1
志六十八
Treatise Sixty-Eight
2
禮十二（ 凶禮二）
Rites Twelve ( Mourning Rites Two)
3
皇太子皇子等喪儀親王以下及公主以下喪儀
Mourning rites for the crown prince and imperial sons; mourning rites for princes of the blood and below, and for princesses and below
4
醇賢親王及福晉喪儀忌辰賜祭葬賜諡
Mourning rites for Prince Chunxian and his consort; anniversary sacrifices; grants of sacrificial rites, burial honors, and posthumous titles
5
外籓賜恤品官喪禮士庶人喪禮服制
Condolence grants in the outer domains; mourning rites for officials, gentry, and commoners; mourning dress regulations
6
皇太子皇子及皇子福晉喪儀皇太子喪儀，有清家法，不立儲貳。 至乾隆三年，皇次子永璉薨。 高宗諭曰：「永璉為朕嫡子，雖未冊立，已定建儲大計，其典禮應視皇太子行。」 禮臣奏言：「皇太子喪禮，會典未載。 舊制，沖齡薨，不成服。 今議，皇帝素服，輟朝七日。 若親臨奠醊，冠摘纓。 典喪大臣、奏遣之王公暨皇太子侍從官咸成服，內務府佐領、內管領下護軍、驍騎校等成服，以六百人為率，並初祭日除。 直省官奉文日，咸摘冠纓素服三日，停嫁娶、輟音樂，京師四十日，外省半之。 幼殤例無引幡，今請依雍正時懷親王喪儀，引幡仍用。 外籓額駙、王、公、台吉、公主、福晉、郡主服內來京，男摘冠纓，女去首飾。 朝鮮使臣素服七日。 金棺用桐木。」 啟奠帝親祭酒，奉移親視送。 禮部長官祭轝。 初祭內外會集，帝至殯殿奠酒三爵，每奠眾一拜，是日除服薙髮。 將冊諡，先期遣告太廟後殿、奉先殿，諡曰端慧。 禮成。 禮部頒行各省，並牒朝鮮國王，文到率百官素服，軍民罷嫁娶、音樂各三日。 八年，葬硃華山園寢。
Mourning rites for the crown prince, imperial sons, and consorts of imperial sons. Mourning rites for the crown prince: by Qing dynastic custom no heir apparent was formally installed. In Qianlong 3, the second imperial son Yonglian died. The Qianlong Emperor decreed: "Yonglian was my son by the empress. Though he had not yet been installed as heir, the plan to make him successor was already settled; his funeral observances should follow those of a crown prince." The rites officials memorialized: "Mourning rites for a crown prince are not recorded in the Collected Statutes. Under the old regulations, when a child died in infancy no full mourning was observed. It was now proposed that the emperor wear plain mourning dress and suspend court for seven days. If he came in person to offer libations, he was to remove the tassels from his cap. The minister overseeing the funeral, princes and nobles sent on memorial business, and all the crown prince's attendants were to wear mourning; assistant commandants, chief stewards, guards, adjutants, and the like—about six hundred men in all—were likewise to mourn and lay aside mourning on the day of the first sacrifice. When provincial officials received the document, all were to remove cap tassels and wear plain dress for three days, suspend weddings, and cease music—for forty days in the capital and half that in the provinces. Early death in infancy normally allowed no funeral banner; it was now requested that, following the mourning rites for Prince Huai under Yongzheng, the banner still be used. Imperial sons-in-law of the outer domains, princes, dukes, taiji, princesses, consorts, and commandery princesses who came to the capital while in mourning were to have men remove cap tassels and women remove head ornaments. Korean envoys wore plain mourning dress for seven days. The gilt coffin was to be of paulownia wood." At the opening of mourning the emperor offered wine in person and personally viewed the removal of the coffin. The chief minister of rites sacrificed at the funeral carriage. At the first sacrifice the inner and outer courts assembled; the emperor came to the mourning hall and offered three libations of wine, the assembly bowing once at each; on that day mourning was laid aside and the hair was cut. Before investiture with a posthumous title, envoys were dispatched to announce at the rear hall of the Imperial Ancestral Temple and at the Hall for Veneration of Ancestors; his posthumous title was Duanhui. The rites were completed. The Ministry of Rites promulgated this to all provinces and dispatched notice to the king of Korea; on receipt all officials wore plain dress, and soldiers and civilians suspended weddings and music for three days. In the eighth year he was buried in the garden mausoleum at Zhuhua Mountain.
7
皇子喪儀，順治十五年，榮親王薨，治喪視親王加厚，葬黃花山園寢。
Mourning rites for imperial sons: in Shunzhi 15 Prince Rong died; the funeral exceeded princely observances, and he was buried in the garden mausoleum at Huanghua Mountain.
8
康熙中，定制，凡皇子殤，備小式硃棺，祔葬黃花山，唯開墓穴平葬，不封不樹。
In the Kangxi reign it was regulated that whenever an imperial son died in infancy a small vermilion coffin was prepared and he was buried by attachment at Huanghua Mountain in a level grave without mound or trees.
9
雍正六年，皇八子福惠卒，帝輟朝，大內素服各三日，不祭神，詔用親王禮葬。 十三年，追封親王，諡曰懷。
In Yongzheng 6 the eighth imperial son Fuhui died; the emperor suspended court; the inner palace wore plain dress for three days and did not sacrifice to the gods, and an edict ordered burial by princely rites. In the thirteenth year he was posthumously enfeoffed as prince with the posthumous title Huai.
10
乾隆十三年，皇子永琮甫二周薨，帝言：「建儲之意，朕雖默定，然未若端慧太子旨已封貯，喪儀應視皇子為優。」 大祭親臨奠醊，諡悼敏，後追封哲親王。
In Qianlong 13 the imperial son Yongcong died at barely two; the emperor said: "Though I had silently fixed my intent to establish an heir, it was not like the Duanhui Crown Prince, whose edict was already sealed away; his mourning rites should exceed those for an ordinary imperial son." At the great sacrifice the emperor came in person to offer libations; his posthumous title was Daomin, and later he was posthumously enfeoffed as Prince Zhe.
11
越二年，皇長子永璜薨，金棺用杉木，其福晉及皇孫綿德等翦發去首飾，成服百日而除，素服二十七月。 成服王公大祭日除。 禮部以第三日移殯，請輟朝三日，詔改五日，追封定親王，諡曰安。 初祭、大祭並親臨奠醊。
Two years later the eldest imperial son Yonghuang died; the gilt coffin was of fir; his consort and the imperial grandson Miande and others cut their hair, removed ornaments, wore full mourning for a hundred days and plain dress for twenty-seven months. Princes and nobles in mourning laid it aside on the day of the great sacrifice. The Ministry of Rites proposed moving the coffin on the third day and suspending court for three days; an edict changed this to five; he was posthumously enfeoffed as Prince Ding with the posthumous title An. At the first sacrifice and the great sacrifice the emperor came in person to offer libations.
12
二十五年，皇三子永璋薨，詔用郡王例治喪，輟朝二日。 大內、宗室素服咸五日，不祭神。 追封循郡王。
In the twenty-fifth year the third imperial son Yongzhang died; an edict ordered the funeral by commandery-prince precedent with court suspended two days. The inner palace and imperial clan wore plain dress for five days and did not sacrifice to the gods. He was posthumously enfeoffed as commandery prince of Xun.
13
四十一年，皇十二子永璂薨，詔用宗室公例治喪。 嘉慶四年，追封貝勒。
In the forty-first year the twelfth imperial son Yongji died; an edict ordered the funeral by clan-duke precedent. In Jiaqing 4 he was posthumously enfeoffed as beile.
14
道光十一年，皇長子奕緯薨，命依皇子例治喪。 罷公主、福晉、命婦會集，園寢不建碑，追封貝勒，諡曰隱志。 三十年，晉封郡王。
In Daoguang 11 the eldest imperial son Yizhu died; he was ordered mourned by imperial-son precedent. Assembly of princesses, consorts, and titled ladies was discontinued; no stele was erected at the garden mausoleum; he was posthumously enfeoffed as beile with the posthumous title Yinzhi. In the thirtieth year he was promoted to commandery prince.
15
皇子福晉喪，定制，親王世子、多羅郡王下及奉恩將軍、固倫公主、和碩福晉下及固山格格、奉恩將軍妻咸會集。 朝供饌筵，午果筵。 初祭引幡一，楮幣十二萬，饌筵二十五，羊十五，酒七尊，讀文致祭。 繹則陳楮幣三千，饌筵十二，羊、酒各七。 百日、周年、四時致奠禮同。
When a consort of an imperial son died, by regulation the princely heir, those from duolan commandery prince down to bannermen receiving grace, gulun princesses, consorts from heshuo princess down to gushan gege, and wives of bannermen receiving grace all assembled. Morning offerings of food tables; noon offerings of fruit tables. At the first sacrifice: one funeral banner, a hundred and twenty thousand sheets of spirit money, twenty-five food tables, fifteen sheep, seven jars of wine, and a eulogy read at the sacrifice. On the continuation day: three thousand sheets of spirit money, twelve food tables, and seven sheep and seven jars of wine. Offerings at the hundredth day, anniversary, and four seasons followed the same rites.
16
嘉慶十三年，宣宗時為皇次子，其福晉鈕祜祿氏薨，帝命即日成服，初祭後除。 未分府皇子福晉依親王福晉例，金棺、座罩皆紅色，以無儀仗，特賞金黃色座罩，儀仗仍視親王福晉例用，旗色用鑲白，著為令。
In Jiaqing 13, when the future Xuanzong was second imperial son, his consort of the Niohuru clan died; the emperor ordered mourning worn that day and laid aside after the first sacrifice. For a consort of an imperial son not yet given a separate establishment, princely-consort precedent applied: gilt coffin and canopy were red; lacking a guard of honor, a golden-yellow canopy was specially granted while the guard still followed princely-consort precedent, with bordered-white banners—established as regulation.
17
道光七年，皇長子奕緯福晉瓜爾佳氏薨，罷內外齊集及豫往暫安處接迎。 十一年，追封貝勒夫人，諏吉遣官奉紙冊往殯所，讀文致祭。
In Daoguang 7 the consort of the eldest imperial son Yizhu, of the Guwalgiya clan, died; inner and outer assembly and the preliminary escort to the temporary resting place were discontinued. In the eleventh year she was posthumously enfeoffed as wife of a beile; an auspicious day was chosen and an official sent with a paper patent to the mourning place to read a eulogy at the sacrifice.
18
親王暨福晉等喪儀順治九年，定親王喪聞，輟朝三日。 世子、郡王二日。 後改貝勒以下罷輟朝。 斂具，親王至貝勒采棺，藉五層。 貝子至輔國公棺同，藉三層。 鎮國將軍以下硃棺，藉一層。 初薨陳儀衛，鞍馬、散馬親王十五，世子、郡王各十四，貝勒各十三，貝子各十二，鎮國公各十，輔國公各八； 鎮國將軍鞭馬七，輔國將軍五，奉國將軍四，奉恩將軍三。 府屬內外咸成服，大祭日除。 內外去冠飾、素服會集，各如其例。 鎮國將軍以下不會喪。 公主、福晉、命婦會喪，臨時請旨行。 凡親王至輔國公，御祭二，遣官至墳讀文致祭。 宗人府請賜諡，撰給碑文。 工部樹碑建亭，貝勒以下碑自建，給葬費有差。 鎮國將軍至奉國將軍賜祭二，文一。 立碑、予諡，臨時請旨。 奉恩將軍賜祭無文，不立碑，不予諡。
Mourning rites for princes of the blood and consorts: in Shunzhi 9 it was fixed that on report of a prince's death court was suspended three days. For a princely heir or commandery prince: two days. Later this was changed: from beile downward court was no longer suspended. Burial equipment: from prince of the blood to beile, coffins of selected wood with five layers of padding. From beizi to auxiliary state duke the coffin was the same, with three layers of padding. From banner commander of the state downward, vermilion coffins with one layer of padding. At first report of death guard of honor was displayed: saddle horses and loose horses—fifteen for a prince of the blood, fourteen each for heir and commandery prince, thirteen for beile, twelve for beizi, ten for banner duke of the state, eight for auxiliary state duke; banner commander of the state seven whip horses, auxiliary state commander five, state commander receiving grace four, banner commander receiving grace three. Within and outside the establishment all wore mourning, laid aside on the day of the great sacrifice. Within and outside, cap ornaments were removed and plain dress worn at assembly, each according to precedent. From banner commander of the state downward they did not assemble for the funeral. Assembly of princesses, consorts, and titled ladies was ordered on imperial command when the occasion arose. For all from prince of the blood to auxiliary state duke there were two imperial sacrifices; officials were dispatched to the tomb to read a eulogy. The Court of the Imperial Clan requested a posthumous title and composition and grant of an epitaph. The Ministry of Works erected stele and pavilion; from beile downward the family erected the stele; burial expenses were granted in differing amounts. From banner commander of the state to state commander receiving grace, two sacrifices were granted, one with a written eulogy. Erection of stele and grant of posthumous title were requested on imperial command when the occasion arose. For a banner commander receiving grace, sacrifices were granted without a written eulogy; no stele was erected and no posthumous title granted.
19
王至公婚娶之子卒，許陳鞍馬，祭品各如其父母例，唯不遣官致祭。 未婚娶幼子不造墳。
When a married son of a prince, duke, or gong died, saddle horses might be displayed and offerings followed his parents' precedent, but no official was dispatched to sacrifice. An unmarried young son had no tomb built.
20
凡葬期，親王期年，郡王七月，貝子以下五月。
Burial periods: prince of the blood one year, commandery prince seven months, beizi and below five months.
21
又定親王福晉以下喪，內外會集如制，陳儀衛從其封爵，親王福晉、側福晉、世子福晉御祭一。
For death from a princely consort downward, inner and outer assembly followed regulation and guard of honor matched enfeoffment; a princely consort, secondary consort, or heir's consort received one imperial sacrifice.
22
十二年，定下嫁外籓公主喪，御祭一，遣官至塋所讀文致祭。
In the twelfth year it was fixed that for a princess married to the outer domains there was one imperial sacrifice; an official was dispatched to the burial place to read a eulogy.
23
康熙四年，定貝勒至入八分公予諡請旨行。
In Kangxi 4 it was fixed that from beile to gong entered in the eight banners, posthumous titles required imperial order.
24
九年，定親王至輔國公喪，本府官屬具喪服，其禮親王、肅親王、承澤親王、敬謹親王、饒餘親王、鄭親王、克勤郡王、恪僖貝勒、靖寧貝勒、顧爾馬洪貝子、福勒黑公十二支，凡為本支所分者，本身暨府屬官、命婦咸具喪服，非本支會喪者摘冠纓，從官如其主，尊屬無服。
In the ninth year it was fixed that for death from prince of the blood to auxiliary state duke, establishment officials wore mourning; for the twelve branches—Su, Chengze, Jingjin, Raoyu, Zheng, Keqin, Kexi, Jingning, Guermahong, Fulehei, and the like—all apportioned to a branch wore full mourning themselves and as establishment officials and titled ladies; other branches assembling removed cap tassels, retainers following their masters, senior kin without mourning.
25
五十二年，定貝勒生母薨，治喪如嫡夫人，遣官讀文致祭。 五十四年，定固倫公主有子孫者，獲請建碑予諡。
In the fifty-second year it was fixed that when a beile's birth mother died, the funeral followed the principal wife and an official read a eulogy at the sacrifice. In the fifty-fourth year it was fixed that a gulun princess with descendants might request a stele and posthumous title.
26
雍正四年，遵旨議定嗣後皇帝子孫依五等服制，遇期服伯叔兄弟喪，依例具奏臨喪。 其諸王以下，不論爵次，遇小功以上喪，會喪成服，期六十日、大功一月、小功七日除。 乾隆三年，更定期服大祭日、大功初祭日、小功送殯日除。
In Yongzheng 4, following imperial order it was fixed that thereafter imperial sons and grandsons, under the five grades of mourning, when uncles and brothers in the one-year grade died should memorialize and attend according to precedent. For all princes and below, regardless of rank, when mourning above the five-day grade occurred they assembled and wore mourning: one-year grade sixty days, nine-month grade one month, five-day grade seven days to lay aside. In Qianlong 3 it was further fixed: one-year grade on the great-sacrifice day, nine-month on the first-sacrifice day, five-day on the escort day to lay aside mourning.
27
二十一年，諭諸王側福晉予諡請旨行，予祭不逾一次，罷給祭文。 三十六年，定貝勒、貝子、公兼一品職獲請予諡，鎮國暨輔國將軍兼一品職獲請賜恤。 四十年，定凡側福晉為王等生母，獲請賜祭，降嫡福晉一等。 五十六年，鎮國公晉昌夫人卒，詔罷賜祭，後仿此。
In the twenty-first year an edict ordered posthumous titles for princes' secondary consorts required imperial approval; sacrifices not more than once; sacrificial eulogies discontinued. In the thirty-sixth year it was fixed that beile, beizi, and gong holding first-rank office might request posthumous title; banner and auxiliary state commanders holding first-rank office might request condolence grants. In the fortieth year it was fixed that when a secondary consort was birth mother of a prince or the like, sacrificial grants might be requested one grade below the principal consort. In the fifty-sixth year the wife of Banner Duke Jinchang died; an edict discontinued sacrificial grants, and later cases followed.
28
嘉慶十七年，貝勒綿懃子奕綬卒，命封為未入八分輔國公，嗣後宗室如追封公，俱作為未入八分，著為令。
In Jiaqing 17 when Beile Mianqin's son Yishou died, he was ordered enfeoffed as auxiliary state duke not entered in the eight banners; thereafter posthumous enfeoffment as gong in the imperial clan was all treated as not entered in the eight banners—established as regulation.
29
公主以下喪儀，順治九年，定固倫公主喪視親王福晉，和碩公主視世子福晉，郡主視郡王福晉，縣主視貝勒夫人，郡君視貝子夫人，縣君視鎮國公夫人。 十二年，定下嫁外籓公主至縣主並給諭祭文，遣官赴墳讀奠。 郡君以下，致祭無文。 道光二十四年，定公主薨，內務府請旨，如命官為治喪，一切典禮，即會禮部具奏。 得旨，再牒各署治辦，額駙自行治喪，禮部應將會集處奏聞。 公主以下喪，會集臨時請旨，如獲請，牒宗人府、五旗傳行。 未釐降受封者，內務府治喪，不會集。
Mourning rites for princesses and below: in Shunzhi 9 mourning for a gulun princess followed a princely consort, heshuo an heir's consort, commandery princess a commandery-prince consort, district princess a beile's wife, commandery lady a beizi's wife, district lady a banner duke's wife. In the twelfth year it was fixed that for princesses married to the outer domains down to district princesses, an edict and sacrificial eulogy were granted and an official sent to the tomb to read and sacrifice. For commandery lady and below, sacrifice was offered without a written eulogy. In Daoguang 24 it was fixed that when a princess died the Imperial Household Department requested imperial order; if officials were ordered to conduct the funeral, all ceremonies were jointly memorialized by the Ministry of Rites. When the order was received, each office was again instructed to arrange matters; the imperial son-in-law conducted the funeral; the Ministry of Rites memorialized the place of assembly. For princesses and below, assembly was requested on imperial command; if granted, the Court of the Imperial Clan and Five Banners were notified. Those enfeoffed before demarcation of descent were mourned by the Imperial Household Department without assembly.
30
醇賢親王及福晉喪儀光緒十六年，醇親王奕枻薨，定稱號曰「皇帝本生考」，帝持服期年，縞素十有一日，輟朝如之。 期年內御便殿仍素服。 元旦謁堂子，詣慈寧宮，太和殿受朝，並禮服。 唯升殿不宣表，樂設不作，罷宗親、廷臣筵宴。 祭文、碑文書皇帝名。 初祭、大祭暨奉移園寢並御青袍褂，冠摘纓，親詣行禮。 又定廟制及祭葬，廟中殿宇及正門瓦色，中用黃琉璃，殿脊及正門四圍用綠琉璃。 祀以天子禮。 歲時饗，四仲月朔舉行，忌辰躬親致祭。 葬以親王禮，帝親制碑文，諡曰賢。 三十二年，其福晉葉赫那拉氏薨，稱「皇帝本生妣」，喪儀如醇賢親王例。
Mourning rites for Prince Chunxian and his consort: in Guangxu 16 Prince Chun Yi died; his title was fixed as "the Emperor's biological father"; the emperor mourned one year, wore plain white eleven days, and suspended court likewise. Within the one-year period he still wore plain dress in the informal palace hall. On New Year's Day he worshipped at the Tangzi, went to the Cining Palace, and received congratulations in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, all in ceremonial dress. Only on ascending the hall the proclamation was not read, music was prepared but not performed, and banquets for imperial kin and court ministers were discontinued. Sacrificial texts and stele inscriptions bore the emperor's name. At the first sacrifice, great sacrifice, and escort to the garden mausoleum, the emperor wore blue robe and jacket, removed cap tassels, and came in person to perform the rites. Temple and burial regulations were further fixed: hall and main-gate tiles used yellow glaze in the center and green glaze on the ridges and around the main gate. Sacrifice followed Son of Heaven rites. Seasonal offerings were held on the first day of each mid-season month; on the anniversary the emperor sacrificed in person. Burial followed princely rites; the emperor composed the stele inscription; his posthumous title was Xian. In the thirty-second year his consort of the Yehe Nara clan died; she was styled "the Emperor's biological mother"; mourning followed Prince Chunxian's precedent.
31
忌辰順治十年，定盛京、興京三陵忌辰，遣守陵官行禮，獻酒果，不讀祝，不奠帛。 十二年，改定忌辰遣官，禮部具題請旨。 康熙三年，復定三陵忌辰在隆恩殿神牌前揭幔致祭。 雍正四年，帝以聖祖喪滿，哀慕無窮，思依三年內祭禮舉行，下禮臣議。 尋議上，依周年祭祀例，遣在京或陵寢王公大臣一人承祭，在京王公百官遣三之一陪祭。 著為令。 十三年，高宗嗣服，議定聖祖忌辰，依陵寢四時大祭，用太牢，獻帛爵，讀祝文，遣官承祭，陵寢官悉陪祀，罷遣京官往。 嗣後列聖、列後忌辰，永如例行。
Anniversary sacrifices: in Shunzhi 10 anniversaries of the three mausoleums at Shengjing and Xingjing were fixed; tomb-guard officials performed the rites with wine and fruit, without reading prayers or offering silks. In the twelfth year dispatch of officials for anniversary sacrifices was changed to require memorialization by the Ministry of Rites for imperial order. In Kangxi 3 it was again fixed that the three mausoleums' anniversaries were offered before the spirit tablets in the Hall of Imperial Grace with the curtain drawn aside. In Yongzheng 4, with mourning for Kangxi complete but grief unbounded, the emperor wished to follow three-year mourning sacrifices and ordered rites officials to deliberate. The deliberation was soon submitted: following anniversary-sacrifice precedent, one prince or grand minister at capital or mausoleum presided; at the capital one-third of princes and officials assisted. Established as regulation. In the thirteenth year, when Qianlong succeeded, the Sagely Ancestor's anniversary was fixed to follow mausoleum four-season great sacrifices with full ox, silks, libation cups, and prayers; an official presided with all mausoleum officials assisting; capital officials were no longer dispatched. Thereafter anniversaries of successive emperors and empresses followed this precedent permanently.
32
定制，帝、後忌辰，內外俱素服，停宴會，輟音樂，不理刑名，帝詣奉先殿後殿上香行禮。 如祀南郊，帝閱祝版，遇忌辰，御龍袍、龍褂、掛數珠，執事官蟒服、補褂、掛數珠。 閱北郊、廟社暨各中祀祝版，則俱御龍褂、掛數珠，執事官咸補服、掛數珠。 大祀齋期內，御常服、掛數珠，陪祀執事官亦如之。 凡祭日遇忌辰，行禮時祭服作樂，禮畢仍素服。
By regulation, on emperor and empress anniversaries all wore plain dress, banquets and music ceased, criminal cases were not handled, and the emperor offered incense at the rear hall of the Hall for Veneration of Ancestors. When sacrificing at the Southern Suburb the emperor reviewed prayer boards; on an anniversary he wore dragon robe and jacket with prayer beads; officiants wore python dress, rank-patch jacket, and prayer beads. For Northern Suburb, temple, altar, and middle sacrifices he wore dragon jacket and prayer beads; officiants wore rank-patch dress and prayer beads. During great-sacrifice abstention he wore ordinary dress and prayer beads; assisting and officiating officials likewise. When a sacrifice day fell on an anniversary, sacrificial dress and music were used during the rites; afterward plain dress resumed.
33
賜祭葬世祖初入關，沿崇德間例，超品公，一、二、三等公卒，遣官祭三次； 子、副都統二次； 參領、佐領一次。 陣亡與有勛勞者，遣官治喪，出自上裁。
Bestowal of sacrifice and burial: when Shunzhi first entered the Pass, following Chongde precedent, super-rank and first-, second-, and third-rank dukes received three official sacrifices; for sons and vice commanders-in-chief, twice; for battalion commanders and assistant commandants, once. For those killed in battle or with merit, officials conducted the funeral at imperial discretion.
34
順治三年，定制民公、侯、伯、子兼任內大臣、都統、大學士、尚書、鎮守將軍卒，候旨立碑，致祭一次。 襲公、侯、伯、子在任不逾三年，止給祭品，無祭文，不立碑。 二、三品官卒，給祭品。 滿任三年給祭文。 有戰功者，獲請立碑。
In Shunzhi 3 it was fixed that civilian dukes, marquises, earls, and viscounts also serving as inner grand ministers, commanders-in-chief, grand secretaries, ministers, or garrison generals received an imperial-order stele and one sacrifice. Heirs in office less than three years received offerings only, no eulogy, and no stele. When second- and third-rank officials died, sacrificial offerings were granted. After three full years a sacrificial eulogy was granted. Those with military merit might request a stele.
35
十三年，定佐領、員外郎、主事任滿三年，給祭品、祭文，未滿者無祭文。 致仕同。
In the thirteenth year assistant commandants, outer-court secretaries, and clerks after three years received offerings and eulogy; if not full, no eulogy. Retired officials were treated the same.
36
十五年，定部、院長官加秩至一、二品，致祭、立碑。 三品滿三年者如之。 未滿，但致祭而已。 護軍統領、副都統、前鋒統領、步軍總尉考滿視三品。 如為男爵，得致祭、立碑。 參領、前鋒參領滿三年，致祭，不立碑。 四品卿、少卿考滿者同，否則不給祭文。 陣亡不論品級，獲請恩恤。 內大臣、都統、大學士、尚書、護軍統領、副都統、前鋒統領、侍郎、學士、步軍總尉原品休致者，致祭、立碑同。 現任輕車都尉、佐領、騎都尉、郎中、員外郎、主事，致祭、無碑文。 承襲公、侯、伯有職任者，依職任予恤，否則止給祭品。
In the fifteenth year ministry and court heads promoted to first or second rank received sacrifice and stele. Third rank after three years was treated likewise. If not full, only sacrifice was granted. Banner guard commanders, vice commanders-in-chief, vanguard commanders, and infantry commanders after full tenure were treated as third rank. If holding baron rank, sacrifice and stele might be granted. Battalion and vanguard battalion commanders after three years received sacrifice but no stele. Fourth-rank directors and vice directors after examination were treated likewise; otherwise no eulogy. Those killed in battle regardless of rank might request gracious condolence. Inner grand ministers, commanders-in-chief, grand secretaries, ministers, banner guard commanders, vice commanders-in-chief, vanguard commanders, vice ministers, academicians, and infantry commanders retired at original rank received sacrifice and stele likewise. Serving chariot commanders of the third rank, assistant commandants, commanders of the fourth rank, directors, outer-court secretaries, and clerks received sacrifice without stele. Heirs with office received condolence by office; otherwise only offerings.
37
十七年，定本身所得民公、侯、伯、子及都統有職任內大臣、鎮守將軍給全葬。 大學士，尚書，左、右都御史加級及宮保者，視一品給全葬，無加銜、加級視二品給全葬。 侍郎無兼銜、加級而考滿者，視三品給全葬，未滿者半之。 四品卿、少卿或兼少卿銜，視四品，止給祭品。 護軍統領、前鋒統領、副都統、步軍總尉任滿給全葬，未滿者半之，並致祭一次。 武職自參領、文職自郎中以下，俱不給祭品。 陣亡者如故。
In the seventeenth year civilian dukes, marquises, earls, and viscounts personally received and commanders-in-chief as inner grand ministers or garrison generals received full burial. Grand secretaries, ministers, promoted censors, and palace guardians received first-rank full burial; without additional title or promotion, second-rank full burial. Vice ministers without additional title who completed examination received third-rank full burial; if not full, half. Fourth-rank directors and vice directors received only offerings. Banner guard, vanguard, vice commander, and infantry commanders after full tenure received full burial; if not full, half, and one sacrifice. From military battalion commanders and civil directors downward, no offerings. Those killed in battle were treated as before.
38
十八年，定本身所得民公、侯、伯造葬，致祭一次，加祭出特恩。 都統、內大臣、大學士、尚書、右都御史、子、鎮守將軍及加銜、加級至一二品官，俱依品級造葬，致祭一次。 三品侍郎、學士、通政使、大理寺卿考滿者給全葬，未滿者半之，俱致祭一次。 參領、協領、郎中、佐領及三等侍衛、護衛官陣亡者，致祭一次。 漢文職一、二品或三品考滿，俱致祭、造葬，未滿者半之，致祭一次。 在外布、按以上，依京秩例行。 武職加銜副將以上，造葬，致祭一次，無兼銜而考滿者同，未滿者半之，致祭一次。 知縣、守備以上陣亡者，各依加贈品級造葬，致祭一次。 凡滿、漢文武原官致仕者，恤典同現任。
In the eighteenth year civilian dukes, marquises, and earls personally received received burial construction and one sacrifice; additional sacrifice was special grace. Commanders-in-chief, inner grand ministers, grand secretaries, ministers, right censors, viscounts, garrison generals, and officials with titles or promotions to first or second rank received burial by rank and one sacrifice. Third-rank vice ministers, academicians, communications commissioners, and chief judges after examination received full burial; if not full, half; all one sacrifice. Battalion commanders, assistant commandants, directors, assistant commandants, and third-rank guards killed in battle received one sacrifice. Han civil officials of first, second, or third rank after examination received sacrifice and burial; if not full, half and one sacrifice. Provincial governors and censors and above followed capital precedent. Military officials with vice-general title and above received burial and one sacrifice; without title but after examination likewise; if not full, half and one sacrifice. Magistrates, garrison commanders, and above killed in battle received burial by posthumous rank and one sacrifice. All Manchu and Han officials retired at original rank received condolence like incumbents.
39
康熙九年，定本身所得及承襲公、侯、伯給全葬，遣官讀文，致祭一次。 內大臣、都統、子品級散秩大臣、大學士、尚書、左都御史、子、世襲子、鎮守將軍、提督，各依品級給全葬，遣官讀文，致祭一次。 男品級散秩大臣、護軍統領、前鋒統領、副都統、侍郎、本身所得男、學士、副都御史、總督、總兵官、加級至二品巡撫，各依所加品級給全葬，遣官讀文，致祭一次。 三品侍郎、學士、副都御史、巡撫、通政使、大理寺卿，任滿給全葬，未滿者半之，俱遣官讀文，致祭一次。 布政使給全葬，致祭一次。 雲騎尉、三等侍衛以上，文職知縣、武職守備以上陣亡者，各依加贈品級給全葬，致祭一次。
In Kangxi 9 dukes, marquises, and earls personally or by inheritance received full burial; an official read the eulogy and sacrificed once. Inner grand ministers, commanders-in-chief, viscount-rank grand ministers, grand secretaries, ministers, left censors, viscounts, hereditary viscounts, garrison generals, and provincial commanders received full burial by rank with one official sacrifice. Baron-rank grand ministers, banner guard, vanguard, and vice commanders, vice ministers, personally received barons, academicians, vice censors, governors-general, regional commanders, and governors promoted to second rank received full burial by added rank with one sacrifice. Third-rank vice ministers, academicians, vice censors, governors, communications commissioners, and chief judges after full tenure received full burial; if not full, half; all one sacrifice. Provincial treasurers received full burial and one sacrifice. Cloud cavalry commanders, third-rank guards and above, magistrates, and garrison commanders killed in battle received full burial by posthumous rank and one sacrifice.
40
道光二十四年，定賜祭王、公以下儀，祭日，堂中陳儀衛，靈座前置供案，陳賜祭物品，左右分陳自備祭品。 案前設遣官奠位，東設祝案，北鄉，南設燎位，具楮帛。 遣官至，喪主率宗親及屬官跪迎大門外，禮部官奉祭文入自中門，陳東案，遣官隨入，就位立，喪主以下皆就位跪。 讀祝官讀文訖，遣官跪奠三爵，每奠一叩。 鎮國將軍以下立奠，喪主率眾隨行禮。 畢，興，舉哀，燎祭文。 喪主率眾望闕謝恩，三跪九叩。 遣官出，跪送大門外。
In Daoguang 24 ritual for bestowed sacrifice from prince downward was fixed: guard of honor in the hall, offering table before the spirit seat with bestowed items, self-provided offerings left and right. Before the table the dispatched official's place; east an eulogy table facing north; south a burning place with spirit money and silks. When the official arrived, the chief mourner led kin and subordinates to kneel and welcome at the great gate; the rites official carried the text through the middle gate to the east table; the official entered; all knelt in position. When the eulogy reader finished, the official knelt and offered three libations, bowing once at each. From banner commander downward they stood to offer; the chief mourner led the assembly in the rites. When complete they rose, wailed, and burned the text. The chief mourner led the assembly to face the palace in thanks, three kneelings and nine kowtows. The official departed; they knelt and escorted to the great gate.
41
賜諡親王例用一字，貝勒以下及文武大臣二字。 郡王諡號，尚沿明制用二字，間有用一字者。 聖祖時，追諡郡王，滿、漢文俱用一字，遂為定制。
Princes' posthumous titles used one character; beile and below and civil and military ministers used two. Commandery-prince titles still followed Ming two-character usage; occasionally one. Under Kangxi, posthumous commandery princes used one character in both Manchu and Chinese, and this became regulation.
42
順治九年，定親王以下喪聞，宗人府請諡，內院撰擬碑文。 康熙四年，定諸王賜諡，封號上加一字，貝勒以下、入八分公以上，予否請旨行。 乾隆三十六年，遵旨議定貝勒至輔國公兼一品職者予諡，仍請旨。 其兼二品以下職暨不兼職者罷予諡。
In Shunzhi 9 on a prince's death the Court of the Imperial Clan requested a posthumous title and the inner court drafted the stele. In Kangxi 4 princes received one character added to the enfeoffment name; beile and gong in the eight banners required imperial order. In Qianlong 36 beile to auxiliary state duke holding first-rank office might receive posthumous title, still by imperial order. Those holding second rank and below or no office were denied posthumous title.
43
定制，一品官以上予否請上裁，二品官以下不獲請。 其得諡者，率出自特旨，或以勤勞，或以節義，或以文學，或以武功。 破格崇褒，用示激勸。 嘉、道以前，諡典從嚴，往往有階至一品例可得而未得者。 世宗朝，一等公福善，大學士魏裔介，將軍佛尼勒、莽依圖，都統馮國相，尚書湯斌、徐潮、瑪爾罕輩，望實素高，入祀賢良。 逮至高宗初元，始獲追諡。 易名盛典，殊不易得。
By regulation first-rank and above required imperial discretion; second rank and below could not request. Recipients were mostly by special edict—for diligence, integrity, letters, or arms. Exceptional honors beyond precedent encouraged merit. Before Jiaqing and Daoguang the canon was strict; many who qualified by first rank did not receive titles. Under Yongzheng, Duke Fushan, Grand Secretary Wei Yijie, Generals Foniye and Manggitu, Commander Feng Guoxiang, Ministers Tang Bin, Xu Chao, Maerhan, and others of high repute entered the shrine of worthies. Only at the beginning of Qianlong did they receive posthumous titles. The great honor of a posthumous name was especially hard to obtain.
44
令甲，得諡者禮部取旨，行知內閣典籍撰擬。 至穆宗朝，大學士卓秉恬改歸漢票簽，唯侍讀司之。 大學士及翰林授職者，始得諡「文」，亦有出自特恩而獲諡文者。 侍讀擬八字，大學士選四字，餘則擬十六字，大學士選八字，並請上裁定。 武臣有諡文者，如領侍衛內大臣索尼獲諡文忠，異數也。 唯「文正」則不敢擬，出自特恩。 文職內自三品卿、外自布政使以下，例不予諡。 唯御史陸隴其諡清獻，侍講學士秦承業諡文愨，太常卿唐鑒諡恪慎，則以崇尚儒臣，篤念師傅，不為恆式。
By regulation the Ministry of Rites took imperial order and notified the Grand Secretariat archives to draft. Under Muzong, Grand Secretary Zhuo Bingti changed drafting to Han ballot signing by the Reader's Office. Grand secretaries and Hanlin upon appointment might receive "Wen"; some by special grace. The reader drafted eight characters, the grand secretary chose four; others drafted sixteen, chose eight—all for imperial decision. Military officials with Wen, such as Sonin receiving Wenzhong, were exceptional. Only "Wenzheng" was not drafted and came by special grace. Civil officials from third-rank director inward and provincial treasurer outward were not granted titles by precedent. Only Censor Lu Longqi Qingxian, Lecturer Qin Chengye Wenyue, and Chief of Ceremonies Tang Jian Kezhen—honoring Confucian ministers and teachers, not constant precedent.
45
咸豐三年，禮臣奏定文職二品官殉難，視一品予諡。 如按察使優恤，禮部亦得援例以請。 軍興而後，道、府、州、縣等官死綏不少，疆臣疏請，不拘常格矣。 其武職死事，參將以下，視副將議恤； 協領以下，視副都統議恤：皆得援新章奏請。 唯武功未成者，不得擬用「襄」字。 至十二年，諭：「嗣後文武各官，其官階例不予諡者，不得率行奏請。」 至是限制稍嚴。
In Xianfeng 3 rites officials memorialized second-rank civil officials who died for the state received first-rank posthumous titles. As with surveillance commissioners receiving condolence, the Ministry of Rites might cite precedent. After campaigns began, many local officials died in post; frontier officials requested beyond precedent. For military dead, from regimental commander downward condolence followed vice general; from assistant commandant downward followed vice commander-in-chief: all might cite new regulations. Only those without military achievement might not use Xiang. By the twelfth year an edict ordered: "Hereafter civil and military officials whose rank does not receive posthumous title by precedent must not routinely memorialize requests." From this the restrictions grew somewhat stricter.
46
光緒四年，貴州巡撫黎培敬為已革總督賀長齡請諡。 詔以易名之典，不容冒濫，嚴切申儆，且下培敬吏議。 亦有得諡而被奪者，若沈德潛、卞三元，或追論其生平，或敗露於身後，削秩仆碑，以示誡也。
In Guangxu 4 Guizhou Governor Li Peijing requested a posthumous title for dismissed Governor-General He Changling. An edict held that posthumous honors must not be abused; a stern warning was issued and Li Peijing referred for censure. Some who received posthumous titles had them revoked, such as Shen Deqian and Bian Sanyuan—either rejudged in life or exposed after death; rank was stripped and steles overturned as warning.
47
至朝鮮國王諡號，曏亦內閣撰擬，嗣以所擬之字有觸其國王先代名諱，則改由其國自擬八字以進，請帝裁定雲。
Korean kings' posthumous titles were formerly drafted by the inner court; later taboo conflicts led Korea to submit eight characters for imperial decision.
48
外籓賜恤順治十三年，定蒙籓親王等喪，遣官★祭文至塋所宣讀致祭，喪主率屬跪迎。 禮畢，望闕謝恩，行三跪九拜禮。 自王以下，致祭如前儀，唯牲醴物品，則依其爵為隆殺。 著有勛勞者，建碑優恤，特遣大臣、侍衛，出自恩旨。 親王、郡王福晉喪，遣祭如儀。 貝勒至公夫人，並遣祭，無祭文。
Outer-domain condolence: in Shunzhi 13 when Mongol princes died, an official carried sacrificial text to the tomb to proclaim and sacrifice; the chief mourner led dependents to kneel and welcome. When rites were complete they faced the palace in thanks with three kneelings and nine kowtows. From king downward sacrifice followed former ritual, with livestock and offerings graded by rank. Those with merit received steles and gracious condolence; grand ministers and bodyguards were specially dispatched by grace. When a prince or commandery prince's consort died, sacrifice was dispatched as in ritual. From beile to gong's wives sacrifice was dispatched without written eulogy.
49
其朝鮮國王母妃、王妃、世子喪訃至，禮臣請賜恤，遣正、副使賚祭品、香鈔諭祭。 乾隆五十一年，國王世子李氄喪，禮部奏聞。 詔以朝鮮世守籓封，最稱恭順，命倍給祭品，示優恤。 嘉慶十年，國王李鍚曾祖母庄順王妃訃至，賜祭一次。
When mourning arrived for Korea's queen mother, consorts, or heir, rites officials requested condolence; chief and deputy envoys bore offerings and incense paper to sacrifice. In Qianlong 51 the Korean heir Li Rou died; the Ministry of Rites memorialized. An edict noted Korea's long faithful guarding of the border; offerings were doubled to show gracious condolence. In Jiaqing 10 mourning arrived for King Li Xi's great-grandmother Consort Zhuangshun; one sacrifice was granted.
50
琉球、越南國王卒，告哀，遣使諭祭，並給銀絹。 母、妃、世子喪，俱不告哀，不賜恤。 使臣來京病歿，則題請恤典，賜棺及祭，歸葬者聽。
When Ryukyu and Vietnamese kings died they reported grief; envoys proclaimed sacrifice and silver and silk were granted. For mother, consort, or heir they did not report grief and received no condolence. Envoys who died ill in the capital received memorialized condolence, coffin and sacrifice, and might return for burial.
51
品官喪禮定制，有疾遷正寢，疾革書遺言，三品以上官具遺疏，既終乃哭。 立喪主、主婦。 護喪諸執事人治棺，民公采板，侯、伯、一品官以下硃棺。 訃告。 設屍床、帷堂，陳沐具。 乃含。 三品以上用小珠玉，七品以上用金木屑五。 襲衣，常服一稱，朝衣冠帶各以其等。 明日小斂，陳斂床堂東，加斂衣，三品以上五稱，複三、襌二； 五品以上三稱，複二、襌一； 六品以下二稱，複、襌各一：皆以繒。 複衾一。 又明日大斂蓋棺，設靈床柩東，柩前設靈座，陳奠幾，喪主及諸子居苫次，族人各服其服。
Ranked officials' mourning: by regulation the ill moved to the main chamber; the dying wrote final instructions; third rank and above prepared a final memorial; weeping began at death. A chief mourner and mistress of mourning were appointed. Stewards prepared the coffin: civilian dukes used selected planks; marquises, earls, and first rank downward used vermilion coffins. Death notice was sent. A corpse bed and mourning hall were set up with bathing implements. Then mouth-placing. Third rank and above used small pearls and jade; seventh rank and above used five measures of gold filings. Dressing garments: one ordinary set; court dress, hat, robe, and belt by rank. Next day minor encoffining: encoffining bed east of the hall, additional garments—third rank and above five sets, three lined and two unlined; fifth rank and above three sets, two lined and one unlined; sixth rank and below two sets, one lined and one unlined—all silk. One lined coverlet. Next day major encoffining and lid closed; spirit bed east of coffin, spirit seat before it, offering table; chief mourner and sons in the mourning hut; clan in mourning dress.
52
朝夕奠肴饌，午餅餌。 遇朔望，則朝奠具殷奠，餚核加盛。 初祭，陳饌筵羊酒，具楮幣。 公筵十五席，羊七，楮四萬； 侯筵十二，楮三萬六千； 伯筵十二，楮三萬二千：羊俱六。 一品官筵十，羊五，楮二萬八千； 二品筵八，羊四，楮二萬四千； 三品筵六，楮二萬； 四品筵五，楮萬六千：羊俱三。 五品筵四，楮萬二千； 六、七品筵三，楮萬：羊俱二。
Morning and evening meat offerings; at noon cakes and pastries. On new and full moon, morning offering with fuller dishes and fruits. First sacrifice displayed food tables, sheep, wine, and spirit money. Duke: fifteen tables, seven sheep, forty thousand sheets; marquis: twelve tables, thirty-six thousand sheets; earl: twelve tables, thirty-two thousand sheets; six sheep each. First rank: ten tables, five sheep, twenty-eight thousand sheets; second rank: eight tables, four sheep, twenty-four thousand sheets; third rank: six tables, twenty thousand sheets; fourth rank: five tables, sixteen thousand sheets; three sheep each. Fifth rank: four tables, twelve thousand sheets; sixth and seventh rank: three tables, ten thousand sheets; two sheep each.
53
族人齊集，喪主以下再拜，哭奠如禮。 卒奠，大功者易素服，大祭同。 初祭，期服者易素服，百日致奠薙髮，三月而葬。
Clan assembled; chief mourner and below bowed twice, wailed, and offered by rite. When offering ended, nine-month mourners changed to plain dress; great sacrifice likewise. At first sacrifice one-year mourners changed to plain dress; hundredth-day offering cut hair; burial in the third month.
54
一品塋地九十步，封丈有六尺，遞殺至二十步封二尺止。 繚以垣。 公、侯、伯周四十丈，守塋四戶； 二品以上周三十五丈，二戶； 五品以上周三十丈，一戶； 六品以下周十二丈，止二人守之。 公至二品，用石人、望柱暨虎、羊、馬各二，三品無石人，四品無石羊，五品無石虎。 其墓門勒碑，公、侯、伯螭首高三尺二寸，碑身高九尺，廣三尺六寸，龜趺高三尺八寸。 一品螭首，二品麒麟首，三品天祿辟邪首。 四至七品圓首方趺，首視公、侯、伯遞殺二尺至尺八寸止，碑身遞殺五寸至五尺五寸止，廣遞殺二寸至二尺二寸止，趺遞殺二寸至二尺四寸止。 刻壙志用石二片，一為蓋，書某官之墓，一為底，書姓名、鄉里、三代、生年、卒葬月日及子孫葬地。 婦人則隨夫與子孫封贈。 二石相鄉，鐵束，埋墓中。
First rank: grave ninety paces, mound one zhang six chi, decreasing to twenty paces and two chi. Surrounded by a wall. Dukes, marquises, earls: forty-zhang perimeter, four tomb-guard households; second rank and above: thirty-five zhang, two households; fifth rank and above: thirty zhang, one household; sixth rank and below: twelve zhang, two guards only. Duke to second rank: stone figures, pillars, tigers, sheep, and horses two each; third rank no figures; fourth no sheep; fifth no tigers. Tomb stele: duke, marquis, earl dragon head three chi two cun, body nine chi by three chi six cun, tortoise base three chi eight cun. First rank dragon head; second qilin; third tianlu and piexie. Fourth to seventh round head and square base, dimensions decreasing stepwise from ducal precedent. Burial record on two stones: lid with office and tomb, base with name, place, three generations, dates, and descendants' ground. For women it followed husband and sons' titles. The two stones faced each other, iron-bound, buried in the tomb.
55
制柩轝，上用竹格，結以采，旁施帷幔，四角垂流蘇，繒荒、繒幃並青藍色。 公、侯、伯織五采，一、二品用銷金，五品以上畫雲氣，六、七品素繒無飾。 承以槓，五品以上魨硃，六、七品飾紅堊，障柩畫翣，五品以上四，六、七品二。 引布二，功布一，靈車一，明器則從俗。
Funeral carriage: bamboo frame colored, side curtains, corner tassels, blue silk cover and canopy. Dukes wove five colors; first and second rank gilt; fifth rank and above cloud patterns; sixth and seventh plain silk. Poles: fifth rank and above lacquered vermilion, sixth and seventh red clay; screen fans four or two by rank. Two guide cloths, one merit cloth, one spirit carriage; grave goods by custom.
56
諏日發引，前夕祖奠，翌日遣奠，會葬者畢集。 公鞍馬八，遞殺至二數。 儀從前導，引以丹旐、銘旌，滿用丹旐，漢用銘旌。 至墓所，乃窆。 祀后土，題主，奉安，升車，反哭，乃虞。 羊、酒、楮帛各視其等。 祭畢，柔日再虞，剛日三虞。 百日卒哭，次日祔家廟。 期年小祥，再期大祥，遷主入廟。 祝讀告辭，主人俯伏五拜。 訖，改題神主，詣廟設東室，奉祧主藏夾室。 乃徹靈座。 後一月禫。 喪至此計二十有七月。 喪主詣廟祗薦禫事。
On the chosen day the procession set out; eve offering to the road; next day farewell; all mourners assembled. Duke eight saddle horses, decreasing to two. Escort led; red and epitaph banners—Manchu red, Han epitaph. At the grave they buried. They sacrificed to the earth god, inscribed the tablet, enshrined, mounted the carriage, returned to wail, then yu offering. Sheep, wine, and silks by rank. After sacrifice, second yu on a soft day, third yu on a firm day. Hundredth day ended wailing; next day enshrined in the family temple. One year lesser felicity, two years greater felicity, tablet moved to the temple. The invoker read the announcement; the master prostrated five times. Then the tablet was retitled; eastern chamber set and distant ancestor stored in the side chamber. Then the spirit seat was removed. One month later the dan rite. Mourning totaled twenty-seven months. The chief mourner offered the dan rite at the temple.
57
其在外聞喪者，訃至，易服，哭，奔喪。 至家憑殯哭，翌日成服。 喪期自聞訃日始。 餘同。 期以下聞喪，易服為位而哭，奔喪，則至家成服。 官在職，非本生父母喪，雖期，猶從政，不奔喪。 聞訃，易服為位而哭，私居持服，入公門治事仍常服。 期喪者，期年不與朝、祭。 服滿，則於私居為位哭，除之。
Those abroad on news of death changed dress, wept, and hurried home. At home they wept before the coffin; next day they donned mourning. The mourning period began from the day notice arrived. The rest was the same. Below one-year grade: change dress, weep in place, hurry home, don mourning on arrival. Officials in office, except for birth parents even at one-year grade, attended duties and did not hurry home. On notice they changed dress and wept in private, but wore ordinary dress in public for business. One-year mourners did not attend court or sacrifices for one year. When complete, at home they wept at a set place and laid mourning aside.
58
順治九年，定百官親喪祭禮以其子品級，子視父母，命婦視夫同。
In Shunzhi 9 parents' mourning sacrifices for officials followed sons' rank; sons and titled ladies followed parents and husbands.
59
康熙二十六年，禁居喪演戲飲博。 凡官卒任所，或父母與妻喪，許入城治事。
In Kangxi 26 plays, gambling, and drinking in mourning residence were forbidden. When an official died in post, or parents or wife died, entry to the city for business was permitted.
60
乾隆間，諭京旗文武官遇親喪，百日後即入署治事，持服如故。 罷與祭祀、朝會。
Under Qianlong, capital banner officials on parents' mourning entered office after a hundred days while still in mourning dress. Sacrifices and court assemblies were discontinued.
61
道光二十四年，定民公以下、軍民以上居喪二十七月，不宴會、作樂，不娶妻、納妾，門戶不換舊符。
In Daoguang 24 civilian dukes down and soldiers and civilians up mourned twenty-seven months without banquets, music, marriage, or concubines; door talismans unchanged.
62
宣統元年，禮部議畫一滿、漢喪制，自是滿官親喪去職，與漢官一例矣。
In Xuantong 1 the Ministry of Rites unified Manchu and Han mourning; thereafter Manchu officials left office on parents' mourning like Han.
63
士庶人喪禮順治初年，定制，士、庶卒，用硃棺，櫬一層，鞍馬一。 初祭用引幡，金銀楮幣各一千，祭筵三，羊一。 大祭同。 百日、期年祭，視初祭半之。 一月殯，三月葬。 墓祭紙幣、酒肴有定數。 通禮，士斂衣複襌各一，複衾一，襲常服一稱，含用金銀屑三，用銘旌。 庶人複衾一，含銀屑三，立魂帛。 士塋地圍二十步，封高六尺。 墓門石碣，圓首方趺。 壙志二，如官儀。 柩轝上竹格垂流蘇，槓飾紅堊，無翣。 引布二，功布一。 靈車一。 明器從俗。 庶人塋地九步，封四尺。 有志無碣。 轝以布衾覆棺，不施幃蓋。 槓兩端飾黑，中飾紅堊。 餘略仿品官，制從殺。
Gentry and commoners: early Shunzhi regulation used vermilion coffins with one padding layer and one saddle horse. First sacrifice: one banner, a thousand gold and silver spirit sheets each, three tables, one sheep. Great sacrifice was the same. Hundredth-day and anniversary sacrifices were half the first. Encoffining in one month, burial in three. Tomb sacrifice paper money, wine, and dishes had fixed amounts. By the Comprehensive Rites, gentry used one lined and one unlined garment, one lined coverlet, one ordinary dressing set, three measures of gold and silver filings for mouth-placing, and an epitaph banner. Commoners used one lined coverlet, three measures of silver filings for mouth-placing, and a spirit cloth. Gentry graves: twenty-pace perimeter, six-chi mound. Tomb gate stone tablet with round head and square base. Two burial records, as for officials. Funeral carriage: bamboo frame with tassels, poles in red clay, no screen fans. Two guide cloths, one merit cloth. One spirit carriage. Grave goods followed custom. Commoners: nine-pace plot, four-chi mound. Burial record but no stele. The carriage covered the coffin with a cloth quilt, without canopy or cover. Pole ends black, middle red clay. The rest roughly followed officials at reduced scale.
64
雍正初元，定軍、民故者，前後斂衣五襲，鞍馬一。 初祭，祭筵二，羊一，大祭同，常祭減半。 棺罩生、監用青絹，軍、民春布。
In Yongzheng 1 deceased soldiers and civilians received five encoffining sets and one saddle horse. First sacrifice: two tables, one sheep; great sacrifice the same; regular sacrifices halved. Licentiates and students used blue silk coffin canopies; soldiers and civilians spring cloth.
65
十三年，詔曰：「朕聞外省百姓喪葬侈靡，甚至招集親鄰，開筵劇飲，名曰鬧喪，且於喪所殯時雜陳百戲。 匪唯背理，抑亦忍情。」 敕督撫嚴禁陋習，違者治罪。 又諭：「吉凶異道，不得相干。 故娶在三年外而聘在三年內者，春秋猶以為非。 三年之喪，創深痛鉅。 乃愚民不知禮教，慮服喪後不獲嫁娶，遂乘父母疾篤或殯斂未終而貿然為之者，朕甚憫焉。 自今伊始，齒朝之士，下逮生監，毋違此制。 其皁隸編氓，窮而無告，父母臥疾，賴子婦治饔飧者，任其迎娶盥饋，俟疾瘳或服竟再成婚禮。」 古者禮不下庶人，其斯之謂歟？ 曾子問：「親迎在途而婿之父母死，女改服布深衣、縞總以趨喪。」 亦此義也。
In the thirteenth year an edict said: "We hear provincial funerals are extravagant, with kin gathered for feasts and heavy drinking called 'rowdy mourning,' and entertainments mixed in at the mourning place. This is not only contrary to reason but cruel to feeling." Governors-general and governors were ordered to forbid vulgar customs; violators were punished. An edict also said: "Auspicious and inauspicious rites must not interfere. Thus marrying after three years while betrothed within three years—the Spring and Autumn Annals still judged it wrong. Three-year mourning wounds are deep and pain immense. Yet the ignorant, fearing no marriage after mourning, rashly married while parents were dying or before encoffining ended—We pity them greatly. From now on, court officials down to licentiates and students must not violate this. For poor commoners whose ill parents rely on sons and daughters-in-law for meals, preliminary marriage and serving food are permitted, with full marriage after recovery or mourning ends." In antiquity ritual did not descend to commoners—is this not what is meant? Zengzi asked: "If the bridegroom's parents die while he is fetching the bride, the woman changes to deep hemp and white headband to hurry to mourning." This too is the meaning.
66
服制順治三年，定喪服制，列圖於律，頒行中外。 道光四年，增輯大清通禮，所載冠、服、絰、屨，多沿前代舊制。 制服五：曰斬衰服，生麻布，旁及下際不緝。 麻冠、絰，菅屨，竹杖。 婦人麻屨，不杖。 曰齊衰服，熟麻布，旁及下際緝，麻冠、絰，草屨，桐杖。 婦人仍麻屨。 曰大功服，粗白布，冠、絰如之，繭布緣屨。 曰小功服，稍細白布，冠、屨如前。 曰緦麻服，細白布，絰帶同，素屨無飾。
Mourning dress: in Shunzhi 3 regulations were fixed, charts entered in the code, and promulgated everywhere. In Daoguang 4 the Comprehensive Rites of the Great Qing was enlarged; caps, garments, bands, and shoes mostly followed former dynasties. Five garment types: zhan mourning—raw hemp, edges and lower hem unhemmed. Hemp cap and band, rush shoes, bamboo staff. Women hemp shoes, no staff. Second, qi mourning—processed hemp, hemmed edges, hemp cap and band, straw shoes, paulownia staff. Women still hemp shoes. Third, da gong—coarse white cloth, matching cap and band, silk-edged shoes. Fourth, xiao gong—finer white cloth, cap and shoes as before. Fifth, si hemp—fine white cloth, matching band, plain shoes.
67
敘服八：曰斬衰三年，子為父、母； 為繼母、慈母、養母、嫡母、生母； 為人後者為所後父、母； 子之妻同。 女在室為父、母及已嫁被出而反者同； 嫡孫為祖父、母或高、曾祖父、母承重； 妻為夫，妾為家長同。
Eight graded garments: zhan three years—son for father and mother; for stepmother, nurturing mother, adoptive mother, principal mother, birth mother; for an heir, for adoptive father and mother; son's wife likewise. Unmarried daughter for father and mother, and married but expelled and returned likewise; Principal grandson for grandparents or great-grandparents bearing the main line; Wife for husband, concubine for householder likewise.
68
曰齊衰杖期，嫡子、眾子為庶母； 子之妻同； 子為嫁母、出母； 夫為妻； 嫡孫祖在為祖母承重。
Second, qi with staff one year—principal and all sons for concubine mother; son's wife likewise; son for remarried or expelled mother; husband for wife; principal grandson while grandfather lives bears grandmother.
69
曰齊衰不杖期，為伯、叔父、母； 為親兄、弟； 為親兄、弟之子及女在室者； 為同居繼父兩無大功以上親者； 祖為嫡孫； 父、母為鏑長子及眾子； 為嫡長子妻； 為女在室者，為子之為人後者； 繼母為長子、眾子； 孫為祖父、母； 孫女在室、出嫁同； 女出嫁為父、母； 為人後者為其本生父、母； 女在室或出嫁而無夫與子者為其兄、弟、姊、妹及侄與侄女在室者； 女適人為兄、弟之為父後者； 婦為夫兄、弟之子及女在室者； 妾為家長之父、母與妻及長子、眾子與其所生子。
Third, qi without staff one year—for paternal uncle and aunt; for full elder and younger brother; for full brother's son and unmarried daughter; for cohabiting stepfather with neither side having da gong kin or closer; grandfather for principal grandson; father and mother for eldest son and all sons; for principal eldest son's wife; for unmarried daughter, for son who becomes heir; stepmother for eldest and all sons; grandson for grandfather and grandmother; granddaughter unmarried or married likewise; married daughter for father and mother; heir for birth father and mother; daughter without husband and son for siblings and unmarried nephews and nieces; married daughter for brother bearing the father line; daughter-in-law for husband's brother's son and unmarried daughter; concubine for householder's parents, wife, sons, and her own sons.
70
曰齊衰五月，為曾祖父、母，女雖適人不降。
Fourth, qi five months—for great-grandparents; married daughter does not reduce.
71
曰齊衰三月，為高祖父、母，女雖適人不降； 為繼父昔同居者； 為同居繼父兩有大功以上親者。
Fifth, qi three months—for great-great-grandparents; married daughter does not reduce; for former stepfather once cohabiting; for cohabiting stepfather with both having da gong kin or closer.
72
曰大功九月，祖為孫及孫女在室者； 祖母為諸孫，父、母為諸子婦及女已嫁者； 伯、叔父、母為侄婦及侄女已嫁者； 為人後者為其兄、弟及姑、姊、妹在室者； 既為人後，於本生親屬皆降一等； 為人後者之妻為夫本生父、母； 為己之同堂兄、弟及同堂姊、妹在室者； 為姑、姊、妹已嫁者； 為兄、弟之子為人後者； 女出嫁為本宗伯、叔父、母； 為本宗兄、弟及其子； 為本宗姑、姊、妹及兄、弟之女在室者； 妻為夫之祖父、母及伯、叔父、母。
Sixth, da gong nine months—grandfather for grandson and unmarried granddaughter; grandmother for all grandsons, parents for daughters-in-law and married daughters; uncle and aunt for nephew's wife and married niece; heir for brothers and unmarried paternal aunts and sisters; once an heir, all birth kin reduced one grade; heir's wife for husband's birth parents; for one's own second-cousin brothers and unmarried sisters; for married paternal aunt and sisters; for brother's son who becomes heir; married daughter for birth-line uncles and aunts; for birth-line brothers and their sons; for birth-line aunts, sisters, and brothers' unmarried daughters; wife for husband's grandparents and uncles and aunts.
73
曰小功五月，為伯、叔祖父、母； 為同堂伯、叔父、母及同堂姊、妹已嫁者； 為再從兄、弟及再從姊、妹在室者； 為同堂兄、弟之子及女在室者； 為從祖姑及堂姑在室者； 祖為嫡孫婦； 為兄、弟之孫及孫女在室者； 為外祖父、母； 為母之兄、弟、姊、妹； 及姊、妹之子； 為人後者為其姑、姊、妹已嫁者； 婦為夫兄、弟之孫及孫女在室者； 為夫之姑、姊、妹、兄、弟及夫兄、弟之妻； 為夫同堂兄、弟之子及女在室者； 女出嫁為本宗堂兄、弟及姊、妹在室者。
Seventh, xiao gong five months—for great-uncle and great-aunt; for second-cousin uncle and aunt and married second-cousin sisters; for third-cousin brothers and unmarried sisters; for second-cousin brother's son and unmarried daughter; for great-aunt and hall paternal aunt unmarried; grandfather for principal grandson's wife; for brother's grandson and unmarried granddaughter; for maternal grandparents; for mother's brothers and sisters; and sisters' sons; heir for married paternal aunt and sisters; daughter-in-law for husband's brother's grandson and unmarried granddaughter; for husband's aunts, sisters, brothers, and brothers' wives; for husband's second-cousin brother's son and unmarried daughter; married daughter for birth-line hall brothers and unmarried sisters.
74
曰緦麻三月，祖為眾孫婦； 祖母為嫡孫、眾孫婦； 高、曾祖父、母為曾、玄孫，為乳母； 為族曾祖父、母，族伯、叔父、母； 為族兄、弟及族姊、妹在室者； 為族曾祖姑及族祖姑、族姑在室者； 為兄、弟之曾孫及曾孫女在室者； 為再從兄、弟之子及女在室者； 為祖姑、堂姑及再從姊、妹出嫁者； 為姑之子、舅之子； 為兩姨兄、弟； 為妻之父、母； 為婿； 為外孫及外孫女； 為兄、弟孫之妻； 為同堂兄、弟之妻； 為同堂兄、弟子之妻； 婦為夫高、曾祖父、母； 為夫伯、叔祖父、母及夫祖姑在室者； 為夫堂伯、叔父、母及堂姑在室者； 為夫同堂兄、弟及同堂兄、弟之妻； 為夫同堂姊、妹； 為夫再從兄、弟之子及女在室者； 為夫同堂兄、弟之女已嫁者； 為夫同堂兄、弟子之妻與孫及孫女在宦者； 為夫兄、弟孫之妻及兄、弟之孫女已嫁者； 為夫兄、弟之曾孫及曾孫女在室者； 女已嫁為本宗伯、叔祖父、母及祖姑在室者； 為本宗從伯、叔父、母及堂姑在室者； 為本宗堂兄、弟之子及女在室者。
Eighth, si hemp three months—grandfather for all grandsons' wives; grandmother for principal and all grandsons' wives; great-grandparents for great-great-grandson, for wet nurse; for clan great-great-grandparents, clan uncles and aunts; for clan brothers and unmarried clan sisters; for clan great-great-grandaunt, grandaunt, and paternal aunt unmarried; for brother's great-grandson and unmarried great-granddaughter; for third-cousin brother's son and unmarried daughter; for paternal grandaunt, hall paternal aunt, and third-cousin sisters married; for paternal aunt's son and maternal uncle's son; for brothers by two aunts; for wife's parents; for son-in-law; for daughter's son and daughter; for brother's grandson's wife; for second-cousin brother's wife; for second-cousin brother's son's wife; daughter-in-law for husband's great-grandparents; for husband's great-uncle and great-aunt and husband's paternal grandaunt unmarried; for husband's hall uncle and aunt and hall paternal aunt unmarried; for husband's second-cousin brothers and their wives; for husband's second-cousin sisters; for husband's third-cousin brother's son and unmarried daughter; for husband's second-cousin brother's married daughter; for husband's second-cousin brother's son's wife and unmarried grandson and granddaughter; for husband's brother's grandson's wife and brother's married granddaughter; for husband's brother's great-grandson and unmarried great-granddaughter; married daughter for birth-line great-uncle and great-aunt and paternal grandaunt unmarried; for birth-line second-cousin uncle and aunt and hall paternal aunt unmarried; for birth-line hall brother's son and unmarried daughter.
75
乾隆四十年，高宗特旨允以獨子兼祧，於是始定兼祧例。 兼祧者從權以濟經，足補古禮之闕。 會典服制別大宗、小宗，以大宗為重。 大宗依服制本條持服，兼祧依降服持服。
In Qianlong 40 Qianlong specially approved that an only son might bear two sacrificial lines, fixing the precedent for dual-line succession. Dual-line succession used expedient means to aid the canonical, supplementing gaps in ancient ritual. The Collected Statutes distinguished great and lesser descent-lines, the great line being weighty. The great line followed the main mourning article; dual-line succession followed reduced mourning.
76
道光九年，禮臣增議兩祧服制，以獨子之子分承兩房宗祧者，各為父、母服斬衰三年，為祖父、母服齊衰不杖期。 父故，嫡孫承重，俱服斬衰三年。 其本身為本生親屬俱從正服降一等，子孫為本生親屬祗論所後宗支親屬服制。
In Daoguang 9 rites officials added two-line mourning: when an only son's son bore two houses, each wore zhan three years for parents and qi one year for grandparents. When father was dead the principal grandson bore the main line in zhan three years. For birth kin he himself reduced one grade from proper mourning; descendants for birth kin followed only the adopted line's regulations.
77
同治十年，允禮臣請，兼祧庶母服制，依定制為兼祧父、母服期，為兼祧庶母服小功。 其以大宗子兼祧小宗與以小宗兼祧大宗者，以大宗為重。 為大宗庶母服期年，小宗庶母服小功。 其以小宗兼祧小宗者，以所生為重，為本生庶母服期年，為兼祧庶母服小功。 至出嗣而非兼祧者，以所後為重，為所後庶母服期年，為本生庶母服小功。 既降期而服小功，其兼祧庶母為兼祧子持服亦如之。
In Tongzhi 10 mourning for a dual-line concubine mother was approved: one-year term for dual-line parents, xiao gong for dual-line concubine mother. Whether great line dual-succeeded to lesser or lesser to great, the great line was weighty. For the great line's concubine mother one year; for the lesser line's xiao gong. When lesser dual-succeeded to lesser, birth was weighty: one year for birth concubine mother, xiao gong for dual-line concubine mother. For adoption without dual-line, the adopted line was weighty: one year for adopted concubine mother, xiao gong for birth concubine mother. Since one-year term still used xiao gong, the dual-line son's mourning for the dual-line concubine mother was likewise.