1
志六十五
Treatise 65
2
禮九（ 軍禮）
Rites 9 ( Military Rites)
3
親征凱旋命將出征奏凱受降獻俘受俘大閱會閱暨京師訓練附主
Personally Leading Campaigns; Triumphant Return; Commissioning Generals for Expedition; Reporting Victory; Receiving Surrender; Presenting Captives; Receiving Captives; Grand Review; Joint Review; and Capital Training—with the main sections appended
4
秋獮日食救護
Autumn Hunt; Solar Eclipse Rescue Rites
5
三曰軍禮。 國之大事，在祀與戎。 周官制六軍，司九伐，權屬司馬。 而大軍旅、大田役，其禮則宗伯掌之。 是因治兵、振旅、茇舍、大閱之教，而寓蒐、苗、獮、狩之儀，以為社、礿、祊、烝之祭。 如是，則講武為有名，而殺獸為有禮。 有清武功燀赫，凡師征、受成、講肄、行圍諸禮節，厥制綦備。 爰溯古誼，分錄事要，著之於篇。 古者日食救護，太僕贊鼓，亦屬夏官，今亦類附雲。
The third category is military rites. The great affairs of a state lie in sacrifice and war. The Offices of Zhou organized six armies and oversaw the nine punitive campaigns, with military authority vested in the Minister of War. Yet the rites governing great armies, grand hunts, and corvée labor fell to the Minister of Rites. Drilling troops, marshaling armies, encamping, and holding grand reviews were thereby taught, while the rituals of the spring, summer, autumn, and winter hunts were woven into the sacrifices at the community altar and the seasonal, branch, and autumnal rites. In this way military exercises bore proper names, and the slaughter of game was invested with proper ritual. Under the Qing, martial glory shone brilliantly, and the ritual protocols for dispatching armies, receiving victory reports, military instruction, and hunting encampments were established in fullest detail. Here we trace ancient principles, record the essential points by category, and set them down in this chapter. In antiquity, solar-eclipse rescue rites—with the Grand Steward beating drums in accompaniment—also fell under the Minister of War; they are likewise appended here by category.
6
親征天命三年，太祖頒訓練兵法書，躬統步騎征明，謁堂子，書七恨告天，是親征所由始。
Personally Leading Campaigns: In the third year of Tianming, the Taizu promulgated a manual of military training and tactics, personally led infantry and cavalry against the Ming, visited the tangzi, and wrote the Seven Grievances to announce to Heaven—thus began the rite of the emperor's personal campaign.
7
崇德初元，太宗伐朝鮮，前期誓天、告廟，頒行軍律令，分兵為左右翼。 至日，駕出撫近門，陳鹵簿，吹螺奏樂。 祗謁堂子，三跪九拜。 外建八纛，致祭如初。 禮畢啟行。
In the first year of Chongde, the Taizong campaigned against Korea; beforehand he swore oaths to Heaven and announced the campaign at the ancestral temple, promulgated military regulations, and divided the army into left and right wings. On the appointed day the imperial procession exited the Fujin Gate, the guard of honor was arrayed, and conch shells sounded as music was played. He reverently visited the tangzi and performed three kneelings and nine prostrations. Outside, eight battle standards were erected and sacrifices were offered as at the first ceremony. When the rites were completed, the army set out.
8
康熙三十五年，討噶爾丹，躬率六師出中道。 前三日，祭告郊、廟、太歲，屆期遣祭道路、砲、火諸神。 帝御征衣佩刀，乘騎出宮，內大臣等翊衛。 午門鳴鐘鼓，軍士鳴角螺，祭堂子、纛神如儀。 導迎樂作，奏祐平章。 駕出都門，詣陳兵所，聲砲二。 旗軍繼發，王公百官忌送。 軍士整伍，以次扈蹕。 每舍周視地勢，御營建正中，各營環向，繚以幔城，南設旌門。 遠斥堠，嚴刁斗。 置巡警二十一所，內大臣等率親軍宿衛。 外設網城，東、西、南三門。 巡警八所，護軍統領率羽林軍徼循。 禁語譁，稽出入。 又外布幕為重營，設四門，重各置十人嚴守。 其從征各官，列幕重營外。 大軍分翼牧馬，禁越次。 駕駐行營，諸軍皆止。 從官奏事如常。 夜漏初下，嚴更鼓，斷行人，內外禁旅番巡。 五漏交，御營鳴鐘，前營角聲起。 初嚴，外營蓐食治裝； 再嚴，前軍拔營； 三嚴，左右軍、後軍發輜重，從征官俟旌門外。 辨色，舉砲警蹕。 六師所過，守土官迎本境，大吏則出境以迎，外籓王公暨所部紳耆跪接，悉同時巡儀。 軍行，隨時遣祭風、雨、山、川諸神，軍中堠望。 聖祖躬巡，整軍伍，御旌門，簡閱將士，至西巴台，使者奉敕諭噶爾丹。 敵望見大軍，棄甲走，帝率前軍長驅拖諾，分遣將軍進躡，乃還。
In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi, campaigning against Galdan, the emperor personally led the six armies along the central route. Three days beforehand, sacrifices were announced at the suburban altar, ancestral temple, and Grand Year Star; on the appointed day envoys were dispatched to sacrifice to the gods of roads, cannon, and fire. The emperor donned campaign robes and girded a sword, rode out of the palace on horseback, and was flanked by inner ministers and other guards. At the Meridian Gate bells and drums sounded; soldiers sounded horns and conches; sacrifices to the tangzi and the standard gods were performed according to ritual. Guiding and welcoming music was performed, playing the Youping Zhang. The imperial procession exited the capital gate, proceeded to where the troops were arrayed, and two cannon were fired. Banner troops set out in succession, and princes, dukes, and officials of every rank saw him off. Soldiers aligned their ranks and escorted the imperial progress in proper order. At each halt the terrain was surveyed on all sides; the imperial camp was pitched at the center, the other camps ringed around it enclosed by a curtain wall, with a banner gate set to the south. Outposts were posted far out, and the watch-drums were kept with strict vigilance. Twenty-one patrol stations were established, and inner ministers and others led the imperial guard in night watch. Outside, a net-wall camp was set up with gates to the east, west, and south. Eight patrol stations were established, and the commandant of the guard led the Forest Guard in patrol rounds. Noisy talk was forbidden, and all comings and goings were inspected. Further outside, curtains were spread to form an outer camp with four gates, and ten men were posted at each gate for strict guard. The various officials accompanying the campaign pitched their tents outside the outer camp. The great army pastured horses by wing, with crossing out of assigned order forbidden. When the imperial procession halted at the field camp, all armies stopped. Attending officials presented memorials as usual. When the first watch of the night fell, the night-drums were sounded strictly, travelers were barred, and inner and outer forbidden troops patrolled in rotation. At the fifth watch the imperial camp sounded the bell, and the vanguard camp raised horn calls. At the first alert the outer camps took their bed-meal and prepared equipment; at the second alert the vanguard broke camp; at the third alert the left and right armies and the rear army sent out the baggage trains, and campaign officials waited outside the banner gate. At daybreak cannon were fired to warn that the imperial procession was moving. Wherever the six armies passed, local officials welcomed them within their jurisdiction; senior officials went beyond the border to welcome them; foreign vassal princes together with local gentry and elders knelt to receive the emperor—all following the same protocol as for an imperial tour. As the army marched, sacrifices were dispatched at appropriate times to the gods of wind, rain, mountains, and rivers, and beacon towers were manned throughout the army. The Sage Ancestor personally toured the army, arrayed the ranks, attended at the banner gate, and inspected generals and soldiers; reaching Xibatai, an envoy bore an imperial edict addressed to Galdan. The enemy, seeing the great army, cast off their armor and fled; the emperor led the vanguard in a long drive to Tuonuo, dispatched generals in pursuit, and then returned.
9
噶爾丹未悛，是歲秋，駕巡北邊，聲出塞試鷹，減從。 十月，抵白塔，駐南關，蒙古王以下貢獻駱驛。 帝賜戰勝兵士食，引近御坐遍賚之。 次日，益徹御膳犒軍。 逾月，至呼坦和碩，渡河，降者踵至。 噶爾丹就撫，乃班師。 明年，帝三駕北征，啟行如初禮，至橫城止。 令守土大臣臨河迎蹕。 時哈密俘噶爾丹子送軍所，額魯特部多納款者，噶爾丹仰藥死，駕自黃河汎舟還。
Galdan had not yet submitted; that autumn the emperor toured the northern frontier, publicly announcing a departure beyond the passes to try falconry, with a reduced retinue. In the tenth month he reached Baita, encamped at Nanguan, and Mongol princes down to the commoners presented tribute in unbroken succession. The emperor bestowed food on the victorious soldiers, drew them near the imperial seat, and rewarded them all in turn. The next day he further sent out imperial meals to feast the army. After more than a month he reached Khutangheshuo, crossed the river, and submitters arrived one after another. Galdan submitted to pacification, and the army withdrew. The next year the emperor made his third northern campaign; departure followed the initial rites, and he halted at Hengcheng. He ordered local officials to welcome the imperial progress at the river. At that time Hami delivered Galdan's son as a captive to the army; many Oirat tribes submitted; Galdan took poison and died; and the emperor returned by boat on the Yellow River.
10
凱旋崇德二年，太宗征服朝鮮。 班師日，其君臣出城十里外送駕，三跪九拜如禮。 歸則遣大臣二人送之。 啟蹕，即軍前祭纛。 守土官道迎，俟駕過，隨軍次承命，遙坐賜酒。 將至盛京二十里，會鄭親王等齎奉賀表，遂先除道，張黃幄，俟駕至，伏迎道左。 帝入幄坐，王等跪進表，大學士受之。 宣讀畢，王等三跪九拜，乃大宴，宴罷啟行。 至盛京，禮謁堂子，還宮。
Triumphant Return: In the second year of Chongde the Taizong conquered Korea. On the day the army withdrew, the Korean ruler and his ministers went ten li beyond the city to send off the emperor, performing three kneelings and nine prostrations according to ritual. On the return journey, two great ministers were dispatched to escort them. When the march resumed, sacrifices to the battle standards were immediately performed before the army. Local officials welcomed them along the road; after the emperor passed they followed the army's march to receive orders, sat at a distance, and were bestowed wine. When still twenty li from Shengjing, they met the Prince of Zheng and others bearing congratulatory memorials; the road was cleared first, a yellow canopy was spread, and when the emperor arrived they prostrated themselves to welcome him on the left of the road. The emperor entered the canopy and sat; the princes knelt and presented the memorial, which the grand secretary received. When the reading was finished the princes performed three kneelings and nine prostrations; then a great feast was held, and when the feast ended the march resumed. On reaching Shengjing he performed rites at the tangzi and returned to the palace.
11
康熙三十五年，聖祖征噶爾丹，破之，還蹕拖諾，捷入，焚香謝天。 入行營，大學士等進賀表，王公百官畢賀。 留牧蒙古王等迎駕行禮，喀爾喀札薩克等集營東門請瞻覲，皆稽首呼萬歲。 賜茶及宴，賚銀物有差。 沿途迎獻羅拜者，繦至輻湊。 至清河，皇子、王公暨群臣跪迎郊外五里，八旗軍校、近畿士民亦焚香懸采，扶攜俯伏。 命前驅毋警蹕，環集至數百萬人，歡聲雷動。 帝謁堂子如儀。
In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi the Sage Ancestor campaigned against Galdan, defeated him, and returned the imperial progress to Tuonuo; when news of victory arrived he burned incense to thank Heaven. Entering the field camp, grand secretaries and others presented congratulatory memorials, and princes, dukes, and officials of every rank offered congratulations. Mongol princes who had remained to pasture welcomed the emperor with ritual; Khalkha jasak and others gathered at the camp's east gate to request an audience, all kowtowing and shouting "Ten thousand years!" Tea and banquets were bestowed, and silver goods were granted in varying amounts. Those who welcomed and presented tribute along the route, many carrying infants in swaddling-cloths, came in dense throngs. At Qinghe, imperial sons, princes, and all ministers knelt to welcome him five li beyond the suburbs; Eight Banner officers and soldiers and commoners of the nearby districts also burned incense and hung colored streamers, supporting one another as they prostrated themselves. He ordered the vanguard not to warn of the imperial approach; the crowd gathered to several million people, and cheers thundered like rolling drums. The emperor visited the tangzi according to ritual.
12
明年，朔漠平，班師亦如之。 還宮後，遣祭郊、社、宗廟，遍群神，謁陵寢，御殿受賀。 直省官咸進表文，頒詔如制。 帝自勒銘鑱石，並建碑太學雲。
The next year the northern deserts were pacified, and the army withdrew with the same rites. After returning to the palace, envoys were dispatched to sacrifice at the suburban altar, altars of soil and grain, and ancestral temple, to all the gods, to visit the imperial tombs, and to ascend the hall to receive congratulations. Officials of all provinces presented memorials, and an edict was promulgated according to regulation. The emperor himself carved inscriptions on stone and also erected a stele at the Imperial Academy.
13
命將出征崇德初元，太宗命睿王多爾袞等出師征明，躬自臨送，祭堂子、纛神，如親征儀。 遂至演武場，諭誡將士。 順治元年，命英王阿濟格為靖遠大將軍，征流寇，賜敕印。 其儀，午門外具鹵簿，陛上張黃幄，設御座。 陳敕印檐東案，王公百官會集。 帝升座，大將軍率出征官詣拜位跪，內院大臣奉宣滿、蒙、漢三體敕書，授大將軍敕印，畢，啟行。
Commissioning Generals for Expedition: In the first year of Chongde the Taizong ordered the Prince Rui Dorgon and others to march against the Ming, came in person to send them off, and sacrificed at the tangzi and the standard gods as in the rites for a personally led campaign. He then proceeded to the drill ground and admonished the generals and soldiers. In the first year of Shunzhi the Prince Ying Ajige was appointed Pacification-of-the-Distant Grand General to campaign against the roving bandits and was granted the edict and seal. For the ritual, outside the Meridian Gate the guard of honor was arrayed; on the steps a yellow canopy was spread and the imperial seat set. The edict and seal were displayed on a table under the eastern eaves, and princes, dukes, and officials of every rank assembled. The emperor ascended the seat; the grand general led the expedition officers to the obeisance position and knelt; an inner-court minister proclaimed the edict in Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese and presented the edict and seal to the grand general; when this was finished, the army set out.
14
十三年，定出師前一日，午門前例頒衣馬弓刀，並傳集出征各官，面授方略。 賜筵宴。 行日，咸戎服俟午門外，頒敕印如初禮。
In the thirteenth year it was fixed that one day before departure, at the Meridian Gate, clothing, horses, bows, and blades were customarily issued, and all expedition officers were summoned to receive strategy in person. A banquet was bestowed. On the day of departure all wore military dress and waited outside the Meridian Gate, and the edict and seal were issued as in the initial ritual.
15
康熙十三年，命將分出湖廣、四川。 禮畢，駕出長安右門送行。 出征王率各官行至陳兵所，禮部設祖帳，光祿寺備茶酒，內大臣等奉引謝恩。 首途，如故。 或帝不親送，則令親王、內大臣往。 噶爾丹之役，先自歸化驛召費揚古為撫遠大將軍，至日賞宴，聖祖御太和門，大臣隅坐，其出征運糧大臣分坐金水橋北左右。 作樂陳百戲，命大將軍進御前，親賜卮酒。 跪受叩飲訖，都統、副都統繼進，則令侍衛授酒。 參領以下十人一列，跪飲階上而已。 覆命大臣等遍視眾軍飲宴畢，賜與宴者御用蟒幣，餘賜幣，兵賜布。 同謝恩出，大學士始以敕印授大將軍。
In the thirteenth year of Kangxi generals were commissioned and dispatched separately to Huguang and Sichuan. When the rites were completed the emperor exited the Chang'an Right Gate to send them off. The expedition prince led the various officers to where the troops were arrayed; the Ministry of Rites set up the farewell tent; the Court of Imperial Entertainments prepared tea and wine; and inner ministers and others led them in offering thanks. They set out on the road as before. If the emperor did not personally send them off, an imperial prince or inner minister was dispatched in his place. In the Galdan campaign, Fiyanggū was first summoned from the Guihua post station to serve as Pacification-of-the-Distant Grand General; on the appointed day a reward banquet was held; the Sage Ancestor attended at the Gate of Supreme Harmony with ministers seated to the sides, and the expedition grain-transport ministers sat separately to the left and right north of the Jinshui Bridge. Music was performed and a hundred entertainments displayed; the grand general was ordered to advance before the emperor, who personally bestowed a cup of wine. He knelt to receive it, kowtowed, and finished drinking; when commandants and vice-commandants advanced in succession, attendants were ordered to present the wine. Staff captains and below, ten men per row, knelt and drank on the steps only. The emperor ordered the ministers and others to see that all the troops had finished feasting; those who feasted were granted imperial python robes and silks, the rest were granted silks, and soldiers were granted cloth. Together they offered thanks and departed; only then did the grand secretary present the edict and seal to the grand general.
16
雍正七年，定命將前一日告廟。 行日告奉先殿，並遣官。 若先出師疆埸，即軍前命為大將軍者，則命正、副使齎敕印往。 大將軍率屬俟教場，廳事設黃案，陳敕印。 大將軍跪，宣敕文正使授敕，宣印文副使授印，大將軍以次祗受，轉授左右從官，行三跪九叩禮。 禮成，奉入大營。
In the seventh year of Yongzheng it was fixed that one day before commissioning generals the ancestral temple was to be announced. On the day of departure, announcement was made at the Hall of Ancestor Worship, and an official was dispatched as well. If troops had already been dispatched to the frontier and a grand general was appointed at the front, the chief and deputy envoys were ordered to carry the edict and seal to him. The grand general led his subordinates to wait at the drill ground; in the reception hall a yellow desk was set up and the edict and seal were displayed. The grand general knelt; the chief envoy read the edict and conferred it, the deputy envoy read the seal text and conferred the seal; the grand general received them in turn, passed them to attendants on either side, and performed the three kneelings and nine prostrations. When the rites were completed, the edict and seal were borne into the main camp.
17
乾隆十四年，定命將儀三：一曰授敕印，經略大將軍出師，皇帝臨軒頒給。 二曰祓社，凡出師前期，告奉先殿，禮堂子，祭纛。 三曰祖道，經略啟行，皇帝親餞賜酒，命大臣送郊外，具祖帳暨宴，儀並詳前。 徂征儀二：一曰整旅，經略前隊列御賜軍械，次令箭，次敕印，次標旗，大隊軍旅殿。 令箭、標旗數皆十二。 二曰守土官相見，經略過境，將軍、督、撫蟒服出郭迎候，文自司道、武自總兵以下，跽道右及廳事。 經略正坐，將軍、督、撫側坐，文司道、武提督以下，行庭參禮。 啟行候送如前儀。 若頒敕印不御殿，即除鹵簿、樂懸，百官無職事者不會集。
In the fourteenth year of Qianlong, three rites for commissioning generals were established: first, bestowing the edict and seal—when the grand coordinator grand general set out on campaign, the emperor attended the front hall to issue them. Second, purification at the altars of soil and grain—before every expedition, announcement was made at the Hall of Ancestor Worship, rites were performed at the tangzi, and sacrifices were offered to the battle standards. Third, the farewell rite—when the grand coordinator set out, the emperor personally offered a parting toast and bestowed wine, ordered ministers to escort him beyond the suburbs, and provided the farewell tent and banquet; the rites are all detailed above. Two rites for setting out on campaign: first, marshaling the troops—the grand coordinator's vanguard displayed imperially bestowed arms, followed by command arrows, then the edict and seal, then standard flags, with the main army bringing up the rear. The number of command arrows and standard flags was twelve each. Second, meeting with territorial officials—when the grand coordinator passed through a jurisdiction, the general, governor-general, and governor, in python robes, went beyond the city wall to welcome him; civil officials from the surveillance commissioner and circuit intendant downward and military officers from the regional commander downward knelt on the right of the road and at the reception hall. The grand coordinator sat in the place of honor; the general, governor-general, and governor sat to the side; civil officials from the surveillance commissioner and circuit intendant downward and military officers from the provincial commander-in-chief downward performed the courtyard audience rite. When he set out, the escort and send-off followed the previous rites. If the edict and seal were issued without the emperor ascending the hall, the imperial retinue and suspended music were omitted, and officials without assigned duties did not assemble.
18
三十四年，命大學士傅恆經略雲南軍務，高宗不升殿，不禮堂子，不祭纛，不親送。 內閣學士奉敕印至太和殿，經略等先俟陛階，大學士二人立殿外。 屆時經略升陛，印官從大閣學士入奉敕印出，經略跪受。 禮畢，奉敕印官前，經略後，及階下，置敕印采亭內，前張黃蓋，列御仗，從征侍衛前引，餘俱後隨，至經略第止。 敕印陳廳案上。 屆日肅隊行。
In the thirty-fourth year, Grand Secretary Fu Heng was appointed grand coordinator for Yunnan military affairs; the Gaozong did not ascend the hall, did not perform rites at the tangzi, did not sacrifice to the battle standards, and did not personally send him off. A Hanlin Academician brought the edict and seal to the Hall of Supreme Harmony; the grand coordinator and others waited first at the steps, while two grand secretaries stood outside the hall. When the time came the grand coordinator ascended the steps; the seal officer, following the grand Hanlin Academician, entered and bore out the edict and seal, and the grand coordinator knelt to receive them. When the rites were completed, the bearer of the edict and seal went ahead and the grand coordinator followed; at the foot of the steps the edict and seal were placed in the colored canopy sedan; a yellow parasol was displayed in front, imperial guards were arrayed, expedition attendants led the way, and the rest followed behind, continuing until the grand coordinator's residence. The edict and seal were displayed on the desk in the reception hall. On the appointed day he set out with his ranks in formal order.
19
奏凱天聰初元，朝鮮奏捷，班師。 車駕出城，頓武靖營野次。 設行幄御營一里外，率諸貝勒逾行幄數武，立馬以待凱旋。 既至，遂依次排列，立纛、拜天，入覲，帝出位迎之。 諸貝勒行跪拜禮，賜筵宴。 崇德元年，征明凱旋，太宗率群臣出城十里迎勞，王、貝勒等依次成列，建纛鳴螺，帝率同拜天，三跪九叩。 畢，升座。 王、貝勒進獻捷表，大學士接受，奉御前讀訖，跪叩如儀。 頒旨行抱見禮。 於是王、貝勒進御前一跪三叩，賜坐、設宴同。
Reporting Victory: In the first year of Tiancong, victory was reported from Korea, and the army withdrew. The imperial carriage left the city and halted at a field encampment at Wujing Camp. A traveling canopy was set up one li outside the imperial camp; leading the various beile, he went several wu beyond the traveling canopy, dismounted, and waited for the triumphant return. When they arrived, they were arrayed in order, erected the standards and bowed to Heaven, entered for audience, and the emperor left his place to welcome them. The various beile performed kneeling and prostration rites, and a banquet was bestowed. In the first year of Chongde, returning triumphant from the campaign against the Ming, the Taizong led civil and military officials ten li beyond the city to welcome and reward them; princes, beile, and others formed ranks in order, erected the standards and sounded conches; the emperor led them in bowing to Heaven with three kneelings and nine prostrations. When finished, he ascended to his seat. Princes and beile advanced to present the victory memorial; the grand secretary received it, brought it before the emperor and read it through, then knelt and prostrated according to ritual. An edict was issued ordering the embrace-audience rite. Thereupon princes and beile advanced before the emperor, performed one kneeling and three prostrations, were granted seats, and a banquet was set as before.
20
順治二年，南京平，豫王班師還。 世祖赴南苑迎勞，樹十餘大纛，如初禮。 十三年，定制出征王大臣凱旋，遣王公一人偕大臣郊勞。
In the second year of Shunzhi, Nanjing was pacified, and the Prince of Yu withdrew the army and returned. The Shizu went to the Southern Park to welcome and reward them, erected more than ten great standards, as in the original rites. In the thirteenth year it was established by regulation that when expedition princes and grand ministers returned triumphant, one imperial prince together with a minister was dispatched to welcome them in the suburbs.
21
康熙元年，定凱旋次日，帝御殿。 禮成。 免將軍等行禮，筵宴免桌席，止宰牲。
In the first year of Kangxi it was established that on the day after the triumphant return the emperor would attend the hall. The rites were completed. The generals and others were exempted from performing rites; at the banquet table settings were omitted and only animals were slaughtered.
22
二十一年，大將軍貝子章泰等自雲南奏凱，駕至盧溝橋迎勞駐蹕，有司治具，翼日駕蒞至，齊眾拜天，以為故事。 乾隆十四年，定奏凱功成，祭告天地、廟社、陵寢，釋奠先師，勒碑太學，命儒臣輯平定方略垂奕。 經略大將軍師旋，將入城，遣廷臣郊勞，帝臨軒，經略率有功諸臣謝恩，繳印敕，儀同受敕。 宴禮既畢，兵部覈敘勛績，頒爵賞有差。
In the twenty-first year, Grand General Beile Zhangtai and others reported victory from Yunnan; the emperor went to the Lugou Bridge to welcome and reward them and made a halt; the responsible officials prepared the arrangements; the next day when the emperor arrived, all together bowed to Heaven, and this became precedent. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong it was established that upon reporting victory after success, reports were made to Heaven and Earth, the ancestral temple and altars of soil and grain, and the imperial tombs; libations were offered to the Sage Teacher; a stele was carved at the Imperial Academy; and Confucian officials were ordered to compile records of pacification to be transmitted to posterity. When the grand coordinator grand general's army returned and was about to enter the city, court ministers were dispatched to welcome them in the suburbs; the emperor attended the front hall; the grand coordinator led meritorious officials in offering thanks; the seal and edict were surrendered—the rites were the same as for receiving the edict. When the banquet rites were completed, the Ministry of War verified and recorded meritorious deeds and distributed ranks and rewards in varying degrees.
23
厥後定邊將軍兆惠等、定西將軍阿桂等奏凱，高宗均駐蹕黃新莊行宮，築台郊勞，百官咸會。 設黃幄正中，南鄉，兩翼青幕各八，東西鄉。 台在幄南，其上建左右纛，中設帝拜褥。 東西下馬紅柱各一。 帝御龍袞詣台，鳴螺，奏鐃歌樂。 將軍暨從征大臣、將士皆擐甲胄，跪紅柱外俟駕。 帝就拜位立，將軍暨群臣班分東西，鴻臚官贊「跪」，則皆跪。 贊「叩，興」。 帝拜天，三跪九叩，將軍等如之。 畢，帝御幄升座，王公百官立東班幕下。 禮成，帝出幄乘騎，凱歌作，奏鬯皇威章，駕還行宮。 餘依康熙間故事。
Thereafter when Pacification-of-the-Frontier General Zhao Hui and others and Pacification-of-the-West General Agui and others reported victory, the Gaozong each time halted at the Huangxinzhuang traveling palace, built a platform for suburban welcome, and all officials assembled. A yellow canopy was set in the center facing south; on each wing were eight green awnings facing east and west. The platform was south of the canopy; on it left and right standards were erected, and in the center the emperor's kneeling cushion was set. On the east and west was one red dismounting post each. The emperor, in dragon robes, proceeded to the platform; conches sounded and naoge music was performed. The general and the expedition ministers and soldiers all donned armor and knelt outside the red posts awaiting the imperial arrival. The emperor took his position at the kneeling place and stood; the general and officials were arranged in ranks east and west; when the Director of Ceremonies intoned "Kneel," all knelt. He intoned "Prostrate, rise." The emperor bowed to Heaven with three kneelings and nine prostrations, and the generals and others did likewise. When finished, the emperor entered the canopy and ascended to his seat; imperial princes and officials stood beneath the eastern rank of awnings. When the rites were completed, the emperor left the canopy and mounted; the victory song was performed and the "Chang Huangwei" anthem played, and the imperial procession returned to the traveling palace. The rest followed the precedents of the Kangxi period.
24
咸豐五年，科爾沁親王僧格林沁平高唐亂。 還朝日，文宗御養心殿，行抱見禮，慰勞備至。 先是出師頒參贊大臣關防，賜訥庫尼素光刀，至是同時獻納。
In the fifth year of Xianfeng, the Prince of Horqin Sengge Rinchen pacified the rebellion at Gaotang. On the day of his return to court, the Wenzong attended the Hall of Mental Cultivation and performed the embrace-audience rite, offering the fullest consolation and reward. Earlier, when he set out, the participating minister's seal had been issued and a Nekunisu gleaming blade bestowed; on this occasion both were presented and returned together.
25
受降崇德二年春，朝鮮王服罪請降。 乃築壇漢江東岸，設黃幄，駕出營，樂作。 濟江登壇，鹵簿具。 朝鮮王率陪臣步行來朝，遣官出迎一里外。 引入，帝率同拜天，升座。 國王等伏地請罪，贊「行三跪九拜禮」。 賜坐，位列親王上，諸子列貝勒子。 錫筵宴，還其俘，並賜王以下貂服。
Receiving Surrender: In the spring of the second year of Chongde, the King of Korea confessed guilt and sought to surrender. Then a platform was built on the east bank of the Han River, a yellow canopy was set up, the imperial carriage left camp, and music was performed. Crossing the river he ascended the platform, the imperial retinue complete. The King of Korea led his attending ministers on foot to come to court; officials were dispatched to welcome them one li out. They were led in; the emperor led them in bowing to Heaven and ascended to his seat. The king and others prostrated themselves to beg forgiveness; the intonation was "Perform the three kneelings and nine bows." Seats were granted; he was ranked above imperial princes, and his sons were ranked with beile's sons. A banquet was granted; their captives were returned; and sable robes were bestowed on the king and those below him.
26
六年，蒙古貝勒等投誠，朝見已，命較射，選力士角牴，賜宴俾盡歡，殊典也。 所貢方物悉卻之。
In the sixth year, Mongol beile and others submitted in allegiance; after the audience they were ordered to compete in archery, strongmen were selected for wrestling, and a banquet was granted to let them enjoy themselves fully—a special honor. All tribute items they presented were entirely declined.
27
乾隆十四年，議制凡軍前受降，飛章入告。 報可。 乃大書露布示中外，築壇大營左，南鄉。 壇南百步外樹表，建大旗，書「奉詔納降」字。 降者立其下，經略大將軍戎服出，鼓吹聲砲，參贊大臣等騎從。 將至壇，降者北面匍伏，經略登壇正坐。 參贊僉坐，諸將旁立，餘皆肅班行。 降者膝行詣壇下，俯首乞命，經略宣上德意，量加賞賚。 營門鼓吹殷然，降者泥首謝，興，退。
In the fourteenth year of Qianlong, regulations were deliberated: whenever surrender was received before the army, a rapid memorial was sent to report. Approval was granted. Then a great announcement was written and displayed to court and country; a platform was built to the left of the main camp facing south. A hundred paces south of the platform a marker post was erected and a great banner raised, bearing the words "Receiving Surrender by Imperial Decree." The surrendering party stood beneath it; the grand coordinator grand general came out in military dress with drums, pipes, and cannon sounding; participating ministers and others followed on horseback. As he neared the platform, the surrendering party faced north and prostrated themselves; the grand coordinator ascended the platform and sat in the central place of honor. Participating ministers all sat together; various generals stood to the side; the rest all stood in orderly ranks. The surrendering party crawled on their knees to the foot of the platform, bowed their heads and begged for their lives; the grand coordinator proclaimed the emperor's gracious intent and bestowed rewards according to measure. At the camp gate drums and pipes resounded loudly; the surrendering party bowed with foreheads to the ground in thanks, rose, and withdrew.
28
獻俘受俘清初太祖、太宗以武功征服邊陲，俘虜甚眾，其時獻受猶無定制也。 雍正二年，討平青海，俘至京，始定諏吉先獻廟、社。 俘白組系頸，行及太廟街門外北鄉立，承祭官朝服至，俘伏，儀同時饗。 至社稷街亦如之。 承祭官入壇致祭，儀同春、秋祈報。 監俘者以俘出。 翼日，帝御午門樓受俘，正中設御座，檐下張黃蓋，鹵簿陳闕門南北，仗馬次之。 輦輅陳金水橋南，馴象次之。 王公百官咸集，解俘將校立金鼓外，俘後隨。 班位既序，帝御龍袞，乘輿出宮，至太和門，大樂鐃吹，金鼓振作。 登樓升座，贊「進俘」，丹陛大樂作，奏慶平章。 鴻臚寺官引將校入，北面立，贊「行禮」，俘入匍伏。 兵部官跪奏，平定某地所獲俘囚，謹獻闕下，請旨。 制曰：「所獻俘交刑部」。 刑部長官跪領旨訖，械繫出。 丹陛大樂作，王公百官行禮如常儀。 若恩赦不誅，則宣旨釋縛，俘叩首，將校引出。 是日賜將校宴兵部，次日賜冠履銀幣有差。 凡平定疆宇，受俘儀並同。
Presenting Captives and Receiving Captives: In the early Qing the Taizu and Taizong conquered the frontiers by military force and took very many captives; at that time there was as yet no fixed regulation for presenting and receiving them. In the second year of Yongzheng, after the pacification of Qinghai, when captives reached the capital, auspicious day selection was first established for presenting them at the temple and altars. Captives, with white cords bound around their necks, were marched to stand facing north outside the gate of Taimiao Street; the officiating sacrificial official arrived in court dress; the captives prostrated themselves—the rites were the same as seasonal offerings. At Sheji Street it was likewise. The officiating sacrificial official entered the altar and performed the sacrifice—the rites were the same as the spring and autumn prayer and report ceremonies. Those supervising the captives led the captives out. The next day the emperor attended the Meridian Gate tower to receive captives; the imperial seat was set in the center; a yellow canopy was spread beneath the eaves; the imperial retinue was arrayed north and south of the palace gate, with guard horses next. Imperial carriages were arrayed south of the Jinshui Bridge, with trained elephants next. Imperial princes and officials all assembled; the officers escorting the captives stood outside the drums and gongs, with the captives following behind. Once ranks were ordered, the emperor, in dragon robes, rode in the palanquin out of the palace to the Gate of Supreme Harmony; great music of bells and drums was performed and gongs and drums struck vigorously. He ascended the tower and took his seat; the intonation was "Present the captives"; great music on the red steps was performed and the "Qing Ping" anthem played. An official of the Directorate of Ceremonies led the officers in; they stood facing north; the intonation was "Perform the rites"; the captives entered and prostrated themselves. A Ministry of War official knelt and reported: the captives taken in pacifying such-and-such a place are respectfully presented before Your Majesty—seeking instruction. The rescript read: "The captives presented are handed over to the Ministry of Punishments." The chief official of the Ministry of Punishments knelt to receive the rescript; when finished, the captives were bound with shackles and led out. Great music on the red steps was performed; imperial princes and officials performed rites according to the usual protocol. If by gracious amnesty they were not executed, then the rescript was proclaimed to release their bonds; the captives knocked their heads in thanks and the officers led them out. That day a banquet was granted to the officers at the Ministry of War; the next day caps, shoes, and silver coins were bestowed in varying degrees. Whenever territory was pacified, the rites for receiving captives were all the same.
29
乾隆時，版圖日廓。 二十年，剿平準噶爾，獲達瓦齊暨青海羅卜藏丹津，先後檻入。 一歲中兩行斯典。 越五年，底定回疆，討平攢拉促浸，皆遞舉盛儀。 先後六歲，凱歌四奏，時論稱極盛雲。
In the Qianlong period, the realm's borders expanded daily. In the twentieth year, the Dzungars were suppressed and pacified; Dawachi and Lubuzangdanjin of Qinghai were captured and successively sent to the capital in caged carts. Within one year these ceremonies were performed twice. Five years later, the Muslim regions were fully settled and the Zunghar rebel faction was suppressed and pacified—all in succession occasioning grand ceremonies. Over six years in all, the victory song was performed four times; commentators of the time called it the pinnacle of grandeur.
30
大閱天聰七年，太宗率貝勒等督厲眾軍，練習行陣，是為大閱之始。
Grand Review: In the seventh year of Tiancong, the Taizong led beile and others to supervise and encourage the armies, practicing battle formations—this was the beginning of the grand review.
31
順治十三年，定三歲一舉，著為令。 尋幸南苑，命內大臣等擐甲胄，閱騎射，並演圍獵示群臣。
In the thirteenth year of Shunzhi it was established that it would be held once every three years and made regulation. Shortly afterward he visited the Southern Park, ordered inner ministers and others to don armor, reviewed mounted archery, and also staged encirclement hunts for the assembled officials to observe.
32
康熙十二年，閱兵南苑，聖祖擐甲，登晾鷹台，御黃幄，內大臣、都統等各束部曲，王、貝勒等各率旗屬，並自西而東。 既成列，槍鳴號發，自東結陣馳以西，按翼分植。 閱畢，命樹侯台上，親發五矢，皆中的，復騎而射，一發即中。 釋甲賜宴，乃還。 厥後行閱，或盧溝橋，或玉泉山，或多倫諾爾，地無一定，時亦不以三年限也。
In the twelfth year of Kangxi, troops were reviewed at the Southern Park. The Shenzu donned armor, ascended the Falcon-drying Terrace, and took his seat beneath the yellow canopy. Inner ministers, commanders-in-chief, and others each marshaled their detachments; princes, beile, and others each led their banner subjects, and all proceeded from west to east. Once ranks were formed, muskets sounded and signals fired; from the east they formed up and galloped westward, deploying in wing divisions. When the review was completed, he ordered a target set up on the platform and personally loosed five arrows, all hitting the mark; then, mounting again to shoot, he hit with a single shot. They removed their armor, a banquet was granted, and he then returned. Thereafter, traveling reviews were sometimes held at Lugou Bridge, sometimes at Jade Spring Mountain, sometimes at Dolon Nor—the location was not fixed, and the timing was not strictly bound to the three-year interval either.
33
三十四年，復幸南苑行閱，分八旗為三隊，帝率皇子擐甲，內大臣等扈從，後建龍纛三，上三旗侍衛隨行。 遍閱驍騎、護軍、前鋒、火器諸營。 立馬軍前，角螺鳴，伐鼓，行陣舁鹿角進。 甲士麾紅旗，槍砲齊發。 鳴金止，再伐鼓，發槍砲如初。 如是者九。 初進率五丈，再進亦如之。 至十進，槍砲環發無間。 開鹿角成八門，首隊出，二隊、三隊從。 既成列，門闔，角鳴，呼譟進。 兩翼隊皆雁綴進，鳴金收軍。 立本陣，結隊徐旋，首隊殿。 罷閱，還行宮，申敕明賞罰。 未閱前，賜軍士食，既閱，賜酒。
In the thirty-fourth year, he again visited the Southern Park for a traveling review. The Eight Banners were divided into three companies. The emperor led princes in donning armor, with inner ministers and others in escort; behind them three dragon banners were erected, and guards from the Upper Three Banners accompanied the procession. He reviewed in turn the Vanguard Cavalry, Guard, Vanguard, and Firearms camps. Standing before the army on horseback, he sounded conch horns and beat drums as the battle lines advanced carrying chevaux-de-frise. Armored soldiers waved red flags, and muskets and cannon fired together. Gongs sounded to halt; drums were beaten again, and muskets and cannon fired as before. This was repeated nine times. On the first advance they moved forward five zhang; on the second advance they did the same. By the tenth advance, muskets and cannon were firing all around without pause. The chevaux-de-frise were opened to form eight gates; the first company went out, and the second and third companies followed. Once ranks were formed, the gates closed, horns sounded, and with shouts and clamor they advanced. Both wing companies advanced in goose formation; gongs sounded to recall the troops. They returned to their original formation, formed ranks and slowly wheeled about, with the first company bringing up the rear. The review ended; returning to the traveling palace, he issued edicts clarifying rewards and punishments. Before the review, food was granted to the soldiers; after the review, wine was granted.
34
雍正七年，世宗幸南苑，閱車騎營兵，諭曰：「此第訓練一端耳，遇敵決勝，在相機度勢，神而明之，存乎其人，豈區區陣伍間遂足以制敵耶？」 是日操演，各依方位、旗色為陣式。 後北征，屢以車戰勝。
In the seventh year of Yongzheng, the Shizong visited the Southern Park and reviewed the Chariot and Cavalry camp troops. He instructed: "This is but one aspect of training. When meeting the enemy and deciding victory, it lies in sizing up circumstances and gauging the situation—applying it with insight and clarity depends upon the man. How could mere array and formation alone suffice to subdue the enemy? That day in the drill performance, each unit arranged its formation according to position and banner color. Later, in the northern campaigns, they repeatedly won through chariot warfare.
35
乾隆二年，大閱，幸南苑，御帳殿。 軍隊既齊，步軍整列進。 以十丈為率，餘儀同。 令甲，大閱日，行宮外陳鹵簿，駕出，作鐃歌大樂，奏壯軍容章。 及還，作清樂，奏鬯皇威章。 凡操時鳴砲三，駕出及還同。 即日賜各旗饌筵、羊豕、薪炭。 迄嘉慶間，皆如故事行。
In the second year of Qianlong, a grand review was held; he visited the Southern Park and took his seat in the canopy hall. Once the armies were assembled, the infantry formed ranks and advanced in order. Taking ten zhang as the standard measure, the rest of the ceremony followed the same pattern. By regulation, on the day of the grand review, the imperial retinue was displayed outside the traveling palace. When the imperial procession set out, the great naoge music was performed and the "Zhuang Junrong" anthem was played. Upon returning, clear music was performed and the "Chang Huangwei" anthem was played. Whenever drills were held, three cannon shots sounded—the same when setting out and when returning. That same day, each banner was granted feast provisions, sheep and pigs, firewood and charcoal. Down through the Jiaqing period, all was conducted according to precedent.
36
會閱為康熙三十年創典，時喀爾喀新附，聖祖思訓以法度，特命會閱上都七溪，乃集其部眾，並四十九旗籓王、台吉，豫屯百里外。 駕出都，上三旗兵從，下五旗兵自獨石來會。 布營設哨，三旗護軍為一營，居中。 八旗前鋒為二營，五旗護軍為十營，火器營兵為四營，環御營而屯。 前鋒為四哨，護軍為二十四哨，各設廬帳，繞營而居。 蒙古、喀爾喀諸屯徙近五十里，禁入哨。 釐賞九等，序坐七列。 網城設宸幄，正中御床，左右行帳各二，儀仗、樂懸具。 依次置宴。 蒙古王等居左，喀爾喀居右，順序習舞，眾技畢陳。 乃命喀爾喀汗、濟農、諾顏等進御前，賜卮酒，餘令侍衛分送。 禮成。 翼日各營就列，陳巨砲，帝擐甲，閱畢宣敕，去其汗號，以王、貝勒、貝子、公名爵分錫之。 台吉分四等，比四十九旗，依等賜賚，恩禮有加，餘如儀。
Joint review was an institution newly created in the thirtieth year of Kangxi. At that time the Khalkha had newly submitted; the Shenzu wished to instruct them in law and regulation and specially ordered a joint review at Qixi on the Upper Capital grounds, gathering their tribesmen together with the banner princes and taishi of the forty-nine banners, who were encamped a hundred li away in advance. The imperial procession left the capital; troops of the Upper Three Banners followed, while troops of the Lower Five Banners came from Dushi to join. Camps were laid out and sentry posts established; guard troops of three banners formed one camp, stationed in the center. Vanguard troops of the Eight Banners formed two camps; guard troops of five banners formed ten camps; firearms camp soldiers formed four camps—all encamped surrounding the imperial camp. Vanguard troops formed four outposts and guard troops formed twenty-four outposts; each set up tents and encamped around the camps. Mongol and Khalkha encampments were moved to within about fifty li, and entry into the outposts was forbidden. Rewards were graded in nine ranks, and seating was ordered in seven rows. Within the net enclosure an imperial canopy was set up, with the imperial couch in the center; on left and right were two traveling tents each, with regalia and suspended musical instruments all in place. Banquets were set in order. Mongol princes and others sat on the left and Khalkha on the right; dances were performed in turn and all feats of skill were displayed. Then he ordered Khalkha khans, jinong, noyan, and others to approach before the emperor; goblets of wine were granted, and the rest were sent by bodyguards to distribute. The rites were completed. The next day each camp took its position and great cannon were deployed; the emperor donned armor, and when the review was finished issued an edict removing their khan titles and distributing titles of prince, beile, beizi, and duke according to rank. Taishi were divided into four grades; compared with the forty-nine banners, rewards were granted according to rank with added favor and ceremony; the rest followed protocol.
37
京營訓練，歲以春、秋季月合操四次，春貫甲，秋常服，營陣規制如大閱。 仲春、孟秋則按旗登城習鳴螺。 兵部遣官稽閱，歲為常制。 護軍驍騎營一歲三校騎射，前鋒護軍營三歲一較騎射，內大臣、本旗都統等臨視之。 至直省講武，則以督、撫、提、鎮為閫帥，歲季秋霜降日，校閱演武場。 先期立軍幕，屆日黎明，將士擐甲列陣，中建大纛，閫帥率將士行禮。 軍門鼓吹，節鉞前導，遍閱行陣，還登將台。 升帳，中軍上行陣圖式，請令合操。 遂麾旗，聲砲三、鳴角、擊鼓。 軍中聞鼓聲前進，鳴金則止。 行陣發槍如京營制。 閱畢，試材官將士騎射，申明賞罰，犒勞軍士。
Capital garrison training: each year in the second month of spring and autumn, joint drills were held four times; in spring full armor was worn and in autumn regular dress, with camp formation regulations following the grand review. In mid-spring and early autumn, each banner in turn ascended the city wall to practice blowing conch horns. The Board of War dispatched officials to inspect and verify; this was the annual regular institution. Guard and Vanguard Cavalry camps held mounted archery examinations three times a year; Vanguard Guard camps held mounted archery competitions once every three years, with inner ministers, banner commanders-in-chief, and others personally supervising. As for martial training in the provinces, governors-general, governors, provincial commanders, and regional commanders served as army commanders; each year on the day of frost descent in late autumn, reviews were held at drill grounds. In advance, military awnings were erected. On the appointed day at dawn, officers and soldiers donned armor and formed battle lines; a great banner was raised in the center, and the army commander led officers and soldiers in performing the rites. At the camp gate drums and pipes sounded; ceremonial axes led the way; he reviewed the battle lines throughout and then returned to ascend the general's platform. Ascending to the tent, the headquarters presented battle formation diagrams and requested orders for joint drill. Then he waved the standard; three cannon sounded, horns blared, and drums were struck. Throughout the army, upon hearing the drum they advanced; upon gongs sounding they halted. Battle lines discharged muskets according to capital garrison regulations. When the review was finished, selected officers and soldiers were tested in mounted archery; rewards and punishments were declared, and the soldiers were rewarded and comforted.
38
漕河訓練同八旗。 水師操防，出洋信候，各省不同。 歲春、秋季月或夏季，遇潮平風正，則乘戰艦列陣，張颿馭風，鳴角聲砲，具如軍律。 綠營水師同。
Grand Canal training followed the Eight Banners. Naval drill and defense: the timing for putting out to sea varied by province. Each year in the second months of spring and autumn, or in summer, when the tide was calm and winds favorable, they boarded warships, formed battle lines, set sails to catch the wind, and sounded horns and cannon—all fully according to military regulations. Green Standard naval forces followed the same practice.
39
秋獮清自太祖奮跡東陲，率臣下講武校獵習兵，太宗踵行之。 世祖統一區夏，數幸南苑，令禁旅行圍，始立大狩扈從例。
Autumn Hunt: From the time the Taizu raised his banner on the eastern frontier, he led his ministers in martial training and hunting drills to keep troops in practice; the Taizong followed and continued this practice. The Shizu unified the realm; he frequently visited the Southern Park and ordered that hunting encampments be forbidden in the capital region, establishing for the first time the protocol for attendants on the great autumn hunt.
40
康熙初元，定車駕行圍駐所置護軍統領、營總各一人，率將校先往度地勢，武備院設行營，建帳殿。 繚以黃髹木城，立旌門，覆以黃幕。 其外為網城，宿衛屯置，不越其所。 十年，罷木城，改黃幔。 康熙二十年，幸塞外，獵南山。 尋出山海關，次烏拉，皆御弓矢校獵。 越二年六月，幸古北口外行圍，木蘭蒐獵始此。
In the first year of Kangxi, it was established that at each site where the imperial carriage hunting encampment halted, one Guard commander-in-chief and one camp chief would be appointed; they led officers in advance to survey the terrain, while the Armory set up the traveling camp and erected the canopy hall. It was surrounded by a yellow-lacquered wooden palisade, banner gates were erected, and it was roofed with yellow awnings. Outside this was the net enclosure; night guard posts were stationed, and none crossed beyond their assigned positions. In the tenth year the wooden palisade was abolished and replaced with yellow curtains. In the twentieth year of Kangxi, he visited beyond the passes and hunted on the Southern Mountains. Shortly afterward he passed out through Shanhaiguan and halted at Wula—all occasions of imperial bow-and-arrow hunting drills. Two years later, in the sixth month, he visited the hunting encampment beyond Gubeikou—this was the beginning of the Mulan battue hunt.
41
木蘭在承德府北四百里，屬翁牛特。 先是籓王進獻為蒐獵所，周千三百餘里，林木蔥鬱，水草茂，群獸聚以孳畜焉。 至是舉行秋獮典，間有冬令再出者。 三十三年，設虎槍營，分隸上三旗，置總統、總領。 大狩行田，遇有猛獸，列槍以從。 並命各省駐防兵歲番獵以為常。 六十一年，復幸塞外行圍，賞蒙古王公等衣物，定為恆制。
Mulan lay four hundred li north of Chengde Prefecture and belonged to the Ulot Mongols. Previously banner princes had presented it as a battue ground; it extended over more than thirteen hundred li in circumference, its forests lush and dense, its grass and water abundant, with herds of beasts gathered there to breed. At this point the autumn hunt ceremony was instituted; occasionally there were second outings in winter. In the thirty-third year the Tiger Spear camp was established, divided among and attached to the Upper Three Banners, with a commander-in-chief and chief officers appointed. On the great hunt's field excursions, when fierce beasts were encountered, spearmen were arrayed to follow. It was also ordered that garrison troops in each province hunt in annual rotation as regular practice. In the sixty-first year he again visited the hunting encampment beyond the passes, rewarded Mongol princes and nobles with garments, and established this as permanent regulation.
42
雍正八年，令八旗人習步圍，旗各行圍二三次。
In the eighth year of Yongzheng, Banner people were ordered to practice foot hunts; each banner conducted hunting encampments two or three times.
43
乾隆初元，置綜理行營王公大臣一人，凡啟行、校獵、駐蹕、守衛諸事皆屬之。 六年，御史叢洞奏請暫停行圍。 諭曰：「古者蒐苗獮狩，因田獵講武事。 皇祖行圍，既裨戎伍，復舉政綱。 至按歷蒙籓，曲加恩意，尤為懷遠宏略。 且時方用兵，數有徵發，行圍偶輟，旋即興舉。 況今承平日久，人習宴安，弓馬漸不如舊，豈可不加振厲？ 是秋木蘭行圍，所過州縣，寬免額賦十之三，永為例。」 圍場凡六十餘所，每歲大獮，或十八九圍，或二十圍，逾年一易。 設圍所在，必豫戒期，首某所，逕某所，訖某所收圍，並編定其處。 屆日官兵赴場布列，祗俟御蹕臨圍。 自放圍處作重圍，令虎槍營士卒及諸部射生手專射自圍內逸出諸獸。
In the first year of Qianlong, one prince or grand minister to oversee the traveling camp was appointed; all matters of setting out, hunting drill, halting the imperial procession, and guarding were under his jurisdiction. In the sixth year, Censor Cong Dong memorialized requesting a temporary suspension of hunting encampments. He instructed: "In antiquity the spring hunt, summer hunt, autumn hunt, and winter hunt—through field hunting military matters were taught. The imperial grandfather's hunting encampments both benefited the army and also upheld the reins of government. In touring among the Mongol banners and extending grace in every particular, this was especially a grand strategy of winning over distant peoples. Moreover, when military campaigns were underway and levies were repeatedly issued, hunting encampments might occasionally be suspended but were soon resumed. Now moreover, after long years of peace, people have grown accustomed to ease and comfort, and bowmanship and horsemanship gradually fall short of former days—how can we fail to rouse and strengthen them? This autumn at the Mulan hunting encampment, in all prefectures and counties passed through, one-third of assessed taxes shall be remitted, permanently established as precedent. The hunting grounds numbered more than sixty in all; each year during the great autumn hunt, sometimes eighteen or nineteen enclosures were conducted, sometimes twenty—changing every other year. Wherever an enclosure was to be set, dates were announced in advance: starting at such-and-such a place, passing through such-and-such a place, ending at such-and-such a place to close the enclosure—all locations fixed in the schedule. On the appointed day officers and soldiers proceeded to the grounds to deploy, awaiting only the imperial procession's arrival at the enclosure. From the point where the enclosure was opened a double ring was formed; Tiger Spear camp soldiers and marksmen from various tribes were ordered to shoot exclusively at beasts escaping from within the enclosure.
44
高宗每行獵，自舊籓四十九旗暨喀爾喀、青海諸部分班從圍，綏輯備至。 洎平西域，遠籓如左右哈薩克，東西布魯特，安集延，布哈爾，朝謁踵集，唯恐後時。 土爾扈特亦皆挈部眾越數萬里來庭。 帝嘗御布固圖昌阿撫慰之，旋賜名曰「伊綿」，國語會極歸極也。
Whenever the Gaozong went hunting, the old banner forty-nine banners together with Khalkha, Qinghai, and other tribes took turns following the enclosure, with every care taken to keep them at ease and in good order. When the Western Regions were pacified, distant banner peoples such as the Left and Right Kazakhs, the Eastern and Western Kyrgyz, Andijan, and Bukhara came in audience one after another, all fearing to arrive too late. The Torghut too all brought their tribesmen across tens of thousands of li to come to court. The emperor once received them at Bugutu Chang'a to console them, and soon bestowed the name "Yimian"—in the Manchu language, "convergence to the ultimate and return to the ultimate."
45
二十年，更定網城植連帳百七十五，設旌門三，分樹軍纛曰金龍。 去網城連帳外十許丈為外城，植連帳二百五十四，設旌門四，分樹軍纛曰飛虎。 去外連帳六十丈，周圍警蹕，立帳房四十，各建旗幟，八旗護軍專司之。 其規制詳密如此。
In the twentieth year, the net enclosure was revised: one hundred seventy-five connected tents were erected, three banner gates were set up, and military banners distributed and planted were called Golden Dragon. About ten-odd zhang beyond the net enclosure's connected tents was the outer enclosure; two hundred fifty-four connected tents were erected, four banner gates were set up, and military banners distributed and planted were called Flying Tiger. Sixty zhang from the outer connected tents, guards cleared the perimeter; forty tent quarters were erected, each flying banners and standards, with Eight Banner guard troops exclusively responsible. Its regulations were detailed and thorough to this degree.
46
凡秋獮，先期各駐防長官選材官赴京肄習。 年例，蒙籓選千二百五十人為虞卒，謂之「圍牆」，以供合圍役。
For every autumn hunt, in advance the garrison commanders in each province selected skilled officers to proceed to the capital for training. By annual regulation, Mongol banners selected twelve hundred fifty men as beaters, called "enclosure walls," to serve in closing the hunt.
47
屆期，帝戎服乘騎出宮，扈引如巡幸儀。 既駐行營，禁兵士踐禾稼、擾吏民，訶止夜行，違者論如律。 統圍大臣蒞場所，按旗整隊，中建黃纛為中軍，兩翼斜行建紅、白二纛為表，兩翼末國語曰烏圖哩，各建藍纛為表，皆受中軍節度。 管圍大臣以王公大臣領之，蒙古王、公、台吉為副。 兩烏圖哩則各以巴圖魯侍衛三人率領馳行，蟬聯環匝，自遠而近。 蓋圍制有二，馳入山林，圍而不合曰行圍，國語曰阿達密。 合圍者，則於五鼓前，管圍大臣率從獵各士旅往視山川大小遠近，紆道出場外，或三五十里，或七八十里，齊至看城，是為合圍，國語曰烏圖哩阿察密。 看城者，即黃幔城也。 圍既合，烏圖哩處虞卒脫帽以鞭擎之，高聲傳呼「瑪爾噶」，蒙語謂帽也。 聲傳遞至中軍，凡三次，中軍知圍合，乃擁纛徐行。
When the day arrived, the emperor in military dress mounted and rode out of the palace, escorted according to the rites for an imperial tour. Once the field camp was established, soldiers were forbidden to trample grain or disturb officials and commoners; night travel was forbidden by command, and violators were punished according to law. The grand coordinator of the hunt arrived at the ground and arrayed ranks by banner; in the center a yellow standard marked the central army; on the two wings oblique lines raised red and white standards as markers; at the wing ends, called uturi in the national language, blue standards were raised as markers—all subject to the central army's command. The hunt-area ministers were led by imperial princes and grand ministers, with Mongol princes, dukes, and taiji as deputies. The two uturi were each led in gallop by three baturu guards, linking in succession in a ring that closed from far to near. The hunt formation had two types: galloping into forests and hills without closing the ring was called a moving hunt, adami in the national language. For a closed-ring hunt, before the fifth watch the hunt-area ministers led the various hunting companies to survey the terrain, taking circuitous routes outside the hunting ground for thirty or fifty li, or seventy or eighty li, all assembling at the viewing camp—this was the closed-ring hunt, uturi achami in the national language. The viewing camp was the yellow curtain camp. When the ring was closed, at the uturi positions the hunt attendants removed their hats and held them aloft on whips, shouting loudly Margag—Mongol for hat. The call was relayed to the central army three times in all; knowing the ring was closed, the central army then bore the standards forward slowly.
48
日出前，帝自行營乘騎先至看城少憩，俟藍纛至，駕出，御櫜鞬，入中軍周覽圍內形勢。 凡疾徐進止，口敕指麾。 獸突圍，發矢殪之。 御前大臣、侍衛皆射其逸圍外者，從官追射。 或遇猛獸，虎槍官兵從之。 或值場內獸過多，則開一面使逸，仍禁圍外諸人逐射。 獲獸已，比其類以獻。 駕還行宮，謂之散圍。 頒所獲於扈從者，大獮禮成，宴賚有差。
Before sunrise the emperor rode from the field camp first to the viewing camp for a brief rest; when the blue standards arrived he set out, took up bow and quiver, and entered the central army to survey the situation within the ring. All quickening, slowing, advancing, and halting were directed by verbal command. If beasts broke through the ring, he loosed arrows to kill them. Ministers before the throne and guards all shot those that escaped outside the ring, and attending officials pursued and shot. If fierce beasts were encountered, tiger-gun troops and officers followed. If too many beasts were within the ground, one side was opened to let them escape, while those outside the ring were still forbidden to pursue and shoot. When beasts were taken, they were presented grouped by kind. The imperial procession returned to the traveling palace—this was called dispersing the ring. The catch was distributed to those in attendance; when the great battue rites were completed, banquets and rewards were granted in varying degrees.
49
哨鹿者，凡鹿始鳴，恆在白露後，效其聲呼之，可引至。 厥制與常日不同。 侍衛等分隊為三，約出營十餘里，俟旨停第三隊。 又四五里，停第二隊。 又二三里，將至哨鹿所，則停第一隊。 時扈從諸臣止十餘騎而已。 帝命槍獲鹿，群引領俟旨，而三隊以次至御前，高宗蒐獵木蘭時，親御名駿，命侍衛等導入深山中。 望見鹿群，命一侍衛舉假鹿頭作呦呦聲，引牝鹿至，亟發矢殪之，取其血以飲。 不唯益壯，亦以習勞也。 嘉慶時秋獮仿此。
Stalking deer by call: whenever deer first begin to call, it is always after White Dew; imitating their sound summons them and they can be led in. Its procedure differed from ordinary days. Guards and others were divided into three teams; about ten-odd li out from camp, on awaiting the order the third team halted. Another four or five li on, the second team halted. Another two or three li on, as they were about to reach the deer-stalking place, the first team halted. At that time the attending ministers numbered only ten-odd riders. The emperor ordered the gunners to take deer; the group craned their necks awaiting the order, and the three teams in succession came before the throne; when the Gaozong hunted at Mulan he personally rode a famous steed and ordered guards and others to guide him deep into the mountains. Seeing a herd of deer, he ordered one guard to raise a false deer head and make a bleating sound to lure a doe; he quickly loosed an arrow and killed it, and took its blood to drink. This not only increased vigor but also served to accustom oneself to labor. In the Jiaqing period the autumn hunt followed this model.
50
日食救護順治元年，定制，遇日食，京朝文武百官俱赴禮部救護。 康熙十四年，改由欽天監推算時刻分秒，禮部會同驗准，行知各省官司。
Solar Eclipse Rescue Rites: In the first year of Shunzhi regulations were fixed; when a solar eclipse occurred, all civil and military officials of the capital court went to the Ministry of Rites for rescue rites. In the fourteenth year of Kangxi it was changed so that the Directorate of Astronomy calculated the hours, minutes, and seconds; the Ministry of Rites jointly verified and approved, and notified the offices of each province.
51
其儀，凡遇日食，八旗滿、蒙、漢軍都統、副都統率屬在所部警備，行救護禮。 順天府則飭役赴部潔淨堂署，內外設香案，露台上爐檠具，後布百官拜席。 鑾儀衛官陳金鼓儀門兩旁，樂部署史奉鼓俟台下，俱鄉日。 欽天監官報日初虧，鳴贊贊「齊班」。 百官素服，分五列，每班以禮部長官一人領之。 贊「進」，贊「跪，叩，興」。 樂作，俱三跪九叩，興。 班首詣案前三上香，復位。 贊「跪」，則皆跪。 贊「伐鼓」，署史奉鼓進，跪左旁，班首擊鼓三聲，金鼓齊鳴，更番上香，祗跪候覆圓。 鼓止，百官易吉服，行禮如初。 畢，俱退。 是日禮部祠祭司官、欽天監博士各二人，赴觀象台測驗。 鄉日設香案，初虧復圓，行禮如儀。
For the ritual: whenever a solar eclipse occurred, the commandants and vice-commandants of the Eight Banners' Manchu, Mongol, and Han armies led their subordinates in guard and alert within their jurisdictions and performed the rescue rites. The Shuntian prefecture ordered laborers to the Ministry's Hall of Purification; incense tables were set inside and outside, censers and stands on the terrace, and behind them the officials' kneeling mats were spread. Imperial guard officers arrayed gold drums on both sides of the ceremonial gate; music-office clerks bore drums and waited below the terrace, all facing the sun. When the Directorate of Astronomy officer announced the sun's first eclipse, the intoner intoned "Align the ranks." Officials in plain dress were divided into five columns, each rank led by one senior official of the Ministry of Rites. He intoned "Advance," then "Kneel, prostrate, rise." Music was performed; all performed three kneelings and nine prostrations and rose. The rank leader went to the table and offered incense three times, then returned to position. He intoned "Kneel," and all knelt. He intoned "Beat the drums"; a clerk bore the drum forward and knelt at the left; the rank leader struck the drum three times; gold and battle drums sounded together; incense was offered in rotation; all knelt reverently awaiting the sun's restoration. When the drums ceased, officials changed into auspicious dress and performed rites as at first. When finished, all withdrew. That day two sacrificial officials of the Ministry of Rites and two doctors of the Directorate of Astronomy went to the Observatory to test and verify. Facing the sun an incense table was set; at first eclipse and restoration to fullness, rites were performed according to ritual.
52
若月食，則在中軍都督府救護，尋改太常寺，如救日儀。 直省遇日、月食，各按欽天監推定時刻分秒，隨地救護。 省會行之督、撫署，府、廳、州、縣行之各公署，並以教職糾儀，學弟子員贊引，陰陽官報時。 至領班行禮，則以督撫及正官一人主之。 上香、伐鼓、祗跪，與京師救護同。
For lunar eclipses, rescue was performed at the Central Military Commission; later it was changed to the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, following the same rites as for a solar eclipse. In the provinces when solar or lunar eclipses occurred, each followed the Directorate of Astronomy's calculated hours, minutes, and seconds and performed rescue rites locally. At provincial capitals it was performed at the governor-general's or governor's yamen; at prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments, and counties at each public office; education officials corrected ritual, academy students intoned and led, and yin-yang officials announced the time. As for leading the ranks in performing rites, the governor-general or governor together with one chief official presided. Offering incense, beating drums, and kneeling reverently were the same as the capital rescue rites.