1
志七十七
Treatise 77
2
輿服一
Carriages and Dress I
3
皇帝五輅皇帝輦輿皇后輿車皇太后輿車附皇貴妃以下輿車
The Emperor's Five Chariots, Imperial Palanquins and Litters, the Empress's Carriages, the Empress Dowager's Carriages—with an appendix on carriages for the Imperial Noble Consort and those of lower rank
4
親王以下輿車親王福晉以下輿車京外職官輿車庶民附
Carriages for Princes and Below, for Princess Consorts of Princes and Below, for Officials Outside the Capital, and Commoners (appendix)
5
命婦輿車
Carriages for Titled Women
6
自虞廷藻繢,制創垂衣。 車服之朌,式昭庸典。 夏絻殷輅,文質異觀。 迄乎有周,監於二代。 巾車典路,司服司常。 各隸專官,禮明物備。 秦、漢以降,代有異同。 品數彌繁,曩篇具載。 明初木輅,乃用於郊,崇朴去雕,亦有足尚。 清之太祖,肇起東陲,遠略是勤,戎衣在御。 太宗纘服,遂定遼都。 天聰六年,已命禮官考定儀衛,並因易服蔑祖之弊,鑒及金、元。 國俗衣冠,一沿舊式。 勿忘數典,昭示雲礽。 世祖入關,撫有中夏。 武功耆定,文物浸昌。 康、雍兩朝,續有制作。 朝章國采,斯已粲然。 亦越高宗,衣聞克紹。 治承熙洽,鄉用儒臣。 館辟三通,籀文緝。 五輅之數,改符周官。 參古准今,圖詳禮器。 遂於乘御,增定已多。 一代儀文,於斯為盛。 自時厥後,上下相承,率蹈前規,尚無侈改。 載稽諸制,爰志斯篇。 鹵簿一門,迾從附著。 光、宣之際,海、陸軍興。 旗式服章,舊觀頓改。 已見兵志,茲不複書。 璽、寶、印、符,所以昭信。 龍、龜、蟲、鳥,紐篆各殊。 列代相沿,皆資法守。 備詳定式,悉按等差。 又自海通,國交最重。 往來酬贈,仿製寶星。 名級攸分,以榮佩戴。 逮乎末季,新制漸繁,兼有爵章,行之未久。 若斯之類,隱略云爾。
Ever since the court of Yu adorned itself in patterned brocade, ritual institutions took shape and the image of rule in flowing robes was fixed. How chariots and garments were allotted in turn made plain the enduring ritual canon. The Xia favored fine ceremonial caps and the Shang grand chariots—each age paired refinement and plain substance in its own way. By the Zhou, rulers looked back to the two preceding dynasties as their guide. The Master of Chariots kept the roads in order, while the Directors of Garments and of Standards each held their own charge. Each fell under its own specialist officer, so that ritual was clear and every requisite object was in place. From the Qin and Han onward, every dynasty had its own variations on the same theme. Ranks and categories multiplied endlessly, and earlier chapters of this history record them in full. In early Ming the wooden chariot was used for suburban sacrifices—a preference for plainness over ornament that is itself admirable. Qing's founding Taizu rose in the eastern borderlands, pressing distant campaigns while still clad for war. Taizong took the throne and established the capital in Liaodong. As early as the sixth year of Tiancong he ordered ritual officials to codify ceremonial guards, mindful of how the Jin and Yuan had erred by changing dress and forgetting their forebears. National dress and headgear kept to the old Manchu forms without exception. They were not to forget the ancestral statutes, but to display them for generations yet to come. When Shizu crossed the Pass and brought the Central Realm under rule, military glory was secured and civil institutions steadily flourished. The Kangxi and Yongzheng reigns saw one new regulation after another. Court protocol and state ceremony had already taken luminous form. Even Gaozong of Tang was surpassed, for the ritual of dress could be carried on intact. Rule enjoyed an age of radiant peace, and Confucian scholars were called to serve in succession. Academies were founded for the great comprehensive histories, and archaic script texts were gathered and edited. The five ceremonial chariots were renumbered to match the Zhou Offices. Scholars weighed antiquity against the present and produced illustrated compendia of ritual vessels. Imperial transport alone saw a great many new specifications added. Never had a single dynasty's ritual code reached such fullness as this. Afterward, court and country alike kept to precedent, and for the most part no one ventured extravagant revisions. Having reviewed the various regulations, we record them in this chapter. The section on imperial halberd guards and escorts is treated in an appendix. In the Guangxu and Xuantong era, modern navies and armies took shape. Flags, uniforms, and insignia changed overnight, and the old order vanished at a stroke. These matters are covered in the Military Treatises and are not repeated here. Seals, imperial treasures, stamps, and tallies exist to authenticate authority. Dragon, tortoise, insect, and bird motifs marked the knobs, and each rank had its own seal script. Dynasty after dynasty handed them down, and all alike depended on fixed law. Their prescribed forms are set out in full, each grade observing its proper distinction. Once maritime trade opened, diplomatic relations with foreign states became paramount. Courtesies were exchanged in kind, and orders of merit were fashioned after foreign models. Titles and ranks were carefully distinguished, so that wearers might be honored accordingly. By the dynasty's end new insignia multiplied, including noble badges that had scarcely been in use. Matters of that sort are passed over here in brief.
7
清初仍明舊,有玉輅、大輅、大馬輦、小馬輦之制,與香步輦並稱五輦。 大朝日設於太和門東。 又涼步輦、大儀轎、大轎、明轎、折合明轎,均左所掌之。 冬至大祀、夏至祀方澤、並乘涼步輦,升殿日亦設於太和門東。 乾隆七年,定大祀親詣行禮,均乘輿出宮,至太和門乘輦。 祀畢還宮,仍備輿。 八年,改大輅為金輅,大馬輦為象輅,小馬輦為革輅,香步輦為木輅,玉輅仍舊,是為五輅,鑾儀衛掌之。 遇大朝會,則陳於午門外。 十三年,諭定乘用五輅,自今歲南郊始。 更造玉輦,改涼步輦為金輦,是為二輦。 又定大儀轎為禮輿,改折合明轎為輕步輿,定大轎為步輿,是為三輿。 南郊乘玉輦,北郊、太廟、社稷壇,乘金輦,朝日、夕月、耕耤以下諸祀,均乘禮輿。 遇大朝會,則並陳於太和門外。 行幸御輕步輿,駕出入則御步輿。 皇子輿車,俟分封后始制。 茲撮集禮器圖所載,其乾隆以前所定者為初制,依類附見,用備參稽。
Early Qing still followed Ming practice: the jade chariot, great chariot, great and small horse palanquins, and the fragrant step palanquin were collectively known as the Five Palanquins. On major court days they were displayed east of the Gate of Supreme Harmony. The cool step palanquin, great ceremonial sedan, great sedan, bright sedan, and folding bright sedan were likewise under the Left Office's charge. For the winter-solstice grand sacrifice and the summer-solstice sacrifice at the Square Mound, the emperor rode the cool step palanquin, which on hall-audience days was also stationed east of the Gate of Supreme Harmony. In Qianlong 7 it was decreed that for major sacrifices the emperor would leave the palace in a litter and transfer to a palanquin at the Gate of Supreme Harmony. After the rite, litters were kept ready for the return to the palace. In Qianlong 8 the great chariot became the gold chariot, the great horse palanquin the elephant chariot, the small horse palanquin the leather chariot, and the fragrant step palanquin the wood chariot, while the jade chariot was unchanged—these Five Chariots were entrusted to the Imperial Procession Guard. At grand court assemblies they were arrayed outside the Meridian Gate. In Qianlong 13 an edict mandated use of the Five Chariots, starting with that year's southern suburban sacrifice. A new jade palanquin was built and the cool step palanquin redesignated the gold palanquin—the Two Palanquins. The great ceremonial sedan became the ritual litter, the folding bright sedan the light step litter, and the great sedan the step litter—the Three Litters. The jade palanquin served the southern suburb; the gold palanquin the northern suburb, Imperial Ancestral Temple, and Altars of Soil and Grain; the ritual litter all lesser rites from the sun cults through the ploughing ceremony. At grand court assemblies all were displayed together outside the Gate of Supreme Harmony. On tours the emperor rode the light step litter; for ordinary departures and returns, the step litter. Imperial sons received their carriages only after enfeoffment. What follows is drawn from the Illustrated Ritual Implements: regulations fixed before Qianlong are noted as the original system and appended by category for consultation.
8
皇帝玉輅,木質魨硃,圓蓋方軫,高一丈二尺一寸。 蓋高三尺一分,青飾,銜玉圓版四。 冠金圓頂一尺二寸九分,承以鏤金垂雲檐八尺一寸,貼鏤金雲版三層。 青緞垂幨亦三層,綉金雲龍羽文相間。 系帶四,綉金青緞為之,屬於軫。 四柱高六尺七寸九分,相距各五尺六寸,繪金雲龍。 門垂硃簾,四面各三。 座縱八尺五寸,橫八尺四寸,環以硃闌,飾間金彩。 闌內周布花毯。 雲龍寶座在中,高一尺三寸,闊二尺九寸。 兩輪各十有八輻,鏤花飾金。 貫以軸轅二,長二丈二尺九寸五分,金龍首尾飾兩端。 軫長一丈一尺一寸五分,徑八尺四寸。 後建太常,十二斿,亦青緞為之,繰綉日月五星,斿綉二十八宿,里俱綉金龍,下垂五彩流蘇。 用攢竹魨硃竿,左加闟戟,右飾龍首,並綴硃旄五,垂青緌。 升用納陛五級,左右闌皆魨硃金彩。 駕象一,靷以硃絨紃。 陳設時,行馬二承轅,亦魨硃直竿,兩端俱鑽銅。 初制,玉輅尺寸與大輅同。 輅上平盤、滴珠板、輪輻、輪輞、車心、軸首、及駕轅諸索制並同。 惟無平盤下十有二槅及左右八槅之飾。 輅亭前二柱,飾瀝粉貼金升龍,亭柱檻座尺寸,及門槅明栨裝飾與亭內軟座下諸制,悉同大輅。 惟屏風上雕沈香色描金雲龍五,屏後下三槅雕木沈香色描金雲龍三,下雕雲板如其數,較大輅之制少異焉。 輅頂、圓盤、天輪、輅亭前諸制,及太常旗、踏梯、行馬之類,皆與大輅同。
The emperor's jade chariot was of wood finished in cinnabar lacquer, with a round canopy atop a square frame, standing one zhang, two chi, and one cun high. The canopy rose three chi and one cun, was trimmed in green, and bore four round jade plaques. It was crowned by a gilded round cap one chi, two cun, and nine fen across, borne on openwork gilded cloud eaves eight chi and one cun long, with three tiers of gilded cloud panels applied beneath. Three tiers of green satin curtains hung below, embroidered alternately with golden clouds, dragons, and feather motifs. Four bands of gold-embroidered green satin were fastened to the frame. Four pillars, each six chi, seven cun, and nine fen tall and five chi six cun apart, were painted with golden clouds and dragons. Vermilion curtains hung at each door, three to every side. The platform measured eight chi five cun by eight chi four cun and was ringed by vermilion rails inlaid with gold. Floral carpets were laid around the interior within the rails. At the center stood the cloud-and-dragon throne, one chi three cun high and two chi nine cun wide. Each of the two wheels had eighteen openwork spokes finished in gold. Two axles and shafts, two zhang, two chi, nine cun, and five fen long, passed through the wheels, their ends capped with gilded dragon heads and tails. The square frame measured one zhang, one chi, one cun, and five fen on a side, with an overall width of eight chi four cun. Behind rose the Grand Constant banner with twelve pennants of green satin: its cords bore the sun, moon, and five planets; each pennant the twenty-eight lunar mansions; the lining golden dragons throughout; and five-colored tassels hung below. Its pole was bundled bamboo lacquered cinnabar red, with a halberd fitting on the left and a dragon head on the right, five vermilion pennants attached, and green tassels hanging down. Five recessed steps served for mounting; the rails on either side were cinnabar lacquer with gold trim. A single elephant drew it, harnessed with vermilion velvet traces. When on display, two ceremonial horses supported the shafts on straight cinnabar-lacquered poles tipped with copper at both ends. Under the original regulations the jade chariot matched the great chariot in size. The upper platform, pearl-drip board, spokes, rims, hub, axle caps, and all harness cords matched the great chariot. It lacked only the twelve lattice panels beneath the platform and the eight side panels that adorned the great chariot. The two front pillars of the chariot pavilion bore ascending dragons in gilded powder; pillar, railing, and seat dimensions, door lattices, panels, and the cushioned seat within all followed the great chariot. Only the screen differed slightly: five agarwood-toned, gold-traced cloud-dragons above; three on the three lattice panels behind; and cloud panels below in matching number—modest variations from the great chariot. The canopy top, round plate, celestial wheel, pavilion fittings, Grand Constant banner, mounting ladder, and walking horses all matched the great chariot.
9
金輅,亦駕象一。 圓蓋方軫,黃飾,銜金圓版四。 黃緞垂幨三層。 系帶四,亦黃緞為之,屬於軫。 後建大旗,十有二斿,各綉金龍。 餘如玉輅之制。 按金輅之名,改由大輅。 初制,大輅高一丈三尺九寸五分,廣八尺二寸五分。 輅上平盤,前後車欞並雁翅及四垂如意。 滴珠板下二轅,各長二丈二尺九寸有奇,俱硃魨鍍金銅龍首尾,鱗葉片裝釘。 平盤下方箱,四周硃魨匡,前後十二槅,內青地繪五彩雲鶴,左右八槅,內上青下綠地,繪獸鳥各六。 輪二,貫以軸,每輪十八輻輞,皆硃魨,抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 輪內車心各一,抹金銅鈒蓮花瓣輪盤裝釘。 軸首左右鐵插貫之,抹金銅鈒龍頂管心裝釘。 軸中纏紅絨駕轅諸索。 輅亭高六尺七寸九分,四柱各長五尺八寸四分。 檻座高九寸五分,前後柱戧金雲龍文,下山水。 門高五尺一寸九分,廣二尺四寸九分。 左右門各廣二尺二寸五分,上四周裝雕木沈香色描金香草板十二片。 前左右各有槅二扇,明栨全,皆硃魨,抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 槅編黃線絛,後硃魨屏風,屏前上三槅,雕沈香色描金雲龍五。 上硃魨板,戧金雲龍一。 中三槅,沈香色描金雲龍三。 下三槅,描金雲板如其數。 屏後上三槅,硃魨戧金龍三。 其次戧金雲板如其數。 中三槅,硃魨戧金龍四。 其次沈香色描金雲板如其數。 下三槅,沈香色雲板亦如之。 俱抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 亭內黃線絛編硃魨匡,軟座黃絨墜座大索四,下垂蓮花墜石,上施花毯草席,並大紅織金綺褥。 硃魨坐椅一,上靠背雕沈香色描金雲龍一,下雕雲板一,硃魨福壽板一,並衣黃織金椅靠、坐褥、四圍椅裙全。 周圍施黃綾帷幔,或用黃線羅。 亭外青綺緣邊紅簾十扇,各用拽簾黃線絛二,黃銅圈全。 輅頂並圓盤高三尺一分,鍍金銅蹲龍頂,帶仰覆蓮座,高一尺二寸九分垂攀頂黃絨索四。 盤高二寸,上加硃魨。 其下外四面沈香色地,描金雲青飾。 輅蓋亭內貼金斗拱,承硃魨匡寶蓋,斗以八頂,黃綺冒之,名曰黃屋。 中並四周綉五彩雲龍九。 天輪三層,硃魨,上安雕木貼金龍耀葉板八十一片。 三層間繪五彩雲,襯板數亦如之。 盤下四周黃銅裝釘,上施金黃綺瀝水三層,每層摺片八十有一,間綉五彩雲龍文。 四角垂青綺絡帶,各綉五彩雲升龍三。 圓盤四角連輅座板用攀頂黃線圓絛,並貼金木魚。 輅亭前有左右轉角闌干二扇,後一字帶左右轉角闌干一扇,皆硃魨。 內嵌雕木貼金龍,間以五彩雲。 三扇凡十二柱,各柱首雕木貼金蹲龍一,及描金五彩裝蓮花抱柱。 闌內四周施花毯草席。 其後樹太常旗二,黃雲緞為之,皆十有二斿。 每斿內外各綉升龍一。 硃魨攢竹竿二,左竿旗腰綉日月北斗,竿首用鍍金銅龍頭。 右竿旗腰綉黻字,竿首用鍍金銅戟。 各綴抹金銅鈴二,垂紅纓十有二,上施抹金銅寶蓋,下垂青線帉。 踏梯一,木質硃魨,抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 行馬架二,木質硃魨,抹金銅葉片裝釘,上穿黃絨匾絛。 黃布面絹里夾幰衣、油綢雨衣各一,紅油合扇梯、紅油拓叉各一。 貼金銅寶瓶,並木雕貼金仰覆蓮座,雕花番草貼金象鞍、鞦轡、氈籠各二副。
The gold chariot, too, was drawn by a single elephant. It had a round canopy and square frame in yellow trim, bearing four round gold plaques. Three tiers of yellow satin curtains hung below. Four bands of yellow satin were fastened to the frame. Behind rose a great banner with twelve pennants, each embroidered with a golden dragon. All other features followed the jade chariot. The gold chariot took its name when the great chariot was redesignated. Originally the great chariot stood one zhang, three chi, nine cun, and five fen high and eight chi, two cun, and five fen wide. Its upper platform bore front and rear rails, goose-wing extensions, and four hanging ruyi ornaments. Beneath the pearl-drip board two shafts, each over two zhang, two chi, and nine cun long, were lacquered cinnabar and capped with gilded copper dragon heads and tails set with scale-shaped plates. Below the platform sat the lower box framed in cinnabar lacquer: twelve lattice panels fore and aft on a blue ground painted with five-colored clouds and cranes; eight side panels, blue above and green below, each bearing six beasts and six birds. Two wheels on a shared axle, each with eighteen cinnabar-lacquered spokes and rims studded with gilded copper floral plates. Each wheel had a hub faced with gilded copper lotus-petal disks. Iron pins passed through the axle ends, capped with gilded copper dragon-head tube fittings. Red velvet harness cords were wound about the axle center. The chariot pavilion stood six chi, seven cun, and nine fen high, with four pillars each five chi, eight cun, and four fen long. The railing base rose nine cun and five fen; front and rear pillars showed gilded cloud-dragons above landscapes below. Each door measured five chi, one cun, and nine fen high by two chi, four cun, and nine fen wide. Side doors were two chi, two cun, and five fen wide, with twelve agarwood-toned, gold-traced floral panels set around the upper frame. Fore and aft on each side stood two cinnabar-lacquered lattice doors with bright panels, all studded with gilded copper floral plates. Lattice panels were bound with yellow cord; behind them a cinnabar screen bore five agarwood-toned, gold-traced dragons on its upper panels. Above it sat a cinnabar panel with a single gilded cloud-dragon. The middle three panels bore three agarwood-toned, gold-traced cloud-dragons. The lower three panels had matching gold-traced cloud panels. Behind the screen, the upper three panels showed three cinnabar dragons in gold. Below them came matching gilded cloud panels. The middle three panels bore four cinnabar dragons in gold. Next came agarwood-toned, gold-traced cloud panels in matching number. The lower three panels had agarwood-toned cloud panels to match. All were studded with gilded copper floral plates. Inside, yellow cord framed a cinnabar border around a soft seat with four yellow-velvet cords bearing lotus pendants and stones, covered by floral carpets, rush mats, and red brocaded gold cushions. A cinnabar chair bore one agarwood-toned, gold-traced dragon on its back, a cloud panel below, and a fortune-longevity panel, with yellow brocaded gold back, cushion, and skirt complete. Yellow gauze curtains encircled the pavilion, though yellow cord gauze might be used instead. Outside hung ten red curtains edged in green brocade, each with two yellow draw-cords and brass rings. Canopy and round plate together rose three chi and one cun, crowned by a gilded copper crouching dragon on a lotus base one chi, two cun, and nine fen high, with four yellow velvet cords from the apex. The plate rose two cun, lacquered cinnabar above. Its outer faces were agarwood-toned, traced in gold clouds with green trim. Inside the canopy, gilded brackets bore a cinnabar treasured canopy on eight arms, veiled in yellow brocade—the Yellow Canopy. Center and four sides bore nine five-colored embroidered cloud-dragons. Three cinnabar heaven-wheel tiers carried eighty-one gilded dragon-and-leaf panels. Five-colored clouds painted the spaces between tiers, with matching lining panels. Brass fittings ringed the plate below; above hung three tiers of golden brocade eaves, eighty-one folds each, embroidered with five-colored cloud-dragons. Green brocade net bands at each corner bore three five-colored ascending dragons. Round plate corners linked to the seat with yellow climbing cords and gilded wooden fish. Before the pavilion stood two corner rail panels to left and right; behind, one straight panel with corner rails—all cinnabar red. Inlaid gilded dragons alternated with five-colored clouds. Twelve pillars on three panels each bore a gilded crouching dragon and five-colored lotus cap. Floral carpets and rush mats lined the interior rails. Behind rose two Grand Constant banners of yellow cloud satin, each with twelve pennants. Each pennant bore an ascending dragon inside and out. Two cinnabar bamboo poles: the left banner showed sun, moon, and Big Dipper at the waist, with a gilded dragon head atop. The right banner bore the fu character at the waist, capped with a gilded halberd. Each pole bore two gilded bells, twelve red tassels, a gilded canopy, and green cord pendants below. One cinnabar mounting ladder studded with gilded copper floral plates. Two cinnabar walking-horse frames, gilded and pierced with yellow velvet cords. It carried a yellow canopy coat, oiled-silk raincoat, red-oiled folding ladder, and red-oiled support fork. Gilded treasured vases, lotus seats, saddles, bridles, and felt covers came in two sets each.
10
象輅,服馬四,驂馬六,設游環和鈴,圓蓋方軫。 高一丈一尺三寸,蓋高二尺六寸五分,紅飾銜象牙圓版四。 紅緞垂幨三層,系帶四,亦紅緞為之,屬於軫。 四柱高六尺四寸九分,相距各五尺八寸。 座縱一丈五分,橫九尺一寸,環以硃闌。 轅三,各長二丈二尺三寸,軫長一丈五分,徑九尺一寸。 後建大赤,十有二斿,各綉金鳳。 餘制與玉輅同。 按象輅為大馬輦之改定。 初制,大馬輦高一丈二尺五寸九分,廣八尺九寸五分。 轅二,各長二丈五寸九分。 輦上平盤、滴珠板、輪輻、輪輞、車心、軸首及駕轅諸索制,並如大輅。 亦無平盤下前後十二槅及左右八槅之飾。 輦亭高六尺四寸九分,硃魨。 四柱長五尺五寸四分。 檻座高如輦亭,上四周雕木沈香色描金雲板十二片,下亦如之。 門高五尺九分,廣二尺四寸五分。 左右門廣較減二寸。 前及左右各有槅二扇,後槅三扇,明栨全,皆硃魨,抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 槅心編黃線絛。 亭內軟座,上施素毯。 餘制與大輅同。 輦頂並圓盤高二尺六寸五分,上下皆硃魨。 輦蓋青飾,銅龍、蓮座、寶蓋、黃屋諸制悉如大輅。 天輪三層亦如之。 輦亭前一字闌干一扇,後一字帶轉角闌干一扇,左右闌干二扇,內嵌絛環板,亦皆硃魨。 四扇凡十有二柱,各柱首雕飾同大輅。 闌內周布素毯草席,太常旗、踏梯、行馬、幰衣、雨衣之類亦如之。 惟輅以象駕,輦以馬駕,故鞍韉、鞦轡、鈴纓之飾均備焉。
The elephant chariot used four harness horses and six outriders, with harmony bells, a round canopy, and square frame. It stood one zhang, one chi, and three cun high; the canopy two chi, six cun, and five fen, in red trim with four ivory round plaques. Three tiers of red satin curtains hung below, with four red satin bands on the frame. Four pillars, each six chi, four cun, and nine fen tall, stood five chi eight cun apart. The platform measured one zhang and five cun by nine chi and one cun, ringed in vermilion rails. Three shafts, each two zhang, two chi, and three cun long, joined a frame one zhang five cun wide and nine chi one cun across. Behind rose the Great Scarlet banner with twelve pennants, each bearing a golden phoenix. All other features matched the jade chariot. The elephant chariot was redesignated from the great horse palanquin. Originally the great horse palanquin stood one zhang, two chi, five cun, and nine fen high and eight chi, nine cun, and five fen wide. Two shafts, each two zhang, five cun, and nine fen long. Its platform, pearl-drip board, wheels, axles, and harness matched the great chariot. It likewise lacked the twelve fore-and-aft and eight side lattice panels of the great chariot. The pavilion stood six chi, four cun, and nine fen high, in cinnabar lacquer. Four pillars, each five chi, five cun, and four fen long. The railing matched the pavilion height, with twelve agarwood-toned cloud panels above and below. Doors measured five chi and nine fen high by two chi, four cun, and five fen wide. Side doors were two cun narrower. Front and sides had two lattice doors each, the rear three—all cinnabar, studded with gilded floral plates. Lattice centers were bound with yellow cord. Inside was a soft seat covered with plain mats. All else followed the great chariot. Canopy and round plate together rose two chi, six cun, and five fen, lacquered cinnabar throughout. Green canopy trim, copper dragon, lotus seat, treasured canopy, and Yellow Canopy all matched the great chariot. The three-tier heaven wheel did likewise. Before the pavilion one straight rail; behind one with corner rails; two side rails—all cinnabar, with inlaid ring panels. Four panels held twelve pillars with caps matching the great chariot. Plain mats and rush mats lined the rails; banners, ladder, horses, coats, and rain gear matched as well. Chariots used elephants and palanquins horses, so saddles, bridles, bells, and tassels were all provided.
11
木輅,服馬二,驂馬四,設游環和鈴,圓蓋方軫。 高一丈一尺六寸五分,蓋高三尺六寸一分,黑飾銜花梨圓版四。 黑緞垂幨三層,系帶四,亦黑緞為之,屬於軫。 四柱高六尺五分,相距各五尺一寸。 座縱九尺,橫八尺八寸,環以硃闌。 轅三,各長二丈一尺。 軫長九尺,徑八尺八寸,後建大麾,十有二斿,各綉神武,餘俱如玉輅之制。 按木輅為香步輦之改制。 初制,香步輦高一丈二尺五寸,座高三尺,方廣八尺二寸五分。 輦座硃魨,四周雕木五彩雲渾貼金龍板十二片,間以渾貼金仰覆蓮座,下雕木線金五彩雲板二十片。 座下四轅,中二轅長三丈五尺九寸,左右轅長二丈九尺五寸有奇,皆硃魨,鍍金銅龍首尾裝釘,攀轅黃線圓絛八。 輦亭高六尺五分,四柱各長五尺八寸。 檻高二寸五分,亦皆硃魨,上四周雕木沈香色描金香草板十二片,抹金銅輅鈒花葉片裝釘。 門較大馬輦高逾二寸,廣與之同。 左右門廣二尺二寸。 前左右各硃魨十字槅二扇,雕沈香色描金雲龍板八片,下雲板如其數,俱抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 亭內布花毯草席,大紅織金綺褥,硃魨戧金龍坐椅一。 靠背以下諸制與大小馬輦並同。 輦頂並圓盤高二尺六寸有奇,鍍金銅蹲龍頂,餘制同大小馬輦。 天輪制亦如之。 輦亭前左右轉角闌干二扇,後一字帶左右轉角闌干一扇,皆硃魨,嵌雕木貼金龍,間以五彩雲。 三扇凡十有二柱,各柱首雕飾與大輅同。 闌內四周布花毯草席。 亭內木雕渾貼金劍山一,硃魨腳踏一,黃緞衣全。 踏梯一,木質硃魨,雕貼金行龍五彩雲絛環板六片,描金五彩水板十有二片,蹲龍四,皆抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 其幰衣、雨衣類悉同大小馬輦制。
The wood chariot had two harness horses and four outriders, with harmony bells, a round canopy, and square frame. It stood one zhang, one chi, six cun, and five fen high; the canopy three chi, six cun, and one fen, in black with four pearwood plaques. Three tiers of black satin curtains and four black satin bands adorned the frame. Four pillars, each six chi and five fen tall, stood five chi one cun apart. The platform measured nine chi by eight chi eight cun, ringed in vermilion rails. Three shafts, each two zhang and one chi long. The frame was nine chi long and eight chi eight cun wide; behind rose the Great Banner with twelve pennants embroidered with Divine Martial; all else matched the jade chariot. The wood chariot was redesignated from the fragrant step palanquin. Originally the fragrant step palanquin stood one zhang, two chi, and five cun high, its seat three chi high and eight chi, two cun, and five fen square. Its cinnabar seat bore twelve wholly gilded dragon panels in five-colored clouds, lotus seats between, and twenty gilded cloud panels below. Four shafts below: center pair three zhang, five chi, nine cun; side pair over two zhang, nine chi, five cun—all cinnabar, with gilded dragon caps and eight yellow pulling cords. The pavilion stood six chi and five fen high on pillars five chi eight cun tall. A cinnabar railing two cun five fen high bore twelve agarwood-toned floral panels, studded with gilded plates. Doors stood two cun higher than the great horse palanquin but equally wide. Side doors were two chi and two cun wide. Fore and side doors were cinnabar cross-lattice panels with eight agarwood-toned dragons and matching cloud panels, all gilded. Inside lay floral carpets, rush mats, red brocaded cushions, and a cinnabar chair with gilded dragon. From the backrest down, all matched the great and small horse palanquins. Canopy and plate together exceeded two chi six cun, with a gilded crouching dragon; all else matched the horse palanquins. The heaven wheel followed the same rules. Corner rails fore and aft enclosed the pavilion in cinnabar, inlaid with gilded dragons and five-colored clouds. Twelve pillars on three panels bore caps matching the great chariot. Floral carpets and rush mats lined the interior. Inside stood a gilded wooden sword-mountain, a cinnabar footrest, and yellow satin garments. One cinnabar ladder bore six gilded dragon panels, twelve water panels, and four crouching dragons in gold. Canopy coats and rain gear followed the horse palanquin rules.
12
革輅,服馬一,驂馬三,亦設游環和鈴,圓蓋方軫。 高一丈一尺三寸,蓋高二尺五寸五分,泥銀飾銜圓黃革四。 白緞垂幨三層,系帶四,亦白緞為之,屬於軫。 四柱高五尺五寸九分,座縱一丈六尺,橫八尺三寸五分,環以硃闌。 轅二,各長一丈九尺五分,軫長一丈六寸,徑八尺三寸五分。 後建大白,十有二斿,各綉金虎,餘制均與玉輅同。 按改小馬輦為革輅,始於乾隆八年。 初制,小馬輦視大馬輦高廣皆減一尺。 下二轅長一丈九尺五分。 平盤、滴珠板、輪輻、輪輞諸制悉?大馬輦同。 輦亭高五尺五寸九分,硃魨。 四柱長五尺四寸五分。 檻高一寸四分,上四周雕沈香色描金雲板十二片,下亦如之。 門高五尺,廣二尺二寸五分。 左右門廣較減一寸有奇。 前左右各有槅二扇,明栨全,皆硃魨,抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 槅心編黃線絛。 後硃魨屏風,雕沈香色描金雲龍五,及沈香色描金雲龍絛環板三,雲板數亦如之。 周圍亦抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 亭座硃魨板上施素毯草席,紅織金綺褥。 外紅簾四扇,其坐椅靠背以下諸制悉同大馬輦。 輦頂並圓盤高視大馬輦減一寸。 上飾鍍金銅寶珠頂。 蓮座、寶蓋等飾,及天輪、輦亭前諸制,亦與大馬輦同焉。 古玉輦,木質魨硃,圓蓋方座。 高一丈一尺一寸,蓋高二尺,青飾、銜玉圓版四。 冠金圓頂,承以鏤金垂雲。 曲梁四垂,端為金雲葉。 青緞垂幨二層,周為襞積。 系紃四,黃絨為之,屬於座隅。 四柱高五尺三寸,相距各五尺,繪雲龍。 門高四尺八寸,冬施青氈門幃,夏易以硃簾,黑緞緣,四面各三。 座高二尺四寸,上方七尺六寸,下方七尺七寸,綴版二層,上繪彩雲,下繪金雲,環以硃闌,高一尺六寸八分,飾間金彩。 闌內周布花毯。 雲龍寶座在中,高一尺三寸。 左列銅鼎,右植服劍。 轅四,內二轅長三丈八寸五分,外二轅長二丈九尺,金龍首尾銜兩端。 升用納陛五級,左右闌皆魨硃,亦飾金彩,舁以三十六人。
The leather chariot used one harness horse and three outriders, with harmony bells, a round canopy, and square frame. It stood one zhang, one chi, and three cun high; the canopy two chi, five cun, and five fen, in clay-silver trim with four round yellow leather plaques. Three tiers of white satin curtains hung below, with four white satin bands on the frame. Four pillars, each five chi, five cun, and nine fen tall, supported a platform one zhang six chi by eight chi, three cun, and five fen, ringed in vermilion rails. Two shafts, each one zhang, nine chi, and five fen long, joined a frame one zhang six cun wide and eight chi, three cun, and five fen across. Behind rose the Great White banner with twelve pennants, each bearing a golden tiger; all else matched the jade chariot. The leather chariot replaced the small horse palanquin beginning in Qianlong 8. Originally the small horse palanquin was one chi shorter and narrower than the great horse palanquin. Its two lower shafts were one zhang, nine chi, and five fen long. Platform, pearl-drip board, spokes, and rims all followed the great horse palanquin. The pavilion stood five chi, five cun, and nine fen high, in cinnabar lacquer. Four pillars, each five chi, four cun, and five fen long. The railing rose one cun and four fen, with twelve agarwood-toned cloud panels above and below. Doors measured five chi high by two chi, two cun, and five fen wide. Side doors were over one cun narrower. Fore and side doors were two cinnabar lattice panels each, studded with gilded floral plates. Lattice centers were bound with yellow cord. Behind stood a cinnabar screen with five agarwood-toned dragons and three matching ring panels. Gilded floral plates studded the surroundings as well. The cinnabar seat bore plain mats, rush mats, and red brocaded gold cushions. Four red curtains hung outside; chair and fittings matched the great horse palanquin. Canopy and plate sat one cun lower than on the great horse palanquin. A gilded copper jeweled finial crowned the top. Lotus seat, treasured canopy, heaven wheel, and pavilion fittings matched the great horse palanquin. The ancient jade palanquin was wooden, cinnabar-lacquered, with a round canopy on a square seat. It stood one zhang, one chi, and one cun high; the canopy two chi, in green with four jade round plaques. A gilded round cap bore openwork gilded cloud eaves. Curved beams hung on four sides, their ends shaped as gilded cloud leaves. Two tiers of green satin curtains hung in pleats around the sides. Four yellow velvet cords were tied to the seat corners. Four pillars, each five chi and three cun tall and five chi apart, were painted with cloud-dragons. Doors stood four chi eight cun high; winter brought green felt curtains, summer vermilion curtains with black satin borders, three per side. The seat rose two chi four cun on a platform seven chi six cun above and seven chi seven cun below, with colored clouds above and golden clouds below, ringed by vermilion rails one chi six cun eight fen high inlaid with gold. Floral carpets lined the interior within the rails. At the center stood the cloud-dragon throne, one chi and three cun high. Bronze tripods stood to the left; ceremonial sword and robes to the right. Four shafts: inner pair three zhang eight cun five fen, outer pair two zhang nine chi, capped with golden dragon heads and tails. Five recessed steps led up between cinnabar rails trimmed in gold; thirty-six bearers carried it.
13
金輦,圓蓋方軫。 高一丈五尺,蓋高一尺九寸,飾蓋用泥金銜金圓版四。 冠金圓頂。 檐徑七尺一寸。 黃緞垂幨二層。 柱高五尺,相距各四尺九寸。 門高四尺七寸五分。 冬垂黃氈門幃,夏易以硃簾,黑緞緣,四面各三。 座上方七尺三寸,下方七尺五寸,環以硃闌,高一尺三寸。 轅四,內二轅長二丈八尺一寸,外二轅長二丈六尺一寸。 舁以二十八人。 餘如玉輦之制。 按乾隆十三年,改涼步輦為金輦。 初制,涼步輦高一丈一尺二寸,座高二尺五寸。 輦座硃魨,座板並四面硃魨匡,雕木渾貼金雲板二十片,上貼金地雕五彩雲絛環板十二片,帶仰覆蓮座。 下四轅,中二轅長二丈八尺五寸,左右二轅長較減二尺,皆硃魨,前後俱鍍金銅龍首尾裝釘,攀轅黃線圓絛八。 輦亭高五尺五寸五分,方四尺八寸,硃魨。 門高四尺七寸,廣二尺二寸。 左右門廣亦如之。 上四周沈香色描金香草板十二片,前左右各有槅二扇,後槅三扇,明栨全,皆硃魨,編以黃線絛。 輦板上施花毯草席,並紅織金綺褥。 硃魨戧金雲龍坐椅一,坐下四周雕木沈香色描金雲,其上靠背雕沈香色描金龍一,並五彩雲,下雕貼金雲板一片,硃魨福壽板一,並衣。 亭內設雕木渾貼金劍山一,腳踏一,黃緞衣全。 銅火爐及鍍金鑲嵌寶石銅爐各一,坐褥、椅裙、簾幔之類,悉與大小馬輦同。 輦頂高二尺五寸,鍍金銅寶珠頂,帶仰覆蓮座,高一尺三寸二分,垂攀頂黃絨索四。 頂硃魨,冒以黃氈,四角如意雲並緣絛,亦均黃氈為之。 周圍施金黃綺瀝水二層,每層百二十四摺,綉雲龍,間以五彩雲文。 腰綉行龍十六。 或大紅羅冒頂,如意雲緣絛亦紅羅為之。 四角鍍金銅雲四朵。 亭內寶蓋綉五龍,頂用硃魨木匡,冒以黃綺,謂之黃屋。 頂心四周綉雲龍各一。 輦亭四角至輦座攀頂黃線圓絛四,並貼金木魚。 亭外圍紅氈面、金黃氈緣絛、絹里氈衣一副。 輦亭前左右轉角闌干二扇,後一字帶轉角闌干二扇,皆硃魨,雕木玲瓏金地五彩妝雲板十六片。 四扇凡十二柱,各柱首雕飾同大輅。 闌內四周施花毯草席,踏梯一,木質硃魨,貼金五彩雲玲瓏板六片,描金水板十二片。 蹲龍四,皆抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 又鍍金銅鉤四,金黃線圓絛,數亦如之。 紅油高凳四,黃氈輓凳二,金黃布夾幰衣、金黃油綢雨衣各一。
The gold palanquin had a round canopy and square frame. It stood one zhang and five chi high; the canopy one chi nine cun, in clay-gold with four gold round plaques. It was crowned with a gilded round cap. The eaves spanned seven chi and one cun. Two tiers of yellow satin curtains hung below. Pillars five chi tall stood four chi nine cun apart. Doors stood four chi, seven cun, and five fen high. Winter brought yellow felt door curtains; summer vermilion curtains with black satin borders, three per side. The platform measured seven chi three cun above and seven chi five cun below, ringed by vermilion rails one chi three cun high. Four shafts: inner pair two zhang eight chi one cun, outer pair two zhang six chi one cun. Twenty-eight bearers carried it. All else followed the jade palanquin. In Qianlong 13 the cool step palanquin became the gold palanquin. Originally the cool step palanquin stood one zhang, one chi, and two cun high, its seat two chi five cun high. Its cinnabar seat and frame bore twenty wholly gilded cloud panels and twelve five-colored ring panels on gold ground with lotus seats. Four shafts below: center pair two zhang eight chi five cun, side pair two chi shorter—all cinnabar, with gilded dragon caps and eight yellow pulling cords. The pavilion stood five chi, five cun, and five fen high on a four chi eight cun square base, in cinnabar. Doors measured four chi seven cun high by two chi two cun wide. Side doors were equally wide. Twelve agarwood-toned floral panels crowned the frame; fore and side doors were two cinnabar lattice panels each, the rear three, all bound with yellow cord. Floral carpets, rush mats, and red brocaded cushions covered the floor. A cinnabar chair with gilded cloud-dragons bore one agarwood-toned dragon on its back, a gilded cloud panel below, and a fortune-longevity panel with garments complete. Inside stood a gilded sword-mountain, a footrest, and yellow satin garments. Copper and gilded gem-set braziers, cushions, skirts, and drapes matched the horse palanquins. The canopy rose two chi five cun, crowned by a gilded jeweled finial on a lotus base one chi three cun two fen high, with four yellow climbing cords. The cinnabar top was veiled in yellow felt, with ruyi clouds and felt border tassels at the corners. Two tiers of golden brocade eaves, one hundred twenty-four folds each, bore embroidered cloud-dragons and five-colored clouds. The waistband bore sixteen traveling dragons in embroidery. Alternatively a great red gauze canopy with red gauze ruyi borders. Four gilded copper cloud ornaments stood at the corners. Inside, a treasured canopy on a cinnabar frame veiled in yellow brocade—the Yellow Canopy—bore five embroidered dragons. Four cloud-dragons were embroidered around the apex. Yellow climbing cords and gilded wooden fish linked pavilion corners to the seat. Outside hung a red felt garment with golden-yellow felt borders and silk lining. Corner rails enclosed the pavilion in cinnabar, set with sixteen openwork gilded five-colored cloud panels. Twelve pillars on four panels bore caps matching the great chariot. Floral carpets and rush mats lined the interior; one cinnabar ladder bore six gilded cloud panels and twelve water panels. Four crouching dragons, all studded with gilded floral plates. Four gilded hooks and matching golden-yellow cords completed the set. It carried four red-oiled stools, two yellow felt stools, a golden-yellow canopy coat, and a golden-yellow raincoat.
14
禮輿,棻質。 高六尺三寸。 上為穹蓋二層,高一尺三寸。 上層八角,飾金行龍。 下四角,飾亦如之。 冠金圓頂,承以鏤金垂雲,雜寶銜之。 檐縱四尺七寸,橫三尺五寸。 明黃緞垂幨二層,綉金雲龍。 四柱高五尺,飾蟠龍,門端及左右闌飾雲龍,皆鏤金。 內設金龍寶座,高一尺七寸,幃用明黃雲緞紗氈,各惟其時。 左右啟櫺,夏用藍紗,冬用玻璃。 直轅二,長一丈七尺六寸五分。 大橫杆二,長九尺。 小橫杆四,長二尺二寸五分。 肩桿八,長五尺八寸。 皆魨硃,繪金雲龍。 橫鑽銅,縱加金龍首尾。 舁以十六人。 按禮輿為大儀轎之改定。 初制,大儀轎高四尺八寸五分,頂高一尺三寸,廣二尺八寸。 頂雙層,渾貼金雕九龍,雲花番草絛環,銷金龍瀝水二層,黃綾為之。 魨金直竿二,前後橫竿如之。 短扛四,肩扛倍之。 撐竿二。 轎頂蹲龍十二,金頂鈒龍文,嵌珊瑚青金松子等石。 轎扛裝鍍金銅龍首尾。 黃布幰衣、油綢雨衣、黃氈頂各一。
The ritual litter was of fragrant wood. It stood six chi and three cun high. Above rose a two-tier domed canopy one chi three cun high. The upper tier was octagonal, trimmed with gilded traveling dragons. The lower four corners were ornamented likewise. A gilded round cap bore openwork cloud eaves hung with miscellaneous treasure motifs. The eaves measured eight chi seven cun by three chi five cun. Two tiers of bright yellow satin curtains bore gold cloud-dragons in embroidery. Four pillars five chi tall bore coiled dragons in openwork gold; doors and rails showed cloud-dragons likewise. Inside stood a golden dragon throne one chi seven cun high, with bright yellow cloud satin, gauze, or felt curtains by season. Lattice windows on either side used blue gauze in summer and glass in winter. Two straight shafts, each one zhang, seven chi, six cun, and five fen long. Two great crossbars, nine chi long. Four small crossbars, two chi, two cun, and five fen long. Eight shoulder poles, each five chi eight cun long. All were cinnabar-lacquered and painted with golden cloud-dragons. Copper pins crossed them lengthwise, capped with golden dragon heads and tails. Sixteen bearers carried it. The ritual litter was redesignated from the great ceremonial sedan. Originally the great ceremonial sedan stood four chi, eight cun, and five fen high, its canopy one chi three cun high and two chi eight cun wide. Its two-tier canopy bore nine wholly gilded dragons, scroll ring panels, and two tiers of yellow gauze dragon eaves. Two cinnabar-gilded straight poles and matching fore-and-aft crossbars. Four short poles and twice as many shoulder poles. Two support poles. Twelve crouching dragons crowned the canopy; the gilded top was inlaid with dragon motifs, coral, lapis, and other stones. Carrying poles were capped with gilded copper dragon heads and tails. It carried a yellow canopy coat, oiled-silk raincoat, and yellow felt top.
15
輕步輿,亦舁以十六人,木質魨硃,不施幰。 蓋高三尺四寸。 倚高一尺五寸八分,象牙為之。 座高一尺八寸二分,縱一尺八寸三分,橫二尺二寸。 踏幾高三寸,魨以金。 直轅二,長一丈五尺四寸五分,加銅龍首尾。 大橫杆二,長九尺一寸。 小橫杆四,長二尺八寸四分。 肩桿八,長五尺八寸五分,俱鑽銅。 餘制與步輿同。 按輕步輿之稱,改由折合明轎。 初制,折合明轎,金漆雕花草獸面。 廣二尺二寸,高三尺四寸。 地平廣如轎身。 直竿下數亦如大儀轎。 裝飾、幰衣諸制並與明轎同。
The light step litter, borne by sixteen men, was wooden and cinnabar-lacquered, without canopy curtains. The canopy rose three chi and four cun. Ivory armrests stood one chi, five cun, and eight fen high. The seat rose one chi eight cun two fen on a platform one chi eight cun three fen by two chi two cun. A three-cun footrest was gold-lacquered. Two straight shafts, each one zhang five chi four cun five fen, bore copper dragon caps. Two great crossbars, nine chi one cun long. Four small crossbars, two chi eight cun four fen long. Eight shoulder poles, each five chi eight cun five fen, were copper-drilled. All else followed the step litter. The light step litter was redesignated from the folding bright sedan. Originally the folding bright sedan was gold-lacquered with floral and beast-face carving. It measured two chi two cun wide and three chi four cun high. Its floor matched the sedan body in width. Its straight poles below matched the great ceremonial sedan in number. Ornament and canopy gear matched the bright sedan.
16
步輿,亦舁以十六人,木質塗金,不施幰。 蓋高三尺五寸。 倚高一尺六寸五分,鏤花文。 中為蟠龍座,座高一尺八寸五分,縱一尺八寸,橫二尺二寸。 坐具冬施紫貂,夏以明黃妝緞。 四足為虎爪螭首,圓珠承之,周繪雲龍。 踏幾高三寸一分,籠以黃緞。 直轅二,長一丈五尺五寸。 大橫杆二,長七尺六寸,中為雙龍首相對。 小橫杆四,長二尺八寸。 肩桿八,長五尺六寸。 餘同禮輿之制。 按步輿為大轎之改稱。 初制,大轎單頂硃魨,廣三尺,高五尺,貼金。 頂廣視轎身較贏八寸,高八寸。 銷金龍瀝水一層,黃綾為之。 飾金蹲龍四。 直竿下數亦如大儀轎。 金頂以下諸制並同。
The step litter, borne by sixteen men, was wood painted gold, without canopy curtains. The canopy rose three chi five cun. Openwork floral armrests stood one chi six cun five fen high. A coiled-dragon seat rose one chi eight cun five fen on a platform one chi eight cun by two chi two cun. Winter brought purple sable cushions; summer bright yellow brocaded satin. Four legs shaped as tiger claws with chi-dragon heads on round pearl feet bore painted cloud-dragons around. A footrest three cun one fen high was covered in yellow satin. Two straight shafts, each one zhang five chi five cun long. Two great crossbars seven chi six cun long bore confronting dragon heads at center. Four small crossbars, two chi eight cun long. Eight shoulder poles, each five chi six cun long. All else followed the ritual litter. The step litter was redesignated from the great sedan. Originally the great sedan had a cinnabar single top three chi wide and five chi high with applied gold. The top was eight cun wider and eight cun higher than the body. One tier of yellow gauze phoenix eaves-drip was gilded. Four gilded crouching phoenixes adorned it. Straight poles below matched the great ceremonial sedan in number. From the gilded top down, all matched.
17
皇后鳳輿,木質,魨明黃,高七尺。 穹蓋二重,高一尺五寸五分。 上為八角,下方四隅,俱飾金鳳。 冠金圓頂,鏤以雲文,雜寶銜之。 檐縱五尺,橫三尺七寸六分,明黃緞垂幨,上下皆銷金鳳。 四柱,高四尺七寸,皆繪金鳳。 櫺四啟,網以青紃。 前為雙扉,高二尺六寸,啟扉則舉櫺懸之,內魨淺紅。 中設硃座,高一尺七寸。 倚高一尺八寸,魨明黃,繪金鳳。 坐具明黃緞綉彩鳳。 前加撫式,明黃金鳳魨繪亦如之。 直轅二,長一丈七尺二寸五分。 大橫杆二,長八尺,中為鐵鋄金雙鳳相向。 小橫杆四,長三尺。 肩桿八,長五尺一寸。 皆魨明黃,橫鑽以銅,縱加銅鋄金鳳首尾。 舁以十六人。 親蠶御之。 按后妃輿車之制,改定於乾隆十四年。 初制,鳳輿外並有鳳輦,柱高三尺六寸,廣五尺二寸。 座高一尺八寸,周圍闌柱、絛環雕花卉,硃魨貼金飾。 寶座在中,下有仙橋,座穿以藤。 窗槅編石青線,頂衣用黃結羅為之。 銷金鳳瀝水二層。 黃緞裡衣。 外垂珠簾。 直竿四,內扛倍之。 短扛如內扛之數。 俱硃魨。 赤金頂鈒鳳文,嵌青金、珊瑚、松子等石。 扛端裝金鳳首尾。 紅油凳四。 拓叉二。 黃布幰衣、油綢雨衣各一。 鳳輿制廣三尺一寸五分,柱高三尺三寸二分,門高二尺八寸,頂廣視面較贏八寸。 頂樓六瓣,每瓣廣一尺五寸,共高一尺二寸。 轅長一丈七尺五寸,輪高五尺,俱施黃油彩繪金鳳。 赤金頂,鍍金葉片裝釘。 黃素綾衣,上銷金鳳瀝水二層。
The empress phoenix litter was wood lacquered bright yellow, seven chi high. A two-tier domed canopy rose one chi five cun five fen. The upper tier was octagonal; the lower four corners bore gilded phoenixes. A gilded round cap bore openwork clouds and treasure motifs. Eaves five chi by three chi seven cun six fen bore bright yellow curtains gilded with phoenixes above and below. Four pillars, each four chi seven cun tall, were painted with gilded phoenixes. Four lattice windows opened, screened with green cord. Double doors two chi six cun high opened to raised lattice screens; the interior was pale red lacquer. A vermilion seat one chi seven cun high stood at center. Bright yellow armrests one chi eight cun high bore gilded phoenixes. Bright yellow satin cushions were embroidered with colored phoenixes. A forward armrest extension matched the bright yellow gilded phoenix finish. Two straight shafts, each one zhang seven chi two cun five fen long. Two eight-chi crossbars bore iron-clad golden confronting phoenixes at center. Four small crossbars, three chi long. Eight shoulder poles, each five chi one cun long. All were bright yellow lacquer, copper-drilled, with copper-clad golden phoenix caps lengthwise. Sixteen bearers carried it. The empress rode it for the personal silkworm ceremony. Carriages for empresses and consorts were codified in Qianlong 14. Originally there was also a phoenix palanquin: pillars three chi six cun high, five chi two cun wide. Its seat rose one chi eight cun, ringed by floral rails and pillars in cinnabar and applied gold. A treasured seat above an immortal bridge was pierced with rattan. Windows were bound in stone-blue cord; the canopy cover was yellow knotted gauze. Two tiers of gilded phoenix eaves-drip. Yellow satin linings. Pearl curtains hung outside. Four straight poles and twice as many inner carrying poles. Short poles matched the inner poles in number. All were cinnabar-lacquered. The red-gold top was inlaid with phoenix motifs, lapis, coral, and other stones. Pole ends bore golden phoenix heads and tails. Four red-oiled stools. Two support forks. A yellow canopy coat and oiled-silk raincoat. The phoenix litter was three chi one cun five fen wide, with pillars three chi three cun two fen, doors two chi eight cun, and a top eight cun wider than the face. The canopy had six petals, each one chi five cun wide, together one chi two cun high. Shafts one zhang seven chi five cun and wheels five chi high were yellow-oiled and painted with gilded phoenixes. A red-gold top was studded with gilded plates. Plain yellow gauze garments bore two tiers of gilded phoenix eaves.
18
儀輿,木質,魨以明黃,高視鳳輿減一尺一寸。 上為穹蓋,高六寸七分。 冠金圓頂,塗金檐,縱四尺七寸。 四隅系黃絨紃,屬於直轅。 明黃緞垂幨。 四柱,高四尺七寸。 門幃紅里,亦明黃緞為之。 中設硃座,高一尺五寸,倚魨明黃,高一尺六寸,繪金鳳。 坐具明黃緞,綉彩鳳。 直轅二,長一丈五尺五寸。 橫杆二,長七尺七寸,中為鐵鋄金雙鳳相向。 肩桿四,長五尺二寸,兩端鑽銅鋄金。 舁以八人。 初制,儀輿廣三尺二寸,柱高三尺四寸,頂廣視面轅較贏三寸,高九寸,轅長與鳳輿同,輪較低二寸,俱施黃油。 赤金頂,鍍金葉片裝釘。 衣以黃雲緞為之。 重檐瀝水,紅緞里。 黃布幰衣、油綢雨衣、黃氈頂各一。
The ceremonial litter was wood lacquered bright yellow, one chi one cun shorter than the phoenix litter. A domed canopy rose six cun seven fen. A gilded round cap and gilded eaves spanned five chi seven cun. Yellow velvet cords at the four corners tied to the straight shafts. Bright yellow satin curtains hung below. Four pillars, each four chi seven cun tall. Door curtains were bright yellow satin with red lining. A vermilion seat one chi five cun high had bright yellow armrests one chi six cun high painted with gilded phoenixes. Bright yellow satin cushions bore colored phoenixes in embroidery. Two straight shafts, each one zhang five chi five cun long. Two crossbars seven chi seven cun long bore iron-clad golden confronting phoenixes at center. Four shoulder poles five chi two cun long were copper-clad gold at both ends. Eight bearers carried it. Originally the ceremonial litter was three chi two cun wide, pillars three chi four cun, top three cun wider and nine cun higher than the face, shafts as long as the phoenix litter, wheels two cun lower—all yellow-oiled. A red-gold top was studded with gilded plates. Garments were yellow cloud satin. Double eaves with red satin lining. A yellow canopy coat, oiled-silk raincoat, and yellow felt top.
19
鳳車,木質,檗明黃,高九尺五寸。 穹蓋二層,高一尺七寸,上繪八寶,八角飾以金鳳,下繪雲文,四隅飾亦如之。 冠金圓頂,鏤雲,雜寶銜之。 檐縱四尺九寸,橫四尺。 明黃緞垂幨,蓋明黃絡,四隅系紃,明黃絨為之,屬於軫。 四柱,高三尺三寸,左右及後皆繪金鳳。 中各啟櫺,網以青紃,門高三尺,上鏤金鳳相向。 明黃緞幃,黃里。 坐具亦明黃緞為之,上綉彩鳳。 輪徑四尺九寸,各十有八輻。 轅二,長一丈七尺五寸,兩端鑽以鐵鋄金。 軫長六尺二寸。 駕馬一。
The phoenix carriage was wood lacquered bright yellow, nine chi five cun high. A two-tier dome one chi seven cun high bore the Eight Treasures above, gilded phoenixes on the octagon, clouds below, and matching corner ornaments. A gilded round cap bore openwork clouds and treasure motifs. Eaves measured four chi nine cun by four chi. Bright yellow satin curtains hung from a bright yellow net canopy; bright yellow velvet cords at the four corners tied to the frame. Four pillars stood three chi three cun high; gilded phoenixes were painted on the left, right, and rear. Each side had latticed panels screened with blue cord; the door was three chi high, topped with facing gilded phoenixes in openwork. Bright yellow satin curtains with yellow lining. The seat cushion was also bright yellow satin, embroidered with colored phoenixes. Wheels measured four chi nine cun in diameter, each with eighteen spokes. Two shafts, one zhang seven chi five cun long, had gilded iron fittings at both ends. The frame was six chi two cun long. It was drawn by one horse.
20
儀車,木質,魨明黃,高九尺五寸。 穹蓋,上圓下方,高九寸。 冠銀圓頂,塗金。 檐縱五尺五寸,橫四尺一寸。 四隅系紃,明黃絨為之,屬於軫。 明黃緞垂幨。 四柱,高二尺八寸,不加繪飾,里魨淺紅。 黃里明黃緞幃。 坐具亦明黃緞為之,上綉彩鳳。 輪徑四尺,各十有八輻。 轅二,長一丈五尺,鑽以鐵鋄銀,軫長五尺八寸,駕馬一。 按初制無儀車,有大儀轎,廣二尺九寸,高四尺八寸。 頂廣如儀輿。 頂樓八瓣,俱施黃油。 貼金雲鳳絛環,嵌五色寶石。 黃綾為衣,上銷金鳳瀝水二層。 直橫竿各二,短扛四,肩扛倍之,撐竿二,俱硃魨。 轎頂飾金鳳十二,金頂鈒海馬文,嵌青、紅、藍三色寶石。 轎扛裝鍍金銅鳳首尾。 幰衣諸制與儀輿同。
The ceremonial carriage was wood lacquered bright yellow, nine chi five cun high. The domed canopy was round above and square below, nine cun high. A gilded silver round cap crowned it. Eaves measured four chi five cun by four chi one cun. Bright yellow velvet cords at the four corners tied to the frame. Bright yellow satin curtains hung down. Four pillars stood two chi eight cun high, undecorated, with pale red lacquer inside. Yellow lining and bright yellow satin curtains. The seat cushion was also bright yellow satin, embroidered with colored phoenixes. Wheels measured four chi in diameter, each with eighteen spokes. Two shafts one zhang five chi long had silver-gilt iron fittings; the frame was five chi eight cun; one horse drew it. Originally there was no ceremonial carriage, only a great ceremonial palanquin two chi nine cun wide and four chi eight cun high. The top was as wide as the ceremonial litter. An eight-petal top pavilion was coated throughout with yellow oil. Gilded cloud-and-phoenix bands and rings were inset with gems of five colors. Yellow gauze covered it, with two tiers of gilded phoenix drip-lines. There were two vertical and two horizontal poles, four short carrying poles, twice as many shoulder poles, and two support poles—all lacquered vermilion. The palanquin top bore twelve gilded phoenixes; the gilded cap was chased with sea-horse motifs and set with green, red, and blue gems. Gilded copper phoenix heads and tails adorned the palanquin poles. Canopy garments and other details matched the ceremonial litter.
21
皇太后輿車之制,與皇后同,惟繪綉加龍,故遂異其名曰龍輿、曰龍鳳車。 乾隆十六年,皇太后六旬聖壽,皇上自暢春園躬奉慈駕入宮。 皇太后御金輦,明黃緞綉壽字篆文。 奉輦以二十八人。 二十六年、三十六年,皇太后七旬、八旬聖壽,並御是輦,自暢春園入宮。 定名曰萬壽輦。
The Empress Dowager's litters and carriages followed the Empress's regulations, but painting and embroidery added dragons, so they were called the dragon litter and the dragon-phoenix carriage. In Qianlong 16, for the Empress Dowager's sixtieth birthday, the Emperor personally escorted her from Changchun Garden into the palace. The Empress Dowager rode a gilded palanquin draped in bright yellow satin embroidered with seal-script longevity characters. Twenty-eight bearers carried the palanquin. On her seventieth and eightieth birthdays in the twenty-sixth and thirty-sixth years, she again rode this palanquin from Changchun Garden into the palace. It was formally named the Ten-Thousand-Years Palanquin.
22
皇貴妃翟輿,木質,魨明黃,繪綉皆金翟。 橫杆中為鐵鋄銀雙翟相向,翟首鋄金。 凡桿縱加銅鋄金翟首尾。 肩桿四。 舁以八人。 餘同皇后鳳輿之制。 按初制,皇貴妃輿車,有翟車、翟轎,無儀輿、儀車之稱。 翟轎制廣二尺九寸,高四尺六寸。 頂廣二尺五寸。 頂樓六瓣。 俱施金黃油,彩繪雲龍翟鳥,飾五色寶石。 金黃綾衣,上銷金翟瀝水。 直竿二,橫竿如之。 肩扛四,撐竿二,俱硃魨。 轎頂飾金翟十。 純素金頂,銅事件全。 黃布幰衣、油綢雨衣各一。
The Imperial Noble Consort's pheasant litter was wood lacquered bright yellow, with gilded pheasants in all painting and embroidery. The horizontal pole's center bore facing silver-gilt iron pheasants with gilded heads. Every pole had gilded pheasant heads and tails added along its length. There were four shoulder poles. Eight bearers carried it. Everything else matched the Empress's phoenix litter. Originally the Imperial Noble Consort had pheasant carriages and palanquins, not ceremonial litters or carriages. The pheasant palanquin was two chi nine cun wide and four chi six cun high. The top was two chi five cun wide. The top pavilion had six petals. All was golden-yellow oiled, painted with clouds, dragons, and pheasants, and set with gems of five colors. Golden-yellow gauze covered it, with gilded pheasant drip-lines above. There were two vertical poles and the same number of horizontal ones. Four shoulder poles and two support poles were all lacquered vermilion. Ten gilded pheasants ornamented the palanquin top. A plain gilded top with full copper fittings. A yellow canopy coat and an oiled-silk raincoat.
23
儀輿,木質,魨明黃。 倚繪金翟。 坐具綉彩翟。 橫杆中為鐵鋄銀雙翟相向。 翟首鋄金。 餘與皇后儀輿制同。
The ceremonial litter was wood lacquered bright yellow. The backrest bore gilded pheasants. The seat cushion was embroidered with colored pheasants. Facing silver-gilt iron pheasants stood at the horizontal pole's center. The pheasant heads were gilded. Everything else matched the Empress's ceremonial litter.
24
翟車,木質,魨明黃。 蓋飾金翟。 左右及後均繪金翟。 門亦鏤金翟相向。 坐具綉彩翟。 轅鑽以鐵鋄銀。 餘如皇后鳳車之制。 初制,翟車廣三尺一寸,柱高三尺三寸有奇,頂高一尺二寸,轅長一丈六尺六寸,輪高四尺八寸,俱施金黃油。 金黃雲緞衣。 重檐瀝水,紅絹里。 純素金頂,鍍金銅事件全。 幰衣、雨衣外,金黃氈頂一。
The pheasant carriage was wood lacquered bright yellow. Gilded pheasants ornamented the canopy. Gilded pheasants were painted on the left, right, and rear. The door bore facing gilded pheasants in openwork. The seat cushion was embroidered with colored pheasants. The shafts had silver-gilt iron fittings. Everything else followed the Empress's phoenix carriage. Originally the pheasant carriage was three chi one cun wide, pillars three chi three cun plus a fraction, top one chi two cun, shafts one zhang six chi six cun, wheels four chi eight cun—all golden-yellow oiled. Garments were golden-yellow cloud satin. Double eaves with drip-lines and red silk lining. A plain gilded top with full gilded copper fittings. Besides the canopy coat and raincoat, there was a golden-yellow felt top.
25
儀車,坐具綉彩翟。 餘與皇后儀車制同。
The ceremonial carriage had a seat cushion embroidered with colored pheasants. Everything else matched the Empress's ceremonial carriage.
26
貴妃翟輿、儀輿、儀車,皆木質,魨金黃。 蓋、幨、坐具皆金黃緞,飾彩綉皆金翟。 橫杆中為鐵鋄銀雙翟相向,翟首鋄金。 凡桿皆縱加金翟首尾。 餘俱同皇貴妃輿車之制。
The Noble Consort's pheasant litter, ceremonial litter, and ceremonial carriage were all wood lacquered golden-yellow. Canopy, curtains, and seat were golden-yellow satin, with gilded pheasants in all colored embroidery. Facing silver-gilt iron pheasants with gilded heads stood at the horizontal pole's center. Every pole had gilded pheasant heads and tails added along its length. Everything else matched the Imperial Noble Consort's litters and carriages.
27
妃嬪翟輿,木質,魨金黃。 冠銅圓頂,塗金。 直桿加銅魨金翟首尾。 肩桿四,魨金。 舁以八人。
The Consort's pheasant litter was wood lacquered golden-yellow. A gilded copper round cap crowned it. Gilded copper pheasant heads and tails adorned the vertical pole. Four shoulder poles were gold-lacquered. Eight bearers carried it.
28
儀輿,木質,魨金黃。 冠銅圓頂,塗金。 肩桿二。 舁以四人。 儀車,木質,魨金黃。 冠,銅圓頂,塗金。 餘如貴妃輿車制。 初制,貴妃、妃、嬪車、轎,與皇貴妃同。 惟車轎頂及事件俱銅質鍍金。
The ceremonial litter was wood lacquered golden-yellow. A gilded copper round cap crowned it. There were two shoulder poles. Four bearers carried it. The ceremonial carriage was wood lacquered golden-yellow. The cap was a gilded copper round top. Everything else followed the Noble Consort's litters and carriages. Originally carriages and palanquins for the Noble Consort, Consort, and Imperial Concubine matched the Imperial Noble Consort's. Only the tops and all fittings of their carriages and palanquins were gilded copper.
29
親王明轎一,木質,灑金,不施幰。 蓋、轅、桿皆魨硃飾金。 暖轎一,銀頂,金黃蓋幨,紅幃,緞、氈各惟其時。 初制,親王明轎廣三尺三寸,地平廣與轎面同。 俱施羊肝漆灑金,上下雕玲瓏花卉。 直桿、橫杆、撐桿各二,肩桿四,俱硃魨貼金飾。 紅布幰衣、油綢雨衣各一。
A prince had one open palanquin of wood with gold sprinkling and no canopy garment. Canopy, shafts, and poles were vermilion-lacquered with gold ornament. One warm palanquin had a silver top, golden-yellow canopy curtains, red inner curtains, and satin or felt as the season required. Originally a prince's open palanquin was three chi three cun wide, with a platform as wide as the palanquin face. All was sheep-liver lacquer with gold sprinkling, carved above and below with delicate floral patterns. Two vertical poles, two horizontal poles, two support poles, and four shoulder poles were all vermilion-lacquered with applied gold. A red canopy coat and an oiled-silk raincoat.
30
親王世子明轎一,制同前。 暖轎一。 紅蓋,金黃幨,紅幃。 餘如親王。
A prince's heir had one open palanquin under the same regulations. One warm palanquin. Red canopy, golden-yellow curtains, and red inner curtains. Everything else matched a prince's regulations.
31
郡王明轎一,暖轎一。 紅蓋,紅幨,紅幃。 餘同親王世子。 初制,郡王以下、貝勒以上,俱坐明轎,八人舁之,如親王儀。 輔國公以上,亦坐明轎,四人舁之。 原乘馬者聽。 郡王長子、貝勒明轎一,暖轎一。 自貝勒以上,用輿夫八人。 紅蓋,紅幨,紅幃。 餘如郡王。
A commandery prince had one open palanquin and one warm palanquin. Red canopy, red curtains, and red inner curtains. Everything else matched a prince's heir. Originally commandery princes through beile and above all rode open palanquins borne by eight men, as princes did. Assistant State Dukes and above also rode open palanquins carried by four men. Those who had ridden horses were allowed to keep doing so. A commandery prince's eldest son and a beile each had one open palanquin and one warm palanquin. From beile upward, eight litter bearers were employed. Red canopy, red curtains, and red inner curtains. Everything else matched a commandery prince.
32
貝子明轎一,暖轎一。 紅蓋,紅幨,青幃。 餘如貝勒。
A beizi had one open palanquin and one warm palanquin. Red canopy and curtains, with blue inner curtains. Everything else matched a beile.
33
鎮國公明轎一,暖轎一。 皁蓋,紅幨,皁幃。 餘如貝子。
A State Duke had one open palanquin and one warm palanquin. Black canopy, red curtains, and black inner curtains. Everything else matched a beizi.
34
輔國公明轎一,暖轎一。 青蓋,紅幨,青幃。 餘如鎮國公。 自輔國公以上,用輿夫四。
An Assistant State Duke had one open palanquin and one warm palanquin. Blue canopy, red curtains, and blue inner curtains. Everything else matched a State Duke. From Assistant State Duke upward, four litter bearers were employed.
35
固倫公主暖轎一,金頂硃輪車一。 皆金黃蓋,紅幃,紅緣,蓋角金黃幨。 初制,固倫公主車轎蓋以金黃緞為之,蓋角垂檐皆紅緣。
A Princess of the First Rank had one warm palanquin and one vermilion-wheeled carriage. Both had golden-yellow canopies, red inner curtains and edging, and golden-yellow corner curtains. Originally the Princess of the First Rank's carriage and palanquin canopies were golden-yellow satin, with red edging at the corner eaves.
36
和碩公主暖轎及硃輪車,紅蓋,紅幃,蓋角金黃緣。 餘同固倫公主。 和碩公主以下、縣主以上,輿用銀頂。 並按初制,固倫公主車、轎皆紅緞為之,蓋角亦金黃緣。
A Princess by Imperial Decree had a warm palanquin and vermilion-wheeled carriage with red canopy and inner curtains and golden-yellow corner edging. Everything else matched the Princess of the First Rank. From Princess by Imperial Decree down through Commandery Princess, litters had silver tops. Originally the Princess of the First Rank's carriage and palanquin were red satin, with golden-yellow edging at the canopy corners.
37
郡主暖轎及硃輪車,紅蓋,紅幃,紅幨,蓋角皁緣。 餘如和碩公主。 初制,郡主蓋、幃與和碩公主同,惟蓋角青緣。
A Commandery Princess had a warm palanquin and vermilion-wheeled carriage with red canopy, inner curtains, and curtains, and black corner edging. Everything else matched a Princess by Imperial Decree. Originally a Commandery Princess's canopy and inner curtains matched a Princess by Imperial Decree's, but the canopy corners had blue edging.
38
縣主暖轎及硃輪車,紅蓋,青幨,蓋角青緣。 餘如郡主。 初制,縣主蓋、幃俱同和碩公主,惟蓋角藍緣。
A County Princess had a warm palanquin and vermilion-wheeled carriage with red canopy, blue curtains, and blue corner edging. Everything else matched a Commandery Princess. Originally a County Princess's canopy and inner curtains matched a Princess by Imperial Decree's, but the canopy corners had indigo edging.
39
郡君車,紅蓋,紅幨,青幃,蓋角青緣。 初制,郡君車蓋紅緞為之,藍幃,蓋角藍緣。
A Commandery Lady's carriage had a red canopy, red curtains, blue inner curtains, and blue corner edging. Originally a Commandery Lady's carriage had a red satin canopy, blue inner curtains, and indigo corner edging.
40
縣君車,皁蓋,紅幨,皁幃,蓋角紅緣。 初制,縣君車蓋青緞為之,蓋角紅緣。
A County Lady's carriage had a black canopy, red curtains, black inner curtains, and red corner edging. Originally a County Lady's carriage had a blue satin canopy with red corner edging.
41
鎮國公女鄉君車,皁蓋,皁幃,紅幨,蓋角青緣。 初制,鎮國公女鄉君車蓋、幃亦以青緞為之,蓋角藍緣。
A State Duke's daughter holding the rank of Village Lady had a black canopy, black inner curtains, red curtains, and blue corner edging. Originally a State Duke's daughter Village Lady had blue satin canopy and inner curtains with indigo corner edging.
42
輔國公女鄉君車,青幃,蓋去緣飾。 餘如鎮國公女。 郡君以下車皆硃輪。 並按初制,輔國公女鄉君車青蓋、藍幃。
An Assistant State Duke's daughter Village Lady had blue inner curtains and a canopy without edging. Everything else matched the State Duke's daughter. From Commandery Lady downward, all carriages had vermilion wheels. Originally an Assistant State Duke's daughter Village Lady had a blue canopy and blue inner curtains.
43
親王福晉暖轎及硃輪車,紅蓋,四角皁緣。 金黃幨,紅幃,硃轅,輿用金頂。 自親王以下、貝勒以上各側室,均降嫡一等。 並按初制,親王妃車、轎紅蓋,紅幃,金黃垂幨,蓋角青緣。 其側妃車、轎亦紅蓋,紅幃,蓋角青緣,紅垂幨。
A prince's consort had a warm palanquin and vermilion-wheeled carriage with a red canopy and black corner edging. Golden-yellow curtains, red inner curtains, vermilion shafts, and a gilded litter top. From princes through beile, each secondary consort ranked one grade below the principal wife. Originally a prince's consort had red canopy and inner curtains, golden-yellow hanging curtains, and blue corner edging. A prince's secondary consort had red canopy and inner curtains, blue corner edging, and red hanging curtains.
44
親王世子福晉暖轎及硃輪車,紅幨。 餘如親王福晉。 初制,親王世子妃轎、車蓋、幃與親王側妃同。 其側妃轎、車,紅蓋,紅幃,蓋角青緣,青垂幨。
A prince's heir's consort had a warm palanquin and vermilion-wheeled carriage with red curtains. Everything else matched a prince's consort. Originally a prince's heir's consort's palanquin and carriage matched a prince's secondary consort's. A prince's heir's secondary consort had red canopy and inner curtains, blue corner edging, and blue hanging curtains.
45
郡王福晉暖轎及硃輪車,皁幨。 餘如親王世子福晉。 輿用銀頂。 初制,郡王妃轎、車蓋、幃與親王世子側妃同。 其側妃轎、車,紅蓋,紅幃,蓋角藍緣,藍垂幨。
A commandery prince's consort had a warm palanquin and vermilion-wheeled carriage with black curtains. Everything else matched a prince's heir's consort. The litter had a silver top. Originally a commandery prince's consort's palanquin and carriage matched a prince's heir's secondary consort's. A commandery prince's secondary consort had red canopy and inner curtains, indigo corner edging, and indigo hanging curtains.
46
郡王長子福晉暖轎及硃輪車,四角藍緣,藍幨。 餘如郡王福晉。 初制,郡王長子妃轎、車蓋、幃與郡王側妃同。 其側妃轎、車,紅蓋,四角青緣,青幃,紅幨。
A commandery prince's eldest son's consort had a warm palanquin and vermilion-wheeled carriage with indigo corner edging and indigo curtains. Everything else matched a commandery prince's consort. Originally a commandery prince's eldest son's consort's palanquin and carriage matched a commandery prince's secondary consort's. A commandery prince's eldest son's secondary consort had a red canopy, blue corner edging, blue inner curtains, and red curtains.
47
貝勒夫人暖轎及硃輪車,四角皁緣,皁幃。 餘如郡王長子福晉。 初制,貝勒夫人轎、車與郡王長子側妃同,其側夫人轎車,紅蓋,藍緣,藍幃,紅幨。
A beile's lady had a warm palanquin and vermilion-wheeled carriage with black corner edging and black inner curtains. Everything else matched a commandery prince's eldest son's consort. Originally a beile's lady matched a commandery prince's eldest son's secondary consort; a beile's secondary lady had a red canopy, blue edging, blue inner curtains, and red curtains.
48
貝子夫人車,紅蓋,青緣,青幃,紅幨。 初制,貝子夫人車與貝勒側夫人同。 其側夫人車,青蓋,紅緣,青幃,紅幨。
A beizi's lady had a red canopy, blue edging, blue inner curtains, and red curtains. Originally a beizi's lady's carriage matched a beile's secondary lady's. A beizi's secondary lady had a blue canopy, red edging, blue inner curtains, and red curtains.
49
鎮國公夫人車,硃輪,皁蓋,紅緣,皁幃。 紅幨。 自公夫人以上,蓋、幃均用雲緞,鎮國將軍夫人以下用素緞。 並按初制,鎮國公夫人車蓋、幃與貝子側夫人同。 其側夫人車,青蓋,藍緣,青幃,紅幨。
A State Duke's lady had vermilion wheels, a black canopy, red edging, and black inner curtains. Red curtains. From a duke's lady upward, canopies and inner curtains were cloud satin; from a general's lady downward, plain satin. Originally a State Duke's lady's canopy and inner curtains matched a beizi's secondary lady's. A State Duke's secondary lady had a blue canopy, indigo edging, blue inner curtains, and red curtains.
50
輔國公夫人車,硃輪,皁蓋,青緣,皁幃,紅幨。 初制,輔國公夫人車蓋、幃與鎮國公側夫人同。 其側夫車,青蓋,藍幃,紅幨。
An Assistant State Duke's lady had vermilion wheels, a black canopy, blue edging, black inner curtains, and red curtains. Originally an Assistant State Duke's lady's canopy and inner curtains matched a State Duke's secondary lady's. An Assistant State Duke's secondary lady had a blue canopy, blue inner curtains, and red curtains.
51
鎮國將軍夫人車,硃輪,皁蓋,青緣,皁幃,紅幨。 初制,鎮國將軍夫人車蓋、帷與輔國公側夫人同。
A general's lady had vermilion wheels, a black canopy, blue edging, black inner curtains, and red curtains. Originally a general's lady's canopy and curtains matched an Assistant State Duke's secondary lady's.
52
輔國將軍夫人車,硃輪,青蓋,紅幨,青幃。 初制,輔國將軍夫人車蓋、帷皆以藍緞為之,紅垂幨。
An assistant general's lady had vermilion wheels, a blue canopy, red curtains, and blue inner curtains. Originally an assistant general's lady had a blue satin canopy and curtains with red hanging curtains.
53
奉國將軍淑人、奉恩將軍恭人車,均硃輪,皁蓋,皁幃,皁幨。 初制,奉國將軍淑人及奉恩將軍恭人車,蓋、幃、幨皆以青緞為之。
A Banner General's Shuren lady and an Ennobled General's Gongren lady both had vermilion wheels and black canopy, inner curtains, and curtains. Originally both had blue satin canopies, inner curtains, and curtains.
54
民公夫人車,黑轅輪,綠蓋,皁緣,綠幨,皁幃。 初制,公夫人車,皁蓋,青緣。
A commoner's duchess had black shafts and wheels, a green canopy, black edging, green curtains, and black inner curtains. Originally a duchess's carriage had a black canopy and blue edging.
55
侯、伯夫人車,四角青緣。 餘如民公夫人。 初制,侯、伯夫人車,青幃,蓋角藍緣。
Marquis and earl ladies' carriages had blue corner edging. Everything else matched a commoner's duchess. Originally marquis and earl ladies had blue inner curtains and indigo corner edging.
56
子夫人車,皁蓋。 餘如侯、伯夫人。 初制,子夫人車,青蓋,綠緣,綠幨,青幃。
A viscount lady's carriage had a black canopy. Everything else matched marquis and earl ladies. Originally a viscount lady had a blue canopy, green edging, green curtains, and blue inner curtains.
57
男夫人車,皁蓋,不緣。 餘如子夫人。 初制,男夫人車,青蓋,青幃,綠幨。
A baron lady's carriage had a black canopy without edging. Everything else matched a viscount lady. Originally a baron lady had a blue canopy, blue inner curtains, and green curtains.
58
滿洲官惟親王、郡王、大學士、尚書乘輿。 貝勒、貝子、公、都統及二品文臣,非年老者不得乘輿。 其餘文、武均乘馬。
Only princes, commandery princes, grand secretaries, and ministers among Manchu officials rode litters. Beile, beizi, dukes, banner commanders, and second-rank civil officials could not ride litters unless they were elderly. All other civil and military officials rode horses.
59
漢官三品以上、京堂輿頂用銀,蓋幃用皁。 在京輿夫四人,出京八人。 四品以下文職,輿夫二人,輿頂用錫。 直省督、撫,輿夫八人。 司、道以下,教職以上,輿夫四人。 雜職乘馬。
Han officials of third rank and above and capital bureau officials used silver litter tops and black canopy curtains. In the capital they had four litter bearers; outside, eight. Fourth-rank civil officials and below had two litter bearers and tin litter tops. Provincial governors and governors-general had eight litter bearers. Circuit intendants down through educational officials had four litter bearers. Miscellaneous officials rode horses.
60
欽差官三品以上,輿夫八人。 武職三品仍不得用。 武職均乘馬。 將軍、提督、總兵官,年逾七十不能乘馬者,奏聞請旨。 初制,凡公、侯、伯以下職官,三品以上,坐四人暗轎,鍍金裝飾,銀螭,綉帶,青幔。 四品以下,坐二人暗轎,或乘車,原乘馬者聽。 其轎、車之制,四、五品素獅綉帶。 六品以下,素雲頭素帶,青幔。 漢武官有坐轎者,禁如例。
Imperial commissioners of third rank and above had eight litter bearers. Third-rank military officials still could not use litters. Military officials all rode horses. Generals, provincial commanders, and regional commanders past seventy who could no longer ride horses had to memorialize and await imperial approval. Originally officials from dukes, marquises, and earls downward of third rank and above rode four-man enclosed litters with gilded ornament, silver chilong, embroidered belts, and blue curtains. Fourth rank and below rode two-man enclosed litters or carriages; those who had ridden horses were allowed to keep doing so. Their litters and carriages: fourth and fifth ranks had plain lion-embroidered belts. Sixth rank and below had plain cloud-head belts and blue curtains. Han military officials who rode litters were forbidden under the same rules.
61
乾隆十五年諭:「本朝舊制,文、武滿、漢大臣,凡遇朝會皆乘馬,並不坐轎。 從前滿洲大臣內有坐轎者,是以降旨禁止武大臣坐轎,未禁止文大臣。 今聞文大臣內務求安逸,於京師至近之地,亦皆坐轎。 若謂在部院行走應當坐轎,則國初部院大臣未嘗坐轎。 此由平時不勤習技業,惟求安逸之所致也。 滿洲大臣當思本朝舊制,遵照奉行。 嗣後文大臣內年及六旬實不能乘馬者,著照常坐轎,其餘著禁止。」
In Qianlong 15 an edict declared: "Under our dynasty's ancient custom, civil and military Manchu and Han grand ministers all rode horses to court and never used litters. Some Manchu grand ministers had ridden in litters before, so an edict forbade military grand ministers from doing so but not civil ones. Now civil grand ministers, bent on comfort, ride in litters even for the shortest distances within the capital. If going about the ministries requires a litter, the founding ministers of those boards never used one. This comes from neglecting their duties in ordinary times and seeking comfort alone. Manchu grand ministers should reflect on our dynasty's ancient custom and obey it. Henceforth civil grand ministers who reach sixty and truly cannot ride horses may still use litters; all others are forbidden."
62
庶民車,黑油,齊頭,平頂,皁幔。 轎同車制。 其用雲頭者禁之。
Commoners' carriages were black-lacquered, even-fronted, flat-topped, with black curtains. Palanquins followed the same rules as carriages. Cloud-head motifs were forbidden.
63
一品命婦車,黑輪、轅,皁蓋,青緣,綠幨,皁幃。
A first-rank titled lady had black wheels and shafts, a black canopy, blue edging, green curtains, and black inner curtains.
64
二品命婦車,皁蓋,不緣。 餘同一品命婦。
A second-rank titled lady had a black canopy without edging. Everything else matched a first-rank titled lady.
65
三品命婦車,皁蓋,皁幃。 餘同二品命婦。 以上輿用銀頂。
A third-rank titled lady had a black canopy and black inner curtains. Everything else matched a second-rank titled lady. The above ranks used silver litter tops.
66
四品命婦車,皁蓋,青幃,輿用錫頂。 餘同三品命婦。
A fourth-rank titled lady had a black canopy and blue inner curtains, with a tin litter top. Everything else matched a third-rank titled lady.
67
五品命婦以下車,青蓋,青幨,青幃。 二品以上,蓋、幃、幨用繒,餘均用布。 並按初制,內大臣、都統、大學士、尚書、左都御史命婦車,青蓋,綠緣,綠幨,青幃。 散秩大臣、前鋒統領、步軍統領、副都統、侍郎、學士、副都御史、通政使司通政使、大理寺卿、詹事府詹事命婦車,青蓋,青幃,綠幨。 頭等侍衛,參領,步軍總尉,王府長史,太常、太僕、光祿寺各正、少卿,通政司副使,大理寺少卿,國子監祭酒,內閣侍讀學士,翰林院讀講學士,侍讀,侍講,詹事府少詹事,庶子,諭德,洗馬,郎中,鴻臚寺卿,給事中,監察御史,輕車都尉命婦車,青蓋,青幃,青幨。 閒散宗室、二等侍衛、佐領、貝勒長史、欽天監監正、內閣侍讀、國子監司業、鴻臚寺少卿、通政使司參議、詹事府中允、員外郎、步軍副尉、騎都尉命婦車,青蓋,藍幃,青幨。 三等侍衛、雲騎尉、五品以下官命婦車,藍蓋,藍幃,青幨。
Fifth-rank titled ladies and below had blue canopies, curtains, and inner curtains. Second rank and above used silk for canopies, inner curtains, and curtains; lower ranks used cloth. Originally titled ladies of inner court ministers, banner commanders, grand secretaries, ministers, and the left censor-in-chief had blue canopies, green edging, green curtains, and blue inner curtains. Titled ladies of officials without regular posts, vanguard commanders, metropolitan garrison commanders, deputy banner commanders, vice ministers, academicians, vice censor-in-chief, transmission chief secretaries, judicial review presidents, and heir-apparent household chancellors had blue canopies, blue inner curtains, and green curtains. Titled ladies of first-class bodyguards, company commanders, garrison captains, princely chief stewards, ritual, works, and revenue directors, transmission vice secretaries, judicial review vice presidents, academy directors, inner court reader-academicians, Hanlin reader-lecturers, readers, lecturers, heir-apparent vice chancellors, tutors, preceptors, palace stewards, bureau directors, state ceremonial presidents, censors, supervising secretaries, and barons had blue canopies, blue inner curtains, and blue curtains. Titled ladies of idle banner nobles, second-class bodyguards, assistant commanders, beile chief stewards, astronomy directors, inner court readers, academy vice directors, state ceremonial vice presidents, transmission counselors, heir-apparent middle attendants, bureau vice directors, garrison lieutenants, and commanders had blue canopies, indigo inner curtains, and blue curtains. Titled ladies of third-class bodyguards, cloud-cavalry commanders, and officials of fifth rank and below had indigo canopies and inner curtains with blue curtains.