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卷55 志三十 地理二 奉天

Volume 55 Treatises 30: Geography 2, Feng Tian

Chapter 55 of 清史稿 · Draft History of Qing
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=Treatise 30= Geography 2, Fengtian: The region corresponded to the Qing and Ji prefectures in the Tribute of Yu. (In Shun's time its northeast was set apart as the You and Ying regions. Under the Xia it was still counted as Qing and Ji. Under the Shang it was reorganized as Yingzhou. Under the Zhou it was Youzhou. In the Ming it was the Liaodong Regional Military Commission. ) In the third month of the tenth year of the Qing Tianming era, the capital was established at Shenyang. In the eighth year of Tiancong it was elevated to the title Shengjing. In the first Shunzhi year the Ming guard and post system was abolished entirely; inner ministers, lieutenant-generals, and Eight Banner garrisons were put in place. Three years later the inner ministers were retitled ambanaggi and given seals as territorial garrison commanders. In Kangxi 1 the ambanaggi became the General for Garrisoning Liaodong and Vicinity. In the fourth year the title became General for Garrisoning Fengtian and Vicinity. In the third month of Guangxu 33 the generalship was abolished; a governor-general of the Three Eastern Provinces and a Fengtian governor were appointed, and Fengtian was converted to a conventional provincial administration. Its northern boundary ran to Taonan; (where it bordered Heilongjiang. ) On the south to Lüshunkou; (Along the southeastern coast it met Korea across the Yalu River. ) On the west to Shanhaiguan; (where it bordered Zhili. ) On the east to Antu. (Bordering Jilin. ) It measured one thousand eight hundred li from east to west and one thousand seven hundred fifty li from north to south. Its latitude ranged from 39°40′ to 44°15′ north. It lay four to twelve degrees east of the capital. In Xuantong 3 there were 1,650,573 registered households and a population of 10,696,004. In all it comprised eight prefectures, five departments under direct provincial control, three departments, six subprefectures, and thirty-three counties. (Note: Shengjing was enlarged and rebuilt in Tiancong 5 on the site of the Ming Shenyang guard city. The wall ran nine li and 332 paces around the city, stood 3 zhang 5 chi high and 1 zhang thick, with a parapet 7 chi 5 cun high and 651 crenellations in all. There were eight gates: on the east, the left was Fujin and the right Neizhi; on the south, the left Desheng and the right Tianyou; on the west, the left Huaiyuan and the right Wairang; on the north, the left Dizai and the right Fusheng. Each gate had a barbican tower, and corner towers were added as well. At the center of the inner city stood the Grand Politics Hall, where Taizong held court. West of the hall lay the Great Inner Palace. Facing south was the Daqing Gate; inside it stood Chongzheng Hall, with Feilong Pavilion to the east and Xiangfeng Pavilion to the west before the hall. Directly north of Chongzheng Hall stood Fenghuang Tower, and north of the tower lay Qingning Palace. East of the palace were Yanqing and Guansui palaces; to the west were Yongfu and Linzhi palaces. Before Fenghuang Tower, to the east was Shishan Studio with Rihua Tower south of it; to the west was Xiezhong Studio with Xiaqi Tower south of it. East of Chongzheng Hall stood Yihe Hall; behind the hall was Jiezhi Palace, and behind the palace Jingdian Pavilion. West of Chongzheng Hall stood Diguang Hall; behind the hall was Baoji Palace, behind the palace Jisi Studio, and behind the studio Chongmo Pavilion. West of the Great Inner Palace stood Wensu Pavilion, the book depository. To the southeast lay the Imperial Ancestral Temple. The silver treasury stood south of the Grand Politics Hall, and the weaving depot south of the Great Inner Palace. The Boards of Revenue, Rites, and Works lay east of the silver treasury; the Boards of Punishments and War west of the weaving depot. The censorate office stood in the city's northeast corner. The outer barrier city was built in Kangxi 19; it was 7 chi 5 cun high and ran thirty-two li and 48 paces around. It had eight gates: on the east, the left Xiaodong Pass and the right Dadong Pass; on the south, the left Danan Pass and the right Xiaonan Pass; on the west, the left Daxi Pass and the right Xiaoxi Pass; on the north, the left Xiaobei Pass and the right Dabei Pass. Inside the barrier city the Altar of Heaven stood to the south; to the east were the Altar of Earth and the Tangzi; in the southwest corner were the Altars of Soil and Grain and of Thunder and Rain; in the southeast corner were the Shrine of the First Farmer and the sacred plough field. Two sluice gates at the southwest corner of the sacred plough field channeled the Lesser Shen River outward; downstream it flowed into the Hun River. Its notable mountains were Yiwulü and Songling. Its major rivers were the Liao and the Hun. Its chief strategic points were Shanhaiguan, Fenghuang City, and Weiyuan Fort. Its shipping routes ran from Yingkou southwest to Tianjin, south to Zhifu, and southeast to Inchon in Korea. Its railways included the domestically controlled Ying-Yu line; under Japanese control, the Russian-built Eastern Qing branch line. Telegraph lines ran west to Tianjin, southwest to Lüshun, southeast to Fenghuang and Andong, and northeast to Jilin. ) : (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. The governor-general doubled as general; commissioners for civil affairs, judicial affairs, foreign affairs, and finance, the salt transport intendant, the industrial promotion circuit intendant, and a lieutenant-general were stationed there. ) In the fourth month of Shunzhi 14 a prefecture was established within Shengjing city with a prefectural intendant. In the eighth month of Guangxu 31 the prefectural intendant was abolished and a prefect appointed, making the city the seat of Fengtian province. It lay one thousand four hundred seventy li southwest of the capital. It measured eight hundred seventy li from east to west and nine hundred ninety li from north to south. Its latitude was 41°51′50″ north. It lay seven degrees fifteen minutes east of the capital. It comprised one department, two subprefectures, and eight counties. Chengde: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. Attached to the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was Shenyang Central Guard. A county was established in Kangxi 3 and attached to the prefecture. Fuling lay twenty li east on Tianzhu Mountain; Zhaoling ten li northwest on Longye Mountain. A lieutenant-general also served as guardian minister of the two imperial tombs. The Hun River lay to the south; it was the Shen River, entering from Fushun and flowing southwest into Liaozhong. From the left it received the Gaosutun, Baitapu, and Yujiatai rivers; from the right the Maguanqiao and Wanquan rivers. The Wanquan was also known as the Lesser Shen River. To the northeast stood Daqing Mountain, source of the Pu River, which flowed southwest past Yong'an Bridge into Xinmin. Yong'an Bridge was built in Chongde 6. When Taizu first established Shenyang, the western route was so marshy that he ordered banner troops to build a raised road one hundred twenty li long straight to Liaoyang. Taizong rebuilt this bridge, which greatly eased travel. Four courier stations had formerly been established: Laobian in the west, linking Xinmin; Yilu in the north, linking Tieling; Gabulacun in the east, linking Xingjing; Shilihe in the south, the Ming Hupi courier station, linking Liaoyang. Three railways served the area: the Jing-Feng, Eastern Qing, and An-Feng lines. The Jing-Feng Railway ran sixty li within the county, with two stations, Masanjia and Shenyang; the latter stood outside Xiaoxi Pass and was the terminus of the entire Jing-Feng line. A treaty port was opened in the eighth month of Guangxu 29 under the Sino-American agreement. ) Liaoyang Subprefecture: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was Dingliao Central Guard, with a Zizai subprefecture also established. Liaoyang was captured in the third month of Tianming 6, and in the fourth month the capital was moved there. In the tenth year the capital was moved to Shenyang. Liaoyang Prefecture was established in Shunzhi 10, with Liaoyang County at the seat. In the fourteenth year the prefectural seat moved and the county was placed under its jurisdiction. In the sixth month of Kangxi 3 the county was promoted to a subprefecture while remaining under the prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. To the south rose the Qianshan range, entering from Huairen Laoling in the east as the backbone of the Liaodong Peninsula; streams south of the mountains flow independently to the sea, making this the principal mountain system of Liaodong. To the north the Taizi River entered from Benxi, flowed west into Liaozhong, then turned south toward Haicheng. From the left it received the Xi, Lan, Tang, Sha, and Anshan rivers; from the right the Shili River, a branch of the Hun known in Manchu as the Tasihai River. Three courier stations had formerly been established: Yingshui Temple, Langzi Mountain, and Tianshui Station. A treaty port was opened in Guangxu 31 under the Sino-Japanese agreement. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Fuzhou Subprefecture: (Rated fan and pi. It lay five hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was Fuzhou Guard. Fuzhou surrendered in the third month of Tianming 7. It was merged into Gaiping in Kangxi 3. In Yongzheng 4 territory was carved from Gaiping to establish Fuzhou Department. In the eleventh year it was made a subprefecture under the prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. The subprefecture was largely mountainous, with sea on the west and southwest. Its coast formed Fuzhou Bay. To the north lay the Fudu River. To the south the Fuzhou River received the Luangu River from the left; both flowed west into the sea. To the east the Sha, Qingshui, Zaizi, and Bilu rivers received the Diaoqiao River from the right and all flowed south into Jinzhou. A subprefecture deputy was posted on Changxing Island one hundred forty li southwest in the sea; the post was established in Guangxu 34. Northeast of it stood Niangniang Palace. The harbor shores were East Cliff and West Cliff, where merchant vessels passed in and out—a choke point on the sea route. A Shuimenzi patrol inspectorate was established in Guangxu 32. Four relay stations had formerly been established: Hetaotao Post and Liguanfen in the north, linking Gaiping; Mahe Relay and Luangu Old City in the south, linking Jinzhou. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Fushun: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. It lay eighty li east of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it was the Fushun Battalion of a Thousand Households. Fushun was captured in Tianming 4. In Guangxu 28 territory was carved from Chengde County to establish Xingren County, attached to the prefecture. In the thirty-third year the seat moved to Fushun city, northwestern Xingjing territory was annexed, the county was renamed Fushun, and it remained under the prefecture. To the east stood Sarhu Mountain and Tiebei Mountain, both sites of the defeat of Ming armies in Tianming 4. To the south the Hun River's northern and southern headwaters entered from Xingjing, merged, and flowed west, receiving the Zhangdang, Majundan, Ta'er Valley, and Lagu rivers from the left and the Wendao, Liulin, and Jinhuayu rivers from the right before entering Chengde. Yingpan market town lay to the east; one courier station had formerly been established there. South of Sarhu ran the Feng-Fushun coal transport railway; At Yaoqianhu Tun in the southwest lay the An-Feng Railway. ) Kaiyuan: (Rated fan and pi. It lay three hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. In Hongwu 20 of the Ming, Sanwan Guard was established west of the old Yuan Kaiyuan Circuit city; in Hongwu 21 it was moved here. The Yuan-era name Kaiyuan was changed to the homophonous Kaiyuan. In Yongle 7 Anle Subprefecture was also established. Kaiyuan was captured in the sixth month of Tianming 4. A county was established in the sixth month of Kangxi 3 and placed under the prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. To the northeast stood Huanglong Mountain. To the northwest the Liao River entered from Kangping, receiving the Majong and Liangzi rivers from the left. To the south the Qing River received the Nianpan and Kou rivers from the right; and the Nansha River; all flowed west into the Liao River. To the southeast the Chai River flowed west into Tieling. Farther southeast the Ying'e River flowed southwest into Xingjing. Three border passes guarded the county: Maqianzong Platform to the north, Weiyuan Fort to the northeast, and Ying'e to the southeast. One courier station had formerly been established. Roads also ran southeast through Shirengou to Shanchengzi, west through Yingchengzi to Fakumen, and east through Weiyuan Fort Gate to Xifeng—a network known as the four-way thoroughfare. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Tieling: (Rated chong and pi. It lay one hundred thirty li north of the prefectural seat. In the Ming Tieling Guard was established. Tieling was captured in the seventh month of Tianming 4. A county was established in the sixth month of Kangxi 3 and placed under the prefecture. A garrison defense commandant was stationed there. The Liao River lay to the west, entering from southeastern Kaiyuan, bending southwest into Faku. Along its banks lay extensive marshes—the Lianhuapao, Weizi, Wujiao, Lianzi, and Yuezi lakes—covering ten li; locals called the area Liaohai, and Liaohai Tun stood there. The Chai River lay to the north, the Fan River to the south, and farther south the Yilu River; all flowed west into the Liao River. One courier station had formerly been established. A treaty port was opened under the Sino-Japanese agreement. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Haicheng: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay two hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming Haizhou Guard was established. Haizhou surrendered in Tianming 6. Haicheng County was established in the eleventh month of Shunzhi 10 and placed under Liaoyang Prefecture. In the fourth month of the fourteenth year its jurisdiction was changed. Sixty li to the west a garrison defense commandant was stationed at Niuzhuang. To the southwest stood Tangwang Mountain. The Liao River lay to the west. The Hun River entered from Liaozhong as the Ge'li River, joined the Taizi River from the left, and flowed west into the Liao River at a point called the Sancha River. The Tu and Anshan rivers to the north flowed west into the Taizi River; the Haizhou River to the south flowed west into the Liao River. The Sancha patrol office was established in Kangxi 21 and stationed at Niuzhuang. At Xixiang, Sanjiazi, Shifo Temple, and elsewhere channels had once wound into the Liao River but later silted up. In Guangxu 34 the old channel was dredged, reclaiming some 360,000 to 700,000 mu of fertile land. Ximu market town lay to the southeast. Four relay stations had formerly been established: Yingkou in the southwest and Dashiqiao in the south, linking Gaiping; Anshan Station in the north, linking Liaoyang; Erdaohe in the east, leading into Xiuyan. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Gaiping: (Rated fan and pi. It lay three hundred sixty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming Gaizhou Guard was established. Gaizhou surrendered in the third month of Tianming 6. A county was established in the sixth month of Kangxi 3 and placed under the prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. Sixty li farther southwest a garrison defense commandant was posted at Xiongyue, the old Liaoyang city; a lieutenant-general had once been stationed there but the post was later abolished. To the east stood Mianyang Mountain, source of all the county's southeastern ranges. Its western coast formed Gaizhou Bay. To the north lay the Niyu River. To the south the Gaizhou, Xiongyue, and Fudu rivers all flowed west into the sea. To the southeast the Bilu River—also called the Bili River—rose on Buwu Mountain and flowed south into Fuzhou. Three relay stations had formerly been established: Mogouying in the northwest, Dashiqiao in the north, and Xiongyue city in the south. Three salt fields operated at Hongqichang, Lanqichang, and Wujiatun. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Liaozhong: (Rated fan and nan. It lay one hundred forty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been territory of Dingliao Guard and the Right Guard. In the seventh month of Guangxu 32 territory was taken from Xinmin, Liaoyang, and Haicheng and the seat established at Asiniulu Town; southwestern Chengde was soon added, and a county was created under the prefecture. The Liao River lay to the west, with Lengjiakou on its bank. A branch flowed southwest into Panshan as the Fen Liao River, also known as the Jian River. The main channel flowed south into the county territory. Farther west, the Liu River flowed south into the Fen Liao River. Farther west, a distributary of the Yaoying River flowed south into the Liu River. To the east the Pu River entered from Xinmin and flowed south into the Hun River. Farther southeast, two Taizi River distributaries joined it. To the southwest lay the Liao River. To the west stood Dadu Niulu, where the county assistant magistrate was posted; it was established in Guangxu 33. ) Benxi: (One hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming period it was Qinghe city. In Guangxu 32 land was carved from Liaoyang, Xingjing, and Fenghuang, the seat placed at Benxi Lake, and a county created under the prefecture. To the south rose Motian Ridge, also known as Taigao Ridge, whose range linked east to Laoling and west to Qianshan. North of it the Xi River—also called the Wanliu River—flowed north into Liaoyang. South of it the Cao and Saimaji rivers flowed south into Fenghuang. To the south the Taizi River's northern and southern headwaters entered from Huairen and Xingjing, merged, and flowed west into Liaoyang. To the east the Qing River flowed south into the Taizi River. The Saimaji patrol station, established in Guangxu 3, had belonged to Fenghuang Subprefecture; in year 32 it was transferred here. Lianshanguan Post had formerly been established. The Anfeng Railway passed through. ) Jinzhou Subprefecture: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. It lay seven hundred twenty li south of the prefectural seat. The Ming established Jinzhou Guard. In Yongzheng 12 Ninghai County was established under the prefecture. In Daoguang 23 it was reorganized as Jinzhou Subprefecture, still under the prefecture. A lieutenant-general was stationed there, administratively attached to Chengde. Myriad mountains encircled the subprefecture; sea lay on every side save a southeastern wedge of land that linked with Fuzhou to form a peninsula. In the northeast the Sha, Qingshui, Zanzi, and Bilu rivers all emptied into the sea. The Biziwo market town stood there. Lüshunkou lay in the southwest. West from Lüshun along the peninsula, past the Liao River mouth and the Da and Xiao Ling river mouths to Shanhaiguan, lay the Bohai coast; Eastward, from the Bilu, Zhuang, and Dayang river mouths to the Yalu River, stretched the Yellow Sea coast. Lüshun's Tieshan Cape and Dengzhou Head in Shandong stood opposite each other as the gateway to the Bohai Sea. An old naval camp city stood there. One relay station bureau had formerly been established at Shihe Post. Its trading port was opened under the Sino-Russian treaty of Guangxu 23. The customs house stood at Dalian Bay. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) : (Rated chong, fan, and nan. It lay one hundred sixty li northwest of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been territory of the Sanwan Guard. ) In Kangxi 1 the Faku Border Gate defense was established. In Guangxu 32 land was taken from Xinmin Prefecture and Kaiyuan, Tieling, and Kangping counties; the seat was placed at Faku Gate and a subprefecture created directly under the province. (Faku Mountain lay to the south. The Liao River entered from Tieling, flowed north, turned west, passed south of the subprefecture, and entered Xinmin. At its ferry crossing stood the Sanmianchuan market town. To the west the Sha River flowed south into the Liao River. Farther west the Xiushui River flowed south into Xinmin. The Xiushuihe market town stood there. The subprefecture city's north gate remained the old border gate. Beyond the border gate the roads forked in three directions. The western route led to Zhangwu; The northern route via Tao'ershan and Maqigou to Kangping reached Budo in Jilin; The northeastern route via Qijiadian and Gongzhutun to Changtu reached Changchun in Jilin. It was a strategic choke point on the northern frontier. A trading port opened under the Sino-Japanese treaty. ) : (Rated fan and nan. The Ming established the Guangning Central, Left, and Right Garrison guards under the Liaodong Regional Military Commission. ) Jinzhou was captured in the third month of Chongde 7. In Kangxi 3 Guangning Prefecture was established with merged counties as its seat. In year 4 it was reorganized and the seat moved to Jin. It lay four hundred ninety li southwest of the provincial seat. It measured five hundred thirty li across and one hundred seventy li from north to south. Its north latitude was forty degrees nine minutes. It lay four degrees thirty-nine minutes east of the capital. It governed two prefectures, two subprefectures, and three counties. Jin: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. Attached to the prefectural seat. The Ming established Guangning Central Garrison Guard and the Left and Right Garrison guards. In the seventh month of Kangxi 1 Jinzhou was renamed Jin County under Fengtian Prefecture. In the sixth month of year 3 it was placed under Guangning Prefecture. In the twelfth month Guangning was abolished, Jinzhou County established, and the seat attached to the prefecture. A lieutenant-general had formerly been stationed there. The post was abolished in Guangxu 34. An assistant banner commander was stationed there. Songshan, Xingshan, and Tashan lay to the south—all sites where Ming forces were broken in Chongde 7. Zijing Mountain stood to the east, highest of all the county's peaks. Its southern border lay on the sea. To the east ran the Da Ling River and to the west the Xiao Ling River; the latter received the Nü'er River from the right; all flowed south into the sea. To the southwest stood the Tianqiaochang patrol station, established in Yongzheng 1. Farther southwest a triangular headland thrust into the sea, called Huludao; the island curved west to embrace a bay. In Guangxu 34 it was surveyed and opened as a treaty port. Two posts had formerly been established: Xiao Ling River and Shisanshan. The Jingfeng Railway crossed one hundred ten li of the territory with four stations: Jinzhou, Shuangyangdian, Da Ling River, and Shishan. Eight salt fields operated at Shangkan, Tianqiaochang, Dadongshan, Baimashi, Taizitun, Tougou, Sigou, and Shagou. Two karun were posted at Gaojiatun and Tianqiaochang. ) Jinxi Subprefecture: (Rated fan and nan. It lay ninety-five li west of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been territory of Guangning Central Garrison Guard. In Guangxu 32 Jin County's western territory was split off as Jiangjiatun Subprefecture, soon renamed. In year 33 it was placed under the prefecture. To the east rose the Da and Xiao Hongluo mountains; east of them the Qili River flowed south into the sea. The Nü'er River rose in Chaoyang, Zhili, entered the border from the east, passed north of the subprefecture, wound northeast, and flowed east into Jin County. To the north stood the Songling Border Gate. To the northeast lay the Hongluoxian market town. Gaoqiao Post had formerly been established. The Jingfeng Railway had three stations: Lianshan, Gaoqiao, and Nü'er River. ) Panshan Subprefecture: (Rated chong, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred seventy li east of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Guangning Panshan Post. In Guangxu 32 land from Guangning County and the Panshe Post pasture was carved out to establish the subprefecture under the prefecture. Its southern border lay on the sea. A branch of the Liao River entered from the southwest at Lengjiakou in Liaozhong, ran south of the subprefecture seat, and emptied into the sea. To the southwest the Sha, Dongsha, and Xisha rivers all flowed south into the sea. The Jinying Railway branched off at Goubangzi station in Guangning, entered the jurisdiction, ran southeast to Yingkou, and covered more than one hundred twenty li. It had three stations: Hujiawopeng, Shuangtaizi, and Dawa. Five salt fields operated at Lanshi'ao, Xijiaxin, Nanjiaxin, Erdaoqi, and Erlongjiang. ) Yizhou Prefecture: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay ninety li north of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Yizhou Guard. Yizhou was captured in the first month of Tianming 7. In Chongde 1 it was granted in fief to Chahar. In Kangxi 14 Chahar rebelled and was suppressed. In Kangxi 61 an assistant prefect was appointed. In Yongzheng 11 it was elevated to a prefecture and placed under the superior prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. To the northeast stood Yinggelongwan Mountain. To the southeast stood Wanghai Mountain. To the northwest stood Kunlun Mountain. To the southwest lay the Da and Xiao ridges. The Daling River rose in Chaoyang, Zhili, entered the border from the east, passed north of the prefecture, bent south, and flowed into Jin County. The Xi and Qing rivers rose in Fuxin, Zhili, joined, and flowed south into the Daling River. The Xiaoling River also rose in Chaoyang, entered the border from the east, passed southwest of the prefecture, and wound south into Jin County. The Yangshugou River flowed south into the Xiaoling River. To the north stood three border gates at Jiuguantai, Qinghe, and Baituchang. Four relay station bureaus had formerly been established: Nandaliling Pass, Longzhi, and Qili River in the south, and Dongdayushu in the east—all linking Jin County. ) Ningyuan Prefecture: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred li southwest of the prefectural seat. The Ming established the Ningyuan Guard. Ningyuan was captured in Shunzhi 1. In Kangxi 3 a prefecture was established under Guangning Prefecture and soon transferred to the current superior prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. To the northwest stood Qingshan. To the southwest stood Wangfu. To the east stood Shoushan. Its southern border lay on the sea. The Ningyuan West and East rivers joined south of the city and flowed south into the sea. Farther west, the Dongsha, Yantai, Dongguanzhan, and Liugu rivers all flowed south into the sea. There was a Diaoyutai estuary. Offshore lay the islands of Taohua and Juhua—that is, Juehua Island; southwest of the island were two islets called Xiaozhangshan and Dazhangshan; the waters between them ran deep and wide enough to accommodate large warships. Hills along the island shore were suitable for building fort batteries. In Guangxu 34 it was surveyed and designated a naval harbor. To the northwest stood three border gates at Baishizui, Lishugou, and Xintai. Market streets of four settlements ringed the seat in overlapping clusters. A tax bureau for the Shanhaiguan circuit was stationed there. Two posts had formerly been established: Dongguan and Ningyuan. The Jingfeng Railway had three stations: Dongxinzhuang, Shahousuo, and Ningyuan Prefecture. Ten salt fields operated at Changzigou, Xiangjiatun, Sujiatun, Zhangzhuang, Dujiatai, Lihuangou, Wuliqiao, Hulitao, Shatuo, and Daming Shan. ) Guangning: (Rated chong and pi. It lay one hundred sixty li northeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Guangning Guard. Guangning was captured in Tianming 7. In the sixth month of Kangxi 3 Guangning was made a prefecture and Guangning County was established. In the twelfth month the prefectural seat moved to Jinzhou and the county was placed under the prefecture. A garrison commandant was stationed there. Yiwulü Mountain lay to the west—the ancient Zhen of Youzhou; the Beizhen Temple stood there. To the east the Sha River rose at Sandao Gully on Yiwulü Mountain, flowed southeast, passed north of the city and then south, received the Dashiqiao River from the right, entered Panshan, with Lüyang Post to the southwest. South of the Sha River a stream flowed into Panshan and was called the Xisha River. To the northwest the Mashi River flowed southeast into the Yangchang River. Guangning Post had formerly been established. The Jingfeng Railway ran seventy-five li within the jurisdiction, with three stations: Yangquanzi, Goubangzi, and Qingduizi. From Goubangzi a branch ran due south through Panshan to Yingkou as the Jinying Railway, covering thirty li within the jurisdiction. Six salt fields operated at Mazhangfang, Datai, Xiaotai, Maojiatun, Guojiatun, and Beijing. ) Suizhong: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred ninety li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Guangning Front Garrison Guard, the Central Front Post, and the Central Rear Post. In Shunzhi 1 the Guangning Front Garrison Guard and the Central Front and Central Rear posts were captured. In Kangxi 3 their territory was merged into Ningyuan Prefecture. In the sixth month of Guangxu 28 territory was split off to establish a county under the prefecture. To the north stood Daqizi Mountain. To the west lay Songling and Bijia Mountain. Its southern border lay on the sea. To the east it bordered Ningyuan along the Liugu River. The Liugu River was the ancient Liuzhou River; it rose in Jianchang, Zhili, and entered through the Baishizui Border Gate. From the right it received the Heishui and Wangbao rivers, then wound south into the sea. To the west the Gao'er, Shizi, and Liangshui rivers all flowed south into the sea. To the west lay Shanhaiguan. There were seventeen border gates in all; the one within the county was called the Mingshuitang Border Gate. Two posts had formerly been established: Shanhaiguan and Liangshui River. The Jingfeng Railway ran one hundred ten li within the jurisdiction, with four stations: Qiansuo, Qianwei, Huangdi, and Suizhong. ) : (Rated chong, fan, and nan. It lay one hundred twenty li west of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been territory of the Shenyang Central Guard and Guangning Left Guard. ) In the sixth month of Jiaqing 18 territory from Chengde and Guangning counties was split off to establish Xinmin Subprefecture under Fengtian Prefecture. In Guangxu 28 it was elevated to a prefecture. It measured five hundred thirty li from east to west and one hundred seventy li from north to south. Its northern latitude was 41°56′. It lay 7°33′ east of the capital's meridian. It governed two counties. (No walled city. The Liao River entered from Faku, bent southwest, and passed Gucheng. The Yangximu River entered from Zhangwu, joined the Xiushui River on the left, and flowed south into the Liao River. East of it the Pu River entered from Chengde and passed Heiyu Pao; to the west the Xinkai River entered from Kulun and became the Liu River; both flowed into Liaozhong. Farther west the Yaoying River flowed south into Zhen'an. Two posts had formerly been established: Baiqibao and Juliu River. The Jingfeng Railway had four stations: Baiqibao, Xinmin Prefecture, Juliu River, and Xinglongdian. A trading port opened under the Sino-Japanese treaty. ) Zhen'an: (Rated chong and nan. It lay one hundred fifty li west of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been Zhen'an Fort of the Guangning Guard. In Guangxu 28 Guangning's eastern territory was split off; the seat was established at Xiaoheishan and a county was created under the prefecture. To the west the Yangchang River rose in Fuxin, Zhili, and its lower course spread diffusely. The Dongsha River rose in Suaidong, Zhili, and flowed south; on its right it received the Lao River, entered Panshan as the Nansha River, and farther east the Yaoying River spilled south to form Lianhua Pao before joining the Fen Liao River. At Xiaosanjiazi a county assistant magistrate was posted; the office was established in Guangxu 32. In Guangxu 34 an official pasture of Fengtian was established on that site. Banlamen market town lay to the northeast. Two courier posts had formerly been established at Xiaoheishan and Erdaojing. The Jingfeng Railway traversed eighty li within the county, with four stations: Gaoshanzi, Dahu Shan, Lijiawopu, and Raoyang River. Checkpoints stood at Lamutun and Yingchengzi. ) Zhangwu: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred ten li north of the prefectural seat. In the early Ming the Guangning Rear Garrison Guard was established here, but was later relocated. In Kangxi 31 the Yangximu imperial pasture was established here. In Guangxu 28 the Yangximu pasture lands were opened to settlement; the seat was established at Hengdaozi and a county was created under the prefecture. The county lay beyond the Zhangwutai border gate. To the northeast stood Amo Mountain. To the east stood Shaoling Hada Mountain. To the northwest stood Du'erbi Mountain. To the west lay the Liu River, and farther west the Yaoying River; both rose in Suaidong, Zhili—in the region commonly known as Xiao Kulun. To the east the Yangximu River rose in the Left Front Banner of Horqin and flowed south into the prefecture. To the northwest stood Ha'ertao Street, where a county assistant magistrate was posted; the office was established in Guangxu 29. Three official trade routes ran through the county: one from the county seat to the prefectural seat, one from Ha'ertao Street in the northwest to Suaidong, Zhili, and one from Xinlituun in the west to Fuxin, Zhili. ) : (Three hundred sixty li southwest of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been Liangfangkou Pass of the Gaizhou Guard. ) In Tongzhi 5 a maritime-defense subprefect was appointed at Yingkou. In Xuantong 1 territory from Haicheng and Gaiping counties was split off to establish a subprefecture directly under the provincial government. The Feng-Jin-Shanhaiguan intendant's circuit was reorganized as the Jinxin-Yingkou military preparedness circuit, with headquarters at the subprefecture: (To the north the Liao River entered from Haicheng, wound southeast, bent west, and emptied into the sea. It received the Yuni River from the southeast and reached the Liao River estuary at Gaiping. Forty-five li from the subprefecture seat, it was a hub of steamship traffic. Originally the subprefecture was known as Mogouying, a cluster of Mongol felt shelters. When maritime defenses were organized in the Daoguang era, the place first rose in importance. It flourished only after the port was opened to foreign trade. The Jinying Railway entered from Dawa station in Panshan, ran through Tianzhuangtai to Hebei station, and covered sixty-seven li. Another line ran from Niujiatun on the east bank to Dashiqiao, where it connected with the Dongqing Railway. Salt fields operated at Erdaogou, Sandogou, and elsewhere. A General Bureau of Fisheries was established there. A treaty port opened under the Tianjin Convention of Xianfeng 10. A customs house was maintained there. In Guangxu 32 ten patrol boats were assigned to the Liao River. In Guangxu 34 two coastal patrol warships, the Anhai and the Suiliao, were added. ) : (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay three hundred twenty li southeast of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been the Right Guard of Jianzhou. ) In Tiancong 8 the land of Hetu Ala was ennobled as Xingjing. In Qianlong 38 an affairs-managing subprefect was appointed. In Guangxu 3 the post was changed to the Xingjing subprefect for pacifying the people, and the seat was moved to Xinbinbao. In Xuantong 1 it was elevated to a prefecture. It measured six hundred sixty li from east to west and three hundred ten li from north to south. Its northern latitude was 41°45′15″. It lay 8°37′16″ east of the capital's meridian. It governed four counties. (Forty li to the west, on Qiyun Mountain, stood the Yongling Mausoleum, where a lieutenant-general was stationed. Thirty li west stood Xingjing city, where an assistant banner commander was stationed. To the east it took in Naluwoji and Guo'erminzhudun—the whole forming the watershed range that linked Kule Naowoji above with Longgang below. Waters on the west side of the range all flow into the Liao River and waters on the east into the Songhua River, making it the divide between the Liao and Songhua; this is the Liaoshan of the Han Gazetteer. The Hun River issued from below it. Its southern source, the Suxi River, joined the Suo'erke River on the left and flowed northwest; its northern source, the Ying'e River, joined the Gunmaling River on the left and flowed southwest; both entered Fushun. To the southwest stood Pingding Mountain, where the northern source of the Taizi River arose; it flowed west into Benxi. One courier post had formerly been established at Muxi. Four relay station bureaus: Nanlaocheng, Dahulun, and Waziling, entering Fenghuang territory; Dongjiumen, connecting to Huairen. ) Tonghua: (Rated fan and nan. It lay two hundred seventy li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Ermin Route of the Jianzhou Guard. In Guangxu 3 a county was established, subordinate to the Xingjing subprefect. In Xuantong 1 it was placed under the prefecture. The county lay beyond the Wangqing border gate. To the north the Longgang range entered from Naluwoji between Xingjing and Hailong, wound east through Linjiang all the way to Changbai Mountain—a span of more than two hundred li. Waters south of the range flow into the Yalu River and waters north into the Songhua River, forming the divide between the Yalu and Songhua; because it is the main ridge of the Yongling tombs, it is called Longgang. To the south the Hun River entered from Linjiang, flowed west, bent east, then wound southwest into Huairen. On the left it received the Dalaquangou and Xiaoluoquangou rivers; on the right the Hani and Ga'ertuku rivers. Seven horse-relay stations had formerly been established: Xiha Mahe, Kuaidangmaozi, Ying'e Bu, Huanxiling, and Banjielazi, leading into Xingjing; Another route ran southwest from Kuaidangmaozi through Gaolimu, Toudaogou, and other stations to Huairen. ) Huairen: (Rated pi and nan. It lay one hundred eighty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Dong'e Division of the Jianzhou Guard. In Guangxu 3 a county was established, subordinate to the Xingjing subprefect. In Xuantong 1 it was placed under the prefecture. The county lay beyond the Jianchang border gate. Laoling lay to the southwest, where the southern source of the Taizi River arose; it flowed northwest into Benxi. The Laoling range branched off from Longgang and ran west to meet Motian Ling; waters south of the range flow into the Yalu and waters north into the Liao, forming the divide between the Liao and Yalu—in Manchu it is called Saca Shan. The Hun River entered from Tonghua, flowed along the north, west, and south sides of the county, and exited into Ji'an. From the north the Fu'er joined the Yimisu River; from the west the Liudao and Daya rivers—all flowing into the Hun. The mouth of the Fu'er River was presumably ancient Liangkou. The ancient Dong'e River flowed south into the Daya River. To the west stood the Sipingjie patrol inspectorate, established in Guangxu 4. At a bend where the Hun River turned south stood Hada Mountain; in Qianlong 11 a Mangniu outpost was established there but was soon abolished. Ten horse-relay stations had formerly been established: in the northeast Saneng Lazi, Erpengdianzi, Zhuhugou, Hengdaochuan, and Changchungou, entering Tonghua territory; In the southwest Daya River, Qianniumao, Daqinggou, Kanjuangou, and Guapailing, entering Kuandian. ) Ji'an: (Rated pi and nan. It lay four hundred twenty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Yalu River Division of the Jianzhou Guard. In Guangxu 28 territory from Tonghua and Huairen counties was split off; the seat was established at Tonggoukou and a county was created under the Xingjing subprefect. In Xuantong 1 it was placed under the prefecture. To the northeast stood Laoling Ridge. To the north stood Wandu Mountain. The Yalu River lay to the south; it entered from Linjiang and wound southwest into Kuandian. To the west the Hun River entered from Huairen and flowed south into the Yalu at what was called the Hun River mouth. In Guangxu 34 patrol boats were assigned to the Yalu and Hun rivers. The Xichagoumen patrol inspectorate was established in Guangxu 3 and stationed at Tonggoukou; in Guangxu 28 it was moved. Nine horse-relay stations had formerly been established: in the north Tonghe Ling, Lishugou, Weishahe, Erdaowazi, and Jiapigou, leading into Tonghua; In the west Wudaoling, Pitiaogou, Shanglouhe, and Erpengdianzi, leading into Huairen. In Guangxu 34 a new road was also opened east of the city, running from Cuocao Gou to Linjiang. ) Linjiang: (Rated fan and nan. It lay five hundred ninety li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Yalu River Division. In Guangxu 28 territory from Tonghua County was split off; the seat was established at Mao'ershan and a county was created under the Xingjing subprefect. In Xuantong 1 it was placed under the prefecture. To the north stood Longgang. The Yalu River lay to the south; it entered from Changbai, flowed northwest, bent southwest, and passed into Ji'an. To the west was Toudao Gou, then successively east and northeast; along the Yalu stood twenty-five numbered ravines—all ridge-front streams flowing south into the river; the county held seven and Changbai eighteen. To the north stood Sanchaizi, the southwest divide of Changbai Mountain where the Hun River rose; it flowed southwest, took the Hongtu Cliff River on the left, entered Tonghua—once known as the Tongjia River—and continued northwest into the Dao River. A patrol inspectorate had been moved from Mao'ershan in Guangxu 28 and belonged to Tonghua; in Xuantong 1 it was transferred here. At first the county's northwest link to Tonghua was a mountain road of extreme peril. In Guangxu 34 it was rebuilt from Linzitou over Old Master Ridge, through Sandaoyangcha to the county seat, cutting through ridges and ravines for more than one hundred twenty li until carts and horses could pass—the Leveling Ridge Road. ) : (Rated chong, fan, and nan. It lay four hundred eighty li southeast of the provincial seat. In the Ming Fenghuang Fort was established. ) It surrendered in Tianming 6. In Qianlong 41 the Fenghuang City patrol subprefecture was established. In Guangxu 2 it was made a subprefecture directly under the province. It measured six hundred sixty-five li from east to west and four hundred li from north to south. Its latitude was 40°34′16″ north. It lay 7°49′35″ east of the capital. It governed one prefecture and two counties. (A garrison commandant was stationed there. Fenghuang Mountain stood to the south. Sida Ridge stood to the northwest. Its southern border lay on the sea. To the east the Cao River took the Tongyuan Fort River on the right, joined the Ai River on the left, and flowed south into Andong. To the northeast the Saimaji River flowed south into the Ai River. To the west the Dayang River flowed south into the sea. To the northwest the Shaozi River flowed south into the Dayang River. To the northeast stood the Aiyang and Nanfenghuang border gates. Three courier stations had formerly been established: Tongyuan Fort, Xueli Station, and Fenghuang City. A salt field stretched from Kulong Mountain to the Yang River mouth. A treaty port was opened under the Sino-Japanese agreement. The An-Feng Railway passed through. ) Xiuyan Prefecture: Andong: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred fifty li southeast of the subprefectural seat. In the Ming Zhenjiang City was established; it surrendered in Tianming 6. In Guangxu 2 a county was established under the subprefecture. The Fengtian Eastern Circuit military preparedness intendant was stationed at the county; in Xuantong 1 the post was reorganized as the Xing-Feng military preparedness intendant. The county lay beyond the Fenghuang border gate. To the north stood Yuanbao Mountain. The Yalu River entered from Kuandian in the east, took the Cao River on the right, wound south, and emptied into the sea. Its coast was called Dadong Gou—that is, Taiping Gou—a center for timber export. A patrol subprefecture was established in Guangxu 26. To the east stood Jiuliancheng Town; across the river lay Uiju in Korea. Eleven horse-relay stations had formerly been established: Dongshahe Town to the east; to the north Zhongjiangtai, Daloufang, and Laobianqiang; to the northwest Gaolidian, Yingtai, Tangshancheng, and Bianmenkou; to the southwest Baicaidi, Shiqiaogang, and Dadong Gou. A route ran from Erdao Gou to the Kulong Mountain salt field. Dadong Gou was opened as a treaty port under the Sino-American agreement. A customs house was maintained there. The An-Feng Railway passed through. ) Kuandian: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred eighty li northeast of the subprefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the six forts of Kuandian under Dongning Guard. In Guangxu 3 a county was established under the subprefecture. The county lay beyond the Aiyang border gate. To the southeast stood Pandao Ridge and Wangbao Mountain. To the northeast stood Guapai Ridge. South of the county the Yalu River entered from the Hun River mouth at Ji'an and flowed southwest into Andong. On the right it took the Xiao Pushi, Yongdian, Changdian, Da Pushi, and Anping rivers. To the east the Hun River took the Xiaoya, Beigu, and Nangu rivers on the right. The Ai River rose in the northwest at Niumao Ridge and entered the subprefecture from the southwest. To the southwest stood the Changdian River county assistant post; to the northeast the Erlongdu patrol subprefecture—both established in Guangxu 3. In the southeast was the Xiaopushi River market town; in the northeast Taiping Shao—the county's two market towns. Fourteen horse-relay stations had formerly been established: in the west Dashuigou, Putaojia, Maodianzi, Xuanyang Lazi, Tumenkou, Taipingchuan, and Jiahekou, leading into Andong; In the northeast Maya River, Quliuchuan, Touqing Gou, Siyuan Waizi, Xinglongyu, and Beitumenkou, leading into Huairen. ) : (Rated chong, fan, and nan. It lay six hundred li south of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had comprised the lands of Fenghuang City, Xiuyan City, and Jinzhou Guard. ) In Guangxu 32 territory from Fenghuang Subprefecture and Xiuyan Prefecture was split off to establish a subprefecture under the Eastern Circuit. (Its southern border lay on the sea. To the west the Biliu River marked the boundary with Fuzhou and Jinzhou Subprefecture. To the east the Dayang River marked the boundary with Fenghuang Subprefecture. The Zhuang River rose in the northwest at Jiguan Mountain, flowed south past the subprefecture's east, and emptied into the sea. To the east the Ying'a and Shahe rivers both flowed south into the sea. To the east stood the Gushan and Shicheng Island patrol subprefectures. One hundred forty li farther southeast lay Luyu Island in the sea; in Xuantong 1 it was placed under the subprefecture. The Dayang River was also called Dagushan Port; junks could navigate the harbor, but steamships could not enter and had to anchor at Luyu Island. Xihuayuankou to the west and Qingduizi to the east were both small coastal trading harbors. Three official and merchant roads ran: east to Luandian, bound for Fenghuang; north to Badaling, bound for Xiuyan; and northwest to Lamutun, bound for Fuzhou. ) : (Rated chong and fan. It lay nine hundred eighty li southeast of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been the Yalu River Division of Jianzhou Guard. ) In Guangxu 33 territory from Linjiang County and the northern foothills of Changbai Mountain in Jilin was split off; the seat was established at Tadian and a prefecture was created. Its latitude was 42° north. It lay twelve degrees east of the capital. It governed two counties. (Changbai Mountain stood to the north. On its summit lay Heaven Pool, once called Taimen—an oval body obliquely twenty-nine li long and more than seventy li around. Its depth could not be fathomed; the water thundered like drums and surged every seven days, and locals said it joined the sea. The Yalu rose south of Heaven Pool as the Ai River; flowing south to Shuangchakou it was joined by the Putao River from the northeast, and from there—as the Sino-Korean boundary stream—it first became the Yalu River. It bent west, passed south of the prefecture, and entered Linjiang. To the west Badao Gou marked the boundary with Linjiang. To the northeast the boundary reached the Twenty-fifth Daogou. The prefectural seat lay between the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Daogou ravines. When Tang destroyed Goguryeo, armies fought here. Across the river from the prefectural seat lay Hyesan Town in Korea. At first the prefecture's jurisdiction extended only along a narrow Yalu River track, hugging cliffs above ravines; travelers had to cross in wooden troughs and pass through Korea. In Guangxu 34 the Longhua Ridge Road was opened, running from Linjiang's Xinhua Street and Shijiatangzi downstream into the Jiayu River west of the prefecture, and on to west of the prefectural seat at Ligou Town—a route of more than four hundred li to avoid the hazards of the river path. ) Antu: (Rated chong and fan. It lay four hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the territory of Left Jianzhou Guard. In Xuantong 1, using the source region of the Tumen River east of the prefecture, the seat was established at Hongqihekou and a county was placed under the prefecture. Changbai Mountain stood to the west. The Tumen River lay to the south; rising at Hongtu Gou—the southeast divide of Changbai Mountain—it flowed east into Jilin. To the east the Hongqi River rose at Huang Gou—the northeast divide of Changbai Mountain—and flowed southeast into the Tumen River. To the northwest the Edao Jiang issued from Heaven Pool and flowed north as the Edao Bai River. The Niangniangku River rose at Huang Gou and flowed northwest; the Wudao, Sidao, and Sandao Bai Rivers joined on the left; bending west it received the Fu'er River flowing south from Jilin at Shangliang Jiangkou—from this point it became the Edao Jiang. Farther west it received the Toudao Bai River on the left and entered Fusong. This was the true source of the Songhua River. Two hundred li west at Bulin Huli stood the Heavenly Maiden's Bathing Pool stele; locals called it Round Pool. Qili Lake lay to the southeast; the route from the prefecture to the county was surveyed in Guangxu 34. From the mouth of the Twenty-first Daogou east of the prefecture the road entered the ridge northward, emerged between the Twenty-second and Nineteenth Daogou, reached the source of the Ai River, passed behind Xiaobai Mountain to Xinmin Tun, and ran east through Qiguo Tun and Chaoyang Wo to the county seat. From the county the road ran northwest to Shangliang Jiangkou and on to Huadian, Jilin. East across the Hongqi River lay Yanji in Jilin. South across the Tumen River lay Korean territory. ) Fusong: (Rated chong and fan. It lay five hundred twenty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been the Neyin Division of Jianzhou Guard. In Xuantong 1, using the upper Songhua northwest of the prefecture, the seat was established at Shuangdian and a county was placed under the prefecture. Changbai Mountain stood to the east. The Toudao Jiang lay to the west; its upper sources were the Jin Jiang and Man Jiang. The Jin Jiang rose on Changbai's western slope and the Man Jiang at Zhangmaocao Dingshan—the southwest divide of the mountain; united they flowed northwest and received the Tang River from the northeast in Jilin; from here the stream became the Toudao Jiang. Flowing farther northwest it received the Songxiang River on the right. Farther northwest the Edao Jiang from Antu joined from the west at Xialiang Jiangkou. From here down it was collectively called the Songhua River and entered Jilin. The prefecture-to-county road ran from Ligou Town west of the prefecture to the Fifteenth Daogou, then northwest over the ridge crest through Zhumuli, Manjiangying, Xiaogushan, Shitouhe, Haiqing Ling, Daying, and Tanghekou, and north again to the county seat. West from the county a crossing led into Mengjiang, Jilin. North along the Songhua the route ran straight to the provincial capital of Jilin. ) : (Rated chong, fan, and nan. It lay six hundred li northeast of the provincial seat. In the Ming this had been the territory of the three Hoi Sar Jurchen divisions—Huifa, Hada, and Yehe. ) In Guangxu 5 Hailong Subprefecture was established on fresh-field imperial hunting ground that migrant settlers had opened to cultivation. In Guangxu 28 it was elevated to a prefecture. It governed four counties. (The prefecture lay outside the Ying'e Border Gate. To the west stood Naluwoji and Guo'erminzhudun, dividing the range from Xingjing—the Changling of Tang times. The Huifa River lay to the south; rising at the eastern foot of Naluwoji it flowed north and bent east, receiving the Hengdao, Mei, Sha, and Dashao Rivers on the left and the Yalu and Yitong on the right; entering Huinan it was known in Manchu as the Liaojishan River and joined the Songhua. The Ying'e River rose east of the Ying'e Border Gate at the western foot of Guo'erminzhudun, flowed southwest into Kaiyuan, and formed the northern source of the Hun River. To the east: Chaoyang Town. To the west: Shanchengzi Town. Ten horse-relay stations had formerly been established: from Shazhekou, Daheizuizi, Shanchengzi, Erlongshan, Guojiadian, Tukouzi, Gujiazhi, Lijiadian, Bakeshu, and Diaopitun west of the city to Shangyangbao and into Kaiyuan. Another route ran from Naizishan east of the city to Tuofu and into Jilin city; from Majia boatmen in the northeast to Kangdaying and into Yitong, Jilin; and from Niuxindingzi to Guodaqiao and into Panshi, Jilin. ) Dongping: (Rated fan and nan. It lay sixty li west of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been Mehe Guard; later it belonged to the Huifa Division. In Guangxu 28 the eastern hunting ground under Hailong was split off; the seat was established at Daduchuan and a county was placed under the prefecture. To the northeast Kulenaowoji formed a continuous range joining Guoleminzhudun. South of it the Hengdao, Mei, Sha, and Dashao Rivers all flowed southeast into the prefecture. North of it the Xiao Yitong River flowed northwest into Jilin. The county seat stood north of the Sha River; the Yaoying River lay west and the Liushu River east, both flowing south into the Sha. Four official and merchant roads: first, from the county south across the Sha and Xiushui Rivers to the prefecture; second, west across the Yaoying River to Xifeng; third, north to Xi'an; fourth, northeast across the Liushu River and over the Huangni River to Yitong, Jilin. ) Xifeng: (Rated fan and nan. It lay two hundred twenty li west of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been Tashan Left Guard and Handahé Guard; later it belonged to the Yehe and Hada divisions. In Guangxu 28 a county was established at Haolu on reclaimed land from the western flowing waters of the Great Hunting Ground and placed under the prefecture. The county lay outside the Weiyuanbao Border Gate. Dayang'a Ling stood to the southeast; from it issued the Qing River—the Hada River—which flowed west into Kaiyuan. To the south the Kou River, also called the Zhan River, and farther south the Nianpan River all flowed west into Kaiyuan. To the northeast the East Liao River entered from Xi'an and flowed north into Yitong, Jilin, as the He'ersu River. Shuanghe Town stood upstream on the Kou River. Four official and merchant roads: south from Liujia to Laopogou to Kaiyuan; southwest from Pingling to Tieling; from the southeast to the prefecture and Shanchengzi; from the northeast to Jilin. ) Xi'an: (Rated fan and nan. It lay one hundred sixty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been Zhudunhe Guard and Talumu Guard; later it belonged to the Yehe Division. In Guangxu 28 the western hunting ground under Hailong was split off; the seat was established at Laohuizui and a county was placed under the prefecture. In Guangxu 29 the seat was moved to Daxing Town. Kulenèwoji lay to the east, dividing the range from Dongping. To the east the Liao River rose at Zhuanxin Lake on the Woiji, ran west south of the county, bent northwest, and entered Xifeng. It received the Weijin River and the great and little Lishu Rivers on the left and the Dengchu, Edao, and Toudao Rivers on the right before joining the Liao River. To the north the Yangshu River flowed northwest into Jilin. Laohuizui was now called Anji Town, in the northwest of the county. Four official and merchant roads: east from Longshou Mountain to Donggang to Dongping; south from Lishu She to Wangerlou to Xifeng; north from Shuangmajia to Daitaifang to Yitong, Jilin; also from Xianren Cave and Goulingzi to Beimiaozi to Jilin. ) Liuhe: (Rated chong and nan. It lay one hundred twenty li southwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been Jianzhou Guard territory. In Guangxu 28 the Liushuhe county assistant district of Tonghua County was split off to form a county under the prefecture. To the south Longgang divided the range from Tonghua. The Yitong River rose at Jinchang Ling on Longgang in the southwest and flowed northeast into the prefecture. The Santong River rose at Qinggouzi Mountain on Longgang in the southwest, flowed east and bent north into Huinan. The county seat stood south of the Yitong River. To the east the Liushu River flowed west and bent north into the Yitong River. To the northeast the Woiji River flowed north into the Yitong River. To the east stood Yangzishao, a patrol subprefecture established in Guangxu 32. Five official and merchant roads: north across the Yitong River to the prefecture; south from Xiaobao to Tonghua; west from Nanshanchengzi to Kaiyuan; southwest from Wankougou to Xingjing; east from Mengjiadian to the prefectural seat. The county border extended east to Mengjiang, Jilin. ) : (It lay six hundred eighty li southeast of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been the Huifa Division. Huifa City stood thirty-five li north of the subprefectural seat. ) In Xuantong 1 eight she from southeast Hailong Prefecture were split off; the seat was placed at Daduchuan and a subprefecture created directly under the province. The seat was moved to Xiejadian. (To the north stood Huifa City Mountain, also called the Shengyin Jilin Peak. Farther north the Huifa River entered from Hailong where the Yitong River joined, flowed east, took the Santong, Huangni, Hama, and Jiao Rivers on the right, and entered Jilin. The subprefectural seat stood west of the Hama River; the whole territory lay south of the Huifa River. On the west it bordered Hailong along the Woiji and Yitong Rivers. On the east it bordered Mengjiang, Jilin. Four official and merchant roads: southwest from Sanjianfangchang to Liuhe; northwest to Hailong Prefecture; east to Mengjiang, Jilin; northeast from the Hama River through Haixingshe to Panshi, Jilin. ) : (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay two hundred forty li northeast of the provincial seat. In the early Ming the Liao Sea Guard was established here at Niujiazhuang; later it belonged to the Khorchin divisions under Fuyu Guard. ) In Jiaqing 11 the Changtu Erleke affairs-managing subprefect was established on the land of the Khorchin Left Rear Bodole Gatai Wang Banner. In Tongzhi 3 it was changed to the Changtu Liaohai subprefect for pacifying the people. In Guangxu 3 it was elevated to a prefecture. It measured two hundred eighty li from east to west and two hundred ninety li from north to south. Its latitude was 42°51′8″ north. It lay seven degrees forty-two minutes thirty-five seconds east of the capital. It governed one prefecture and three counties. (The prefecture lay outside the Maqianzongtai Border Gate and had no walled city. The Liao River entered from Liaoyuan and flowed south into Kaiyuan. The South Majan River and North Liangzi River both flowed southwest into Kaiyuan. Farther north the Zhaosutai River took the Tiaozi and Lianhuapao Rivers on the left and flowed southwest into the Liao River. To the northeast the Bamian Cheng registrar had been transferred from Lishucheng. To the southwest the Tongjiangkou subprefect was reduced to a registrar in Xuantong 2. Tongjiangkou stood on the upper Liao River, where merchant vessels gathered. The river had shifted eastward in a curve like a hanging gourd; in Guangxu 34 the channel was dredged straight, downstream dikes were added, and the current was forced westward to protect the treaty port. Three relay stations had formerly been established: Simiancheng and Cilushu in the northeast, linking Fenghua; Bakeshu in the northwest, linking Kangping. Another route ran southeast from Yong'anbao to Erdaogou to Jilin; also from Erdaogou via Yitong to Xifeng. The Tongjiangkou treaty port was opened under the Sino-Japanese agreement. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Liaoyuan Prefecture: (Rated fan and nan. It lay two hundred forty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Fuyu Guard. In Guangxu 28 territory from Changtu, Kangping, and Fenghua was split off; the seat was placed at Zhengjiatun and a prefecture created under the fu. In the third month of Xuantong 1 the Taochang circuit military preparedness intendant for patrol was established, with headquarters at the prefecture. To the northeast stood the East and West Halaba Mountains. The Inner Khingan range emerged east from the Ujimchin Banner, ran submerged through the Mongolian plain, and here abruptly reared up as two mountains. From here the range ran outside the East Liao River; at its source lay Kulenèwoji, which formed the Changbai range. The West Liao River was the West Lamuren River, rising in Keshiketeng Banner; the New Liao River was the Dabusitu River, rising in Jarud Banner; both entered from the Khorchin Left Center Banner and joined at Sanjiangkou; the East Liao River entered from Huaide and flowed southwest to meet them; below this point the stream was collectively called the Liao River and entered Changtu. The prefectural seat stood west of the West Liao River. Six official and merchant roads: southwest from Zhangjiawopu to Kangping; north from Wudaogang to Xindian to Changchun, Jilin; northeast from Yanlingwopu to Huaide; south from Baimiaozi to the prefectural seat; northwest from Xiatutai to Taonan; west from Menggutaolijie to the Bodole Gatai princely residence. ) Fenghua: (Rated fan and nan. It lay one hundred forty li northeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Fuyu Guard. At the dynasty's founding it had been the land of the Khorchin Left Center Darhan Wang Banner; it was formerly called Lishucheng. In Daoguang 1 the Changtu Subprefecture registrar was established. In Guangxu 3 it was made a county under the prefecture. To the northeast: Qingshi Ling and Taiping Mountain. To the northwest: Erlong Mountain. To the west: Heiniu Mountain and Mogou Mountain. The South Tiaozi River and North Zhaosutai River both flowed west into the prefecture. The East Liao River entered from the Hesi Border Gate in Yitong Prefecture, Jilin, flowed north, bent southwest, and joined the Liao River. Encircling the county on the east, north, and west, it was called the Liao River Bend. Its right bank was Huaide territory. Two relay stations had formerly been established: Xiaochengzi in the northeast, linking Huaide; Sipingjie in the southeast, linking the prefectural seat. Another route ran from Wulipu east of the county to Zhaijiadian, reaching the Hesi Border Gate, and on to Yitong, Jilin. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Huaide: (Rated fan and nan. It lay three hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Fuyu Guard. Under the present dynasty it was Khorchin Left Center Banner territory. Formerly called Bajiazhen, it had initially belonged to Kaiyuan; in Tongzhi 5 it was transferred to Changtu and a defense registrar was established. In Guangxu 3 it was made a county under the prefecture. On the west it bordered Fenghua along the East Liao River. On the east it bordered Jilin. To the northwest: Halaba, Yangshu Ling, and Daqingshan. To the southwest: Tuanshan. To the south: Wanling. To the southeast: Bailongju and Huilongshan. The Jiancheng North and South Sandaogang Waters, the South Xiangshui River, and the Northwest Chaoyangshan Water all flowed west into the East Liao River. To the southeast the Xinkai River flowed north into Changchun, Jilin. Three relay stations had formerly been established: West Bawu and Southwest Chaoyangpo, both linking Fenghua; Daling in the southeast connected to Changchun, Jilin. Another route ran from Lalatun southeast of the county to Fenghuangpo to Yitong, Jilin; From Xiaobian northwest of the county via Bawu to Bianhao to Liaoyuan. The Eastern Qing Railway passed through. ) Kangping: :(Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay nine hundred li north of the provincial seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. ) In Guangxu 30, on reclaimed land of the Khorchin Right Front Jasaketu Wang Banner, the seat was placed at Shuangliu Town and a prefecture was established. It governed five counties. (To the northwest Aoniu Mountain and Yematu Mountain were branch ranges extending southeast from the Inner Khingan; beyond them the range ran submerged. The Taor River rose in Suoyarji Mountain in Ujumchin Banner, flowed south past the banner prince's residence, and continued east; The Jiaoliu River rose in the Right Middle Banner, received the Najin River from the left, gathered from the west, and flowed east into Jing'an. The prefectural seat stood slightly southwest of the confluence on flat plain country, with rivers and pools scattered about. To the northwest lay Qian'an Town, adjoining the Right Middle Banner on the west and serving as the main route of travel to and from Ujumchin. A registrar was established in Guangxu 33. Seven official and merchant roads ran: one north from Baxiankuohai in the prefecture to the banner prince's residence; one north from Deleshunzhao via Gaoping Town to Jing'an; one west from Baolinzhao to Haomiao West to Suijing, Rehe; one west from Wujiazi to the Right Middle Banner; one south from Chagantala to Kaitong; one east from Yinggewopeng to the Right Rear Banner; and one east from Jinshanbao to Baomatuogang to Anguang. A former Mongol courier station called Kuisunbulake lay west of the prefecture. ) Jing'an: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay ninety li northeast of the prefectural seat. In antiquity it had been Eastern Shiwei territory. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. In Guangxu 30 a county was created on reclaimed land of the Right Front Banner and placed under the prefecture. To the northwest stood Qishiqi Ridge. To the south the Taor River entered from the prefecture, bent east, flowed northeast, and entered Zhendong. Three official and merchant roads ran: one south from Yinggetao to the prefectural seat; one northeast to Heilongjiang; and one southeast via Cuolunpo through the Right Rear Banner to Jilin. A former Mongol courier station, Nuomuqiboli E'erge, lay northwest of the county. ) Kaitong: (Rated fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred forty li south of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. In Guangxu 30, on reclaimed land of the Right Front Banner, the seat was first placed at Halawusu and then moved to Qijingzi; a county was created under the prefecture. The country was flat plain with wells and springs and no mountains or rivers. The county seat stood east of the Taoliao courier route, sixty li north from Bayanzhao. One hundred li farther north at Chagantala the route entered prefecture territory. Four document-dispatch stations were set up along it. South from Bayanzhao through the Darhan Wang Banner to Liaoyuan ran the Taoliao courier route, with relay stations along it. Midway, however, it crossed more than two hundred li of wasteland in the Darhan Banner. In Xuantong 1 banner-border wasteland along the route was first surveyed and opened; ten li on either side of each station was set aside for reclamation to improve communication. Another route ran from Xiangying Gou southeast of the county out of the border, through the Front Banner of Gorlos, directly to Xinjichang in Nong'an, Jilin. ) Anguang: (Rated chong, fan, pi, and nan. It lay one hundred sixty li southeast of the prefectural seat. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. In Guangxu 31, on reclaimed land of the Khorchin Right Rear Zhenguo Gong Banner, the seat was placed at Xiejiawobao and a county was created under the prefecture. To the north stood Taiping Ridge. To the south lay Changling. To the west stood Chaoyang Mountain. To the northeast lay Shatuozi. To the southeast stood Shuanglongshan and Daheishan. None of the hills bore timber or stone. The Taor River entered from the prefecture, received the Huanghuashuopo stream, flowed northeast and bent southeast into Dazai Subprefecture, Heilongjiang; its north bank formed the border of Zhendong. Six official and merchant roads ran: west from Baomatu to the prefectural seat; southwest to Kaitong; northwest from Liujiazi to the Zhenguo Gong Banner seat north of the river; northeast from Tuotuosi to Heilongjiang; east from Wangzaitun to Dazai Subprefecture, Heilongjiang; and southeast from Dayushu through the Front Banner of Gorlos to Nong'an, Jilin. ) Liquan: (Rated chong and fan. It lay one hundred eighty li northwest of the prefectural seat. In antiquity it had been Xianbei territory. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. In Xuantong 1, on reclaimed land of the Khorchin Right Middle Tushiyetu Wang Banner, the seat was placed at Liquan Town and a county was created under the prefecture. To the north stood Maogaitu Mountain. To the south the Huole River rose in Jarud Banner—as the Hagule and Alukundulun rivers—joined within the banner, and flowed southeast to the county. The town foundation of Kaihua Town had been surveyed together with Liquan Town in Guangxu 32. Four official and merchant roads ran: east from Luowopeng via Qingyang Town to the prefectural seat; north across the Jiaoliu River to Jingxing Town, Heilongjiang; south to the banner prince's residence; and west to Ujumchin Banner. Former Mongol courier stations called Xinenguo'er and Sanyindi Hashi lay east of the county, running south to Xifengkou—the Mongol grasslands. ) Zhendong: (Two hundred li northeast of the prefectural seat. In antiquity it had been Eastern Shiwei territory. In the Ming it had been subordinate to Taining Guard. In Xuantong 2, on reclaimed land in the northern section of the Khorchin Right Rear Zhenguo Gong Banner, the seat was placed at Nanchaganrao and a county was created under the prefecture. To the south the Taor River entered from Jing'an, flowed northeast and bent southeast into Dazai, Heilongjiang, where it joined the Nen River—the ancient "confluence with the Na River." Four official and merchant roads ran: southwest from Xuejiadian to the prefectural seat; south from Jinquanwopu across the Taor River to Anguang; west from Malihongmaotou to Jing'an; and northeast from Lishunzhao to Dalaiqi Town, Heilongjiang. A former Mongol courier station, Hashatu, lay northwest of the county.
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