江,入吉林。 由府至縣之路,自府西梨溝鎮至十五道溝,西北行,踰嶺頂,經竹木里、漫江營、小谷山、石頭河、海青嶺、大營、湯河口,再北行達縣治。 由縣西渡江,入吉林濛江。 北循松花江,直抵吉林省城。 ):(衝,繁,難。 省東北六百里。 明,海西女真輝發、哈噠、葉赫三部。 )光緒五年,以流民墾鮮圍場地置海龍廳。 二十八年,升府。 領縣四。 (府境居英額邊門外。 西:納嚕窩集果爾敏珠敦,與興京分山脈,唐謂之長嶺。 輝發江在南,導源納嚕窩集東麓,北流屈東,左受橫道河、梅河、沙河、大沙河,右受押鹿、一統河,入輝南,國語曰遼吉善河,入松花江。 英額河導源英額邊門東,當果爾敏珠敦西麓,西南入開原,卽渾河北源。 東:朝陽鎮。 西:山城子鎮。 舊設馬撥十:自城西沙河口、大黑嘴子、山城子、二龍山、郭家店、土口子、孤家子、李家店、八棵樹、貂皮屯,至尚陽堡入開原。 又有道由城東奶子山至托佛入吉林城; 東北馬家船戶至康大營入吉林伊通; 牛心頂子至郭大橋入吉林磐石。 )東平:(繁,難。 府西六十里。 明,梅赫衞,後屬輝發部。 光緒二十八年,分海龍屬之東圍場地,設治大度川,置縣隸府。 東北:庫哷納窩集,山脈連綿,與果勒敏珠敦接。 其南橫道河、梅河、沙河、大沙河,皆東南入府。 其北小伊通河,西北入吉林。 縣治居沙河北,西有鷂鷹河,東有柳樹河,南入沙河。 官商路四:一,由縣南渡沙河、秀水河赴府; 一,西渡鷂鷹河赴西豐; 一,北赴西安; 一,東北渡柳樹河,過黃泥河,赴吉林伊通。 )西豐:(繁,難。 府西二百二十里。 明,塔山左衞、罕達河衞,後屬葉赫部及哈達部。 光緒二十八年,以大圍場西流水墾地之淗鹿,置縣隸府。 縣境居威遠堡邊門外。 達揚阿嶺在東南,清河所出,卽哈達河,西入開原。 南:扣河卽瞻河,又南碾盤河,俱西入開原。 東北:東遼河自西安入,北入吉林伊通,名赫爾蘇河。 扣河上游有雙河鎮。 官商路四:南由六馬架至老坡溝赴開原; 西南由平嶺赴鐵嶺; 由東南赴府及山城子; 由東北赴吉林。 )西安:(繁,難。 府西北百六十里。 明,珠敦河衞、塔魯木衞,後屬葉赫部。 光緒二十八年,分海龍屬之西圍場地,設治老虎嘴,置縣隸府。 二十九年移治大興鎮。 庫哷訥窩集在東,與東平分山脈。 東:遼河導源窩集之轉心湖,西逕縣南,屈西北入西豐。 左受渭津河、大小梨樹河,右受登杵、二道、頭道諸河,入遼河。 北:楊樹河,西北入吉林。 老虎嘴今名安吉鎮,在縣西北。 官商路四:東由龍首山至東岡赴東平; 南由梨樹社至望兒樓赴西豐; 北由雙馬架至大台房赴吉林伊通; 又由仙人洞、溝嶺子至北廟子赴吉林。 )柳河:(衝,難。 府西南一百二十里。 明,建州衞地。 光緒二十八年,分通化縣柳樹河縣丞地,置縣隸府。 南:龍岡,與通化分山脈。 一統河導源西南龍岡之金廠嶺,東北入府境。 三統河導源西南龍岡之青溝子山,東流屈北入輝南境。 縣治居一統河南。 東:柳樹河,西流屈北入一統河。 東北:窩集河,北入一統河。 東:樣子哨,巡司,光緒三十二年置。 官商路五:北渡一統河赴府; 南由小堡赴通化; 西由南山城子赴開原; 西南由碗口溝赴興京; 東由孟家店赴府。 縣境東至吉林濛江。 ):(省東南六百八十里。 明,輝發部。 今廳北三十五里有輝發城。 )宣統元年,分海龍府東南八社,設治大肚川,置廳,直隸行省。 移治謝家店。 (北:輝發城山,卽聖音吉林峰。 又北輝發江,自海龍合一統河入,東流,右受三統、黃泥、蛤螞、蛟河,入吉林。 廳治居蛤螞河西,全境在輝發江南。 西以窩集河、一統河與海龍界。 東界吉林濛江。 官商路四:西南由三間房場赴柳河; 西北赴海龍府; 東赴吉林濛江; 東北由蛤螞河出海興社赴吉林磐石。 ):(繁,疲,難。 省東北二百四十里。 明初置遼海衞於此,地名牛家莊,後屬福餘衞之科爾沁諸部。 )嘉慶十一年,以科爾沁左翼後博多勒噶台王旗地,設昌圖額勒克理事通判。 同治三年,改為昌圖遼海撫民同知。 光緒三年,升府。 廣二百八十里,袤二百九十里。 北極高四十二度五十一分八秒。 京師偏東七度四十二分三十五秒。 領州一,縣三。 (府境居馬千總台邊門外,無城。 而遼河自遼源入,南入開原。 南馬鬃河,北亮子河,俱西南入開原。 又北昭蘇太河,左受條子河、蓮花泡河,西南入遼河。 東北:八面城照磨,由梨樹城移駐。 西南:同江口同知,宣統二年改經歷。 同江口距遼河上游,商船薈萃。 河流東徙,曲如懸瓠,光緒三十四年,挑河道取直,添築順水壩,逼河西行,以保商埠。 舊設鋪司三:東北四面城、雌鷺樹入奉化; 西北八棵樹,入康平。 又道東南由永安堡至二道溝赴吉林; 又由二道溝經伊通赴西豐。 同江口商埠,中日約開。 有東清鐵路。 )遼源州:(繁,難。 府西北二百四十里。 明屬福餘衞。 光緒二十八年,分昌圖、康平、奉化地,設治鄭家屯,置州隸府。 宣統元年三月,設分巡洮昌兵備道,駐州。 東北有東西蛤拉巴山。 內興安嶺山脈自烏珠穆沁旗東出,伏行蒙古平原中,至是特起二山。 由是山脈行於東遼河外,至源為庫哷訥窩集,卽長白山脈也。 西遼河卽西喇木倫河,導源克什克騰旗,新遼河卽大布蘇圖河,導源札魯特旗,俱自科爾沁左翼中旗入,合流至三江口,東遼河自懷德入,西南流來匯,以下統名遼河,入昌圖。 州治居西遼河西。 有官商路六:西南張家窩鋪赴康平; 北五道岡至新甸,赴吉林長春; 東北閻陵窩鋪赴懷德; 南白廟子赴府; 西北下土台赴洮南; 西蒙古套力街赴博多勒噶台王府。 )奉化:(繁,難。 府東北一百四十里。 明屬福餘衞。 國初為科爾沁左翼中達爾罕王旗地,原名梨樹城。 道光元年,設昌圖廳照磨。 光緒三年,改置縣,隸府。 東北:青石嶺、太平山。 西北:二龍山。 西:黑牛山、蘑菇山。 南條子河,北昭蘇太河,俱西流入府。 東遼河,自吉林伊通州赫爾蘇邊門入,北流,屈西南入遼河。 環縣境東、北、西三面,稱遼河套。 其右岸為懷德境。 舊設鋪司二:東北小城子入懷德; 東南四平街入府。 又有道由縣東五里堡至翟家店,達赫爾蘇門,赴吉林伊通。 有東清鐵路。 )懷德:(繁,難。 府東北三百里。 明屬福餘衞。 國朝為科爾沁左翼中旗地。 舊名八家鎮,初屬開原,同治五年劃歸昌圖,設分防經歷。 光緒三年,改置縣,隸府。 西以東遼河與奉化界。 東界吉林。 西北:哈拉巴、楊樹嶺、大青山。 西南:團山。 南:萬靈。 東南:白龍駒、回龍山。 夾城南北三道岡水,南香水河,西北朝陽山水,皆西入東遼河。 東南:新開河,北入吉林長春。 舊設鋪司三:西八屋、西南朝陽坡,皆入奉化; 東南大嶺,接吉林長春。 又有道由縣東南拉拉屯至鳳凰坡,赴吉林伊通; 由縣西北小邊經八屋至邊壕赴遼源。 有東清鐵路。 )康平::(繁,疲,難。 省北九百里。 明屬泰寧衞。 )光緒三十年,以科爾沁右翼前札薩克圖王旗墾地,設治雙流鎮,置府。 領縣五。 (西北:敖牛山、野馬圖山,皆內興安嶺東南迤出支山,過此山脈伏行。 洮爾河導源烏珠穆沁旗索岳爾濟山,南流,逕本旗郡王府東流; 交流河導源右翼中旗,左合那金河,自西來匯,東流入靖安。 府治當匯口之南少西,地勢平原,河泡錯列。 西北:乾安鎮,西與右翼中旗毘連,亦係烏珠穆沁往來大道。 有照磨,光緒三十三年置。 官商路七:一,府北八仙套海赴本旗郡王府; 一,府北德勒順昭至高平鎮赴靖安; 一,府西抱林昭至海廟西赴熱河綏東; 一,府西五家子赴右翼中旗; 一,府南叉干他拉赴開通; 一,府東英哥窩棚赴右翼後旗; 一,府東金山堡至報馬吐岡赴安廣。 舊有蒙古站曰奎遜布喇克,在府西。 )靖安:(繁,疲,難。 府東北九十里。 古東室韋地。 明屬泰寧衞。 光緒三十年,以右翼前旗墾地置縣隸府。 西北:七十七嶺。 南:洮爾河自府入,東屈,東北流,入鎮東。 官商路三:一,南英哥套赴府; 一,東北赴黑龍江; 一,東南撮倫坡達右翼後旗赴吉林。 舊有蒙古站諾木齊伯里額爾格,在縣西北。 )開通:(繁,疲,難。 府南一百四十里。 明屬泰寧衞。 光緒三十年,以右翼前旗墾地,設治哈拉烏蘇,移治七井子,置縣隸府。 地皆平原井泉,無山水。 縣治當洮遼驛路之東,由巴彥昭北行六十里至縣治。 又北行百里至叉干他拉入府境。 設有文報站四。 又由巴彥昭南行,歷達爾罕王旗至遼源,為洮遼驛路,設站。 惟中經達爾罕旗二百餘里荒地。 宣統元年,始勘放旗界站荒,沿站兩旁各劃十里墾放,以利交通。 又道由縣東南巷鷹溝出境,經郭爾羅斯前旗,直達吉林農安之新集廠。 )安廣:(衝,繁,疲,難。 府東南百六十里。 明屬泰寧衞。 光緒三十一年,以科爾沁右翼後鎮國公旗墾地,設治解家窩堡,置縣隸府。 北:太平嶺。 南:長嶺。 西:朝陽山。 東北:沙坨子。 東南:雙龍山、大黑山。 山皆無木石。 洮爾河自府入,受黃花碩泊水,東北流,屈東南,入黑龍江大賚廳,其北岸為鎮東境。 官商路六:西包馬圖赴府; 西南赴開通; 西北六家子赴河北鎮國公本旗; 東北托托寺赴黑龍江; 東王賚屯赴黑龍江大賚廳; 東南大榆樹入郭爾羅斯前旗赴吉林農安。 )醴泉:(衝,繁。 府西北一百八十里。 古鮮卑地。 明屬泰寧衞。 宣統元年,以科爾沁右翼中圖什業圖王旗墾地,設治醴泉鎮,置縣隸府。 北:茂改吐山。 南:霍勒河,導源札魯特旗,曰哈古勒河,曰阿嚕坤都倫河,合流入本旗境,東南至縣。 有開化鎮城基,光緒三十二年,與醴泉鎮同時勘定。 官商路四:縣東羅窩棚歷青陽鎮赴府; 北渡交流河達黑龍江景星鎮; 南赴本旗親王府; 西赴烏珠穆沁旗。 舊有蒙古站曰希嫩果爾,曰三音地哈希,在縣東,南達喜峰口,卽蒙古草地也。 )鎮東:(府東北二百里。 古東室韋地。 明屬泰寧衞。 宣統二年,以科爾沁右翼後鎮國公旗北段墾地,設治南叉干撓,置縣隸府。 南:洮爾河自靖安入,東北流,屈東南,入黑龍江大賚會嫩江,所謂「與那河合」也。 官商路四:西南薛家店赴府; 南金圈窩鋪渡洮爾河赴安廣; 西麻力洪茅頭赴靖安; 東北利順昭赴黑龍江之大來氣鎮。 縣西北舊有蒙古站哈沙圖。)
=Treatise 30= Geography 2, Fengtian: The region corresponded to the Qing and Ji prefectures in the Tribute of Yu. (In Shun's time its northeast was set apart as the You and Ying regions. Under the Xia it was still counted as Qing and Ji. Under the Shang it was reorganized as Yingzhou. Under the Zhou it was Youzhou. In the Ming it was the Liaodong Regional Military Commission. ) In the third month of the tenth year of the Qing Tianming era, the capital was established at Shenyang. In the eighth year of Tiancong it was elevated to the title Shengjing. In the first Shunzhi year the Ming guard and post system was abolished entirely; inner ministers, lieutenant-generals, and Eight Banner garrisons were put in place. Three years later the inner ministers were retitled ambanaggi and given seals as territorial garrison commanders. In Kangxi 1 the ambanaggi became the General for Garrisoning Liaodong and Vicinity. In the fourth year the title became General for Garrisoning Fengtian and Vicinity. In the third month of Guangxu 33 the generalship was abolished; a governor-general of the Three Eastern Provinces and a Fengtian governor were appointed, and Fengtian was converted to a conventional provincial administration. Its northern boundary ran to Taonan; (where it bordered Heilongjiang. ) On the south to Lüshunkou; (Along the southeastern coast it met Korea across the Yalu River. ) On the west to Shanhaiguan; (where it bordered Zhili. ) On the east to Antu. (Bordering Jilin. ) It measured one thousand eight hundred li from east to west and one thousand seven hundred fifty li from north to south. Its latitude ranged from 39°40′ to 44°15′ north. It lay four to twelve degrees east of the capital. In Xuantong 3 there were 1,650,573 registered households and a population of 10,696,004. In all it comprised eight prefectures, five departments under direct provincial control, three departments, six subprefectures, and thirty-three counties. (Note: Shengjing was enlarged and rebuilt in Tiancong 5 on the site of the Ming Shenyang guard city. The wall ran nine li and 332 paces around the city, stood 3 zhang 5 chi high and 1 zhang thick, with a parapet 7 chi 5 cun high and 651 crenellations in all. There were eight gates: on the east, the left was Fujin and the right Neizhi; on the south, the left Desheng and the right Tianyou; on the west, the left Huaiyuan and the right Wairang; on the north, the left Dizai and the right Fusheng. Each gate had a barbican tower, and corner towers were added as well. At the center of the inner city stood the Grand Politics Hall, where Taizong held court. West of the hall lay the Great Inner Palace. Facing south was the Daqing Gate; inside it stood Chongzheng Hall, with Feilong Pavilion to the east and Xiangfeng Pavilion to the west before the hall. Directly north of Chongzheng Hall stood Fenghuang Tower, and north of the tower lay Qingning Palace. East of the palace were Yanqing and Guansui palaces; to the west were Yongfu and Linzhi palaces. Before Fenghuang Tower, to the east was Shishan Studio with Rihua Tower south of it; to the west was Xiezhong Studio with Xiaqi Tower south of it. East of Chongzheng Hall stood Yihe Hall; behind the hall was Jiezhi Palace, and behind the palace Jingdian Pavilion. West of Chongzheng Hall stood Diguang Hall; behind the hall was Baoji Palace, behind the palace Jisi Studio, and behind the studio Chongmo Pavilion. West of the Great Inner Palace stood Wensu Pavilion, the book depository. To the southeast lay the Imperial Ancestral Temple. The silver treasury stood south of the Grand Politics Hall, and the weaving depot south of the Great Inner Palace. The Boards of Revenue, Rites, and Works lay east of the silver treasury; the Boards of Punishments and War west of the weaving depot. The censorate office stood in the city's northeast corner. The outer barrier city was built in Kangxi 19; it was 7 chi 5 cun high and ran thirty-two li and 48 paces around. It had eight gates: on the east, the left Xiaodong Pass and the right Dadong Pass; on the south, the left Danan Pass and the right Xiaonan Pass; on the west, the left Daxi Pass and the right Xiaoxi Pass; on the north, the left Xiaobei Pass and the right Dabei Pass. Inside the barrier city the Altar of Heaven stood to the south; to the east were the Altar of Earth and the Tangzi; in the southwest corner were the Altars of Soil and Grain and of Thunder and Rain; in the southeast corner were the Shrine of the First Farmer and the sacred plough field. Two sluice gates at the southwest corner of the sacred plough field channeled the Lesser Shen River outward; downstream it flowed into the Hun River. Its notable mountains were Yiwulü and Songling. Its major rivers were the Liao and the Hun. Its chief strategic points were Shanhaiguan, Fenghuang City, and Weiyuan Fort. Its shipping routes ran from Yingkou southwest to Tianjin, south to Zhifu, and southeast to Inchon in Korea. Its railways included the domestically controlled Ying-Yu line; under Japanese control, the Russian-built Eastern Qing branch line. Telegraph lines ran west to Tianjin, southwest to Lüshun, southeast to Fenghuang and Andong, and northeast to Jilin. ) : (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. The governor-general doubled as general; commissioners for civil affairs, judicial affairs, foreign affairs, and finance, the salt transport intendant, the industrial promotion circuit intendant, and a lieutenant-general were stationed there. ) In the fourth month of Shunzhi 14 a prefecture was established within Shengjing city with a prefectural intendant. In the eighth month of Guangxu 31 the prefectural intendant was abolished and a prefect appointed, making the city the seat of Fengtian province. It lay one thousand four hundred seventy li southwest of the capital. It measured eight hundred seventy li from east to west and nine hundred ninety li from north to south. Its latitude was 41°51′50″ north. It lay seven degrees fifteen minutes east of the capital. It comprised one department, two subprefectures, and eight counties. Chengde: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. Attached to the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was Shenyang Central Guard. A county was established in Kangxi 3 and attached to the prefecture. Fuling lay twenty li east on Tianzhu Mountain; Zhaoling ten li northwest on Longye Mountain. A lieutenant-general also served as guardian minister of the two imperial tombs. The Hun River lay to the south; it was the Shen River, entering from Fushun and flowing southwest into Liaozhong. From the left it received the Gaosutun, Baitapu, and Yujiatai rivers; from the right the Maguanqiao and Wanquan rivers. The Wanquan was also known as the Lesser Shen River. To the northeast stood Daqing Mountain, source of the Pu River, which flowed southwest past Yong'an Bridge into Xinmin. Yong'an Bridge was built in Chongde 6. When Taizu first established Shenyang, the western route was so marshy that he ordered banner troops to build a raised road one hundred twenty li long straight to Liaoyang. Taizong rebuilt this bridge, which greatly eased travel. Four courier stations had formerly been established: Laobian in the west, linking Xinmin; Yilu in the north, linking Tieling; Gabulacun in the east, linking Xingjing; Shilihe in the south, the Ming Hupi courier station, linking Liaoyang. Three railways served the area: the Jing-Feng, Eastern Qing, and An-Feng lines. The Jing-Feng Railway ran sixty li within the county, with two stations, Masanjia and Shenyang; the latter stood outside Xiaoxi Pass and was the terminus of the entire Jing-Feng line. A treaty port was opened in the eighth month of Guangxu 29 under the Sino-American agreement. ) Liaoyang Subprefecture: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was Dingliao Central Guard, with a Zizai subprefecture also established. Liaoyang was captured in the third month of Tianming 6, and in the fourth month the capital was moved there. In the tenth year the capital was moved to Shenyang. Liaoyang Prefecture was established in Shunzhi 10, with Liaoyang County at the seat. In the fourteenth year the prefectural seat moved and the county was placed under its jurisdiction. In the sixth month of Kangxi 3 the county was promoted to a subprefecture while remaining under the prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. To the south rose the Qianshan range, entering from Huairen Laoling in the east as the backbone of the Liaodong Peninsula; streams south of the mountains flow independently to the sea, making this the principal mountain system of Liaodong. To the north the Taizi River entered from Benxi, flowed west into Liaozhong, then turned south toward Haicheng. From the left it received the Xi, Lan, Tang, Sha, and Anshan rivers; from the right the Shili River, a branch of the Hun known in Manchu as the Tasihai River. Three courier stations had formerly been established: Yingshui Temple, Langzi Mountain, and Tianshui Station. A treaty port was opened in Guangxu 31 under the Sino-Japanese agreement. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Fuzhou Subprefecture: (Rated fan and pi. It lay five hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was Fuzhou Guard. Fuzhou surrendered in the third month of Tianming 7. It was merged into Gaiping in Kangxi 3. In Yongzheng 4 territory was carved from Gaiping to establish Fuzhou Department. In the eleventh year it was made a subprefecture under the prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. The subprefecture was largely mountainous, with sea on the west and southwest. Its coast formed Fuzhou Bay. To the north lay the Fudu River. To the south the Fuzhou River received the Luangu River from the left; both flowed west into the sea. To the east the Sha, Qingshui, Zaizi, and Bilu rivers received the Diaoqiao River from the right and all flowed south into Jinzhou. A subprefecture deputy was posted on Changxing Island one hundred forty li southwest in the sea; the post was established in Guangxu 34. Northeast of it stood Niangniang Palace. The harbor shores were East Cliff and West Cliff, where merchant vessels passed in and out—a choke point on the sea route. A Shuimenzi patrol inspectorate was established in Guangxu 32. Four relay stations had formerly been established: Hetaotao Post and Liguanfen in the north, linking Gaiping; Mahe Relay and Luangu Old City in the south, linking Jinzhou. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Fushun: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. It lay eighty li east of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was the Fushun Battalion of a Thousand Households. Fushun was captured in Tianming 4. In Guangxu 28 territory was carved from Chengde County to establish Xingren County, attached to the prefecture. In the thirty-third year the seat moved to Fushun city, northwestern Xingjing territory was annexed, the county was renamed Fushun, and it remained under the prefecture. To the east stood Sarhu Mountain and Tiebei Mountain, both sites of the defeat of Ming armies in Tianming 4. To the south the Hun River's northern and southern headwaters entered from Xingjing, merged, and flowed west, receiving the Zhangdang, Majundan, Ta'er Valley, and Lagu rivers from the left and the Wendao, Liulin, and Jinhuayu rivers from the right before entering Chengde. Yingpan market town lay to the east; one courier station had formerly been established there. South of Sarhu ran the Feng-Fushun coal transport railway; At Yaoqianhu Tun in the southwest lay the An-Feng Railway. ) Kaiyuan: (Rated fan and pi. It lay three hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. In Hongwu 20 of the Ming, Sanwan Guard was established west of the old Yuan Kaiyuan Circuit city; in Hongwu 21 it was moved here. The Yuan-era name Kaiyuan was changed to the homophonous Kaiyuan. In Yongle 7 Anle Subprefecture was also established. Kaiyuan was captured in the sixth month of Tianming 4. A county was established in the sixth month of Kangxi 3 and placed under the prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. To the northeast stood Huanglong Mountain. To the northwest the Liao River entered from Kangping, receiving the Majong and Liangzi rivers from the left. To the south the Qing River received the Nianpan and Kou rivers from the right; and the Nansha River; all flowed west into the Liao River. To the southeast the Chai River flowed west into Tieling. Farther southeast the Ying'e River flowed southwest into Xingjing. Three border passes guarded the county: Maqianzong Platform to the north, Weiyuan Fort to the northeast, and Ying'e to the southeast. One courier station had formerly been established. Roads also ran southeast through Shirengou to Shanchengzi, west through Yingchengzi to Fakumen, and east through Weiyuan Fort Gate to Xifeng—a network known as the four-way thoroughfare. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Tieling: (Rated chong and pi. It lay one hundred thirty li north of the prefectural seat. In the Ming Tieling Guard was established. Tieling was captured in the seventh month of Tianming 4. A county was established in the sixth month of Kangxi 3 and placed under the prefecture. A garrison defense commandant was stationed there. The Liao River lay to the west, entering from southeastern Kaiyuan, bending southwest into Faku. Along its banks lay extensive marshes—the Lianhuapao, Weizi, Wujiao, Lianzi, and Yuezi lakes—covering ten li; locals called the area Liaohai, and Liaohai Tun stood there. The Chai River lay to the north, the Fan River to the south, and farther south the Yilu River; all flowed west into the Liao River. One courier station had formerly been established. A treaty port was opened under the Sino-Japanese agreement. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Haicheng: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay two hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming Haizhou Guard was established. Haizhou surrendered in Tianming 6. Haicheng County was established in the eleventh month of Shunzhi 10 and placed under Liaoyang Prefecture. In the fourth month of the fourteenth year its jurisdiction was changed. Sixty li to the west a garrison defense commandant was stationed at Niuzhuang. To the southwest stood Tangwang Mountain. The Liao River lay to the west. The Hun River entered from Liaozhong as the Ge'li River, joined the Taizi River from the left, and flowed west into the Liao River at a point called the Sancha River. The Tu and Anshan rivers to the north flowed west into the Taizi River; the Haizhou River to the south flowed west into the Liao River. The Sancha patrol office was established in Kangxi 21 and stationed at Niuzhuang. At Xixiang, Sanjiazi, Shifo Temple, and elsewhere channels had once wound into the Liao River but later silted up. In Guangxu 34 the old channel was dredged, reclaiming some 360,000 to 700,000 mu of fertile land. Ximu market town lay to the southeast. Four relay stations had formerly been established: Yingkou in the southwest and Dashiqiao in the south, linking Gaiping; Anshan Station in the north, linking Liaoyang; Erdaohe in the east, leading into Xiuyan. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Gaiping: (Rated fan and pi. It lay three hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming Gaizhou Guard was established. Gaizhou surrendered in the third month of Tianming 6. A county was established in the sixth month of Kangxi 3 and placed under the prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. Sixty li farther southwest a garrison defense commandant was posted at Xiongyue, the old Liaoyang city; a lieutenant-general had once been stationed there but the post was later abolished. To the east stood Mianyang Mountain, source of all the county's southeastern ranges. Its western coast formed Gaizhou Bay. To the north lay the Niyu River. To the south the Gaizhou, Xiongyue, and Fudu rivers all flowed west into the sea. To the southeast the Bilu River—also called the Bili River—rose on Buwu Mountain and flowed south into Fuzhou. Three relay stations had formerly been established: Mogouying in the northwest, Dashiqiao in the north, and Xiongyue city in the south. Three salt fields operated at Hongqichang, Lanqichang, and Wujiatun. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Liaozhong: (Rated fan and nan. It lay one hundred forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been territory of Dingliao Guard and the Right Guard. In the seventh month of Guangxu 32 territory was taken from Xinmin, Liaoyang, and Haicheng and the seat established at Asiniulu Town; southwestern Chengde was soon added, and a county was created under the prefecture. The Liao River lay to the west, with Lengjiakou on its bank. A branch flowed southwest into Panshan as the Fen Liao River, also known as the Jian River. The main channel flowed south into the county territory. Farther west, the Liu River flowed south into the Fen Liao River. Farther west, a distributary of the Yaoying River flowed south into the Liu River. To the east the Pu River entered from Xinmin and flowed south into the Hun River. Farther southeast, two Taizi River distributaries joined it. To the southwest lay the Liao River. To the west stood Dadu Niulu, where the county assistant magistrate was posted; it was established in Guangxu 33. ) Benxi: (One hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming period it was Qinghe city. In Guangxu 32 land was carved from Liaoyang, Xingjing, and Fenghuang, the seat placed at Benxi Lake, and a county created under the prefecture. To the south rose Motian Ridge, also known as Taigao Ridge, whose range linked east to Laoling and west to Qianshan. North of it the Xi River—also called the Wanliu River—flowed north into Liaoyang. South of it the Cao and Saimaji rivers flowed south into Fenghuang. To the south the Taizi River's northern and southern headwaters entered from Huairen and Xingjing, merged, and flowed west into Liaoyang. To the east the Qing River flowed south into the Taizi River. The Saimaji patrol station, established in Guangxu 3, had belonged to Fenghuang Subprefecture; in year 32 it was transferred here. Lianshanguan Post had formerly been established. The Anfeng Railway passed through. ) Jinzhou Subprefecture: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. It lay seven hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. The Ming established Jinzhou Guard. In Yongzheng 12 Ninghai County was established under the prefecture. In Daoguang 23 it was reorganized as Jinzhou Subprefecture, still under the prefecture. A lieutenant-general was stationed there, administratively attached to Chengde. Myriad mountains encircled the subprefecture; sea lay on every side save a southeastern wedge of land that linked with Fuzhou to form a peninsula. In the northeast the Sha, Qingshui, Zanzi, and Bilu rivers all emptied into the sea. The Biziwo market town stood there. Lüshunkou lay in the southwest. West from Lüshun along the peninsula, past the Liao River mouth and the Da and Xiao Ling river mouths to Shanhaiguan, lay the Bohai coast; Eastward, from the Bilu, Zhuang, and Dayang river mouths to the Yalu River, stretched the Yellow Sea coast. Lüshun's Tieshan Cape and Dengzhou Head in Shandong stood opposite each other as the gateway to the Bohai Sea. An old naval camp city stood there. One relay station bureau had formerly been established at Shihe Post. Its trading port was opened under the Sino-Russian treaty of Guangxu 23. The customs house stood at Dalian Bay. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) : (Rated chong, fan, and nan. It lay one hundred sixty li northwest of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been territory of the Sanwan Guard. ) In Kangxi 1 the Faku Border Gate defense was established. In Guangxu 32 land was taken from Xinmin Prefecture and Kaiyuan, Tieling, and Kangping counties; the seat was placed at Faku Gate and a subprefecture created directly under the province. (Faku Mountain lay to the south. The Liao River entered from Tieling, flowed north, turned west, passed south of the subprefecture, and entered Xinmin. At its ferry crossing stood the Sanmianchuan market town. To the west the Sha River flowed south into the Liao River. Farther west the Xiushui River flowed south into Xinmin. The Xiushuihe market town stood there. The subprefecture city's north gate remained the old border gate. Beyond the border gate the roads forked in three directions. The western route led to Zhangwu; The northern route via Tao'ershan and Maqigou to Kangping reached Budo in Jilin; The northeastern route via Qijiadian and Gongzhutun to Changtu reached Changchun in Jilin. It was a strategic choke point on the northern frontier. A trading port opened under the Sino-Japanese treaty. ) : (Rated fan and nan. The Ming established the Guangning Central, Left, and Right Garrison guards under the Liaodong Regional Military Commission. ) Jinzhou was captured in the third month of Chongde 7. In Kangxi 3 Guangning Prefecture was established with merged counties as its seat. In year 4 it was reorganized and the seat moved to Jin. It lay four hundred ninety li southwest of the provincial seat. It measured five hundred thirty li across and one hundred seventy li from north to south. Its north latitude was forty degrees nine minutes. It lay four degrees thirty-nine minutes east of the capital. It governed two prefectures, two subprefectures, and three counties. Jin: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. Attached to the prefectural seat. The Ming established Guangning Central Garrison Guard and the Left and Right Garrison guards. In the seventh month of Kangxi 1 Jinzhou was renamed Jin County under Fengtian Prefecture. In the sixth month of year 3 it was placed under Guangning Prefecture. In the twelfth month Guangning was abolished, Jinzhou County established, and the seat attached to the prefecture. A lieutenant-general had formerly been stationed there. The post was abolished in Guangxu 34. An assistant banner commander was stationed there. Songshan, Xingshan, and Tashan lay to the south—all sites where Ming forces were broken in Chongde 7. Zijing Mountain stood to the east, highest of all the county's peaks. Its southern border lay on the sea. To the east ran the Da Ling River and to the west the Xiao Ling River; the latter received the Nü'er River from the right; all flowed south into the sea. To the southwest stood the Tianqiaochang patrol station, established in Yongzheng 1. Farther southwest a triangular headland thrust into the sea, called Huludao; the island curved west to embrace a bay. In Guangxu 34 it was surveyed and opened as a treaty port. Two posts had formerly been established: Xiao Ling River and Shisanshan. The Jingfeng Railway crossed one hundred ten li of the territory with four stations: Jinzhou, Shuangyangdian, Da Ling River, and Shishan. Eight salt fields operated at Shangkan, Tianqiaochang, Dadongshan, Baimashi, Taizitun, Tougou, Sigou, and Shagou. Two karun were posted at Gaojiatun and Tianqiaochang. ) Jinxi Subprefecture: (Rated fan and nan. It lay ninety-five li west of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been territory of Guangning Central Garrison Guard. In Guangxu 32 Jin County's western territory was split off as Jiangjiatun Subprefecture, soon renamed. In year 33 it was placed under the prefecture. To the east rose the Da and Xiao Hongluo mountains; east of them the Qili River flowed south into the sea. The Nü'er River rose in Chaoyang, Zhili, entered the border from the east, passed north of the subprefecture, wound northeast, and flowed east into Jin County. To the north stood the Songling Border Gate. To the northeast lay the Hongluoxian market town. Gaoqiao Post had formerly been established. The Jingfeng Railway had three stations: Lianshan, Gaoqiao, and Nü'er River. ) Panshan Subprefecture: (Rated chong, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred seventy li east of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Guangning Panshan Post. In Guangxu 32 land from Guangning County and the Panshe Post pasture was carved out to establish the subprefecture under the prefecture. Its southern border lay on the sea. A branch of the Liao River entered from the southwest at Lengjiakou in Liaozhong, ran south of the subprefecture seat, and emptied into the sea. To the southwest the Sha, Dongsha, and Xisha rivers all flowed south into the sea. The Jinying Railway branched off at Goubangzi station in Guangning, entered the jurisdiction, ran southeast to Yingkou, and covered more than one hundred twenty li. It had three stations: Hujiawopeng, Shuangtaizi, and Dawa. Five salt fields operated at Lanshi'ao, Xijiaxin, Nanjiaxin, Erdaoqi, and Erlongjiang. ) Yizhou Prefecture: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay ninety li north of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Yizhou Guard. Yizhou was captured in the first month of Tianming 7. In Chongde 1 it was granted in fief to Chahar. In Kangxi 14 Chahar rebelled and was suppressed. In Kangxi 61 an assistant prefect was appointed. In Yongzheng 11 it was elevated to a prefecture and placed under the superior prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. To the northeast stood Yinggelongwan Mountain. To the southeast stood Wanghai Mountain. To the northwest stood Kunlun Mountain. To the southwest lay the Da and Xiao ridges. The Daling River rose in Chaoyang, Zhili, entered the border from the east, passed north of the prefecture, bent south, and flowed into Jin County. The Xi and Qing rivers rose in Fuxin, Zhili, joined, and flowed south into the Daling River. The Xiaoling River also rose in Chaoyang, entered the border from the east, passed southwest of the prefecture, and wound south into Jin County. The Yangshugou River flowed south into the Xiaoling River. To the north stood three border gates at Jiuguantai, Qinghe, and Baituchang. Four relay station bureaus had formerly been established: Nandaliling Pass, Longzhi, and Qili River in the south, and Dongdayushu in the east—all linking Jin County. ) Ningyuan Prefecture: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. The Ming established the Ningyuan Guard. Ningyuan was captured in Shunzhi 1. In Kangxi 3 a prefecture was established under Guangning Prefecture and soon transferred to the current superior prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. To the northwest stood Qingshan. To the southwest stood Wangfu. To the east stood Shoushan. Its southern border lay on the sea. The Ningyuan West and East rivers joined south of the city and flowed south into the sea. Farther west, the Dongsha, Yantai, Dongguanzhan, and Liugu rivers all flowed south into the sea. There was a Diaoyutai estuary. Offshore lay the islands of Taohua and Juhua—that is, Juehua Island; southwest of the island were two islets called Xiaozhangshan and Dazhangshan; the waters between them ran deep and wide enough to accommodate large warships. Hills along the island shore were suitable for building fort batteries. In Guangxu 34 it was surveyed and designated a naval harbor. To the northwest stood three border gates at Baishizui, Lishugou, and Xintai. Market streets of four settlements ringed the seat in overlapping clusters. A tax bureau for the Shanhaiguan circuit was stationed there. Two posts had formerly been established: Dongguan and Ningyuan. The Jingfeng Railway had three stations: Dongxinzhuang, Shahousuo, and Ningyuan Prefecture. Ten salt fields operated at Changzigou, Xiangjiatun, Sujiatun, Zhangzhuang, Dujiatai, Lihuangou, Wuliqiao, Hulitao, Shatuo, and Daming Shan. ) Guangning: (Rated chong and pi. It lay one hundred sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Guangning Guard. Guangning was captured in Tianming 7. In the sixth month of Kangxi 3 Guangning was made a prefecture and Guangning County was established. In the twelfth month the prefectural seat moved to Jinzhou and the county was placed under the prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. Yiwulü Mountain lay to the west—the ancient Zhen of Youzhou; the Beizhen Temple stood there. To the east the Sha River rose at Sandao Gully on Yiwulü Mountain, flowed southeast, passed north of the city and then south, received the Dashiqiao River from the right, entered Panshan, with Lüyang Post to the southwest. South of the Sha River a stream flowed into Panshan and was called the Xisha River. To the northwest the Mashi River flowed southeast into the Yangchang River. Guangning Post had formerly been established. The Jingfeng Railway ran seventy-five li within the jurisdiction, with three stations: Yangquanzi, Goubangzi, and Qingduizi. From Goubangzi a branch ran due south through Panshan to Yingkou as the Jinying Railway, covering thirty li within the jurisdiction. Six salt fields operated at Mazhangfang, Datai, Xiaotai, Maojiatun, Guojiatun, and Beijing. ) Suizhong: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Guangning Front Garrison Guard, the Central Front Post, and the Central Rear Post. In Shunzhi 1 the Guangning Front Garrison Guard and the Central Front and Central Rear posts were captured. In Kangxi 3 their territory was merged into Ningyuan Prefecture. In the sixth month of Guangxu 28 territory was split off to establish a county under the prefecture. To the north stood Daqizi Mountain. To the west lay Songling and Bijia Mountain. Its southern border lay on the sea. To the east it bordered Ningyuan along the Liugu River. The Liugu River was the ancient Liuzhou River; it rose in Jianchang, Zhili, and entered through the Baishizui Border Gate. From the right it received the Heishui and Wangbao rivers, then wound south into the sea. To the west the Gao'er, Shizi, and Liangshui rivers all flowed south into the sea. To the west lay Shanhaiguan. There were seventeen border gates in all; the one within the county was called the Mingshuitang Border Gate. Two posts had formerly been established: Shanhaiguan and Liangshui River. The Jingfeng Railway ran one hundred ten li within the jurisdiction, with four stations: Qiansuo, Qianwei, Huangdi, and Suizhong. ) : (Rated chong, fan, and nan. It lay one hundred twenty li west of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been territory of the Shenyang Central Guard and Guangning Left Guard. ) In the sixth month of Jiaqing 18 territory from Chengde and Guangning counties was split off to establish Xinmin Subprefecture under Fengtian Prefecture. In Guangxu 28 it was elevated to a prefecture. It measured five hundred thirty li from east to west and one hundred seventy li from north to south. Its northern latitude was 41°56′. It lay 7°33′ east of the capital's meridian. It governed two counties. (No walled city. The Liao River entered from Faku, bent southwest, and passed Gucheng. The Yangximu River entered from Zhangwu, joined the Xiushui River on the left, and flowed south into the Liao River. East of it the Pu River entered from Chengde and passed Heiyu Pao; to the west the Xinkai River entered from Kulun and became the Liu River; both flowed into Liaozhong. Farther west the Yaoying River flowed south into Zhen'an. Two posts had formerly been established: Baiqibao and Juliu River. The Jingfeng Railway had four stations: Baiqibao, Xinmin Prefecture, Juliu River, and Xinglongdian. A trading port opened under the Sino-Japanese treaty. ) Zhen'an: (Rated chong and nan. It lay one hundred fifty li west of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been Zhen'an Fort of the Guangning Guard. In Guangxu 28 Guangning's eastern territory was split off; the seat was established at Xiaoheishan and a county was created under the prefecture. To the west the Yangchang River rose in Fuxin, Zhili, and its lower course spread diffusely. The Dongsha River rose in Suaidong, Zhili, and flowed south; on its right it received the Lao River, entered Panshan as the Nansha River, and farther east the Yaoying River spilled south to form Lianhua Pao before joining the Fen Liao River. At Xiaosanjiazi a county assistant magistrate was posted; the office was established in Guangxu 32. In Guangxu 34 an official pasture of Fengtian was established on that site. Banlamen market town lay to the northeast. Two courier posts had formerly been established at Xiaoheishan and Erdaojing. The Jingfeng Railway traversed eighty li within the county, with four stations: Gaoshanzi, Dahu Shan, Lijiawopu, and Raoyang River. Checkpoints stood at Lamutun and Yingchengzi. ) Zhangwu: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred ten li north of the prefectural seat. In the early Ming the Guangning Rear Garrison Guard was established here, but was later relocated. In Kangxi 31 the Yangximu imperial pasture was established here. In Guangxu 28 the Yangximu pasture lands were opened to settlement; the seat was established at Hengdaozi and a county was created under the prefecture. The county lay beyond the Zhangwutai border gate. To the northeast stood Amo Mountain. To the east stood Shaoling Hada Mountain. To the northwest stood Du'erbi Mountain. To the west lay the Liu River, and farther west the Yaoying River; both rose in Suaidong, Zhili—in the region commonly known as Xiao Kulun. To the east the Yangximu River rose in the Left Front Banner of Horqin and flowed south into the prefecture. To the northwest stood Ha'ertao Street, where a county assistant magistrate was posted; the office was established in Guangxu 29. Three official trade routes ran through the county: one from the county seat to the prefectural seat, one from Ha'ertao Street in the northwest to Suaidong, Zhili, and one from Xinlituun in the west to Fuxin, Zhili. ) : (Three hundred sixty li southwest of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been Liangfangkou Pass of the Gaizhou Guard. ) In Tongzhi 5 a maritime-defense subprefect was appointed at Yingkou. In Xuantong 1 territory from Haicheng and Gaiping counties was split off to establish a subprefecture directly under the provincial government. The Feng-Jin-Shanhaiguan intendant's circuit was reorganized as the Jinxin-Yingkou military preparedness circuit, with headquarters at the subprefecture: (To the north the Liao River entered from Haicheng, wound southeast, bent west, and emptied into the sea. It received the Yuni River from the southeast and reached the Liao River estuary at Gaiping. Forty-five li from the subprefecture seat, it was a hub of steamship traffic. Originally the subprefecture was known as Mogouying, a cluster of Mongol felt shelters. When maritime defenses were organized in the Daoguang era, the place first rose in importance. It flourished only after the port was opened to foreign trade. The Jinying Railway entered from Dawa station in Panshan, ran through Tianzhuangtai to Hebei station, and covered sixty-seven li. Another line ran from Niujiatun on the east bank to Dashiqiao, where it connected with the Dongqing Railway. Salt fields operated at Erdaogou, Sandogou, and elsewhere. A General Bureau of Fisheries was established there. A treaty port opened under the Tianjin Convention of Xianfeng 10. A customs house was maintained there. In Guangxu 32 ten patrol boats were assigned to the Liao River. In Guangxu 34 two coastal patrol warships, the Anhai and the Suiliao, were added. ) : (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay three hundred twenty li southeast of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been the Right Guard of Jianzhou. ) In Tiancong 8 the land of Hetu Ala was ennobled as Xingjing. In Qianlong 38 an affairs-managing subprefect was appointed. In Guangxu 3 the post was changed to the Xingjing subprefect for pacifying the people, and the seat was moved to Xinbinbao. In Xuantong 1 it was elevated to a prefecture. It measured six hundred sixty li from east to west and three hundred ten li from north to south. Its northern latitude was 41°45′15″. It lay 8°37′16″ east of the capital's meridian. It governed four counties. (Forty li to the west, on Qiyun Mountain, stood the Yongling Mausoleum, where a lieutenant-general was stationed. Thirty li west stood Xingjing city, where an assistant banner commander was stationed. To the east it took in Naluwoji and Guo'erminzhudun—the whole forming the watershed range that linked Kule Naowoji above with Longgang below. Waters on the west side of the range all flow into the Liao River and waters on the east into the Songhua River, making it the divide between the Liao and Songhua; this is the Liaoshan of the Han Gazetteer. The Hun River issued from below it. Its southern source, the Suxi River, joined the Suo'erke River on the left and flowed northwest; its northern source, the Ying'e River, joined the Gunmaling River on the left and flowed southwest; both entered Fushun. To the southwest stood Pingding Mountain, where the northern source of the Taizi River arose; it flowed west into Benxi. One courier post had formerly been established at Muxi. Four relay station bureaus: Nanlaocheng, Dahulun, and Waziling, entering Fenghuang territory; Dongjiumen, connecting to Huairen. ) Tonghua: (Rated fan and nan. It lay two hundred seventy li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Ermin Route of the Jianzhou Guard. In Guangxu 3 a county was established, subordinate to the Xingjing subprefect. In Xuantong 1 it was placed under the prefecture. The county lay beyond the Wangqing border gate. To the north the Longgang range entered from Naluwoji between Xingjing and Hailong, wound east through Linjiang all the way to Changbai Mountain—a span of more than two hundred li. Waters south of the range flow into the Yalu River and waters north into the Songhua River, forming the divide between the Yalu and Songhua; because it is the main ridge of the Yongling tombs, it is called Longgang. To the south the Hun River entered from Linjiang, flowed west, bent east, then wound southwest into Huairen. On the left it received the Dalaquangou and Xiaoluoquangou rivers; on the right the Hani and Ga'ertuku rivers. Seven horse-relay stations had formerly been established: Xiha Mahe, Kuaidangmaozi, Ying'e Bu, Huanxiling, and Banjielazi, leading into Xingjing; Another route ran southwest from Kuaidangmaozi through Gaolimu, Toudaogou, and other stations to Huairen. ) Huairen: (Rated pi and nan. It lay one hundred eighty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Dong'e Division of the Jianzhou Guard. In Guangxu 3 a county was established, subordinate to the Xingjing subprefect. In Xuantong 1 it was placed under the prefecture. The county lay beyond the Jianchang border gate. Laoling lay to the southwest, where the southern source of the Taizi River arose; it flowed northwest into Benxi. The Laoling range branched off from Longgang and ran west to meet Motian Ling; waters south of the range flow into the Yalu and waters north into the Liao, forming the divide between the Liao and Yalu—in Manchu it is called Saca Shan. The Hun River entered from Tonghua, flowed along the north, west, and south sides of the county, and exited into Ji'an. From the north the Fu'er joined the Yimisu River; from the west the Liudao and Daya rivers—all flowing into the Hun. The mouth of the Fu'er River was presumably ancient Liangkou. The ancient Dong'e River flowed south into the Daya River. To the west stood the Sipingjie patrol inspectorate, established in Guangxu 4. At a bend where the Hun River turned south stood Hada Mountain; in Qianlong 11 a Mangniu outpost was established there but was soon abolished. Ten horse-relay stations had formerly been established: in the northeast Saneng Lazi, Erpengdianzi, Zhuhugou, Hengdaochuan, and Changchungou, entering Tonghua territory; In the southwest Daya River, Qianniumao, Daqinggou, Kanjuangou, and Guapailing, entering Kuandian. ) Ji'an: (Rated pi and nan. It lay four hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Yalu River Division of the Jianzhou Guard. In Guangxu 28 territory from Tonghua and Huairen counties was split off; the seat was established at Tonggoukou and a county was created under the Xingjing subprefect. In Xuantong 1 it was placed under the prefecture. To the northeast stood Laoling Ridge. To the north stood Wandu Mountain. The Yalu River lay to the south; it entered from Linjiang and wound southwest into Kuandian. To the west the Hun River entered from Huairen and flowed south into the Yalu at what was called the Hun River mouth. In Guangxu 34 patrol boats were assigned to the Yalu and Hun rivers. The Xichagoumen patrol inspectorate was established in Guangxu 3 and stationed at Tonggoukou; in Guangxu 28 it was moved. Nine horse-relay stations had formerly been established: in the north Tonghe Ling, Lishugou, Weishahe, Erdaowazi, and Jiapigou, leading into Tonghua; In the west Wudaoling, Pitiaogou, Shanglouhe, and Erpengdianzi, leading into Huairen. In Guangxu 34 a new road was also opened east of the city, running from Cuocao Gou to Linjiang. ) Linjiang: (Rated fan and nan. It lay five hundred ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Yalu River Division. In Guangxu 28 territory from Tonghua County was split off; the seat was established at Mao'ershan and a county was created under the Xingjing subprefect. In Xuantong 1 it was placed under the prefecture. To the north stood Longgang. The Yalu River lay to the south; it entered from Changbai, flowed northwest, bent southwest, and passed into Ji'an. To the west was Toudao Gou, then successively east and northeast; along the Yalu stood twenty-five numbered ravines—all ridge-front streams flowing south into the river; the county held seven and Changbai eighteen. To the north stood Sanchaizi, the southwest divide of Changbai Mountain where the Hun River rose; it flowed southwest, took the Hongtu Cliff River on the left, entered Tonghua—once known as the Tongjia River—and continued northwest into the Dao River. A patrol inspectorate had been moved from Mao'ershan in Guangxu 28 and belonged to Tonghua; in Xuantong 1 it was transferred here. At first the county's northwest link to Tonghua was a mountain road of extreme peril. In Guangxu 34 it was rebuilt from Linzitou over Old Master Ridge, through Sandaoyangcha to the county seat, cutting through ridges and ravines for more than one hundred twenty li until carts and horses could pass—the Leveling Ridge Road. ) : (Rated chong, fan, and nan. It lay four hundred eighty li southeast of the provincial seat. In the Ming Fenghuang Fort was established. ) It surrendered in Tianming 6. In Qianlong 41 the Fenghuang City patrol subprefecture was established. In Guangxu 2 it was made a subprefecture directly under the province. It measured six hundred sixty-five li from east to west and four hundred li from north to south. Its latitude was 40°34′16″ north. It lay 7°49′35″ east of the capital. It governed one prefecture and two counties. (A garrison commandant was stationed there. Fenghuang Mountain stood to the south. Sida Ridge stood to the northwest. Its southern border lay on the sea. To the east the Cao River took the Tongyuan Fort River on the right, joined the Ai River on the left, and flowed south into Andong. To the northeast the Saimaji River flowed south into the Ai River. To the west the Dayang River flowed south into the sea. To the northwest the Shaozi River flowed south into the Dayang River. To the northeast stood the Aiyang and Nanfenghuang border gates. Three courier stations had formerly been established: Tongyuan Fort, Xueli Station, and Fenghuang City. A salt field stretched from Kulong Mountain to the Yang River mouth. A treaty port was opened under the Sino-Japanese agreement. The An-Feng Railway passed through. ) Xiuyan Prefecture: Andong: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred fifty li southeast of the subprefectural seat. In the Ming Zhenjiang City was established; it surrendered in Tianming 6. In Guangxu 2 a county was established under the subprefecture. The Fengtian Eastern Circuit military preparedness intendant was stationed at the county; in Xuantong 1 the post was reorganized as the Xing-Feng military preparedness intendant. The county lay beyond the Fenghuang border gate. To the north stood Yuanbao Mountain. The Yalu River entered from Kuandian in the east, took the Cao River on the right, wound south, and emptied into the sea. Its coast was called Dadong Gou—that is, Taiping Gou—a center for timber export. A patrol subprefecture was established in Guangxu 26. To the east stood Jiuliancheng Town; across the river lay Uiju in Korea. Eleven horse-relay stations had formerly been established: Dongshahe Town to the east; to the north Zhongjiangtai, Daloufang, and Laobianqiang; to the northwest Gaolidian, Yingtai, Tangshancheng, and Bianmenkou; to the southwest Baicaidi, Shiqiaogang, and Dadong Gou. A route ran from Erdao Gou to the Kulong Mountain salt field. Dadong Gou was opened as a treaty port under the Sino-American agreement. A customs house was maintained there. The An-Feng Railway passed through. ) Kuandian: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred eighty li northeast of the subprefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the six forts of Kuandian under Dongning Guard. In Guangxu 3 a county was established under the subprefecture. The county lay beyond the Aiyang border gate. To the southeast stood Pandao Ridge and Wangbao Mountain. To the northeast stood Guapai Ridge. South of the county the Yalu River entered from the Hun River mouth at Ji'an and flowed southwest into Andong. On the right it took the Xiao Pushi, Yongdian, Changdian, Da Pushi, and Anping rivers. To the east the Hun River took the Xiaoya, Beigu, and Nangu rivers on the right. The Ai River rose in the northwest at Niumao Ridge and entered the subprefecture from the southwest. To the southwest stood the Changdian River county assistant post; to the northeast the Erlongdu patrol subprefecture—both established in Guangxu 3. In the southeast was the Xiaopushi River market town; in the northeast Taiping Shao—the county's two market towns. Fourteen horse-relay stations had formerly been established: in the west Dashuigou, Putaojia, Maodianzi, Xuanyang Lazi, Tumenkou, Taipingchuan, and Jiahekou, leading into Andong; In the northeast Maya River, Quliuchuan, Touqing Gou, Siyuan Waizi, Xinglongyu, and Beitumenkou, leading into Huairen. ) : (Rated chong, fan, and nan. It lay six hundred li south of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had comprised the lands of Fenghuang City, Xiuyan City, and Jinzhou Guard. ) In Guangxu 32 territory from Fenghuang Subprefecture and Xiuyan Prefecture was split off to establish a subprefecture under the Eastern Circuit. (Its southern border lay on the sea. To the west the Biliu River marked the boundary with Fuzhou and Jinzhou Subprefecture. To the east the Dayang River marked the boundary with Fenghuang Subprefecture. The Zhuang River rose in the northwest at Jiguan Mountain, flowed south past the subprefecture's east, and emptied into the sea. To the east the Ying'a and Shahe rivers both flowed south into the sea. To the east stood the Gushan and Shicheng Island patrol subprefectures. One hundred forty li farther southeast lay Luyu Island in the sea; in Xuantong 1 it was placed under the subprefecture. The Dayang River was also called Dagushan Port; junks could navigate the harbor, but steamships could not enter and had to anchor at Luyu Island. Xihuayuankou to the west and Qingduizi to the east were both small coastal trading harbors. Three official and merchant roads ran: east to Luandian, bound for Fenghuang; north to Badaling, bound for Xiuyan; and northwest to Lamutun, bound for Fuzhou. ) : (Rated chong and fan. It lay nine hundred eighty li southeast of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been the Yalu River Division of Jianzhou Guard. ) In Guangxu 33 territory from Linjiang County and the northern foothills of Changbai Mountain in Jilin was split off; the seat was established at Tadian and a prefecture was created. Its latitude was 42° north. It lay twelve degrees east of the capital. It governed two counties. (Changbai Mountain stood to the north. On its summit lay Heaven Pool, once called Taimen—an oval body obliquely twenty-nine li long and more than seventy li around. Its depth could not be fathomed; the water thundered like drums and surged every seven days, and locals said it joined the sea. The Yalu rose south of Heaven Pool as the Ai River; flowing south to Shuangchakou it was joined by the Putao River from the northeast, and from there—as the Sino-Korean boundary stream—it first became the Yalu River. It bent west, passed south of the prefecture, and entered Linjiang. To the west Badao Gou marked the boundary with Linjiang. To the northeast the boundary reached the Twenty-fifth Daogou. The prefectural seat lay between the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Daogou ravines. When Tang destroyed Goguryeo, armies fought here. Across the river from the prefectural seat lay Hyesan Town in Korea. At first the prefecture's jurisdiction extended only along a narrow Yalu River track, hugging cliffs above ravines; travelers had to cross in wooden troughs and pass through Korea. In Guangxu 34 the Longhua Ridge Road was opened, running from Linjiang's Xinhua Street and Shijiatangzi downstream into the Jiayu River west of the prefecture, and on to west of the prefectural seat at Ligou Town—a route of more than four hundred li to avoid the hazards of the river path. ) Antu: (Rated chong and fan. It lay four hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the territory of Left Jianzhou Guard. In Xuantong 1, using the source region of the Tumen River east of the prefecture, the seat was established at Hongqihekou and a county was placed under the prefecture. Changbai Mountain stood to the west. The Tumen River lay to the south; rising at Hongtu Gou—the southeast divide of Changbai Mountain—it flowed east into Jilin. To the east the Hongqi River rose at Huang Gou—the northeast divide of Changbai Mountain—and flowed southeast into the Tumen River. To the northwest the Edao Jiang issued from Heaven Pool and flowed north as the Edao Bai River. The Niangniangku River rose at Huang Gou and flowed northwest; the Wudao, Sidao, and Sandao Bai Rivers joined on the left; bending west it received the Fu'er River flowing south from Jilin at Shangliang Jiangkou—from this point it became the Edao Jiang. Farther west it received the Toudao Bai River on the left and entered Fusong. This was the true source of the Songhua River. Two hundred li west at Bulin Huli stood the Heavenly Maiden's Bathing Pool stele; locals called it Round Pool. Qili Lake lay to the southeast; the route from the prefecture to the county was surveyed in Guangxu 34. From the mouth of the Twenty-first Daogou east of the prefecture the road entered the ridge northward, emerged between the Twenty-second and Nineteenth Daogou, reached the source of the Ai River, passed behind Xiaobai Mountain to Xinmin Tun, and ran east through Qiguo Tun and Chaoyang Wo to the county seat. From the county the road ran northwest to Shangliang Jiangkou and on to Huadian, Jilin. East across the Hongqi River lay Yanji in Jilin. South across the Tumen River lay Korean territory. ) Fusong: (Rated chong and fan. It lay five hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Neyin Division of Jianzhou Guard. In Xuantong 1, using the upper Songhua northwest of the prefecture, the seat was established at Shuangdian and a county was placed under the prefecture. Changbai Mountain stood to the east. The Toudao Jiang lay to the west; its upper sources were the Jin Jiang and Man Jiang. The Jin Jiang rose on Changbai's western slope and the Man Jiang at Zhangmaocao Dingshan—the southwest divide of the mountain; united they flowed northwest and received the Tang River from the northeast in Jilin; from here the stream became the Toudao Jiang. Flowing farther northwest it received the Songxiang River on the right. Farther northwest the Edao Jiang from Antu joined from the west at Xialiang Jiangkou. From here down it was collectively called the Songhua River and entered Jilin. The prefecture-to-county road ran from Ligou Town west of the prefecture to the Fifteenth Daogou, then northwest over the ridge crest through Zhumuli, Manjiangying, Xiaogushan, Shitouhe, Haiqing Ling, Daying, and Tanghekou, and north again to the county seat. West from the county a crossing led into Mengjiang, Jilin. North along the Songhua the route ran straight to the provincial capital of Jilin. ) : (Rated chong, fan, and nan. It lay six hundred li northeast of the provincial seat. In the Ming this had been the territory of the three Hoi Sar Jurchen divisions—Huifa, Hada, and Yehe. ) In Guangxu 5 Hailong Subprefecture was established on fresh-field imperial hunting ground that migrant settlers had opened to cultivation. In Guangxu 28 it was elevated to a prefecture. It governed four counties. (The prefecture lay outside the Ying'e Border Gate. To the west stood Naluwoji and Guo'erminzhudun, dividing the range from Xingjing—the Changling of Tang times. The Huifa River lay to the south; rising at the eastern foot of Naluwoji it flowed north and bent east, receiving the Hengdao, Mei, Sha, and Dashao Rivers on the left and the Yalu and Yitong on the right; entering Huinan it was known in Manchu as the Liaojishan River and joined the Songhua. The Ying'e River rose east of the Ying'e Border Gate at the western foot of Guo'erminzhudun, flowed southwest into Kaiyuan, and formed the northern source of the Hun River. To the east: Chaoyang Town. To the west: Shanchengzi Town. Ten horse-relay stations had formerly been established: from Shazhekou, Daheizuizi, Shanchengzi, Erlongshan, Guojiadian, Tukouzi, Gujiazhi, Lijiadian, Bakeshu, and Diaopitun west of the city to Shangyangbao and into Kaiyuan. Another route ran from Naizishan east of the city to Tuofu and into Jilin city; from Majia boatmen in the northeast to Kangdaying and into Yitong, Jilin; and from Niuxindingzi to Guodaqiao and into Panshi, Jilin. ) Dongping: (Rated fan and nan. It lay sixty li west of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been Mehe Guard; later it belonged to the Huifa Division. In Guangxu 28 the eastern hunting ground under Hailong was split off; the seat was established at Daduchuan and a county was placed under the prefecture. To the northeast Kulenaowoji formed a continuous range joining Guoleminzhudun. South of it the Hengdao, Mei, Sha, and Dashao Rivers all flowed southeast into the prefecture. North of it the Xiao Yitong River flowed northwest into Jilin. The county seat stood north of the Sha River; the Yaoying River lay west and the Liushu River east, both flowing south into the Sha. Four official and merchant roads: first, from the county south across the Sha and Xiushui Rivers to the prefecture; second, west across the Yaoying River to Xifeng; third, north to Xi'an; fourth, northeast across the Liushu River and over the Huangni River to Yitong, Jilin. ) Xifeng: (Rated fan and nan. It lay two hundred twenty li west of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been Tashan Left Guard and Handahé Guard; later it belonged to the Yehe and Hada divisions. In Guangxu 28 a county was established at Haolu on reclaimed land from the western flowing waters of the Great Hunting Ground and placed under the prefecture. The county lay outside the Weiyuanbao Border Gate. Dayang'a Ling stood to the southeast; from it issued the Qing River—the Hada River—which flowed west into Kaiyuan. To the south the Kou River, also called the Zhan River, and farther south the Nianpan River all flowed west into Kaiyuan. To the northeast the East Liao River entered from Xi'an and flowed north into Yitong, Jilin, as the He'ersu River. Shuanghe Town stood upstream on the Kou River. Four official and merchant roads: south from Liujia to Laopogou to Kaiyuan; southwest from Pingling to Tieling; from the southeast to the prefecture and Shanchengzi; from the northeast to Jilin. ) Xi'an: (Rated fan and nan. It lay one hundred sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been Zhudunhe Guard and Talumu Guard; later it belonged to the Yehe Division. In Guangxu 28 the western hunting ground under Hailong was split off; the seat was established at Laohuizui and a county was placed under the prefecture. In Guangxu 29 the seat was moved to Daxing Town. Kulenèwoji lay to the east, dividing the range from Dongping. To the east the Liao River rose at Zhuanxin Lake on the Woiji, ran west south of the county, bent northwest, and entered Xifeng. It received the Weijin River and the great and little Lishu Rivers on the left and the Dengchu, Edao, and Toudao Rivers on the right before joining the Liao River. To the north the Yangshu River flowed northwest into Jilin. Laohuizui was now called Anji Town, in the northwest of the county. Four official and merchant roads: east from Longshou Mountain to Donggang to Dongping; south from Lishu She to Wangerlou to Xifeng; north from Shuangmajia to Daitaifang to Yitong, Jilin; also from Xianren Cave and Goulingzi to Beimiaozi to Jilin. ) Liuhe: (Rated chong and nan. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been Jianzhou Guard territory. In Guangxu 28 the Liushuhe county assistant district of Tonghua County was split off to form a county under the prefecture. To the south Longgang divided the range from Tonghua. The Yitong River rose at Jinchang Ling on Longgang in the southwest and flowed northeast into the prefecture. The Santong River rose at Qinggouzi Mountain on Longgang in the southwest, flowed east and bent north into Huinan. The county seat stood south of the Yitong River. To the east the Liushu River flowed west and bent north into the Yitong River. To the northeast the Woiji River flowed north into the Yitong River. To the east stood Yangzishao, a patrol subprefecture established in Guangxu 32. Five official and merchant roads: north across the Yitong River to the prefecture; south from Xiaobao to Tonghua; west from Nanshanchengzi to Kaiyuan; southwest from Wankougou to Xingjing; east from Mengjiadian to the prefectural seat. The county border extended east to Mengjiang, Jilin. ) : (It lay six hundred eighty li southeast of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been the Huifa Division. Huifa City stood thirty-five li north of the subprefectural seat. ) In Xuantong 1 eight she from southeast Hailong Prefecture were split off; the seat was placed at Daduchuan and a subprefecture created directly under the province. The seat was moved to Xiejadian. (To the north stood Huifa City Mountain, also called the Shengyin Jilin Peak. Farther north the Huifa River entered from Hailong where the Yitong River joined, flowed east, took the Santong, Huangni, Hama, and Jiao Rivers on the right, and entered Jilin. The subprefectural seat stood west of the Hama River; the whole territory lay south of the Huifa River. On the west it bordered Hailong along the Woiji and Yitong Rivers. On the east it bordered Mengjiang, Jilin. Four official and merchant roads: southwest from Sanjianfangchang to Liuhe; northwest to Hailong Prefecture; east to Mengjiang, Jilin; northeast from the Hama River through Haixingshe to Panshi, Jilin. ) : (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay two hundred forty li northeast of the provincial seat. In the early Ming the Liao Sea Guard was established here at Niujiazhuang; later it belonged to the Khorchin divisions under Fuyu Guard. ) In Jiaqing 11 the Changtu Erleke affairs-managing subprefect was established on the land of the Khorchin Left Rear Bodole Gatai Wang Banner. In Tongzhi 3 it was changed to the Changtu Liaohai subprefect for pacifying the people. In Guangxu 3 it was elevated to a prefecture. It measured two hundred eighty li from east to west and two hundred ninety li from north to south. Its latitude was 42°51′8″ north. It lay seven degrees forty-two minutes thirty-five seconds east of the capital. It governed one prefecture and three counties. (The prefecture lay outside the Maqianzongtai Border Gate and had no walled city. The Liao River entered from Liaoyuan and flowed south into Kaiyuan. The South Majan River and North Liangzi River both flowed southwest into Kaiyuan. Farther north the Zhaosutai River took the Tiaozi and Lianhuapao Rivers on the left and flowed southwest into the Liao River. To the northeast the Bamian Cheng registrar had been transferred from Lishucheng. To the southwest the Tongjiangkou subprefect was reduced to a registrar in Xuantong 2. Tongjiangkou stood on the upper Liao River, where merchant vessels gathered. The river had shifted eastward in a curve like a hanging gourd; in Guangxu 34 the channel was dredged straight, downstream dikes were added, and the current was forced westward to protect the treaty port. Three relay stations had formerly been established: Simiancheng and Cilushu in the northeast, linking Fenghua; Bakeshu in the northwest, linking Kangping. Another route ran southeast from Yong'anbao to Erdaogou to Jilin; also from Erdaogou via Yitong to Xifeng. The Tongjiangkou treaty port was opened under the Sino-Japanese agreement. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Liaoyuan Prefecture: (Rated fan and nan. It lay two hundred forty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Fuyu Guard. In Guangxu 28 territory from Changtu, Kangping, and Fenghua was split off; the seat was placed at Zhengjiatun and a prefecture created under the fu. In the third month of Xuantong 1 the Taochang circuit military preparedness intendant for patrol was established, with headquarters at the prefecture. To the northeast stood the East and West Halaba Mountains. The Inner Khingan range emerged east from the Ujimchin Banner, ran submerged through the Mongolian plain, and here abruptly reared up as two mountains. From here the range ran outside the East Liao River; at its source lay Kulenèwoji, which formed the Changbai range. The West Liao River was the West Lamuren River, rising in Keshiketeng Banner; the New Liao River was the Dabusitu River, rising in Jarud Banner; both entered from the Khorchin Left Center Banner and joined at Sanjiangkou; the East Liao River entered from Huaide and flowed southwest to meet them; below this point the stream was collectively called the Liao River and entered Changtu. The prefectural seat stood west of the West Liao River. Six official and merchant roads: southwest from Zhangjiawopu to Kangping; north from Wudaogang to Xindian to Changchun, Jilin; northeast from Yanlingwopu to Huaide; south from Baimiaozi to the prefectural seat; northwest from Xiatutai to Taonan; west from Menggutaolijie to the Bodole Gatai princely residence. ) Fenghua: (Rated fan and nan. It lay one hundred forty li northeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Fuyu Guard. At the dynasty's founding it had been the land of the Khorchin Left Center Darhan Wang Banner; it was formerly called Lishucheng. In Daoguang 1 the Changtu Subprefecture registrar was established. In Guangxu 3 it was made a county under the prefecture. To the northeast: Qingshi Ling and Taiping Mountain. To the northwest: Erlong Mountain. To the west: Heiniu Mountain and Mogou Mountain. The South Tiaozi River and North Zhaosutai River both flowed west into the prefecture. The East Liao River entered from the Hesi Border Gate in Yitong Prefecture, Jilin, flowed north, bent southwest, and joined the Liao River. Encircling the county on the east, north, and west, it was called the Liao River Bend. Its right bank was Huaide territory. Two relay stations had formerly been established: Xiaochengzi in the northeast, linking Huaide; Sipingjie in the southeast, linking the prefectural seat. Another route ran from Wulipu east of the county to Zhaijiadian, reaching the Hesi Border Gate, and on to Yitong, Jilin. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Huaide: (Rated fan and nan. It lay three hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Fuyu Guard. Under the present dynasty it was Khorchin Left Center Banner territory. Formerly called Bajiazhen, it had initially belonged to Kaiyuan; in Tongzhi 5 it was transferred to Changtu and a defense registrar was established. In Guangxu 3 it was made a county under the prefecture. On the west it bordered Fenghua along the East Liao River. On the east it bordered Jilin. To the northwest: Halaba, Yangshu Ling, and Daqingshan. To the southwest: Tuanshan. To the south: Wanling. To the southeast: Bailongju and Huilongshan. The Jiancheng North and South Sandaogang Waters, the South Xiangshui River, and the Northwest Chaoyangshan Water all flowed west into the East Liao River. To the southeast the Xinkai River flowed north into Changchun, Jilin. Three relay stations had formerly been established: West Bawu and Southwest Chaoyangpo, both linking Fenghua; Daling in the southeast connected to Changchun, Jilin. Another route ran from Lalatun southeast of the county to Fenghuangpo to Yitong, Jilin; From Xiaobian northwest of the county via Bawu to Bianhao to Liaoyuan. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Kangping: :(Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay nine hundred li north of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. ) In Guangxu 30, on reclaimed land of the Khorchin Right Front Jasaketu Wang Banner, the seat was placed at Shuangliu Town and a prefecture was established. It governed five counties. (To the northwest Aoniu Mountain and Yematu Mountain were branch ranges extending southeast from the Inner Khingan; beyond them the range ran submerged. The Taor River rose in Suoyarji Mountain in Ujumchin Banner, flowed south past the banner prince's residence, and continued east; The Jiaoliu River rose in the Right Middle Banner, received the Najin River from the left, gathered from the west, and flowed east into Jing'an. The prefectural seat stood slightly southwest of the confluence on flat plain country, with rivers and pools scattered about. To the northwest lay Qian'an Town, adjoining the Right Middle Banner on the west and serving as the main route of travel to and from Ujumchin. A registrar was established in Guangxu 33. Seven official and merchant roads ran: one north from Baxiankuohai in the prefecture to the banner prince's residence; one north from Deleshunzhao via Gaoping Town to Jing'an; one west from Baolinzhao to Haomiao West to Suijing, Rehe; one west from Wujiazi to the Right Middle Banner; one south from Chagantala to Kaitong; one east from Yinggewopeng to the Right Rear Banner; and one east from Jinshanbao to Baomatuogang to Anguang. A former Mongol courier station called Kuisunbulake lay west of the prefecture. ) Jing'an: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay ninety li northeast of the prefectural seat. In antiquity it had been Eastern Shiwei territory. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. In Guangxu 30 a county was created on reclaimed land of the Right Front Banner and placed under the prefecture. To the northwest stood Qishiqi Ridge. To the south the Taor River entered from the prefecture, bent east, flowed northeast, and entered Zhendong. Three official and merchant roads ran: one south from Yinggetao to the prefectural seat; one northeast to Heilongjiang; and one southeast via Cuolunpo through the Right Rear Banner to Jilin. A former Mongol courier station, Nuomuqiboli E'erge, lay northwest of the county. ) Kaitong: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. In Guangxu 30, on reclaimed land of the Right Front Banner, the seat was first placed at Halawusu and then moved to Qijingzi; a county was created under the prefecture. The country was flat plain with wells and springs and no mountains or rivers. The county seat stood east of the Taoliao courier route, sixty li north from Bayanzhao. One hundred li farther north at Chagantala the route entered prefecture territory. Four document-dispatch stations were set up along it. South from Bayanzhao through the Darhan Wang Banner to Liaoyuan ran the Taoliao courier route, with relay stations along it. Midway, however, it crossed more than two hundred li of wasteland in the Darhan Banner. In Xuantong 1 banner-border wasteland along the route was first surveyed and opened; ten li on either side of each station was set aside for reclamation to improve communication. Another route ran from Xiangying Gou southeast of the county out of the border, through the Front Banner of Gorlos, directly to Xinjichang in Nong'an, Jilin. ) Anguang: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. In Guangxu 31, on reclaimed land of the Khorchin Right Rear Zhenguo Gong Banner, the seat was placed at Xiejiawobao and a county was created under the prefecture. To the north stood Taiping Ridge. To the south lay Changling. To the west stood Chaoyang Mountain. To the northeast lay Shatuozi. To the southeast stood Shuanglongshan and Daheishan. None of the hills bore timber or stone. The Taor River entered from the prefecture, received the Huanghuashuopo stream, flowed northeast and bent southeast into Dazai Subprefecture, Heilongjiang; its north bank formed the border of Zhendong. Six official and merchant roads ran: west from Baomatu to the prefectural seat; southwest to Kaitong; northwest from Liujiazi to the Zhenguo Gong Banner seat north of the river; northeast from Tuotuosi to Heilongjiang; east from Wangzaitun to Dazai Subprefecture, Heilongjiang; and southeast from Dayushu through the Front Banner of Gorlos to Nong'an, Jilin. ) Liquan: (Rated chong and fan. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In antiquity it had been Xianbei territory. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. In Xuantong 1, on reclaimed land of the Khorchin Right Middle Tushiyetu Wang Banner, the seat was placed at Liquan Town and a county was created under the prefecture. To the north stood Maogaitu Mountain. To the south the Huole River rose in Jarud Banner—as the Hagule and Alukundulun rivers—joined within the banner, and flowed southeast to the county. The town foundation of Kaihua Town had been surveyed together with Liquan Town in Guangxu 32. Four official and merchant roads ran: east from Luowopeng via Qingyang Town to the prefectural seat; north across the Jiaoliu River to Jingxing Town, Heilongjiang; south to the banner prince's residence; and west to Ujumchin Banner. Former Mongol courier stations called Xinenguo'er and Sanyindi Hashi lay east of the county, running south to Xifengkou—the Mongol grasslands. ) Zhendong: (Two hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. In antiquity it had been Eastern Shiwei territory. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. In Xuantong 2, on reclaimed land in the northern section of the Khorchin Right Rear Zhenguo Gong Banner, the seat was placed at Nanchaganrao and a county was created under the prefecture. To the south the Taor River entered from Jing'an, flowed northeast and bent southeast into Dazai, Heilongjiang, where it joined the Nen River—the ancient "confluence with the Na River." Four official and merchant roads ran: southwest from Xuejiadian to the prefectural seat; south from Jinquanwopu across the Taor River to Anguang; west from Malihongmaotou to Jing'an; and northeast from Lishunzhao to Dalaiqi Town, Heilongjiang. A former Mongol courier station, Hashatu, lay northwest of the county.