Volume 114 Treatises 89: Offices 1

志八十九

Treatise 89

職官一

Official Posts, Part 1

太祖肇基東土，國俗淳壹，事簡職專，置八旗總管大臣、佐管大臣董統軍旅，置議政五大臣、理事十大臣釐治政刑，任用者止親貴數臣，官稱職立，人稱官置，興也勃焉。太宗厲精為治，設三館，置八承政，論功料勤，翕斯郅治。世祖入關，因明遺制，內自閣、部以迄庶司，損益有物。籓部創建，名並七卿，外台督撫，杜其紛更，著為令甲。綠營提鎮以下，悉易差遣為官，旗營御前領衛，年宿位重，意任隆密。都統旗長，軍民合治，職視專圻駐防，分翰外畿，規撫京制。西北邊陲，守以重臣，綏靖蒙、番，方軌都護，斯皆因俗而治，得其宜已。世宗綜覈，罷尚寶、行人、僉都諸目。高宗明哲，損參政、參議、副使、僉事諸銜，沙汰虛冗，奉職肅然。嘉、道以降，整釐如舊。日久頹弛，精意浸失，日革月易，百職相侵。光緒變法，宣統議制，品目張皇，掌寄紛雜，將以靖國，不益囂乎！夫一國事權，操自樞垣，匯於六曹，分寄於疆吏。自改內三院為內閣，台輔拱袂。迨軍機設，題本廢，內閣益類閒曹，六部長官數四，各無專事。甚或朝握銓衡，夕兼支計，甫主戎政，復領容台，一職數官，一官數職，曲存稟仰，建樹寧論。時軍機之權，獨峙於其上，國家興大兵役，特簡經略大臣、參贊大臣，親寄軍要。吏部助之用人，戶部協以巨饟，用能藉此雄職，奏厥膚功。自是權復移於經略，督撫儀品雖與相埒，然不過承號令、備策應而已。厥後海疆釁起，經略才望稍爽，權力漸微。粵難糾紛，首相督師，屢僨厥事。朝廷間用督撫董戎，多不辱命，猶復不制以文法，故能霈施魄力，自是權又移於督撫。同治中興，光緒還都，皆其力也。洎乎末造，親貴用事，權削四旁，厚集中央，疆事遂致不支焉。初制內外群僚，滿、漢參用，蒙古、漢軍，次第分佈。康、雍兩朝，西北督撫，權定滿缺，領隊、辦事大臣，專任滿員，累朝膺閫外重寄者，滿臣為多。逮文宗兼用漢人，勳業遂著。大抵中葉以前，開疆拓宇，功多成於滿人。中葉以後，撥劇整亂，功多成於漢人。季世釐定官制，始未嘗不欲混齊畛域，以固厥根本也。而弊風相仍，一物自為鴻乙，徒致疑駴，雖危亡之政，無關典要，亦必輯而列之，以著一時故實，治亂之跡，庶皎然若覽焉。

When the dynastic founder laid the state’s foundations in the northeast, customs were plain and duties few. Grand and deputy commanders over the Eight Banners directed the armies; five deliberative ministers and ten administrative ministers handled government and law. Only a handful of kinsmen held office—titles matched tasks and men matched titles—and the rise was swift. Emperor Taizong threw himself into governance, founded three secretariats, appointed eight cheng-political directors, weighed merit and diligence, and brought the realm to high order. After the Shizu crossed into China proper, he adapted the Ming institutional legacy, adjusting the Grand Secretariat, ministries, and subordinate agencies with deliberate care. New frontier ministries were established on a par with the seven chief ministries; governors-general and governors in the provinces were shielded from constant turnover, and these rules were codified as permanent law. Green Standard posts from regional commander downward were converted from temporary assignments to regular offices; Banner guards before the throne held posts of long standing and high rank, entrusted with intimate and weighty duties. Banner generals and company captains administered both troops and civilians, much like garrison commanders in fixed territories, extending control beyond the capital while conforming to metropolitan regulations. The northwest marches were held by senior ministers who pacified Mongols and Tibetans along lines reminiscent of Han frontier protectors—each arrangement suited local custom and proved appropriate. Emperor Yongzheng reviewed the bureaucracy and eliminated such offices as the Court of Imperial Seals, the Courier Service, and assistant censor-in-chief posts. Emperor Qianlong, clear-sighted in governance, trimmed vice-commissioner and assistant titles, purged hollow posts, and made official conduct notably disciplined. From the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods onward, institutional tidying continued along established lines. Over time institutions slackened, careful purpose eroded, and constant tinkering left the hundred offices treading on one another’s duties. Guangxu’s reforms and Xuantong’s constitutional experiments multiplied ranks and muddled responsibilities—meant to steady the realm, they only deepened the clamor. National authority issued from the privy council, pooled in the six ministries, and was delegated to provincial governors. Once the inner three academies became the Grand Secretariat, chief ministers stood largely idle. After the Grand Council was created and routine memorials discontinued, the Grand Secretariat became a largely ceremonial body; each ministry had several chiefs, none with a fixed portfolio. Some held the personnel power in the morning and the treasury at night, directed the army one day and the ceremonial office the next—posts multiplied on men and men on posts, all bent on awaiting orders rather than building policy. The Grand Council alone stood supreme; in major wars the throne specially appointed frontier commissioners and deputies and entrusted them with military affairs. The Ministry of Personnel supplied men and the Ministry of Revenue vast funds, enabling these powerful offices to win real victories. Power then shifted to frontier commissioners; governors-general and governors matched grand secretaries in rank but merely carried orders and furnished plans. Later, as coastal crises erupted, frontier commissioners lost stature and their authority waned. In the Guangdong crisis the chief minister took command and failed repeatedly. The court then turned to governors-general and governors for military leadership; most succeeded, and because they were not hemmed in by routine law they could act boldly—so power passed again to the provinces. The Tongzhi revival and Guangxu’s restoration of the capital owed much to their efforts. In the final years kinsmen dominated court politics, power was stripped from the provinces and hoarded at the center, and frontier administration collapsed under the strain. At first inner and outer posts mixed Manchus and Han, with Mongols and Han Bannermen gradually filling ranks as well. Under Kangxi and Yongzheng northwest governors were reserved for Manchus, frontier commissioners were Manchu-only, and most holders of major field commands were Manchus. Once the Xianfeng emperor employed Han officials as well, distinguished service followed. Before the mid-dynasty, conquest and expansion owed most to Manchu commanders. After the mid-dynasty, crisis management and pacification owed most to Han officials. Late reforms to the bureaucracy initially aimed to erase ethnic boundaries and strengthen the dynasty’s foundations. Yet abuses persisted and categories multiplied until confusion reigned. Even doomed experiments unrelated to core institutions are recorded here so that the facts of the age—and the arc from order to chaos—may stand plain for the reader.

宗人府師傅保內閣稽查欽奉上諭事件處中書科軍機處內繙書房方略館

Court of the Imperial Clan; tutors and guardians; Grand Secretariat; office for scrutinizing imperial edicts; Secretariat of the Palace Secretariat; Grand Council; Inner Translation Office; Bureau for Military Plans

吏部戶部三庫倉場關稅各差禮部會同四譯館樂部兵部刑部工部火藥局河道溝渠盛京五部

Ministry of Personnel; Ministry of Revenue; the three treasuries; granary depots; customs and related assignments; Ministry of Rites; joint office with the Four Translation Bureaus; Music Office; Ministry of War; Ministry of Justice; Ministry of Works; Gunpowder Bureau; waterways; ditches and canals; the five Mukden ministries

宗令，左、右宗正，左、右宗人，俱各一人。 宗室王、公爲之。 府丞，漢一人。 正三品。 其屬：堂主事，漢主事，經歷司經歷，並正六品。 左、右二司理事官，正五品。 副理事官，從五品。 主事，委署主事，俱各二人；筆帖式，效力筆帖式，各二十有四人。 俱宗室爲之。

There was one clan commander, one left and one right clan rectifier, and one left and one right clan administrator. Imperial clansmen of princely and ducal rank held these posts. One Han vice director of the court. Rank: regular third grade. Subordinates included secretariat clerks, Han secretariat clerks, and registry registrars—all regular sixth grade. Left and right bureau administrative officers—regular fifth grade. Deputy administrative officers—subordinate fifth grade. Directors and acting directors—two each. Clerks and probationary clerks—twenty-four each. All were filled by imperial clansmen. —

宗令掌皇族屬籍，顯祖宣皇帝本支爲宗室，繫金黃帶。旁支曰覺羅，繫紅帶。革字者，繫紫帶。 以時修輯玉牒，奠昭穆，序爵祿，宗室封爵十有二：曰和碩親王，曰多羅郡王，曰多羅貝勒，曰固山貝子，曰奉恩鎭國公，曰奉恩輔國公，曰不入八分鎭國公，曰不入八分輔國公，曰鎭國將軍，曰輔國將軍，曰奉國將軍，曰奉恩將軍。嫡子受封者二等：曰世子，曰長子。福晉、夫人之號，各視夫爵以爲差。公主之等二：曰固倫公主，曰和碩公主。格格之等五：曰郡主，曰縣主，曰郡君，曰縣君，曰鄉君。不入五等曰宗女。額駙品級，各視公主、格格等級以爲差。 麗派別，申敎誡，議賞罰，承陵廟祀事。宗正、宗人佐之。府丞掌校漢文册籍。左、右二司分掌左、右翼宗室、覺羅譜牒，序錄子女嫡庶、生卒、婚嫁，官爵、名謚；並覈承襲次序，秩俸等差，及養給優卹諸事。堂主事掌清文奏稿。漢主事掌漢文典籍。經歷掌出納文移。筆帖式掌繙譯文書。 各部同。筆帖式爲滿員進身之階。國初，大學士達海、額爾德尼、索尼諸人，並起家武臣，以諳練國書，特恩賜號「巴克什」，即後之筆帖式也。厥後各署候補者紛不可紀矣。 其兼領者：左、右翼宗學，總理學務王二人，稽察京堂官三人，並請旨簡派。 總管四人，食七品俸。 副管十有六人，食八品俸。並以宗室中分尊年長者引見補授。 清書敎習、騎射敎習各六人，漢書敎習八人。所轄銀庫，以本府堂官及滿洲大臣各一人領之，請旨簡派。 司官二人，由府引見補授。 筆帖式四人。空房，司官、筆帖式亦如之。黃檔房，司官、筆帖式無員限。

The clan commander kept the imperial clan registers. Descendants of Emperor Xuan of the Xianzu line were registered as imperial clansmen and wore golden-yellow belts. Collateral lines were called gioro and wore red belts. Those stripped of their clan character wore purple belts. He periodically revised the imperial genealogy, arranged senior and junior lines, and ordered ranks and stipends. Twelve ranks applied to the clan: Prince of the First Rank, Prince of the Second Rank, Prince of the Third Rank, Prince of the Fourth Rank, dukes pacifying or assisting the state by grace, dukes without the eight privileges, and the four grades of banner general. Enfeoffed legitimate sons held two titles: heir apparent and eldest son. Titles for primary consorts and ladies varied according to their husbands’ ranks. Imperial daughters held two princessly ranks: Princess of the First Rank and Princess of the Second Rank. Five grades of clan daughters were recognized: commandery mistress, county mistress, commandery lady, county lady, and township lady. Daughters outside the five grades were called clan daughters. Imperial sons-in-law received ranks matching those of their princess or gege wives. He clarified lineages, conveyed admonitions, deliberated rewards and punishments, and supervised ancestral temple rites. Clan rectifiers and administrators assisted him. The vice director collated Chinese-language registers. The left and right bureaus kept genealogies for the left and right wings, recording legitimacy, births and deaths, marriages, offices, and posthumous names; and verified succession order, stipend grades, maintenance, relief, and condolence benefits. Secretariat clerks drafted Manchu memorials. Han secretariat clerks managed Chinese archives. Registrars handled incoming and outgoing documents. Clerks translated documents. The same applied in all ministries. The clerk post was the usual entry rank for Manchu officials. At the dynasty’s founding Grand Secretaries Dahai, Erdeni, and Sonin rose from military careers; skilled in the Manchu script, they received the honorific “Bakshi”—the origin of the later clerk post. Later each agency swarmed with clerk candidates beyond count. Concurrent offices included the left and right clan schools; two princes supervising academic affairs; and three inspectors of capital bureau chiefs—all appointed by imperial selection. Four superintendents on seventh-grade stipends. Sixteen deputy superintendents on eighth-grade stipends. All were presented and appointed from senior clansmen by rank and age. Six Manchu instructors, six riding-and-archery instructors, and eight Chinese instructors. Its silver treasury was led by one court bureau chief and one Manchu minister, both appointed by imperial selection. Two bureau officers appointed after presentation by the court. Four clerks. Vacant quarters had the same bureau officers and clerks. The yellow archive office had no fixed quota for officers or clerks.

初制，列署篤恭殿前，置八和碩貝勒共議國政，各置官屬。順治九年，設宗人府，置宗令一人，親王、郡王爲之。 左、右宗正，貝勒、貝子兼攝。 宗人，鎭國公、輔國公及將軍兼攝。後擇賢，不以爵限。 俱各二人。啓心郎，覺羅一人，漢軍二人，初制，秩視理事官。九年，改視侍郎。始以滿臣不諳漢語，議事令坐其中。後多緣以爲奸，康熙十二年省。 與府丞並爲正官。其郎中六人，康熙三十八年省二人。 員外郎四人，主事三人，以覺羅爲之，嗣改覺羅、滿洲參用。堂主事二人，經歷三人，宗室、滿洲二人，漢一人。康熙三十八年省漢缺。乾隆二十九年改用宗室。 筆帖式二十有四人。 後增減無恆。初爲他赤哈哈番、筆帖式哈番，尋改六、七、八品及無頂戴筆帖式。各部同。 康熙十二年，省啓心郎，增滿洲主事一人，分隸左、右二司。雍正元年，增漢主事二人。 用進士出身者。 明年，改郎中爲理事官，員外郎爲副理事官，並定爲宗室、滿洲參用。乾隆二十九年，允府丞儲麟趾奏，始專用宗室人員。五十三年，增置委署主事四人。 筆帖式改。

Initially offices stood before the Hall of Sincere Respect, where eight first-rank princes jointly deliberated state affairs, each with his own staff. In Shunzhi 9 the Court of the Imperial Clan was established with one clan commander—filled by first- and second-rank princes. Left and right clan rectifiers were held concurrently by third- and fourth-rank princes. Clan administrators were held concurrently by state dukes and banner generals. Later appointees were chosen for merit, not rank alone. Two each. Heart-opening counselors: one gioro and two Han Bannermen. Initially their rank equaled that of administrative officers. In the ninth year the rank was raised to vice minister. Because Manchu officials did not know Chinese, counselors were seated among them during deliberations. Later many abused the post; it was abolished in Kangxi 12. Together with the vice director they ranked as chief posts. Six directors served the court; two posts were cut in Kangxi 38. Four vice directors and three secretaries were first gioro-only, later filled by gioro and Manchus together. Two secretariat clerks and three registrars—two clansmen or Manchus and one Han. The Han registrar post was cut in Kangxi 38. In Qianlong 29 the post was reserved for imperial clansmen. Twenty-four clerks. Later numbers fluctuated without fixed rule. Clerks began as taci and clerk bannermen, then became sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade posts and uncapped clerks. The same in all ministries. In Kangxi 12 the counselors were abolished and one Manchu secretary was added to each of the left and right bureaus. In Yongzheng 1 two Han secretaries were added. They were drawn from jinshi degree-holders. The next year directors became administrative officers and vice directors deputy administrative officers, with posts shared between clansmen and Manchus. In Qianlong 29, on Vice Director Chu Linzhi’s memorial, posts were reserved for imperial clansmen only. In the fifty-third year four acting secretaries were added. They were promoted from clerk posts. —

太師、太傅、太保為三公。正一品。少師、少傅、少保為三孤。從一品。太子太師、太子太傅、太子太保，從一品。太子少師、太子少傅、太子少保，正二品。俱東宮大臣，無員限，無專授。

The Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Protector formed the Three Dukes. Regular first grade. The Junior Preceptor, Junior Tutor, and Junior Protector formed the Three Solitaries. Subordinate first grade. The crown prince’s grand preceptor, tutor, and protector held subordinate first grade. The crown prince’s junior preceptor, tutor, and protector held regular second grade. All served as Eastern Palace ministers, with no fixed quota and no exclusive appointment.

初沿明制，大臣有授公、孤者。嗣定為兼官、加官及贈官。

Initially following Ming practice, senior ministers could receive duke or solitary titles. Later these became concurrent posts, honorific additions, and posthumous grants.

內閣大學士，滿、漢各二人。初制，滿員一品，漢員二品。順治十五年，改與漢同。雍正八年，並定正一品。協辦大學士，滿、漢各一人。尚書內特簡。正一品。學士，滿洲六人，漢四人。初制，滿員二品，漢員三品。順治十五年，並改正五品，兼禮部侍郎者正三品。雍正八年，定從二品。後皆兼禮部侍郎銜。典籍□典籍，滿、漢、漢軍各二人。正七品。侍讀學士，滿洲四人，蒙、漢各二人。初兼太常寺卿銜，尋罷。雍正三年，定從四品。中書，正七品。滿洲七十人，蒙古十有六人，漢軍八人。貼寫中書，滿洲四十人，蒙古六人。

The Grand Secretariat had two Manchu and two Han grand secretaries. Initially Manchu grand secretaries were first grade and Han ones second grade. In Shunzhi 15 Manchu ranks were equalized with Han. In Yongzheng 8 all were fixed at regular first grade. There was one Manchu and one Han assistant grand secretary. They were specially selected from serving ministers. Regular first grade. Six Manchu and four Han chancellors served the Grand Secretariat. Initially Manchu chancellors were second grade and Han ones third grade. In Shunzhi 15 all became regular fifth grade, while those also vice ministers of Rites were regular third grade. In Yongzheng 8 the rank was fixed at subordinate second grade. Later all held concurrent vice-minister of Rites titles. Two Manchu, two Han, and two Han Banner archivists served the secretariat. Regular seventh grade. Four Manchu, two Mongol, and two Han reader-chancellors served the secretariat. They initially held concurrent Court of Imperial Sacrifices director titles, soon dropped. In Yongzheng 3 the rank was fixed at subordinate fourth grade. Secretaries held regular seventh grade. There were seventy Manchu, sixteen Mongol, and eight Han Banner secretaries. Forty Manchu and six Mongol copying secretaries served the secretariat.

大學士掌鈞國政，贊詔命，釐憲典，議大禮、大政，裁酌可否入告。協辦佐之。修實錄、史、志，充監修總裁官。經筵領講官。會試充考試官。殿試充讀卷官。春秋釋奠，攝行祭事。學士掌敷奏。侍讀學士掌典校。侍讀掌勘對。典籍掌出納文移。內閣為典掌絲綸之地，自大學士以下，皆不置印，惟典籍置之，以鈐往來文牒。中書掌撰擬、繙譯。分辦本章處凡五：曰滿本房，漢本房，蒙古本房，滿簽票處，漢簽票處。又誥敕房，稽察房，收發紅本副本處，飯銀庫，俱由大學士委侍讀以下官司之。惟批本處額置滿洲翰林官一人，請旨簡派。中書七人。滿中書內補授。

Grand secretaries steered state policy, drafted edicts, refined statutes, debated major rites and policies, and advised the throne on what should be done. Assistant grand secretaries supported them. They oversaw compilation of veritable records, histories, and gazetteers as supervising editors-in-chief. They led lecturers at the imperial classics exposition. They served as chief examiners for the metropolitan examinations. They read papers at the palace examination. At spring and autumn Confucian sacrifices they officiated on the emperor’s behalf. Chancellors presented memorials to the throne. Reader-chancellors collated texts. Readers checked and compared documents. Archivists handled incoming and outgoing documents. The Grand Secretariat managed imperial edicts; from grand secretaries down no one held a seal—only archivists did, to stamp official correspondence. Secretaries drafted and translated documents. Five offices handled memorials: Manchu, Han, and Mongol memorial offices plus Manchu and Han endorsement offices. The edict office, scrutiny office, red-copy dispatch office, and meal-silver treasury were all run by grand secretaries through readers and subordinate staff. Only the endorsement office had one Manchu Hanlin post, filled by imperial appointment. Seven secretaries served there. They were promoted from among Manchu secretaries.

初，天聰二年，建文館，命儒臣分直。十年，更名內三院。曰國史，曰秘書，曰弘文。始亦沿承政名，後各置大學士一人。順治元年，置滿、漢大學士，不備官，兼各部尚書銜。學士，滿洲，康熙九年改置二人，十年增四人，通舊為六人。漢軍，康熙十年改置二人，十二年並入漢缺。各三人，漢學士無員限。康熙十年改置二人，明年增二人，十二年省漢軍入漢缺，通舊為四人。典籍，滿、漢、漢軍各三人。康熙九年改置二人。侍讀，滿洲十有一人，清文五人，清漢文六人。康熙三十八年省清文一人，清漢文二人。尋復增二人，通舊為十人。蒙古、漢軍、康熙九年各置二人。漢康熙九年省。雍正四年置二人。各三人。中書，滿洲七十有五人，蒙古十有九人，漢軍十有三人，漢三十有六人。康熙三十八年省滿洲、漢軍各五人，蒙古三人，漢四人。乾隆十三年復省漢三人。二年，定為正二品衙門，以翰林官分隸之。三院上並系「內翰林」字。八年，置侍讀學士，滿、蒙、漢軍各三人。十八年增滿洲二人，蒙古三人。康熙九年增滿洲四人，餘改置二人。乾隆十七年省漢軍入漢缺。十年，置三院漢大學士各二人。十五年，更名內閣，別置翰林院官，以大學士分兼。殿閣曰中和殿、保和殿、文華殿、武英殿、文淵閣、東閣，諸大學士仍兼尚書，學士亦如之。十八年，復三院舊制。康熙九年，仍別置翰林院，改三院為內閣，置滿、漢大學士四人。雍正九年，禮部尚書陳元龍、左都御史尹泰特授額外大學士。置協辦自此始。厥後多至六人，少或一二人。乾隆十三年，始定大學士、協辦大學士員限，省中和殿，增體仁閣，以三殿、三閣為定制，唯保和殿不常置。嗣後授保和者止傅恆一人。凡遇歲時慶節朝會，漢員列滿員下。自光緒間李鴻章系文華殿銜，而寶鋆時系武英殿，班轉居其右。五十八年，停兼尚書銜。宣統三年，改組內閣，別令大學士序次翰林院。

In Tiancong 2 a literary hall was established and Confucian officials were assigned in rotation. In the tenth year it became the Inner Three Academies. They were the State History, Secretariat, and Hongwen academies. They initially used cheng-political titles; later each academy received one grand secretary. In Shunzhi 1 Manchu and Han grand secretaries were appointed without full posts, concurrently holding ministry minister titles. Manchu chancellors were set at two in Kangxi 9 and raised to six in Kangxi 10. Han Banner chancellors were set at two in Kangxi 10 and merged into Han posts in Kangxi 12. Three each served; Han chancellors had no fixed quota. Han chancellors were set at two in Kangxi 10, raised to four in Kangxi 11, and Han Banner posts merged into Han posts in Kangxi 12. Three Manchu, three Han, and three Han Banner archivists served initially. In Kangxi 9 the quota was reduced to two. Eleven Manchu readers served: five for Manchu script and six for Manchu-Chinese script. In Kangxi 38 one Manchu-script and two Manchu-Chinese reader posts were cut. Two posts were soon restored, bringing the total back to ten. Mongol and Han Banner readers were set at two each in Kangxi 9. Han reader posts were cut in Kangxi 9. Two Han reader posts were restored in Yongzheng 4. Three each served thereafter. There were seventy-five Manchu, nineteen Mongol, thirteen Han Banner, and thirty-six Han secretaries. In Kangxi 38 five Manchu and five Han Banner secretary posts were cut, along with three Mongol and four Han posts. In Qianlong 13 three more Han secretary posts were cut. In the second year it was made a regular second-grade office staffed by Hanlin officials. The three academies were collectively titled Inner Hanlin. In the eighth year three Manchu, three Mongol, and three Han Banner reader-chancellors were appointed. In the eighteenth year two Manchu and three Mongol reader-chancellor posts were added. In Kangxi 9 four Manchu reader-chancellor posts were added and other quotas were set at two. In Qianlong 17 Han Banner reader-chancellor posts were merged into Han posts. In the tenth year each of the three academies received two Han grand secretaries. In the fifteenth year it became the Grand Secretariat; Hanlin posts were separated and grand secretaries held them concurrently. Grand secretaries were attached to the halls of Central Harmony, Preserving Harmony, Literary Glory, Military Eminence, Literary Depth, and the Eastern Pavilion, still concurrently holding ministry posts as did chancellors. In the eighteenth year the three-academy system was restored. In Kangxi 9 the Hanlin Academy was re-established separately, the three academies became the Grand Secretariat, and four Manchu and Han grand secretaries were appointed. In Yongzheng 9 Minister of Rites Chen Yuanlong and Left Censor-in-Chief Yin Tai were specially made extra grand secretaries. Assistant grand secretaries date from this change. Later their number ranged from one or two to as many as six. In Qianlong 13 quotas were fixed for grand and assistant grand secretaries; Central Harmony was dropped and Cherishing Benevolence added, making three halls and three pavilions standard—except Preserving Harmony, which was rarely filled. Only Fu Heng was ever granted the Preserving Harmony hall thereafter. At seasonal festivals and court assemblies Han officials stood below Manchu officials. In the Guangxu period Li Hongzhang held Literary Glory while Bao Jun held Military Eminence, placing Bao to Li’s right in court order. In the fifty-eighth year concurrent ministry minister titles were discontinued. In Xuantong 3 the Grand Secretariat was reorganized and grand secretaries ranked after the Hanlin Academy.

先是世祖親政，日至票本房，大學士司票擬，意任隆密。康熙時，改內閣，分其職設翰林院。雍正時，青海告警，復分其職設軍機處，議者謂與內三院無異。顧南書房翰林雖典內廷書詔，而軍國機要綜歸內閣，猶為重寄。至本章歸內閣，大政由樞臣承旨，權任漸輕矣。稽察欽奉上諭事件處，兼理大臣無員限。滿、漢大學士、尚書、左都御史內特簡。掌察諸司諭旨特交事件，督以例限。委署主事，滿洲一人。行走司官，漢四人。並於吏、兵、刑、工四部選補。筆帖式四十人。額外筆帖式八人。中書科，稽察科事內閣學士，滿、漢各一人，由內閣學士內特簡。掌稽頒冊軸。掌印中書，滿洲一人。掌科中書，漢一人。中書，並從七品。滿洲一人，漢三人，掌繕書誥敕。筆帖式十人。

Earlier, under the Shizu’s personal rule, he visited the memorial drafting office daily; grand secretaries drafted endorsements and enjoyed intimate, weighty trust. Under Kangxi it became the Grand Secretariat and the Hanlin Academy took over part of its duties. Under Yongzheng, after alarms from Qinghai, the Grand Council was created to share its duties—commentators said this differed little from the Inner Three Academies. Although Southern Study Hanlin drafted inner-court edicts, military and state essentials still centered in the Grand Secretariat, which remained a weighty trust. Once routine memorials returned to the Grand Secretariat while great policy passed to privy councillors receiving imperial intent, its authority gradually faded. The office that scrutinized reverently received imperial edict matters had no fixed quota for concurrently serving ministers. They were specially chosen from Manchu and Han grand secretaries, ministers, and the left censor-in-chief. It scrutinized specially assigned edict matters from all ministries and enforced statutory deadlines. One acting Manchu secretary served there. Four Han bureau officials served in rotation. They were drawn from the Personnel, War, Justice, and Works ministries. Forty clerks served the office. Eight additional clerk posts were authorized. The edict chancery was overseen for scrutiny by one Manchu and one Han inner-court chancellor, each specially chosen from the secretariat chancellors. It scrutinized and issued registers and scrolls. One Manchu secretary held the chancery seal. One Han secretary directed chancery affairs. Secretaries all held subordinate seventh grade. One Manchu and three Han secretaries copied edicts and commissions of appointment. Ten clerks served the chancery.

初制，置滿洲中書舍人一人，乾隆十四年增一人。漢中書舍人八人。雍正十三年派兼內閣行走。乾隆十三年省四人。順治九年，置滿洲記事官，同掌科事。康熙九年，改記事官為中書舍人。乾隆三十六年，置管中書科事漢內閣學士一人。明年，改管科事為稽察科事；增置滿洲內閣學士一人；改中書舍人為中書科，置掌印中書，滿、漢各一人。宣統三年省。

Initially one Manchu edict secretary was appointed; in Qianlong 14 a second was added. Eight Han edict secretaries served. In Yongzheng 13 they were also assigned to rotate through the Grand Secretariat. In Qianlong 13 four posts were abolished. In Shunzhi 9 Manchu record-keepers were appointed to manage chancery affairs jointly. In Kangxi 9 record-keepers became edict secretaries. In Qianlong 36 one Han inner-court chancellor was appointed to oversee the edict chancery. The next year oversight of chancery affairs became scrutiny of chancery affairs; one Manchu inner-court chancellor was added; Edict secretaries became the edict chancery, with one Manchu and one Han seal-holding secretary each. Abolished in Xuantong 3.

軍機處軍機大臣，無定員，由大學士、尚書、侍郎內特旨召入。區其名曰大臣，曰大臣上行走。其初入者加「學習」二字。掌軍國大政，以贊機務。常日侍直，應對獻替，巡幸亦如之。明降諭旨，述交內閣。諭本處行者，封寄所司。並冊藏存記人員，屆時題奏。其屬曰章京，滿洲十有六人，漢二十人，名曰行走，分頭班、二班。初無定額，嘉慶四年定每班八人。後增减無恆。光緒三十二年定三十有六人，復定領班秩視三品，幫領班秩視四品，餘並以原官充補。三十四年，改領班為從三品，幫領班為從四品。分掌清文、漢字。

Grand councillors of the Grand Council had no fixed quota and were summoned by special imperial order from grand secretaries, ministers, and vice ministers. They were titled grand councillor or senior grand councillor on duty. New appointees were marked “in training.” They directed major military and state policy and advised on privy council business. They attended daily, answered the throne, and offered counsel—also on imperial tours. They drafted imperial edicts and passed them to the Grand Secretariat. Edicts to be executed locally were sealed and sent to the responsible agency. They also kept registers of stored personnel and memorialized the throne when due. Their staff were council clerks: sixteen Manchu and twenty Han, called duty officers, in first and second shifts. Initially there was no fixed quota; in Jiaqing 4 each shift was set at eight. Later the numbers changed without a fixed rule. In Guangxu 32 the quota was set at thirty-six; shift leaders ranked as third grade and assistants as fourth, while others kept their original ranks. In the thirty-fourth year shift leaders became subordinate third grade and assistants subordinate fourth grade. They handled Manchu and Chinese documents separately.

初設議政處，令鞏阿岱等為議政大臣，參畫軍要。雍正十年，用兵西北，慮儤直者洩機密，始設軍機房，後改軍機處，而滿洲大學士尚有兼議政銜者。乾隆五十六年停。高宗蒞政，更名總理處，尋復如初。時入直者皆重臣。故事，親王不假事權。至嘉慶四年，始命成親王入直，旋出之。咸豐間，覆命恭親王入直，歷三朝領班如故。嗣是醇賢親王、禮親王、慶親王等踵相躡。光緒二十七年，設政務處，以軍機大臣領督辦事。參預大臣無定員。提調、幫提調、總辦、幫總辦，俱各二人，章京八人，並以本處員司兼充。二十八年，附設財政處，尋罷。三十二年更名會議政務處，隸內閣。宣統三年省。三十一年，定署名制。越二年，設憲政編查館，覆命軍機大臣領之。先是設考察政治館，命度支部尚書載澤等考察各國政治，至是更名。置提調四；總核、參議各二；庶務處總辦一；一、二等諮議官，無恆額。設編製、統計、官報三局，局長、副局長各一，科員視事酌置。又考核科總辦一，幫辦正科員各二，副科員八，調京、外官兼充。宣統三年省。宣統三年，改責任內閣，以軍機大臣為總協理大臣。內繙書房管理大臣，滿洲軍機大臣兼充，掌繙諭旨、御論、冊祝文字。提調、協辦提調，各二人。收掌官、掌檔官，俱各四人。並於本房行走官內酌派。繙譯四十人。宣統初，改隸翰林院。方略館總裁，軍機大臣兼充。掌修方略。提調、收掌，俱滿、漢二人。纂修，滿洲三人，漢六人。俱由軍機章京內派充。漢纂修缺內由翰林院咨送充補一人。校對，無員限。六部司員、內閣中書兼充。有事權置，畢乃省。

A Council of Deliberation was first set up, with Gonga Dai and others as deliberative ministers to plan military affairs. In Yongzheng 10, with northwestern campaigns under way, fear of leaks from rotating duty officers led to a military secrets office, later the Grand Council—though some Manchu grand secretaries still held deliberative titles. This practice ended in Qianlong 56. When the Gaozong took the throne it was renamed the General Secretariat, then soon restored. Those on duty at the time were all senior statesmen. By custom princes were not given executive power. Not until Jiaqing 4 was Prince Cheng ordered on duty, then soon removed. Under Xianfeng, Prince Gong was again ordered on duty and led shifts through three reigns as before. Thereafter Princes Chun the Worthy, Li, Qing, and others followed one after another. In Guangxu 27 a Government Affairs Office was set up, headed by grand councillors as supervising directors. Participating ministers had no fixed number. Two supervising directors, two assistant supervising directors, two chief managers, two assistant chief managers, and eight council clerks—all drawn from this office’s staff. In the twenty-eighth year a fiscal office was added, then soon abolished. In the thirty-second year it became the Conference on Government Affairs Office under the Grand Secretariat. It was abolished in Xuantong 3. In the thirty-first year a system of signing by name was established. Two years later a constitutional compilation and inquiry office was set up, again headed by grand councillors. An office to study foreign politics had been set up earlier, with Metrics Minister Zai Ze and others sent abroad; it was now renamed. Four supervising directors were appointed; two chief reviewers and two counsellors; one chief manager oversaw general affairs; first- and second-grade advisers, with no fixed quota. Three bureaus were set up—for drafting, statistics, and the official gazette—each with a director and deputy, with section staff assigned as needed. An examination section had one chief manager, two full and two assistant section chiefs, and eight deputies, filled by officials transferred from the capital and provinces. It was abolished in Xuantong 3. In Xuantong 3 a responsible cabinet was introduced, with grand councillors as chief coordinating ministers. The Inner Translation Bureau was directed by Manchu grand councillors, who translated edicts, imperial essays, and ritual and prayer texts. Two supervising directors and two assistant supervising directors served. Four receiving officers and four archive officers served. They were chosen as needed from duty officers in the bureau. Forty translators served the bureau. Early in Xuantong it was placed under the Hanlin Academy. The campaign records office was headed by grand councillors serving concurrently as chief editors. It compiled official campaign narratives. Two Manchu and two Han supervising directors and receiving officers served. Three Manchu and six Han compilers served. All were detailed from Grand Council clerks. One Han compiler vacancy was filled on recommendation from the Hanlin Academy. Proofreaders had no fixed quota. Ministry section members and secretariat secretaries served concurrently as proofreaders. Posts were created when needed and abolished when the work ended.

吏部尚書，初制，滿洲一品，漢人二品。順治十六年改滿尚書二品。康熙六年復故，九年仍改正二品。雍正八年俱定從一品。各部同。左、右侍郎，初制，滿洲、漢軍二品，漢員三品。順治十六年改滿侍郎三品。康熙六年復故，九年仍改正三品。雍正八年俱定從二品。各部同。俱滿、漢一人。其屬：堂主事，初制四品。順治十六年改六品。康熙六年升五品，九年定正六品。各部同。清檔房滿洲二人，漢本房滿洲二人，漢軍一人。司務□司務，初制從九品。乾隆三十年定正八品。各部同。滿、漢各一人。繕本筆帖式，十有二人。文選、考功、驗封、稽勳四清吏司：郎中，初制三品。順治十六年改五品，尋升四品。康熙六年仍改三品，九年定正五品。各部同。滿洲九人，文選四人，考功三人，驗封、稽勳司各一人。蒙古一人，文選司置。漢五人。文選二人，餘各一人。員外郎，初制四品。順治十六年改五品。康熙六年復故，九年定從五品。各部同。宗室一人，稽勳司置。滿洲八人，文選三人，考功、驗封各二人，稽勳一人。蒙古一人，考功司置。漢六人。文選三人，餘各一人。主事，宗室一人，稽勳司置。滿洲四人，司各一人。蒙古一人，驗封司置。漢七人。文選三人，考功二人，餘各一人。筆帖式，宗室一人，滿洲五十有七人，蒙古四人，漢軍十有二人。學習行走者，有額外司員、七品小京官。各部同。

The minister of Personnel was initially first grade for Manchus and second grade for Han officials. In Shunzhi 16 Manchu ministers were reduced to second grade. In Kangxi 6 the former ranks were restored; in Kangxi 9 Manchu ministers were again fixed at regular second grade. In Yongzheng 8 all were fixed at subordinate first grade. All ministries followed the same rule. Left and right vice ministers were initially second grade for Manchus and Han Bannermen and third grade for Han officials. In Shunzhi 16 Manchu vice ministers were reduced to third grade. In Kangxi 6 the former ranks were restored; in Kangxi 9 Manchu vice ministers were again fixed at regular third grade. In Yongzheng 8 all were fixed at subordinate second grade. All ministries followed the same rule. Each ministry had one Manchu and one Han appointee. Among subordinates, hall secretaries were initially fourth grade. In Shunzhi 16 they were reduced to sixth grade. In Kangxi 6 they were raised to fifth grade; in Kangxi 9 fixed at regular sixth grade. All ministries followed the same rule. The Manchu archive office had two Manchus; the Han memorial office two Manchus and one Han Bannerman. Registry managers were initially subordinate ninth grade. In Qianlong 30 they were fixed at regular eighth grade. All ministries followed the same rule. One Manchu appointee and one Han appointee. Twelve clerk-scribes handled fair-copy work. The four Personnel Bureaus—Selection, Performance Evaluation, Verification and Ennoblement, and Merits and Records—each had a director, originally of the third rank. In Shunzhi 16 the rank was lowered to the fifth grade, then soon raised to the fourth. In Kangxi 6 the rank reverted to the third grade; in Kangxi 9 it was fixed at the regular fifth. The same arrangement applied in every ministry. Nine Manchu directors: four in Selection, three in Performance Evaluation, and one each in Verification and Merits. One Mongol post, assigned to the Selection Bureau. Five Han Chinese directors. Two in Selection; one in each of the other bureaus. Vice directors were originally of the fourth rank. In Shunzhi 16 they were reduced to the fifth rank. In Kangxi 6 the former rank was restored; in Kangxi 9 they were fixed at the subordinate fifth. The same rule held in all ministries. One imperial clansman, posted to the Merits Bureau. Eight Manchu vice directors: three in Selection, two each in Performance Evaluation and Verification, and one in Merits. One Mongol post, assigned to Performance Evaluation. Six Han Chinese vice directors. Three in Selection; one in each of the others. Among secretaries, one imperial clansman was posted to the Merits Bureau. Four Manchu secretaries, one in each bureau. One Mongol secretary in the Verification Bureau. Seven Han Chinese secretaries. Three in Selection, two in Performance Evaluation, and one in each of the remaining bureaus. Clerk-scribes numbered one clansman, fifty-seven Manchus, four Mongols, and twelve Han Banner men. Probationary trainees included supplemental bureau officers and seventh-rank junior capital officials. Other ministries followed the same pattern.

尚書掌銓綜衡軸，以布邦職。侍郎貳之。堂主事掌文案章奏。司務掌出納文移。以上二員各部同。文選掌班秩遷除，平均銓法。官分九品，各系正從，級十有八，不及九品曰未入流。選人並登資簿，依流平進，踵故牒序遷之。考功掌考課，三載考績。京察、大計各聽察於長官，著跡計簿。凡論劾、釋免、引年、稱疾，並覈功過處分。交議者，辨公私輕重，條議以聞。稽勳掌勳級、名籍、喪養，兼稽京朝官廩祿，稽俸□隸之。漢司官員數，八旗世職繼襲。驗封掌廕敘、正一品子正五品敘，從一品子從五品敘，其下以是為差。封贈、階十有八：正一品授光祿大夫，從一品授榮祿大夫，正二品授資政大夫，從二品授奉政大夫，正三品授通議大夫，從三品授中議大夫，正四品授中憲大夫，從四品授朝議大夫，正五品授奉政大夫，從五品授奉直大夫，俱授誥命。正六品授承德郎，從六品授儒林郎，吏員出身者宣德郎，正七品授文林郎，吏員出身者宣義郎，從七品授徵仕郎，正八品授修職郎，從八品授修職佐郎，正九品授登仕郎，從九品授登仕佐郎，俱授敕命。命婦之號九：一曰一品夫人，二品亦曰夫人，三品曰淑人，四品曰恭人，五品曰宜人，六品曰安人，七品曰孺人，八品曰八品孺人，九品曰九品孺人，不分正從。因其子孫封者加「太」字，夫在則否。一品封贈三代，二、三品二代，四品至七品一代，以下止封本身。一品四軸用玉，二品三軸用犀，三品三軸、四品二軸用抹金，五品以下二軸用角。凡嫡母在，生母不得並封。又兩子當封，從其品大者。酬庸、獎忠。覈贈、廕死難官員，有贈、有廕。當否。襲封則辨分合，別宗支等。其世流降除，勘土官世職，移文選司注擬。推恩外戚，加榮聖裔，優恤勝國，並按典奏聞。別設督催所，趣各司交議事，督以例限。當月處，主受事、付事，兼監堂印。遴司員分司之。各部同。

The minister oversaw the whole apparatus of appointment and the central pivot of selection, assigning offices across the realm. Vice ministers assisted him. Hall secretaries handled drafts and memorials. Office managers managed the flow of incoming and outgoing documents. These two posts were organized the same way in every ministry. The Selection Bureau regulated promotions and transfers and kept the rules of appointment even-handed. Official ranks ran from one to nine, each with regular and subordinate grades for eighteen steps in all; posts below the ninth rank were classed as outside the regular stream. Every candidate was entered on the qualification rolls and advanced by seniority within the regular stream, promotions following the sequence of prior appointments. The Performance Evaluation Bureau conducted assessments, including the triennial review of service. Metropolitan review and the grand assessment were each conducted by superiors and entered in performance registers. Impeachments, dismissals, retirements on age, and claims of illness were all weighed for merit and fault and punished as appropriate. Matters sent for joint deliberation were sorted by public and private interest and by severity, then drafted into proposals for the throne. The Merits Bureau kept merit grades, name registers, and mourning provisions, audited stipends and grain for capital officials, and oversaw subordinate pay and ration accounts. It also tracked Han bureau staffing and the inheritance of hereditary Eight Banner posts. The Verification Bureau handled yin privileges and enfeoffment: sons of regular first-rank fathers received regular fifth-rank appointments, sons of subordinate first-rank fathers subordinate fifth-rank appointments, with lower ranks graded in proportion. Enfeoffment and eighteen honorary titles ran from the regular first rank, which received the title Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, down through the subordinate fifth rank as Grand Master of Direct Court Administration; all received patent edicts of appointment. From the regular sixth rank as Gentleman of Continued Merit through the subordinate ninth as Associate Gentleman of Ascending Office, including separate titles for clerical-origin holders, all received edicts of appointment. Nine titles honored officials' wives: Lady of the First Rank, Lady for the second rank, Shuren for the third, Gongren for the fourth, Yiren for the fifth, Anren for the sixth, Ruren for the seventh, and eighth- and ninth-rank Ruren for the lowest grades, without distinguishing regular from subordinate ranks. Honors granted through descendants took the prefix "Grand"; if the husband was still alive, they did not. First-rank honors could reach back three generations; second and third ranks two; fourth through seventh one; below that only the living official was honored. Patent scrolls for the first rank used four jade-mounted rolls; the second rank three rhinoceros-horn rolls; the third three and the fourth two gilt rolls; fifth rank and below two horn rolls. If the legal mother was still living, the birth mother could not receive a concurrent enfeoffment. When two sons could confer honors, the higher of their ranks governed. It rewarded distinguished service and encouraged loyal conduct. It verified posthumous honors and yin privileges for officials who died in the line of duty, granting either enfeoffment or hereditary privilege as appropriate. It ruled on whether each case was warranted. For inherited titles it distinguished partitions and reunions and sorted lineage branches and grades. It tracked generational demotion and removal, examined hereditary native-official posts, and referred nominations to the Selection Bureau. Extensions of favor to maternal kin, honors to sage descendants, and preferential treatment of the former dynasty were all memorialized according to precedent. A separate office urged bureaus to complete deliberative cases within the legal time limits. The monthly rotation handled incoming and outgoing papers and guarded the ministry seal. Bureau officers were chosen and assigned in turn. Every ministry followed the same practice.

初，天聰五年，詔群僚議定官制，建六部，各以貝勒一人領之。順治元年罷。八年復以親王、郡王兼攝，九年罷。置承政四人，滿二人，蒙、漢各一人。唯工部滿一人，漢二人。參政八人，唯工部置蒙、漢各二人。共十有二人。啟心郎一人。工部置漢二人。順治九年定秩視侍郎。崇德三年，六部定承政一人，左參政二人，右參政三人，戶部四人。啟心郎三人，滿一人，漢二人。理事官四十有三人，吏、禮二部各四人，戶、兵二部各十人，刑部六人，工部九人。副理事官六十有五人，吏部六人，戶、兵二部各十有六人，禮部七人，刑部八人，工部十有二人。額哲庫二人。

Early in Tiancong 5 the court ordered officials to settle the bureaucracy, founded the six ministries, and placed a beile at the head of each. This arrangement was abolished in Shunzhi 1. In Shunzhi 8 princes and commandery princes again held the ministries concurrently; in Shunzhi 9 the practice ended. Four cheng-political directors were appointed—two Manchus, one Mongol, and one Han. Only Works had one Manchu and two Han directors. There were eight can-political vice directors; Works alone had two Mongol and two Han posts. Twelve posts in all. One qixinlang adviser was appointed. Works had two Han advisers. In Shunzhi 9 their rank was set equal to that of a vice minister. In Chongde 3 each ministry had one cheng-political director, two left and three right can-political vice directors, with Revenue having four of the latter. Three qixinlang advisers were set—one Manchu and two Han. Forty-three managing officers were assigned: four each to Personnel and Rites, ten each to Revenue and War, six to Justice, and nine to Works. Fifty-five deputy managing officers followed: six in Personnel, sixteen each in Revenue and War, seven in Rites, eight in Justice, and twelve in Works. Two ejekeku clerks were authorized.

順治元年，改承政為尚書，參政為侍郎，理事官為郎中，副理事官為員外郎，額哲庫為主事。初置增減無恆。時滿洲尚書，滿、漢左、右侍郎，亦無員限。漢右侍郎兼翰林院學士銜。非翰林出身者不兼。尋罷。本部郎中，滿洲四人，十二年增四人。光緒十三年增文選一人。漢軍二人，雍正五年省。滿、蒙員外郎八人，十二年省蒙古缺。十八年復置蒙古八人，康熙元年省，五十七年復置一人。漢軍六人。康熙三十八年省四人。雍正五年並省。滿洲堂主事、清文、清漢文各二人。司主事光緒十三年增文選一人。各四人，漢軍一人，漢司務二人。四年省一人。十五年定滿、漢各一人。各部同。文選司，漢郎中、員外郎各一人，雍正五年增員外郎一人。光緒十三年各增一人。主事二人。光緒十三年增一人。考功、稽勳、驗封三司，漢郎中、員外郎、主事各一人。雍正五年增考功主事一人。並置筆帖式，分隸堂司。各部同。五年，定滿、漢尚書各一人。七年增滿洲一人，十年省。十五年，省啟心郎，定滿、漢左、右侍郎各一人。康熙五十七年，增置蒙古郎中、主事各一人。雍正元年，以大學士領部事。嘉慶四年，更命親王綜之，尋罷。改滿洲員外郎、主事各一人為宗室員缺。六年，復以大學士管部，自是為定制。光緒二十三年，澄汰書吏，增文選、考功二司郎中、員外郎、主事各一人。滿、漢參用。三十二年，定尚書，左、右侍郎，左、右丞、參各一人。丞、參品秩，詳新官制外務部。

In Shunzhi 1 cheng-political directors became ministers, can-political posts vice ministers, managing officers directors, deputy managers vice directors, and ejeke clerks secretaries. At first staffing rose and fell without fixed quotas. Manchu ministers and Manchu and Han left and right vice ministers likewise had no fixed numbers. The Han right vice minister also carried the Hanlin academician title. Only Hanlin graduates could hold the concurrent title. The practice was soon dropped. The ministry had four Manchu directors; four more were added in year 12. In Guangxu 13 one more director was added to Selection. Two Han Banner posts were cut in Yongzheng 5. Eight Manchu and Mongol vice directors were authorized; the Mongol quota was removed in year 12. Eight Mongol vice directors were restored in year 18, abolished in Kangxi 1, and one Mongol post returned in Kangxi 57. Six Han Banner vice directors. Four posts were eliminated in Kangxi 38. All remaining Han Banner posts were abolished in Yongzheng 5. Manchu hall secretaries numbered two each for pure Manchu and Manchu-Chinese documentation. In Guangxu 13 one bureau secretary was added to Selection. There were four in each category, one Han Banner secretary, and two Han office managers. One post was cut in year 4. In year 15 the quota was fixed at one Manchu and one Han each. Other ministries followed the same rule. The Selection Bureau had one Han director and one Han vice director; Yongzheng 5 added another Han vice director. In Guangxu 13 one more Han director and vice director were added to each post. The bureau had two secretaries. Guangxu 13 added one more secretary. Performance Evaluation, Merits and Records, and Verification each had one Han director, vice director, and secretary. In Yongzheng 5 one secretary was added to the Performance Evaluation Section. Clerks were also appointed and assigned to the hall and to the sections. All ministries followed the same rule. In the fifth year one Manchu and one Han minister each were appointed. In the seventh year one Manchu post was added; in the tenth it was abolished. In the fifteenth year the advisor posts were abolished and one Manchu and one Han left and right vice minister each were appointed. In Kangxi 57 one Mongolian director and one secretary were added. In Yongzheng 1 a grand secretary headed the ministry. In Jiaqing 4 a prince was again ordered to oversee the ministry, then soon removed. One Manchu vice director and one secretary each became Imperial Clan quota posts. In the sixth year grand secretaries again managed the ministry, and this became standard practice. In Guangxu 23 clerks were purged and the Appointment and Performance Evaluation sections each gained one director, vice director, and secretary. Manchu and Han appointees were used jointly. In the thirty-second year the ministry was fixed at one minister, one left and one right vice minister, and one left and one right vice director and counsellor each. Vice director and counsellor ranks are set out in the new official system of the Foreign Affairs Ministry.

初制，滿、蒙、漢軍司官，六部統為員額，不置專曹，後始分司定秩如漢人。季世詔泯滿、漢畛域，各部復參用矣。吏部班次曩居六部上。各司郎官，非科甲出身者，不得注授。禮部、宗人府、起居注主事同。自外務部設，班位稍爽，改組內閣，設銓敘、制誥等局，吏部遂廢。

Initially Manchu, Mongol, and Han Banner section staff shared ministry-wide quotas without separate bureaus; only later were bureaus created with Han-style ranks. In the dynasty’s closing years an edict erased Manchu–Han boundaries and ministries again appointed both jointly. The Board of Personnel had long ranked first among the Six Ministries. Section directors and vice directors had to be jinshi degree-holders. The same rule applied in the Board of Rites, the Imperial Clan Court, and the Daily Records office. After the Foreign Affairs Ministry was set up, precedence shifted; reorganization of the Grand Secretariat with appointment and edict bureaus led to abolition of the Board of Personnel.

戶部尚書，左、右侍郎，俱滿、漢一人。其屬：堂主事，南檔房滿洲二人，北檔房滿洲、漢軍各二人。司務□司務，滿、漢各一人。繕本筆帖式二十人。江南、江西、浙江、湖廣、福建、山東、山西、河南、陝西、四川、廣東、廣西、雲南、貴州十四清吏司：郎中，宗室一人，江西司置。滿洲十有七人，江南、浙江、河南、山西、陝西、四川、廣東、廣西、貴州司各一人，福建、湖廣、山東、雲南司各二人。蒙古一人，山西司置。漢十有四人。司各一人。員外郎，宗室二人，廣東、廣西司置。滿洲三十有六人，山西司一人，浙江、江西、河南、四川、廣東、湖廣司各二人，江南、陝西、廣西、山東、雲南、貴州司各三人，福建司五人。漢十有四人。主事，宗室一人，浙江司置。蒙古一人，福建司置。滿、漢各十有四人。筆帖式，宗室一人，滿洲百人，蒙古四人，漢軍十有六人。

The Board of Revenue had one Manchu and one Han minister and one Manchu and one Han left and right vice minister each. Subordinates included hall secretaries: two Manchus in the southern archive and two Manchus and two Han Bannermen in the northern archive. Registry managers: one Manchu and one Han each. Twenty fair-copy clerks served. Fourteen clearance sections for Jiangnan through Guizhou: one Imperial Clan director, in the Jiangxi section. Seventeen Manchu directors: one each in nine sections and two each in Fujian, Huguang, Shandong, and Yunnan. One Mongolian director served in the Shanxi section. Fourteen Han directors served. Each section had one. Vice directors: two Imperial Clan members, in Guangdong and Guangxi. Thirty-six Manchu vice directors: one in Shanxi, two in six sections, three in six sections, and five in Fujian. Fourteen Han vice directors served. Secretaries: one Imperial Clan member in the Zhejiang section. One Mongolian secretary served in the Fujian section. Fourteen Manchu and fourteen Han secretaries each. Clerks: one Imperial Clan member, one hundred Manchus, four Mongols, and sixteen Han Bannermen.

尚書掌軍國支計，以足邦用。侍郎貳之。右侍郎兼掌寶泉局鼓鑄。十四司，各掌其分省民賦，及八旗諸司稟祿，軍士饟糈，各倉，鹽課，鈔關，雜稅。江南司兼稽江寧、蘇州織造支銷，江寧、京口駐防俸餉，各省平餘地丁逾限未結者。江西司兼稽各省協餉。浙江司兼稽杭州織造支銷，杭州、乍浦駐防俸餉，及各省民數、穀數。福建司兼稽直隸民賦，天津海稅，東西陵、熱河、密雲駐防俸餉，司乳牛牧馬政令，文武鄉會試支供，五城賑粟。湖廣司兼稽奉省廠課，荊州駐防俸餉，各省地丁耗羨之數。河南司兼稽開封駐防俸餉，察哈爾俸餉，及報銷未結者。山東司兼稽青州、德州駐防俸餉，東三省兵糈出納，參票畜稅，並察給八旗官養廉，長蘆等處鹽課。山西司兼稽遊牧察哈爾地畝，土默特地糧，喀爾喀、回部定邊左副將軍辦事官屬，張家口、賽爾烏蘇台站俸餉，烏裡雅蘇台、科布多屯田官兵番換，並各省歲入歲出之數。陝西司兼稽甘肅民賦，行銷鹽引，西安、寧夏、涼州、莊浪各駐防俸餉，並匯覈在京支款，新疆經費。四川司兼稽本省關稅，兩金川等處、新疆屯務，成都駐防俸餉，並京城草廠出納，各部院紙硃支費，入官戶口，贓□銀兩，凡各省郡縣豐歉水旱，歲具其數以上。廣東司兼稽廣州駐防俸餉，八旗繼嗣戶產更代，凡壽民、孝子、節婦受旌者，給以坊直。廣西司兼稽本省礦政廠稅，及京省錢法，內倉出納。雲南司兼稽本省廠課，山東、河南、江南、江西、浙江、湖廣漕政，京、通倉儲，及江寧水次六倉考覈。貴州司兼稽各關稅課，並覈貂貢。所轄內倉監督，滿洲二人。司員內派委。寶泉局監督、各部司員內保送補用。主事，本部司員內派委。俱滿、漢各一人；局大使，東、西、南、北四廠大使，俱滿洲一人。筆帖式充。初置漢一人。雍正四年增四人，七年改滿洲員缺。各省錢局監鑄官，十有八人。外官兼充，並受法式法部。其別領者三：曰井田科，典八旗土田、內府莊戶；曰俸饟處，覈八旗俸饟丁冊；曰現審處，平八旗戶口田房諍訟。又飯銀處、減平處、捐納房、監印處、則例館，俱派司屬分治其事。

The minister managed national revenue and expenditure to meet state needs. Vice ministers assisted him. The right vice minister also oversaw minting at the Baoquan Bureau. The fourteen sections each handled their provinces’ land tax, Banner stipends, troop grain pay, granaries, salt, transit duties, and miscellaneous taxes. The Jiangnan section also audited Nanjing and Suzhou weaving accounts, Nanjing and Jingkou garrison pay, and overdue provincial land-tax surcharges. The Jiangxi section also audited cooperative subsidies from the provinces. The Zhejiang section also audited Hangzhou weaving accounts, Hangzhou and Zhapu garrison pay, and provincial population and grain returns. The Fujian section also audited Zhili land tax, Tianjin maritime duties, tomb and frontier garrison pay, dairy and horse regulations, examination expenses, and capital grain relief. The Huguang section also audited Fengtian factory levies, Jingzhou garrison pay, and provincial land-tax surcharges. The Henan section also audited Kaifeng and Chahar garrison pay and outstanding reimbursements. The Shandong section also audited Qingzhou and Dezhou garrison pay, northeastern troop grain, ginseng and livestock taxes, Banner integrity stipends, and Changlu salt revenue. The Shanxi section also audited Chahar pasture tax, Tumet grain, frontier commissioners’ staffs, Zhangjiakou and Sailwusu garrison pay, Uliastai and Kobdo troop rotations, and provincial annual accounts. The Shaanxi section also audited Gansu land tax, salt certificates, northwestern garrison pay, capital disbursements, and Xinjiang funds. The Sichuan section also audited provincial customs, Jinchuan and Xinjiang colonization, Chengdu garrison pay, the capital fodder depot, ministry stationery costs, registered households and fine silver, and annual provincial harvest reports. The Guangdong section also audited Guangzhou garrison pay, Banner succession and property transfers, and archway grants for honored long-lived persons, filial sons, and chaste widows. The Guangxi section also audited Guangxi mining and factory levies, capital coinage, and inner granaries. The Yunnan section also audited Yunnan factory levies, grain transport in six provinces, capital and Tongzhou granaries, and Nanjing’s six transit granaries. The Guizhou section also audited pass customs and verified sable tribute. Two Manchu superintendents oversaw the inner granaries. They were detailed from section staff. Baoquan superintendents were nominated from ministry section staff. Secretaries were detailed from the ministry’s own section staff. Each had one Manchu and one Han; mint envoys for the bureau and for the eastern, western, southern, and northern works—one Manchu each. Clerks filled these posts. Initially one Han appointee served. In Yongzheng 4 four were added; in Yongzheng 7 the posts became Manchu quota. Eighteen provincial mint superintendents served. Outside officials served concurrently under ministry casting standards. Three separate offices were headed: the Land-Tax Section managed Banner land and imperial estates; the Stipend Section audited Banner stipend registers; and the Current Review Section settled Banner household, land, and housing disputes. The Meal-Silver, Remission, Donation, Seal-Supervision, and Regulations offices likewise had section staff assigned.

初，天聰五年，設戶部。順治元年，置尚書、侍郎。右侍郎管錢法堂事。郎中，滿洲十有八人，蒙古四人，康熙三十八年省。五十七年復置一人。漢軍二人。康熙三十八年省。員外郎，滿洲三十有八人，蒙古五人，康熙三十八年省，五十七年復置一人。漢軍六人。康熙三十八年省。滿洲堂主事四人，主事十有四人，漢軍堂主事二人。十四司，漢郎中、員外郎各一人，主事各三人。六年，司各增一人。十一年省增額。康熙六年省江南、浙江、江西、湖廣、福建、河南、陝西、廣西、四川、貴州各一人。三十八年省山東、山西、廣東、雲南各一人。五年，定滿、漢尚書各一人。七年增滿洲一人，十年省。康熙六年復置，八年又省。康熙五十七年，增置福建司蒙古主事一人。雍正初，始令親王、大學士領部事。嘉慶四年，以川省用兵，銷算務劇，復令親王永瑆綜之。尋罷。並改滿洲郎中一人、員外郎二人為宗室員缺。十一年，仍令大學士管部。光緒六年，增浙江司宗室主事一人。三十二年，更名度支部。初制，按省分職，十三司外，增設江南一司，凡銅、關、鹽、漕，及續建行省，別以司之事簡領之。管理三庫大臣，滿、漢各一人，三年請旨更派。掌庫藏出納，月會歲要，覈實以聞。其屬：檔房主事一人，銀、緞疋、顏料三庫郎中各一人，員外郎各二人，司庫五人，正七品。銀庫一人，餘各二人。大使四人，銀庫二人，餘各一人。各部司員內補授。筆帖式四人，庫使十有一人。未入流。以上俱為滿缺。

The Board of Revenue was first set up in Tiancong 5. In Shunzhi 1 ministers and vice ministers were appointed. The right vice minister managed the Coinage Hall. Directors: eighteen Manchus and four Mongols—abolished in Kangxi 38. In the fifty-seventh year one post was restored. Two Han Bannermen served. Abolished in Kangxi 38. Vice directors: thirty-eight Manchus and five Mongols—cut in Kangxi 38, one restored in the fifty-seventh year. Six Han Bannermen served. Abolished in Kangxi 38. Four Manchu hall secretaries, fourteen secretaries, and two Han Banner hall secretaries served. The fourteen sections each had one Han director and vice director and three secretaries. In the sixth year each section gained one post. In the eleventh year the added posts were abolished. In Kangxi 6 one post was cut in each of ten sections. In the thirty-eighth year one post was cut in Shandong, Shanxi, Guangdong, and Yunnan. In the fifth year one Manchu and one Han minister each were appointed. In the seventh year one Manchu was added; in the tenth it was abolished. Restored in Kangxi 6 and abolished again in Kangxi 8. In Kangxi 57 the Fujian section gained one Mongolian secretary. Early in Yongzheng princes and grand secretaries were first ordered to head the ministry. In Jiaqing 4, with Sichuan campaigns and heavy accounts, Prince Yongxing was again ordered to oversee the ministry. He was soon removed. One Manchu director and two vice directors also became Imperial Clan quota posts. In the eleventh year grand secretaries again managed the ministry. In Guangxu 6 the Zhejiang section gained one Imperial Clan secretary. In the thirty-second year it was renamed the Metrics Section. Initially duties were divided by province; beyond thirteen sections a Jiangnan section was added, with lighter sections taking copper, customs, salt, transport, and new provinces. The Three Treasuries were directed by one Manchu and one Han minister each, reassigned every three years by imperial order. They managed treasury receipts and disbursements, compiled monthly and annual accounts, verified them, and reported to the throne. Subordinates included one archives secretary; one director each for the silver, silk-bolt, and pigment treasuries; two vice directors apiece; and five warehouse custodians of regular seventh grade. The silver treasury had one; the others had two each. There were four envoys: two for the silver treasury and one each for the others. They were appointed from ministry section members already in service. Four clerks and eleven treasury attendants served. Their posts lay outside the regular bureaucracy. All of the above were Manchu-quota posts.

順治初，設後庫，在部署。置郎中四人，員外郎二人。康熙二十九年定三庫俱各一人。雍正二年增員外郎各一人。十三年，分建三庫，改後庫為銀庫。緞疋庫在東華門外，即舊裡新庫。顏料庫在西安門內，即舊甲字庫。置理事官綜其事。雍正元年，改命王公大臣領之。明年，置大使各一人，乾隆三年增銀庫一人。並增主事一人，稽覈檔案。光緒二十八年省。總督倉場侍郎，滿、漢各一人，分駐通州新城。掌倉穀委積，北河運務。其屬：筆帖式四人。所轄坐糧□，滿、漢各一人，滿員由六部、理籓院郎員，漢員由六部郎員內簡用。掌轉運輸倉，及通濟庫出納。大通橋監督，滿、漢各一人，十一倉監督內補用。掌轉大通陸運。十一倉監督，曰祿米、曰南新、曰舊太、曰富新、曰興平、曰海運、曰北新、曰太平，俱清初建。曰本裕，康熙四十五年建。曰儲濟，雍正六年建。曰豐益，七年建。舊有萬安、裕豐，後省。其恩豐倉，乾隆二十六年建，隸內府。俱滿、漢各一人，各部院保送補用。掌分管京倉。中、西二倉監督，沿明制建。舊有南倉，後省。滿、漢各一人，十一倉監督內調補。掌分管通倉。

Early in Shunzhi a rear treasury was set up in the ministry compound. Four directors and two vice directors were appointed. In Kangxi 29 each of the three treasuries was limited to one apiece. In Yongzheng 2 one vice director was added to each treasury. In the thirteenth year the three treasuries were split into separate sites and the rear treasury became the silver treasury. The silk-bolt treasury stood outside Donghua Gate, the former Lixin Treasury. The pigment treasury stood inside Xi'an Gate, the former Jiazi Treasury. Managing officials were appointed to coordinate affairs. In Yongzheng 1 princes and grand ministers were ordered to take charge. The next year each treasury received one envoy; in Qianlong 3 the silver treasury gained a second. One secretary was also added to audit the archives. Abolished in Guangxu 28. The vice ministers supervising granaries and transport—one Manchu and one Han each—were posted separately at Tongzhou and Xincheng. They managed grain reserves and Northern River transport duties. They had four clerks among their subordinates. They oversaw the Grain Receipt Office (□), one Manchu and one Han each: Manchus were chosen from directors of the six ministries and the Court of Colonial Affairs, Han officials from directors of the six ministries. They managed transfer and transport granaries and the receipts and disbursements of the Tongji Treasury. Supervisors of Datong Bridge, one Manchu and one Han each, were drawn from the eleven granary supervisors. They managed overland transport through Datong. Eleven granary supervisors oversaw Lumii, Nanxin, Jiutai, Fuxin, Xingping, Haiyun, Beixin, and Taiping granaries—all founded early in the dynasty. Benyu was built in Kangxi 45. Chuji was built in Yongzheng 6. Fengyi was built in Yongzheng 7. Wan'an and Yufeng had existed but were later abolished. Enfeng Granary, built in Qianlong 26, was subordinate to the Imperial Household. Each post had one Manchu and one Han, filled on nomination from ministries and courts. They supervised assigned capital granaries. Central and Western granary supervisors followed the Ming arrangement. A Southern Granary had existed but was later abolished. One Manchu and one Han each were transferred from the eleven capital granary supervisors. They supervised assigned Tongzhou granaries.

順治元年，置漢侍郎一人。康熙八年省，十八年復。京、通各倉，戶部員司分理之。通州坐糧□，十二年設京糧□。十五年並入大通橋。康熙二年置滿、漢監督各一人，尋省。四十七年復。以戶部官一人承其事。九年，置滿洲、漢軍侍郎各一人。尋省漢軍缺。十五年，定滿、漢各一人。康熙五十年，定京、通倉監督滿、漢各一人。雍正二年置副監督，尋省。其缺由內閣中書、部院監寺官番選。又初有總理，滿洲侍郎一人，與總漕並理漕務。順治八年省，十二年復，十八年又省。京師崇文門，正監督、副監督，左翼、右翼各一人。內府大臣及尚書侍郎兼充。其各常關，或部臣題請特簡，或由京掣差部司官，或改令外官兼轄。天津關，長蘆鹽政兼管。通州，坐糧□兼管。張家口、殺虎口，部院司員兼充。潘桃口，多倫諾爾同知兼理。龍泉、紫荊、喜峰、五虎、固關、白石、倒馬、茨溝、插箭嶺、馬水口，提督兼管，委參將、都司、守備、把總監收。三座塔、八溝、烏蘭哈達，理籓院司員兼充。奉天牛馬稅，部院司員兼充。中江，盛京將軍衙門章京及五部司員番選，後歸興鳳道兼理。臨清，巡撫兼管，委知州監收。歸化城，巡撫兼管，委道員監收。潼關，道員兼理。滸墅關，蘇州織造監理。淮安關兼廟灣口，內府司員兼充。揚關，巡撫兼管，委淮揚海道兼收。西新關，江寧織造兼理，後改歸巡撫。鳳陽關，皖北道兼理。贛關，巡撫兼管，委吉南贛寧道監收。閩安關，巡撫兼管，後改歸總督，委福州府同知監收。北新關，杭州織造兼管，後改歸巡撫。武昌廠、荊關，巡撫兼管，後改歸總督委員監收。夔關，總督兼管，委知府監收。打箭爐，同知兼理。太平關，巡撫兼管，委南韶連道監收。梧廠、潯廠，巡撫兼管，委梧、潯二知府監收。

In Shunzhi 1 one Han vice minister was appointed. The post was cut in Kangxi 8 and restored in Kangxi 18. Capital and Tongzhou granaries were managed by Board of Revenue section officials. Tongzhou had the Grain Receipt Office (□); in the twelfth year the Beijing Grain Office (□) was set up. In the fifteenth year both were merged into Datong Bridge. In Kangxi 2 one Manchu and one Han supervisor were appointed each, then soon abolished. They were restored in Kangxi 47. One Board of Revenue official handled the work. In the ninth year one Manchu and one Han Banner vice minister were appointed each. The Han Banner post was soon abolished. In the fifteenth year the quota was fixed at one Manchu and one Han each. In Kangxi 50 capital and Tongzhou granary supervisors were fixed at one Manchu and one Han each. In Yongzheng 2 deputy supervisors were added, then soon abolished. Vacancies were filled in rotation from secretariat secretaries and ministry, court, and directorate officials. There was also initially a general superintendent, one Manchu vice minister, who managed transport jointly with the Director-General of Grain Transport. It was cut in Shunzhi 8, restored in Shunzhi 12, and cut again in Shunzhi 18. At the capital Chongwen Gate had a chief supervisor, a deputy, and left- and right-wing supervisors, one each. Imperial household ministers and ministers or vice ministers served concurrently. Routine customs stations were headed either by officials specially selected on ministry memorial, by capital section officials drawn by lot, or by outside officials ordered to administer them concurrently. Tianjin Pass was run concurrently by the Changlu salt controller. Tongzhou was administered concurrently by the Grain Receipt Office (□). Zhangjiakou and Shahu Pass were filled by ministry and court section officials serving concurrently. Pantao Pass was administered by the Dolon Nor subprefect. Longquan, Zijing, Xifeng, Wuhu, Guguan, Baishi, Daoma, Cigou, Chajianling, and Mashuikou were overseen by the provincial commander, who delegated collection to brigade generals, colonels, garrison commanders, and company commanders. Sanzuota, Bagou, and Ulan Hada were filled by Court of Colonial Affairs section officials serving concurrently. The Fengtian cattle-and-horse tax was collected by ministry and court section officials serving concurrently. Zhongjiang was filled in rotation by clerks of the Shengjing general's yamen and section officials of the five boards; later it passed to the Xingfeng circuit intendant. Linqing was run by the governor, with collection delegated to the prefect. Guihuacheng was run by the governor, with collection delegated to a circuit intendant. Tong Pass was administered by a circuit intendant. Hushu Pass was supervised by the Suzhou weaving commissioner. Huai'an Pass, including Miaowan, was filled by an imperial household section official serving concurrently. Yangzhou Pass was run by the governor, with collection by the Huai-Yang maritime circuit intendant. Xixin Pass was run by the Jiangning weaving commissioner and later transferred to the governor. Fengyang Pass was administered by the Northern Anhui circuit intendant. Gan Pass was run by the governor, with collection delegated to the Ji-Nan-Gan-Ning circuit intendant. Min'an Pass was run by the governor, later by the governor-general, with collection delegated to the Fuzhou prefectural vice prefect. Beixin Pass was run by the Hangzhou weaving commissioner and later transferred to the governor. Wuchang Depot and Jing Pass were run by the governor and later by commissioners appointed by the governor-general. Kui Pass was run by the governor-general, with collection delegated to the prefect. Dartsendo was administered by a subprefect. Taiping Pass was run by the governor, with collection delegated to the Nan-Shao-Lian circuit intendant. Wuzhou and Xun depots were run by the governor, with collection delegated to the prefects of Wuzhou and Xunzhou.

初制，榷百貨者曰戶關，榷竹木船鈔者曰工關，為戶、工二部分司，後改今制。宣統三年，工關多改稱常關，唯直隸等省名稱如故。並隸度支部。往例以內府官簡充。乾隆間，改令內務府大臣為之。後部院大臣並得簡充，定為滿洲員缺。

Originally commodity customs were called revenue customs and timber-and-shipping customs works customs, split between the Revenue and Works ministries until the present system replaced them. In Xuantong 3 many works customs were renamed routine customs, though Zhili and some provinces kept the old names. All were placed under the Board of Revenue. Formerly imperial household officials were specially chosen. During Qianlong, ministers of the Imperial Household Department were ordered to fill them instead. Later ministry and court grand ministers could also be chosen; the posts were fixed as Manchu-quota positions.

禮部尚書，左、右侍郎，俱滿、漢一人。其屬：堂主事，清檔房滿洲二人，漢本房滿洲、漢軍各一人。司務□司務，滿、漢各一人。筆帖式，宗室一人，滿洲三十有四人，蒙古二人，漢軍四人。典制、祠祭、主客、精膳四清吏司：郎中，滿洲六人，典制、祠祭，各二人，餘俱一人。蒙古一人，主客司置。漢四人。司各一人。員外郎，宗室一人，主客司置。滿洲八人，典制、祠祭司各三人。餘俱一人。蒙古一人，祠祭司置。漢二人。典制、祠祭司各一人。主事，宗室、蒙古各一人，精膳司置。滿洲三人，典制、祠祭、精膳司各一人。漢四人。司各一人。印鑄局，漢員外郎、滿洲署主事、漢大使，未入流。各一人。堂子尉，滿洲八人。七品二人，八品六人。

The minister of Rites and left and right vice ministers each had one Manchu and one Han appointee. Subordinates included hall secretaries: two Manchus in the Manchu archive office; in the Han memorial office one Manchu and one Han Bannerman each. Registry managers (□), one Manchu and one Han each. Clerks numbered one imperial clansman, thirty-four Manchus, two Mongols, and four Han Bannermen. The four Qing secretariats—Rites and Regulations, Sacrifices, Foreign Guests, and Fine Foods—had six Manchu directors: two each for Rites and Regulations and Sacrifices, one each for the others. One Mongol post was established in the Foreign Guests Secretariat. Four Han officials served. One served in each secretariat. Vice directors included one imperial clansman in the Foreign Guests Secretariat. Eight Manchus served—three each in Rites and Regulations and Sacrifices. The rest had one each. One Mongol post was established in the Sacrifices Secretariat. Two Han officials served. The Ceremonial Regulations and Sacrificial Rites bureaus each had one. Section chiefs included one imperial-clansman and one Mongol, both in the Refined Provisions Bureau. Three Manchu section chiefs, one in each of the Ceremonial Regulations, Sacrificial Rites, and Refined Provisions bureaus. Four Han appointees. One per bureau. The Seal Casting Office had a Han vice director, a Manchu acting section chief, and a Han envoy, none in the regular grade series. One of each. Eight Manchu tangzi guards. Two at seventh rank and six at eighth rank.

尚書掌五禮秩敘，典領學校貢舉，以布邦教。侍郎貳之。典制掌嘉禮、軍禮。稽彝章，辨名數，頒式諸司。三歲大比，司其名籍。四方忠孝貞義，訪懋旌閭。祠祭掌吉禮、凶禮。凡大祀、中祀、群祀，以歲時辨其序事與其用等。日月交食，內外諸司救護；有災異即奏聞。凡喪葬、祭祀，貴賤有等，皆定程式而頒行之。勳戚、文武大臣請葬祭、贈謚，必移所司覈行。並籍領史祝、醫巫、音樂、僧道，司其禁令，有妖妄者罪無赦。主客掌賓禮。凡蕃使朝貢，館餼賜予，辨其貢道遠邇、貢使多寡、貢物豐約以定。頒實錄、玉牒告成褒賞。稽霍茶歲額。精膳掌五禮燕饗與其牲牷。賜百官禮食，視品秩以為差，光祿供膳羞，會計其數而程其出納，匯覈各司。鑄印局題銷鑄印，掌鑄寶璽，凡內外諸司印信，並范冶之。用銀質直鈕三台者：宗人府、衍聖公，清、漢文尚方大篆，方三寸三分，厚一寸；六部、戶部鹽茶、都察院、行在部院，清、漢、蒙三體字，清、漢文尚方大篆，蒙文不篆，方三寸三分，厚九分。直鈕二台者：盛京五部、戶部三庫，清、漢文尚方大篆，方三寸三分，厚八分；軍機處、內務府、盛京內務府、翰林院、鑾輿衛，清、漢文尚方大篆，方三寸二分，厚八分。虎鈕三台者：提督、總兵。虎鈕二台者：侯、伯、領侍衛內大臣、都統、前鋒統領、護軍統領、步軍統領、總管火器營神機營、圓明園總營八旗包衣三旗官兵、經略大臣、大將軍、鎮守將軍、科布多參贊大臣、鎮守掛印總兵，清、漢文柳葉篆；西寧辦事大臣、駐藏辦事大臣，清、漢、回三體字；伊犁將軍，清、漢、回、托忒四體字；定邊參贊大臣，清、漢、托忒三體字，清、漢文柳葉篆，塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣，清文、托忒二體字，清文柳葉篆；庫倫辦事大臣，清、漢、蒙三體字，清、漢文柳葉篆；外籓扎薩克各盟長，清、蒙二體字，不篆，並方三寸三分，厚九分；鄉導總領、駐防副都統，清、漢文柳葉篆，方三寸二分，厚八分。直鈕者：布政使司，清、漢文小篆，方三寸一分，厚八分；通政使司、大理寺、太常寺、順天府、奉天府，清、漢文小篆，方二寸九分，厚六分五釐。用銅質直鈕者：詹事府、按察使司，清、漢文小篆；額魯特總管，清、漢、蒙三體字，清文殳篆；宣慰使司、指揮使司，清、漢文殳篆，並方一寸七分，厚九分；光祿寺、太僕寺、武備院、上駟院、奉宸苑，清、漢文小篆；鹽運使司，清、漢文鐘鼎篆；旗手衛、城守尉，清、漢文殳篆；衛守備，清、漢文懸針篆；察哈爾總管，清、蒙二體字，清文殳篆，並方二寸六分，厚六分五釐；府，清、漢文垂露篆，方二寸五分，厚六分；宗人府左右司、左右春坊、司經局、六部理籓院各司、鑾輿衛各所、欽天監、太醫院、盛京五部各司，清、漢文鐘鼎篆；宗人府經歷、鹽課提舉司，清、漢文垂露篆，並方二寸四分，厚五分；宣撫使司副使、安撫使司、領運千總，清、漢文懸針篆；方二寸四分，厚五分五釐；州，清、漢文垂露篆，方二寸三分，厚四分五釐；土千戶，清、漢文懸針篆，方厚如州；內務府各司、鑾輿衛馴象等所，清、漢文鐘鼎篆；吏戶二部稽俸□、都察院經歷、大理寺太僕寺左右司、光祿寺四署，樂部和聲署、五城兵馬司、大興宛平二縣、盛京承德縣、布政使司經歷、理問，清、漢文垂露篆；旗手衛左右司、九姓長官司、指揮僉事，清、漢文懸針篆，並方二寸二分，厚四分五釐；六科、欽天監時憲書，清、漢文鐘鼎篆；中書科太常寺光祿寺典簿、詹事府太僕寺主簿、部寺司務、懸鑾輿衛通政使司按察使司鹽運使司各衛宣慰使司諸經歷，並方二寸一分，厚四分四釐；國子監三□、鴻臚寺欽天監各主簿、京府儒學、壇廟祠祭署、布政使司照磨、府經歷，清、漢文垂露篆，方二寸，厚四分二釐；刑部司獄、國子監典簿、神樂觀犧牲所、光祿寺銀庫、太醫院藥庫、寶泉寶源二局，清、漢文垂露篆，方一寸九分，厚四分二釐；京府照磨、司獄、布政使司司庫、按察使司照磨、司獄、府照磨、司獄、庫大使、府衛儒學、巡檢司、都稅司、稅課司、茶馬司，清、漢文垂露篆，並方一寸九分，厚四分。直鈕有孔者：監察御史、稽察宗人府內務府御史，清、漢文鐘鼎篆，方一寸五分，厚三分。喇嘛、呼圖克圖，或金質，或銀質，扎薩克大喇嘛，銅質，並雲鈕，用清文、蒙古、唐古忒三體字，不篆，或清、漢文轉宿篆、正一真人，銅質直鈕，清、漢文鐘鼎篆，方二寸六分，厚六分五釐。僧錄司、道錄司，銅質直鈕，清、漢文垂露篆，方二寸二分，厚四分五釐。餘用關防或圖記、條記也。別設書籍庫、板片庫、南庫、養廉處、地租處，俱遴員司分治其事。

The minister ordered the five rites, supervised schools and examinations, and spread the dynasty’s teaching. Vice ministers served as his deputies. The Ceremonial Regulations Bureau managed auspicious and military rites. It audited ritual codes, fixed names and ranks, and promulgated forms to the ministries. Every three years at the metropolitan examination it maintained the registers of candidates. It sought out the loyal, filial, chaste, and righteous across the empire and arranged neighborhood commendations. The Sacrificial Rites Bureau managed felicitous and mourning rites. For great, middle, and collective sacrifices it set seasonal order of rites and scales of provision. On solar and lunar eclipses all offices within and without the capital performed protective rites; any portent or disaster was reported immediately. Funerals and sacrifices were graded by status; it codified procedures and issued them. Burial, sacrifice, or posthumous honors for meritorious kin and high ministers required referral to the proper bureau for review. It also licensed historians, prayer-officers, healers, musicians, and clergy, enforced their rules, and punished sorcery without pardon. The Guest Reception Bureau managed rites for foreign guests. Tributary missions received lodging, food, and gifts scaled to route distance, embassy size, and tribute volume. It distributed commendations on completion of the Veritable Records or Imperial Genealogy. It checked annual tea allotments. The Refined Provisions Bureau managed five-rites banquets and sacrificial livestock. Officials received graded ritual meals; the Court of Imperial Entertainments furnished them, tallied quantities, scheduled issue, and reported to all bureaus. The Seal Casting Office processed seal cancellations and recasting, cast imperial seals, and forged seals for all agencies. Silver seals with straight knobs and triple platforms went to the Imperial Clan Court and the Duke of Confucius: Qing and Han Shangfang great seal script, 3.3 cun square, 1 cun thick; the Six Ministries, Revenue Salt and Tea, the Censorate, and provincial acting ministries used trilingual seals in Shangfang great script (Mongol unsealed), 3.3 cun square, 0.9 cun thick. Two-platform straight knobs: Mukden’s five ministries and Revenue’s three treasuries, Qing and Han Shangfang great script, 3.3 cun square, 0.8 cun thick; The Grand Council, Imperial Household, Mukden Household, Hanlin Academy, and Carriage Guard used Qing-Han Shangfang great script seals, 3.2 cun square, 0.8 cun thick. Triple-platform tiger-knob seals went to governors-general and commanders-in-chief. Two-platform tiger knobs went to nobles, guard commanders, banner and camp commanders, frontier commissioners, grand and garrison generals, and seal-bearing commanders, in Qing-Han willow-leaf script; Xining and Tibet resident commissioners used Qing, Han, and Hui scripts; the Ili general used four scripts including Oirat; the frontier assistant commissioner used Qing, Han, and Oirat willow-leaf script; Tarbagatai’s commissioner used Qing and Oirat, Qing in willow-leaf script; Urga’s resident commissioner used Qing, Han, and Mongol scripts in willow-leaf style; outer jasak league chiefs used bilingual unsealed seals, 3.3 cun square, 0.9 cun thick; chief guides and garrison vice commandants used Qing-Han willow-leaf seals, 3.2 cun square, 0.8 cun thick. Straight-knob seals went to provincial administration commissions: Qing-Han small script, 3.1 cun square, 0.8 cun thick; Transmission, Judicial Review, Imperial Sacrifices, and the two metropolitan prefectures used small-script seals, 2.9 cun square, 0.65 cun thick. Copper straight knobs went to the heir apparent’s office and surveillance commissions, in Qing-Han small script; Oirat supervisors used trilingual seals with Qing in shu script; pacification and command commissions used Qing-Han shu script, 1.7 cun square, 0.9 cun thick; Imperial Entertainments, Imperial Stud, Armory, Upper Stud, and Imperial Parks used small script; salt transport commissions used bell-and-cauldron script; the Banner Drummer Guard and garrison commandants used shu script; garrison commanders used suspended-needle script; Chahar supervisors used bilingual shu script, 2.6 cun square, 0.65 cun thick; prefectural seals used drooping-dew script, 2.5 cun square, 0.6 cun thick; clan-court offices, heir apparent secretariats, ministry and colonial-affairs bureaus, carriage-guard posts, the Astronomical and Medical bureaus, and Mukden ministry bureaus used bell-and-cauldron script; clan registrars and salt intendancies used drooping-dew script, 2.4 cun square, 0.5 cun thick; deputy pacifiers, pacifiers, and transport chiefs used suspended-needle script; their seals were 2.4 cun square, 0.55 cun thick; departmental seals used drooping-dew script, 2.3 cun square, 0.45 cun thick; native thousand-household chiefs used suspended-needle script matching departmental dimensions; Imperial Household bureaus and carriage-guard elephant offices used bell-and-cauldron script; Personnel and Revenue salary-audit offices, Censorate and court registrars, music and patrol offices, metropolitan counties, Mukden’s Chengde county, and provincial registrars and reviewers used drooping-dew script; Banner Drummer offices, Nine-Surname chiefs, and assistant commanders used suspended-needle script, 2.2 cun square, 0.45 cun thick; the Six Offices of Scrutiny and the Astronomical calendar used bell-and-cauldron script; Hanlin, court recorders, establishment and stud clerks, ministry clerks, and registrars of listed agencies used seals 2.1 cun square, 0.44 cun thick; Imperial Academy colleges, banquet and astronomical chief clerks, metropolitan schools, sacrifice offices, and provincial and prefectural registrars used drooping-dew script, 2 cun square, 0.42 cun thick; prison officers, academy recorders, music-office victims offices, entertainments vaults, medical stores, and the two mints used drooping-dew script, 1.9 cun square, 0.42 cun thick; prefectural proofreaders and jailers, provincial treasury and surveillance clerks, warehouse envoys, schools, inspection and tax posts, and tea-horse offices used drooping-dew script, 1.9 cun square, 0.4 cun thick. Perforated straight-knob seals went to investigating censors and household and clan inspectors, in bell-and-cauldron script, 1.5 cun square, 0.3 cun thick. Lamas and hutuktus bore gold or silver cloud-knob seals in Qing, Mongol, and Tangut (unsealed), or rotating-lodge script; great jasak lamas used copper; the Zhengyi patriarch had a copper straight-knob bell-and-cauldron seal, 2.6 cun square, 0.65 cun thick. the Buddhist and Daoist registry offices used copper straight-knob drooping-dew seals, 2.2 cun square, 0.45 cun thick. Others used pass seals, chops, or strip marks. Book, block, and southern depots plus integrity-pay and land-rent offices each had assigned officers.

天聰五年，設禮部。順治元年，置尚書、侍郎各官。十五年省漢軍侍郎。郎中，滿洲四人，十八年增二人。員外郎六人，十二年增四人。堂主事二人，司主事四人；蒙古章京二人；康熙九年改郎中、員外郎各一人。三十八年省。漢軍郎中八人，康熙九年省七人。雍正五年俱省。員外郎五人，康熙三十八年省二人。雍正五年俱省。堂主事一人。儀制、祠祭、主客、精膳四司，漢郎中、員外郎、主事各一人。二年省主客、精膳員外郎各一人。滿洲讀祝官六人。九年省四人。康熙十年改隸太常寺。皇史宬尉，正七品。滿洲三人。司牲官，正七品。蒙古二人。鑄印局，滿洲員外郎一人，以上三員尋省。漢大使一人。五年，定滿、漢尚書各一人。康熙五十七年，增置蒙古郎中、主客司。員外郎、祠祭司。主事精膳司。各一人。雍正元年，以親王、郡王、大學士領部事，隨時簡任，不為常目。乾隆三年，增置鑄印局漢員外郎、筆帖式、署主事各一人。十三年，省行人司入之。嘉慶四年，改滿洲員外郎、主事各一人為宗室員缺。光緒二十四年，省光祿、鴻臚二寺入之，尋復故。三十一年，詔罷科舉，各省學政改隸學務大臣，自是釐正士風之責，不屬本部矣。三十二年，以光祿、太常、鴻臚三寺同為執禮官，仍省入。更精膳司曰光祿，主客司曰太常，並各置郎中、員外郎、主事各一人。鴻臚事稍簡，歸入典制司，增員外郎一人，並滿、漢參用。是歲定尚書，侍郎，左、右丞、參員額如吏部。設禮器庫，置郎中、員外郎各一人，贊禮官、讀祝官亦如之。俱六品。太常寺丞改充。簿正、光祿寺署正改充。典簿太常寺博士改充者三人，光祿寺典簿改充者一人。各四人，司庫二人，太常、光祿兩寺司庫改充。以上品秩俱如舊。筆帖式十有四人。三寺內揀選酌留。宣統元年，避帝諱，改儀制司曰典制。

The Ministry of Rites was founded in Tiancong 5. Shunzhi 1 created ministers and vice ministers. The Han Army vice minister was cut in Shunzhi 15. Four Manchu directors were set; two more were added in year 18. Six vice directors were authorized; four more were added in year 12. two hall section chiefs and four bureau section chiefs; two Mongol clerk-secretaries; Kangxi 9 altered one director and one vice director. They were abolished in year 38. Eight Han Army directors were cut by seven in Kangxi 9. All were abolished in Yongzheng 5. Five vice directors stood until Kangxi 38, when two were cut. The remainder were abolished in Yongzheng 5. One hall section chief remained. Ceremonial Standards, Sacrificial Rites, Guest Reception, and Refined Provisions each had one Han director, vice director, and section chief. Year 2 cut one vice director each from Guest Reception and Refined Provisions. Six Manchu prayer-reading officers. Four were cut in year 9. In Kangxi 10 they were moved to the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. Imperial Archives guards ranked at regular seventh grade. Three Manchus served. Sacrificial-livestock officers held regular seventh rank. Two were Mongols. The Seal Casting Office had one Manchu vice director; those three posts were soon cut. One Han envoy remained. Year 5 fixed one Manchu and one Han minister each. Kangxi 57 added a Mongol director in Guest Reception. a vice director in Sacrificial Rites; and a section chief in Refined Provisions. One post was assigned in each case. In Yongzheng 1 princes, commandery princes, and grand secretaries headed the ministry, chosen as needed rather than as standing appointments. In Qianlong 3 the Seal-Casting Bureau gained one Han vice director, one clerk, and one acting secretary. In the thirteenth year the Courier Service was abolished and absorbed into the ministry. In Jiaqing 4 one Manchu vice director and one secretary were converted to Imperial Clan quota posts. In Guangxu 24 the Courts of Imperial Entertainments and State Ceremonial were absorbed into the ministry, then soon restored. In the thirty-first year examinations were abolished by edict, provincial education commissioners were placed under the Commissioner of Education, and responsibility for rectifying scholar-official conduct no longer rested with this ministry. In the thirty-second year the courts of Imperial Entertainments, Imperial Sacrifices, and State Ceremonial were all treated as ritual officers and again absorbed into the ministry. The Fine Foods Secretariat was renamed Guanglu and the Foreign Guests Secretariat Taichang, each receiving one director, vice director, and secretary. State Ceremonial duties, being lighter, were folded into the Rites and Regulations Secretariat, which gained one vice director filled jointly by Manchu and Han officials. That year the quotas for minister, vice ministers, and left and right assistants and commissioners were fixed to match the Board of Personnel. A Rites Implements Repository was set up with one director and one vice director, and eulogy and prayer-reading officers were appointed on the same pattern. All held sixth rank. They were filled by vice directors of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. They were filled by recorders and acting directors of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. Three recordkeepers were drawn from doctors of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and one from a recordkeeper of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. There were four in each category and two warehouse keepers, drawn from the Taichang and Guanglu courts. All of the above retained their former ranks. Fourteen clerks served. They were chosen and retained as appropriate from staff of the three courts. In Xuantong 1, to avoid the imperial taboo, the Ceremonial Regulations Secretariat was renamed Rites and Regulations.

初制，禮部設馬館，置正、副監督各一人。正監督，本部司員充。副監督，理籓院司員充。乾隆二十七年，省入理籓院。又初置滿洲宣表官四人，後減二人，尋並入太常寺。會同四譯館，滿洲稽察大臣二人，部院司寺堂官內簡派。提督館事兼鴻臚寺少卿一人，禮部郎中內選補。掌治賓客，諭言語。漢大使一人，正九品。正教、序班漢二人，朝鮮通事官八人。六品、七品各二人，八品四人。

Under the initial system the Ministry of Rites set up a Horse Office with one chief and one deputy supervisor. The chief supervisor was a section official of this ministry. The deputy supervisor was a section official of the Court of Colonial Affairs. In Qianlong 27 it was abolished and absorbed into the Court of Colonial Affairs. Four Manchu proclamation officers were first appointed, later reduced by two, and soon the office was merged into the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. The Combined Reception and Four Translation Offices had two Manchu inspecting grand ministers chosen from bureau chiefs of ministries, courts, and directorates. One superintendent of the offices, concurrently vice director of the Court of State Ceremonial, was chosen from directors of the Ministry of Rites. He received foreign guests and instructed them in protocol and language. One Han envoy of regular ninth rank served. There were two Han chief instructors and protocol ushers and eight Korean interpreters. Two held sixth rank, two seventh rank, and four eighth rank.

順治元年，會同四譯分設二館。會同館隸禮部，以主客司主事滿、漢各一人提督之。四譯館隸翰林院，以太常寺漢少卿一人提督之。分設回回、緬甸、百夷、西番、高昌、西天、八百、暹羅八館，以譯遠方朝貢文字。置序班二十人，十五年定正教、協教各八人。康熙間省至九人，以一人管典務□事。乾隆十三年，省典務一人，序班六人，額定二人。朝鮮通事官六人。後增十人。凡六品十人、七品六人。乾隆二十三年省六品四人、七品二人，增八品二人。後俱省。十四年，置員外郎品級通事一人，掌會同館印。尋省。乾隆十三年，省四譯館入禮部，更名會同四譯館，改八館為二，曰西域，曰百夷，以禮部郎中兼鴻臚寺少卿銜一人攝之。光緒二十九年省。樂部，典樂大臣無員限，禮部滿洲尚書一人兼之。後改各部侍郎、內務府大臣兼理。又滿洲王大臣知樂者，亦曰管理大臣。掌考樂律樂均度數，協之以聲歌，播之以器物。辨祭祀、朝會、燕饗之用，以格幽明，和上下。神樂署，署正一人，正六品。左、右署丞各一人，從八品。協律郎五人，正八品。司樂二十有五人。正九品。凡樂生百八十人、舞生三百人屬之，俱漢員，兼隸太常寺，掌郊廟、祠祭諸樂。和聲署，署正、署丞，俱滿、漢各一人。滿員，內務府郎中、員外郎兼充。漢員，禮部郎中、員外郎兼充。凡供用官三十人，本署八人。禮部筆帖式兼充二人，內務府贊禮郎兼充六人，筆帖式及各項有品級者兼充十有二人，鴻臚寺鳴贊官兼充二人。署史長十有六人，署史百四十有八人屬之，掌殿廷朝會、燕饗諸樂。其宮廷之樂，內務府掌禮司中和樂處典之。鹵簿之樂，鑾輿衛、旗手衛校尉典之。並隸以部。

In Shunzhi 1 the combined reception and translation offices were split into two bureaus. The Reception Office reported to the Ministry of Rites and was supervised by one Manchu and one Han secretary of the Foreign Guests Secretariat. The Four Translation Offices reported to the Hanlin Academy under one Han vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. Eight offices—Hui, Burma, Baiyi, Xifan, Gaochang, Xitian, Babai, and Siam—translated tribute documents from distant lands. Twenty protocol ushers were appointed; in the fifteenth year chief and assistant instructors were fixed at eight each. Under Kangxi the staff was reduced to nine, one of whom managed canonical duties (□). In Qianlong 13 one canonical-duty officer and six protocol ushers were cut, fixing the quota at two. Six Korean interpreters served. Ten more were added later. In all there were ten sixth-rank and six seventh-rank posts. In Qianlong 23 four sixth-rank and two seventh-rank posts were cut and two eighth-rank posts added. Later all were abolished. In the fourteenth year one interpreter of vice-director rank was appointed to keep the Reception Office seal. The post was soon abolished. In Qianlong 13 the Four Translation Offices were absorbed into the Ministry of Rites as the Combined Reception and Four Translation Offices; the eight offices became two—the Western Regions and Baiyi—with one ministry director concurrently holding the Court of State Ceremonial vice-directorship in charge. Abolished in Guangxu 29. The Music Directorate had no fixed quota of music directors; one Manchu minister of Rites served concurrently. Later vice ministers of various ministries and imperial household ministers took charge concurrently. Manchu princes and grand ministers versed in music were also styled managing grand ministers. They examined pitch, temperament, and measure, coordinated them with vocal music, and deployed them through instruments. They assigned music for sacrifices, court audiences, and banquets, thereby linking the seen and unseen and harmonizing high and low. The Divine Music Office had one director of regular sixth rank. Left and right deputy directors, one each, held secondary eighth rank. Five pitch regulators of regular eighth rank served. Twenty-five music officers served. They held regular ninth rank. One hundred eighty musicians and three hundred dancers reported to it—all Han appointees—also under the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, managing suburban, temple, and sacrificial music. The Harmonious Sounds Office had one Manchu and one Han director and deputy director each. Manchu posts were filled concurrently by directors and vice directors of the Imperial Household Department. Han posts were filled concurrently by directors and vice directors of the Ministry of Rites. Thirty service officials served in all, eight belonging to the office itself. Two were ministry clerks on concurrent duty; six imperial household eulogy officers; twelve clerks and other ranked officials; and two announcing officers of the Court of State Ceremonial. Sixteen chief scribes and one hundred forty-eight scribes reported to it, managing music for palace audiences and banquets. Palace music was managed by the Central Harmony Music Office of the imperial household Rites Section. Music for the imperial procession was managed by guards of the Imperial Carriage Guard and Banner Hand Guard. All were likewise under the ministry's oversight.

什傍處，掇爾契達一人，兼三等侍衛。六品銜達、七品銜達各二人。拜唐阿六十人，兼隸侍衛處。掌奏掇爾多密之樂，燕饗列之。

The Shibang Office had one duo'erqida who also held third-rank bodyguard rank. Two brevet sixth-rank and two brevet seventh-rank officers served. Sixty bayantai also reported to the Bodyguard Office. They performed duo'erduomi music and were arrayed at banquets.

順治元年，置教坊司，奉鑾一人，左、右韶舞，左、右司樂各一人，協同十人。以上並正九品。俳長無定員。未入流。太常寺神樂觀，漢提點一人，正六品。左、右知觀各一人，正八品。漢協律郎五人。康熙三十八年省。雍正元年復故。乾隆二年增三人，九年省六人。嘉慶四年增二人。道光元年增二人。咸豐二年增二人。雍正七年，改教坊司為和樂署，省奉鑾各官。乾隆七年，設樂部，簡典樂大臣領之。置和聲署官，以內府、太常、鴻臚各官兼攝，侍從、待詔為加銜。並詔禁太常樂員習道教，不原改業者削籍。先是依明制，凡樂官祀丞概用道流。明年，改神樂觀為所，知觀為知所。十三年，復改神樂所為署，更提點曰署正，知所曰署丞。

In Shunzhi 1 the Music Training Office was set up with one chief musician, left and right dance masters, left and right music officers, and ten assistants. All of the above held regular ninth rank. Lead players had no fixed quota. Their posts lay outside the regular bureaucracy. The Court of Imperial Sacrifices' Divine Music Observatory had one Han intendant of regular sixth rank. Left and right observatory directors, one each, held regular eighth rank. Five Han pitch regulators served. Abolished in Kangxi 38. Restored in Yongzheng 1. In Qianlong 2 three were added; in Qianlong 9 six were cut. In Jiaqing 4 two were added. In Daoguang 1 two were added. In Xianfeng 2 two were added. In Yongzheng 7 the Music Training Office became the Harmonious Music Office and the chief musician and related posts were abolished. In Qianlong 7 the Music Directorate was established under a specially chosen director of music. Harmonious Sounds Office posts were filled concurrently by imperial household, Taichang, and Honglu officials, with attendant and awaiting-edict titles as added brevets. An edict also forbade Taichang musicians to practice Daoism; those who would not change profession were struck from the rolls. Earlier, following Ming practice, music officers and sacrificial assistants were generally Daoist clergy. The next year the Divine Music Observatory became an office and its director an office director. In the thirteenth year the Divine Music Office became the Divine Music Directorate, the intendant was renamed director, and the office director deputy director.

兵部尚書，左、右侍郎，俱滿、漢一人。其屬：堂主事，清檔房滿洲二人，漢本房滿洲二人，漢軍一人。司務□司務，滿、漢各一人。繕本筆帖式十有五人。武選、車駕、職方、武庫四清吏司：郎中，宗室一人，車駕司置。滿洲十有一人，武選三人，職方五人，車駕一人，武庫二人。蒙古一人，武選司置。漢五人。職方二人，餘俱一人。員外郎，宗室一人，車駕司置。滿洲九人，武選四人，職方、車駕各二人，武庫一人。蒙古三人，職方、車駕、武庫各一人。漢四人。武選、職方各二人。主事，滿、漢各四人。司各一人。筆帖式，宗室一人，滿洲六十有二人，蒙古、漢軍各八人。

The minister of War and left and right vice ministers each had one Manchu and one Han appointee. Subordinates included hall secretaries: two Manchus in the Manchu archive office; in the Han memorial office two Manchus and one Han Bannerman. Registry managers (□), one Manchu and one Han each. Fifteen copy clerks served. The four Qing secretariats—Military Appointment, Imperial Escort, Military Affairs, and Armory—had one imperial-clansman director, established in the Imperial Escort Secretariat. Eleven Manchu directors served: three in Military Appointment, five in Military Affairs, one in Imperial Escort, and two in Armory. One Mongol post was established in the Military Appointment Secretariat. Five Han officials served. The Appointments and Maps section had two; the others had one each. Vice directors included one imperial clansman in the Mounts and Chariots Secretariat. Nine Manchus served: four in Military Appointments, two each in Appointments and Maps and Mounts and Chariots, and one in the Military Storehouse. Three Mongols held posts—one each in Appointments and Maps, Mounts and Chariots, and the Military Storehouse. Four Han Chinese. Military Appointments and Appointments and Maps had two each. Secretaries numbered four Manchu and four Han each. Each secretariat had one. Clerks numbered one imperial clansman, sixty-two Manchus, and eight Mongols and eight Han Bannermen apiece.

尚書掌釐治戎政，簡覈軍實，以整邦樞。侍郎貳之。武選掌武職選授、品級、階十有八：正一品授建威將軍，公、侯、伯同；從一品授振威將軍；正二品授武顯將軍；從二品授武功將軍；正三品授武義都尉；從三品授武翼都尉；正四品授昭武都尉；從四品授宣武都尉；正五品授武德騎尉；從五品授武德佐騎尉；正六品授武略騎尉；從六品授武略佐騎尉；正七品授武信騎尉；從七品授武信佐騎尉；正八品授奮武校尉；從八品授奮武佐校尉；正九品授修武校尉；從九品授修武佐校尉。高下各如其級。命婦之號視文職。封贈、襲廕，俱同文職。並典營制，暨土司政令。職方掌各省輿圖。綠營官年老三載甄別，五年軍政，敘功覈過，以待賞罰黜陟，並典處分、敘恤、關禁、海禁。車駕掌牧馬政令，以裕戎備。凡置郵曰驛、曰站、曰塘、曰台、曰所、曰舖，馳驛者驗郵符，洩匿稽留者論如法。武庫掌兵籍、戎器，鄉會武科，編發、戍軍諸事。有征伐，工部給器仗，籍紀其數。制敕下各邊徵發，或使人出關，必驗勘合。其分攝者，會同館管理館所侍郎一人，本部侍郎簡派。滿、漢監督各一人，司員內補授。典京師驛傳，以待使命。又捷報處司官無定額。駐京提塘官十有六人。直隸、山東、山西、河南、江西、福建、浙江、湖北、湖南、四川、廣東各一人，陝甘、新疆一人，雲南、貴州一人，漕河一人，由督撫保送本省武進士、舉人及守備咨補。後改隸郵傳部。

The minister regulated military affairs, audited troop strength, and thereby kept the dynasty's military machinery in order. Vice ministers assisted. Military Appointments handled military appointments and ranks across eighteen grades: regular first grade received the rank Establishing Might General, as did dukes, marquises, and earls; junior first grade received Trembling Might General; regular second grade received Military Brilliance General; junior second grade received Martial Achievement General; regular third grade received Martial Righteousness Commandant; junior third grade received Martial Wing Commandant; regular fourth grade received Illustrious Martial Commandant; junior fourth grade received Proclaimed Martial Commandant; regular fifth grade received Martial Virtue Cavalry Commandant; junior fifth grade received Assistant Martial Virtue Cavalry Commandant; regular sixth grade received Martial Stratagem Cavalry Commandant; junior sixth grade received Assistant Martial Stratagem Cavalry Commandant; regular seventh grade received Martial Faith Cavalry Commandant; junior seventh grade received Assistant Martial Faith Cavalry Commandant; regular eighth grade received Striving Martial Captain; junior eighth grade received Assistant Striving Martial Captain; regular ninth grade received Cultivated Martial Captain; junior ninth grade received Assistant Cultivated Martial Captain. Each grade received its corresponding rank title. Honorary titles for officials' wives followed the civil pattern. Posthumous honors and hereditary privileges followed civil-office rules. The section also regulated camp organization and native-chieftain directives. Appointments and Maps maintained provincial maps. It triennially assessed aged Green Standard officers, conducted quinquennial military reviews to weigh merit and faults for rewards and punishments, promotion and demotion, and handled disciplinary actions, compassionate grants, frontier prohibitions, and maritime prohibitions. Mounts and Chariots governed horse-breeding regulations to strengthen military readiness. Postal facilities included yi stations, zhan relay points, tang courier posts, signal towers, suo offices, and roadside posts. Express messengers were checked against postal tallies; leaks and delays were punished under law. The Military Storehouse managed muster rolls, weapons, provincial military examinations, troop deployments, and garrison duty. In campaigns the Ministry of Works supplied weapons and equipment, with quantities recorded. When imperial orders mobilized frontier troops or envoys crossed the passes, tally documents had to be verified. For divided supervision, one vice minister from the ministry was assigned to the joint office managing guest lodgings. One Manchu and one Han supervisor each were drawn from section members in service. It managed the capital courier network for official missions. Officials at the urgent-dispatch office had no fixed quota. Sixteen courier-post chiefs were stationed in the capital. One chief each covered Zhili, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, and Guangdong; one served Shaanxi-Gansu and Xinjiang; one Yunnan and Guizhou; and one the transport river. Governors-general and governors nominated provincial military jinshi and juren and garrison commanders for appointment. Later they were placed under the Postal Ministry.

初，天聰五年，設兵部。順治元年，置尚書、侍郎各官。郎中，滿洲八人，十二年增三人。雍正五年增一人。蒙古四人，康熙三十八年省。五十七年復置一人。漢軍二人，雍正五年省。漢四人。雍正五年增一人。員外郎，滿洲八人，十二年增五人。康熙三十八年省三人。蒙古四人，康熙三十八年省。五十七年復置三人。漢軍六人，康熙三十八年省四人，雍正五年俱省。漢四人。十一年省二人。雍正五年增一人。堂主事、司主事，俱滿洲四人；漢軍堂主事一人，漢主事五人。會同館大使一人。康熙三十八年省。五年，定滿、漢尚書各一人。八年，以諸王、貝勒兼理部事。尋罷。

In Tiancong 5 the Ministry of War was first established. In Shunzhi 1 ministers and vice ministers were appointed. Directors numbered eight Manchus, increased by three in the twelfth year. One more was added in Yongzheng 5. Four Mongol posts were cut in Kangxi 38. One was restored in the fifty-seventh year. Two Han Banner posts were cut in Yongzheng 5. Four Han Chinese. One more was added in Yongzheng 5. Vice directors numbered eight Manchus, increased by five in the twelfth year. Three were cut in Kangxi 38. Four Mongol posts were cut in Kangxi 38. Three were restored in the fifty-seventh year. Six Han Banner posts existed; four were cut in Kangxi 38 and the remainder abolished in Yongzheng 5. Four Han Chinese. Two were cut in the eleventh year. One more was added in Yongzheng 5. Chancellery and section secretaries numbered four Manchus each; with one Han Banner chancellery secretary and five Han section secretaries. One envoy served the Joint Reception Office. The post was cut in Kangxi 38. In the fifth year the quota was set at one Manchu and one Han minister each. In the eighth year princes and beile took over ministry affairs concurrently. This arrangement was soon dropped.

十一年，增置督捕。滿左侍郎、漢右侍郎各一人。漢協理督捕、太僕寺少卿，二人。尋改。左右理事官，滿洲、漢軍各一人。後改滿、漢各一人。滿、漢郎中各一人。員外郎，滿洲七人、漢軍八人，漢一人。堂主事，滿洲三人，司主事一人，十四年增一人。漢主事六人，司獄二人。郎中以下亦有兼督捕銜者。分理八司掌捕政。三營將弁隸之。十二年，增置督捕員外郎八人。旗各一人。時八旗武職選授處分，並隸銓曹，康熙二年始來屬。三十八年，省督捕侍郎以次各官，並入刑部。雍正元年，命大學士管部，自後以為常。嘉慶四年，省滿洲郎中、員外郎各一人，為宗室員缺。光緒三十二年，更名陸軍部。

In the eleventh year a Pacification of Bandits office was added. One Manchu left and one Han right vice minister were appointed. Two Han co-administrators for Pacification of Bandits doubled as vice directors of the Court of the Imperial Stud. The posts were soon reorganized. Left and right managing officials numbered one Manchu and one Han Bannerman each. Later the quota became one Manchu and one Han each. One Manchu and one Han director each. Vice directors numbered seven Manchus, eight Han Bannermen, and one Han Chinese. Chancellery secretaries numbered three Manchus; section secretaries one, with a second added in the fourteenth year. Six Han section secretaries and two prison officials served. Some officials below director rank also held the Pacification of Bandits title concurrently. Eight secretariats divided bandit-suppression duties. Officers of the Three Camps reported to them. In the twelfth year eight Pacification vice directors were added. One was drawn from each banner. At first selection and discipline of Eight Banner military posts remained under the Personnel Ministry; from Kangxi 2 they transferred here. In the thirty-eighth year Pacification of Bandits posts from vice minister down were abolished and merged into the Ministry of Justice. In Yongzheng 1 grand secretaries were ordered to oversee the ministry, and this became permanent practice. In Jiaqing 4 one Manchu director and one Manchu vice director were cut to make room for imperial-clan posts. In Guangxu 32 it was renamed the Ministry of the Army.

刑部尚書，左、右侍郎，俱滿、漢一人。其屬：堂主事，清檔房滿洲二人，漢本房滿洲三人，漢軍一人。司務□司務，滿、漢各一人。繕本筆帖式四十人。直隸、奉天、江蘇、安徽、江西、福建、浙江、湖廣、河南、山東、山西、陝西、四川、廣東、廣西、雲南、貴州十七清吏司：郎中，宗室一人，湖廣司置。滿洲十有五人，除奉天、湖廣兩司外，司各一人。蒙古一人，奉天司置。漢十有九人。湖廣、陝西司各二人，餘俱一人。員外郎，宗室二人，廣東、雲南司各一人。滿洲二十有三人，江蘇、湖廣、河南、山東、陝西、廣東司各二人，餘俱一人。蒙古一人，直隸司置。漢十有九人。直隸、浙江司二人，餘俱一人。主事，宗室一人，廣西司置。滿洲十有五人，除奉天、湖廣二司外，司各一人。蒙古一人，山西司置。漢十有七人。司各一人。督捕清吏司：郎中，滿、漢各一人。員外郎，滿洲一人。主事，滿、漢各一人。筆帖式，宗室一人，滿洲百有三人，蒙古四人，漢軍十有五人。提牢□主事，滿、漢各一人。由額外及試俸主事引見補授。司獄，從九品。滿洲四人，漢軍、漢各一人。贓罰庫，正七品。滿洲一人。庫使，未入流。滿洲二人。

The minister of Justice and left and right vice ministers each had one Manchu and one Han appointee. Subordinates included chancellery secretaries: two Manchus in the Manchu archives section, three in the Han archives section, and one Han Bannerman. Office superintendents (□), one Manchu and one Han each. Forty clerks copied fair drafts. Seventeen Qing secretariats covered Zhili, Fengtian, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Huguang, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. Directors included one imperial clansman in the Huguang Secretariat. Fifteen Manchu directors served—one per secretariat except Fengtian and Huguang. One Mongol served in the Fengtian Secretariat. Nineteen Han Chinese. Huguang and Shaanxi had two each; the rest had one each. Vice directors included two imperial clansmen and one each for the Guangdong and Yunnan bureaus. There were twenty-three Manchu vice directors: two each for Jiangsu, Huguang, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Guangdong, and one for every other bureau. One Mongol post, assigned to the Zhili Bureau. Nineteen Han Chinese vice directors. The Zhili and Zhejiang bureaus had two each; all other bureaus had one. One clansman served as secretary in the Guangxi Bureau. Fifteen Manchu secretaries: one per bureau except Fengtian and Huguang. One Mongol secretary, assigned to the Shanxi Bureau. Seventeen Han Chinese secretaries. Each bureau had one secretary. The Pursuit and Arrest Bureau had one Manchu and one Han director. One Manchu vice director. One Manchu and one Han secretary. Clerks included one clansman, 103 Manchus, four Mongols, and fifteen Han Banner men. The detention directorate (□) had one Manchu and one Han secretary. Posts were filled by presenting supernumerary and probationary secretaries for appointment. Prison wardens ranked subordinate ninth grade. Four Manchu wardens, plus one Han Banner and one Han Chinese. The confiscated-fines treasury ranked regular seventh grade. One Manchu official. Treasury attendants lay outside the regular bureaucracy. Two Manchu attendants.

尚書掌折獄審刑，簡覈法律，各省讞疑，處當具報，以肅邦紀。侍郎貳之。十七司各掌其分省所屬刑名。直隸司兼掌八旗遊牧、察哈爾左翼所屬，並理京畿道御史、順天府、東西陵、熱河都統、圍場總管、密雲副都統、山海關副都統、古北口、張家口、獨石口、喜峰口、蘆峰口、塔子溝、三座塔、八溝、烏蘭哈達、喀拉河屯、多倫諾爾文移。奉天司兼掌吉林、黑龍江所屬，並理宗人府、理籓院文移。江蘇司兼掌各省減免之案，凡遇恩赦，審詳具奏。並理江南道御史、江寧將軍、京口副都統、漕運總督、南河總督文移。安徽司兼理鑲紅旗、宣武門文移。江西司兼理江西道御史、中城御史、正黃旗、西直門文移。浙江司兼理都察院刑科、浙江道御史、南城御史、杭州將軍、乍浦副都統文移。並司條奏匯題，及各司爰書駁正者，會其成，比年一奏。福建司兼理都察院戶科、倉場衙門、左右兩翼監督、鑲藍旗、阜成門、福州將軍文移。湖廣司兼掌湖北、湖南所屬，並理湖廣道御史、荊州將軍文移。河南司兼理禮部、都察院禮科、河南道御史、太常寺、光祿寺、國子監、鴻臚寺、欽天監、太醫院、東城御史、正紅旗、德勝門文移。凡夏令熱審，頒行各省欽恤如制。山東司兼理兵部、都察院兵科、山東道御史、太僕寺、青州副都統、東河總督文移。凡步軍營捕獲盜賊，歲登其數請敘。山西司兼理察哈爾右翼、綏遠城將軍、歸化城副都統、定邊左副將軍、科布多參贊大臣、庫倫辦事大臣所屬，並理軍機處、內閣、翰林院、詹事府、起居注、中書科、內廷各館、內務府、山西道御史、北城御史、鑲白旗、崇文門文移，及各省年例咨報之案。陝西司兼掌甘肅、伊犁、烏魯木齊、塔爾巴哈台、葉爾羌、喀什噶爾、烏什、阿克蘇、庫車、吐魯番、哈喇沙爾、和闐、哈密所屬，並理陝西道御史、大理寺、西城御史、西安將軍、寧夏將軍、涼州副都統、伊犁將軍文移。囚糧則以時散給。四川司兼理工部、都察院工科、四川道御史、成都將軍文移。凡秋審，會九卿、詹事於朝房以定爰書，並收發刑具。廣東司兼理鑾輿衛、正白旗、廣東道御史、安定門，廣州將軍文移。廣西司兼理通政司、廣西道御史文移。凡朝審，具題稿，囚衣則以時散給。雲南司兼理鑲黃旗、雲南道御史，東直門文移。並司堂印封啟。貴州司兼理吏部、都察院吏科、正藍旗、貴州道御史、朝陽門文移。並定各司漢員升補。督捕司掌八旗及各省逃亡。提牢□掌檢獄圄。司獄掌督獄卒。贓罰庫掌貯現審贓款，會數送戶部。別設律例館，由尚書或侍郎充總裁。提調一人，纂修四人，司員兼充。校對四人，收掌二人，翻譯、謄錄各四人。司員及筆帖式充。掌修條例。五年匯輯為小修，十年重編為大修。秋審處，主覈秋錄大典。初以四川、廣西二司分理。雍正十二年，始別遣滿、漢司員各二人，曰總辦秋審處。尋佐以協辦者四人。錄各省囚，謂之秋審；錄本部囚，謂之朝審。歲八月，會九卿、詹事、科道公閱爰書，覈定情實。凡大辟，御史、大理寺官會刑司錄問，案法隨科，曰會小三法司。錄畢，白長官。都御史、大理卿詣部偕尚書、侍郎會鞫，各麗法議獄，曰會大三法司。讞上，復召大臣按覆，然後麗之於辟。初制，刑部會擬朝審，俱本部案件。其外省之案，康熙十六年始命刑部覆覈，九卿會議。

The minister tried cases and reviewed sentences, checked the code, ruled on doubtful provincial reports, and submitted complete findings to maintain national order. Vice ministers assisted him. Each of the seventeen bureaus handled criminal matters for its province. The Zhili Bureau also oversaw Eight Banner pastures and Left Chahar subjects and handled paperwork for capital censors, Shuntian Prefecture, the eastern and western tombs, the Rehe commander, the hunt-grounds superintendent, Miyun and Shanhaiguan deputies, and the frontier passes from Gubeikou through Dolon Nor. The Fengtian Bureau also covered Jilin and Heilongjiang and handled documents for the Imperial Clan Court and the Court of Colonial Affairs. The Jiangsu Bureau also handled provincial remission cases and, at each amnesty, reviewed and memorialized them in full. It also handled paperwork for Jiangnan censors, the Jiangning general, the Jingkou deputy commander, and the grain-transport and Southern Rivers directors-general. The Anhui Bureau also handled Bordered Red Banner and Xuanwu Gate correspondence. The Jiangxi Bureau also handled Jiangxi circuit censors, central-city censors, the Bordered Yellow Banner, and Xizhi Gate. The Zhejiang Bureau also handled Censorate penal affairs, Zhejiang and southern-city censors, the Hangzhou general, and the Zhapu deputy commander. It also compiled joint regulatory memorials and, when bureaus revised case reports, assembled the final versions for an annual memorial. The Fujian Bureau also handled Censorate revenue affairs, granary offices, wing supervisors, the Bordered Blue Banner, Fucheng Gate, and the Fuzhou general. The Huguang Bureau also covered Hubei and Hunan and handled Huguang censors and the Jingzhou general. The Henan Bureau also handled Rites Ministry and Censorate rites business, Henan censors, ritual and education agencies, the astronomical and medical directorates, eastern-city censors, the Plain Red Banner, and Desheng Gate. In summer it ran the hot-weather assize and issued provincial clemency as prescribed. The Shandong Bureau also handled War Ministry and military-censor business, Shandong censors, the Imperial Stud, the Qingzhou deputy commander, and the Eastern Rivers director-general. Each year it recorded bandits captured by the metropolitan gendarmerie and memorialized for service rewards. The Shanxi Bureau also handled Right Chahar, northwest garrisons, central agencies from the Grand Council through the Imperial Household, Shanxi and northern-city censors, the Bordered White Banner, Chongwen Gate, and provinces' annual reports. The Shaanxi Bureau also covered Gansu and the Xinjiang posts and handled Shaanxi and western-city censors, the Court of Revision, and generals at Xi'an, Ningxia, Liangzhou, and Ili. Prison grain was issued on schedule. The Sichuan Bureau also handled Works Ministry and works-censor business, Sichuan censors, and the Chengdu general. At the autumn assize it convened ministers and heir-apparent chancellors in the morning hall to finalize case reports and managed penal equipment. The Guangdong Bureau also handled the Imperial Carriage Guard, the Plain White Banner, Guangdong censors, Anding Gate, and the Guangzhou general. The Guangxi Bureau also handled the Office of Transmission and Guangxi censors. At the court assize it drafted memorials and issued prisoners' clothing on schedule. The Yunnan Bureau also handled the Bordered Yellow Banner, Yunnan censors, and Dongzhi Gate. It also sealed and opened the ministry's official seal. The Guizhou Bureau also handled Personnel Ministry and personnel-censor business, the Plain Blue Banner, Guizhou censors, and Chaoyang Gate. It also regulated Han promotions and replacements across the bureaus. The Pursuit Bureau tracked fugitives in the Eight Banners and every province. The detention office (□) inspected the prisons. Wardens supervised the jail staff. The confiscated-fines treasury held trial forfeitures and periodically remitted them to the Board of Revenue. A Statutes Office was set apart, headed by the minister or a vice minister as chief compiler. One coordinator and four compilers, drawn from section officials serving concurrently. Four proofreaders, two registrars, four translators, and four copyists. Section officials and clerks filled these posts. It maintained the code articles. Compilation every five years counted as a minor revision; every ten years as a major one. The autumn-assize office oversaw the autumn legal register. Initially the Sichuan and Guangxi bureaus shared the duties. In Yongzheng 12 two Manchu and two Han section officials were separately assigned to the General Office for Autumn Assize. Four associate coordinators were soon added. Review of provincial prisoners was called the autumn assize; review of the ministry's own prisoners was called the court assize. Every eighth month ministers, chancellors, and censors jointly reviewed case reports and verified the facts. Capital cases brought censors and revision officials together with ministry staff to record interrogations and apply the statute—the lesser joint review of the Three Judicial Offices. When the record was finished, the chief was notified. The censor-in-chief and revision president joined the minister and vice ministers at the ministry to debate the case under the code—the greater joint review of the Three Judicial Offices. Once the finding went up, senior ministers reviewed it again before the death sentence was fixed. Originally the ministry's court-assize draft covered only its own prisoners. Provincial cases were first sent back for ministry reexamination and nine-minister deliberation in Kangxi 16.

初，天聰五年，設刑部。順治元年，置尚書、侍郎各官。設江南、浙江、福建、四川、湖廣、陝西、河南、江西、山東、山西、廣東、廣西、雲南、貴州十四司，置滿洲郎中六人，五年增八人。員外郎八人，五年增十人。堂主事五人，司主事十有四人；漢軍郎中四人，雍正五年省。員外郎十有二人，康熙三十八年省八人，雍正五年俱省。堂主事一人；漢郎中、雍正五年，增江南、湖廣、陝西司各一人。員外郎、十五年省湖廣、廣西、雲南、廣東司各一人。雍正三年復故，並增四川司一人。五年增浙江、山東司各一人。主事，十五年省河南、四川、陝西、貴州司各一人。雍正三年復故。各十有四人。滿洲司庫一人，漢司獄四人。康熙五十一年增滿洲四人。乾隆六年定漢軍、漢各二人。五年，定滿、漢尚書各一人。七年增滿洲一人，十年省。十八年，置蒙古員外郎八人。康熙元年省。康熙三十八年，增設督捕前、後司，為十六司。由兵部並入。五十七年，增置蒙古郎中、員外郎、主事各一人。雍正元年，設現審左、右二司，主鞫訊囚系。十二年，析江南司為江蘇、安徽二司，定滿、漢郎中俱各一人，滿洲員外郎三人，江蘇司二人，安徽司一人。漢員外郎二人，滿、漢主事司各一人，並督捕前、後司為一。自時厥後，親王、郡王奉命管部，無常員。乾隆六年，更現審左司為奉天司，右司為直隸司，定滿洲、直隸司置。蒙古奉天司置。郎中各一人，漢郎中各一人，滿洲員外郎二人，蒙古一人，直隸司置。漢三人，奉天司一人，直隸司二人。滿、漢主事俱各一人，是為十七司。嘉慶四年，以大學士領部事，改滿洲郎中、員外郎、主事各一人為宗室員缺。光緒六年，增置雲南司宗室員外郎一人。三十二年，更名法部。

The Ministry of Justice was first established in Tiancong 5. Shunzhi 1 established the minister and vice minister posts. Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Huguang, Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou bureaus were created with six Manchu directors, raised to eight in year 5. Eight vice directors, increased to ten in year 5. Five secretariat secretaries and fourteen bureau secretaries served; four Han Banner directors, abolished in Yongzheng 5. twelve vice directors—eight cut in Kangxi 38 and the rest abolished in Yongzheng 5. one secretariat secretary; Han directors gained one post each in Jiangnan, Huguang, and Shaanxi in Yongzheng 5. In year 15 one vice director was cut from each of Huguang, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guangdong. Yongzheng 3 restored the old quotas and added one to Sichuan. Year 5 added one each to Zhejiang and Shandong. In year 15 one secretary was cut from each of Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Guizhou. Yongzheng 3 restored the former quotas. Each category had fourteen posts. One Manchu custodian and four Han wardens. Kangxi 51 added four Manchu wardens. Qianlong 6 fixed the quota at two Han Banner and two Han Chinese wardens. Year 5 fixed one Manchu and one Han minister each. Year 7 added one Manchu minister; year 10 cut it. Year 18 created eight Mongol vice directors. Abolished in Kangxi 1. Kangxi 38 added front and rear Pursuit bureaus for sixteen bureaus total. They were absorbed from the Ministry of War. Year 57 added one Mongol director, vice director, and secretary. Yongzheng 1 created Left and Right On-trial bureaus to interrogate prisoners. In the twelfth year the Jiangnan Section was divided into Jiangsu and Anhui sections, with one Manchu and one Han director each and three Manchu vice directors—two for Jiangsu and one for Anhui. There were two Han vice directors and one Manchu and one Han section secretary each, and the front and rear Pursuit sections were combined. Thereafter princes and commandery princes were ordered to run the ministry, with no fixed posts. In Qianlong 6 the left Current Review Section became the Fengtian Section and the right the Zhili Section, with fixed Manchu and Zhili posts. A Mongol post was added to the Fengtian Section. Each had one director and one Han director; the Zhili Section had two Manchu vice directors and one Mongol. There were three Han posts—one in Fengtian and two in Zhili. One Manchu and one Han secretary served each section, for seventeen sections in all. In Jiaqing 4 a grand secretary headed the ministry, and one Manchu director, vice director, and secretary each became Imperial Clan quota posts. In Guangxu 6 one Imperial Clan vice director was added to the Yunnan Section. In the thirty-second year it took the name Ministry of Law.

工部尚書，左、右侍郎，俱滿、漢一人。其屬：堂主事，清檔房滿洲三人，漢本房滿洲、漢軍各一人。司務□司務，滿、漢各一人。繕本筆帖式，宗室一人，滿洲十人。營繕、虞衡、都水、屯田四清吏司：郎中，宗室一人，屯田司置。滿洲十有六人，營繕、虞衡各四人，都水五人，屯田三人。蒙古一人，營繕司置。漢四人。司各一人。員外郎，宗室一人，虞衡司置。滿洲十有六人，營繕、虞衡各四人，都水五人，屯田三人。蒙古一人，營繕司置。漢四人。司各一人。主事，宗室一人，屯田司置。滿洲十有一人，營繕、屯田各二人，虞衡三人，都水四人。蒙古一人，營繕司置。漢六人。營繕、都水各二人，虞衡、屯田各一人。筆帖式，宗室一人，滿洲八十有五人，蒙古二人，漢軍十人。製造庫，郎中，滿洲二人，漢一人；司庫、正七品。司匠，初制七品，康熙九年定從九品。俱滿洲二人；庫使，未入流。滿洲二十有一人。節慎庫，滿洲郎中、員外郎各一人，司庫二人，庫使十有二人。硝磺庫、鉛子庫，滿洲員外郎、主事俱各一人。

The Works minister and left and right vice ministers were one Manchu and one Han each. Subordinates included chancery secretaries; three Manchu archive clerks and one Manchu and one Han Banner clerk each for the Chinese archive. Registry managers—one Manchu and one Han. Fair-copy clerks included one Imperial Clan member and ten Manchus. The four Works bureaus—Construction, Forests and Stores, Waterways, and Colonies—each had directors; one Imperial Clan member served the Colonies Bureau. Sixteen Manchu directors: four each for Construction and Forests and Stores, five for Waterways, and three for Colonies. One Mongol served the Construction Bureau. Four Han directors served. Each bureau had one. Vice directors included one Imperial Clan member in the Forests and Stores Bureau. Sixteen Manchu vice directors: four each for Construction and Forests and Stores, five for Waterways, and three for Colonies. One Mongol served the Construction Bureau. Four Han vice directors served. Each bureau had one. Secretaries included one Imperial Clan member in the Colonies Bureau. Eleven Manchu secretaries: two each for Construction and Colonies, three for Forests and Stores, and four for Waterways. One Mongol served the Construction Bureau. Six Han secretaries served. Construction and Waterways had two each; Forests and Stores and Colonies had one each. Clerks included one Imperial Clan member, eighty-five Manchus, two Mongols, and ten Han Bannermen. The Manufacturing Depot had two Manchu and one Han directors; warehouse custodians of regular seventh grade; and works masters, originally seventh grade, fixed at subordinate ninth grade in Kangxi 9. all were two Manchus; depot attendants lay outside the regular ranks. Twenty-one Manchu attendants served. The Frugal-Care Depot had one Manchu director and vice director, two warehouse custodians, and twelve attendants. The Saltpeter and Lead-Shot depots each had one Manchu vice director and one secretary.

尚書掌工虞器用、辨物庀材，以飭邦事。侍郎貳之。右侍郎兼掌寶源局鼓鑄。營繕掌營建工作，凡壇廟、宮府、城郭、倉庫、廨宇、營房，鳩工會材，並典領工籍，勾檢木稅、葦稅。虞衡掌山澤采捕，陶冶器用。凡軍裝軍火，各按營額例價，計會覈銷，京營則給部制。頒權量程式，辦東珠等差。都水掌河渠舟航，道路關梁，公私水事。歲十有二月，伐冰納窖，仲夏頒之；並典壇廟殿廷器用。屯田掌修陵寢大工，辦王、公、百官墳塋制度。大祭祀供薪炭，百司歲給亦如之；並檢督匠役，審覈海、葦、煤課。節慎掌主帑藏，司出納。製造掌典五工：曰銀工、曰鍍工、曰皮工、曰繡工、曰甲工；凡車輅儀仗，展采備物，會鑾儀衛以供用。所轄寶源局，滿、漢監督各一人，滿員由宗人府、六部、步軍統領衙門司員內保送。漢員由六部司員內保送。大使二人，正九品。本部筆帖式內保送。初置筆帖式一人，雍正七年改置。職視寶泉局。其皇木廠，琉璃窯，木倉，軍需局，官車處，惜薪廠，冰窖，采紬庫，滿、漢監督俱各一人。砲子庫，滿洲監督一人。皇差銷算處，滿、漢司員各二人。料估所，滿、漢司員各□人。黃檔房無定員。以上各員，並由本部司員內選用。

The minister oversaw works, stores, and equipment, sorted materials, and directed state construction. Vice ministers assisted him. The right vice minister also ran coin casting at the Bao Source Bureau. Construction handled building projects for altars, temples, palaces, cities, granaries, offices, and barracks, mustering labor and materials, keeping craftsman rolls, and auditing timber and reed taxes. Forests and Stores oversaw mountain and marsh collection and hunting and the smelting of manufactures. Military kit and ordnance were priced by camp quota and verified for write-off; capital garrisons received ministry-standard issues. It issued weights-and-measures standards and eastern-pearl grade distinctions. Waterways managed rivers, canals, shipping, roads, passes, bridges, and public and private waterworks. Ice was cut in the twelfth month, stored in icehouses, and issued in midsummer; it also supplied vessels for altars, temples, and palace halls. Colonies handled major tomb works and regulations for princely, noble, and official burials. It supplied fuel and charcoal for great sacrifices and annual allotments to other offices; It also oversaw craftsmen and audited sea, reed, and coal levies. Frugal-Care kept treasury stores and handled receipts and disbursements. Manufacturing ran five crafts—silverwork, plating, leather, embroidery, and armor; for chariots, regalia, and ceremonial guards it gathered materials and coordinated with the Imperial Procession Guard. Its Bao Source Bureau had one Manchu and one Han superintendent; Manchus were nominated from the Imperial Clan Court, six boards, and Metropolitan Gendarmerie. Han superintendents were nominated from six-board section officials. Two envoys of regular ninth grade served. They were nominated from the ministry’s clerks. Initially one clerk held the post; in Yongzheng 7 it was reformed. Its duties matched the Bao Fountain Bureau. The Imperial Timber Yard, glazed-tile kilns, timber warehouses, military supplies office, official carriage depot, fuel depot, icehouses, and silk-collection depot each had one Manchu and one Han superintendent. The ordnance depot was run by one Manchu superintendent. The imperial accounts office employed two Manchu and two Han section officials. The materials-estimate office likewise had two Manchu and two Han section officials. The yellow-archive office had no fixed number of posts. All of the above were chosen from this ministry’s section officials.

初，天聰五年，設工部。順治元年，置尚書、侍郎各官。右侍郎兼管錢法。康熙十八年增滿洲一人兼管。郎中，滿洲八人，內一人管節慎庫。十二年增八人。雍正五年增一人。蒙古一人。康熙三十八年省，五十七年復故。員外郎，滿洲九人，十二年增八人。康熙五十七年增一人，雍正五年增一人。道光十六年，改營繕司員外郎一人專司鉛子庫，都水司員外郎一人專司硝磺庫。蒙古三人。康熙三十八年省，五十七年復置一人。滿洲堂主事三人，清文二人，清漢文一人。司主事四人；康熙二十三年增八人。漢軍郎中二人，雍正五年省。員外郎六人，康熙三十八年省四人，雍正五年俱省。堂主事一人。節慎庫，滿洲員外郎一人，司庫二人，漢大使一人。十五年省。製造庫，滿洲郎中一人，員外郎二人，尋省。司庫、司匠各二人。營繕、虞衡、都水、屯田，漢郎中五人，營繕二人，餘各一人。十五年省營繕一人。十六年增虞衡一人。十八年復置營繕一人。康熙元年增額仍省。員外郎七人，屯田一人，餘各二人。十五年省營繕、都水、虞衡各一人。康熙十一年，增都水二人。三十年，增額仍省。主事二十人。營繕、虞衡、屯田各三人，都水十有一人。十四年增營繕三人。十五年省都水一人。明年省營繕一人。康熙元年又省營繕一人。六年省營繕、虞衡、屯田各一人，都水四人。十二年又省都水四人。道光十六年，改營繕一人專司鉛子庫，都水一人專司硝磺庫。營繕司所正、所副各一人。文思院，廣積庫，柴炭司，通州抽分竹木局，各大使俱一人。十五年並省。寶源局監督三人。康熙十七年定二人。五年，定滿、漢尚書各一人。十四年，增置營繕司所丞二人。分管清江廠、臨清磚廠。十五年省臨清廠一人。康熙六年省清江廠一人。九年復置清江一人。雍正四年俱省。康熙五十七年，增置蒙古主事一人。雍正元年，命親王、郡王、大學士攝部事。尋罷。七年，增置寶源局大使二人。初置筆帖式一人，至是改置。嘉慶四年，改滿洲員外郎、主事各一人為宗室員缺。十年，改令大學士管部。光緒六年，增置宗室郎中一人。屯田司置。三十二年，更名農工商部，省節慎庫，並土木工程入民政部，木稅、船政入度支部，軍械、兵艦入陸軍部，內外典禮分入內府與禮部。初制，置柴薪正、副監督各一人，本部司員充。煤炭監督二人。一以部員兼攝，一以內府司員兼攝。乾隆四十六年，亦改隸內府。管理直年火藥局大臣二人，欽派一人，本部侍郎一人。掌儲火藥。監督無恆額。本部司員、筆帖式內派委。直年河道溝渠大臣四人，本部堂官一人，奉宸院、頤和園、步軍統領衙門堂官各一人，每歲並由工部奏請。掌京師五城河道溝渠。督理街道衙門御史，滿、漢各一人。本部司員、步軍統領衙門司員各一人，掌道路溝瀆。

The Board of Works was first established in Tiancong 5. In Shunzhi 1 minister and vice-minister posts were created. The right vice minister also oversaw coinage. In Kangxi 18 one more Manchu was added to share the duty. There were eight Manchu directors, one managing the Frugal-Care Depot. In the twelfth year eight more posts were added. In Yongzheng 5 one more was added. One Mongol served. Abolished in Kangxi 38 and restored in Kangxi 57. Nine Manchu vice directors served; in the twelfth year eight more were added. In Kangxi 57 one more was added; in Yongzheng 5 another. In Daoguang 16 one Construction vice director was assigned to the lead-shot depot and one Waterways vice director to the saltpeter depot. Three Mongols served. Abolished in Kangxi 38; one was restored in Kangxi 57. Three Manchu chancery secretaries handled Manchu and bilingual documents. Four section secretaries served; in Kangxi 23 eight more were added. Two Han Banner directors were cut in Yongzheng 5. Six vice directors served; four were cut in Kangxi 38 and all were cut in Yongzheng 5. One chancery secretary remained. The Frugal-Care Depot had one Manchu vice director, two custodians, and one Han envoy. In the fifteenth year the post was abolished. The Manufacturing Depot had one Manchu director and two vice directors, soon abolished. Two warehouse custodians and two works masters served. Construction, Forests and Stores, Waterways, and Colonies had five Han directors—two for Construction and one each for the others. In the fifteenth year one Construction post was abolished. In the sixteenth year one Forests and Stores post was added. In the eighteenth year one Construction post was restored. In Kangxi 1 the added quota was again cut. Seven vice directors served—one for Colonies and two each for the others. In the fifteenth year one post each was cut from Construction, Waterways, and Forests and Stores. In Kangxi 11 two Waterways posts were added. In the thirtieth year the added posts were cut again. Twenty secretaries served. Construction, Forests and Stores, and Colonies had three each; Waterways had eleven. In the fourteenth year three Construction posts were added. In the fifteenth year one Waterways post was cut. The following year one Construction post was cut. In Kangxi 1 another Construction post was cut. In the sixth year one post each was cut from Construction, Forests and Stores, and Colonies, and four from Waterways. In the twelfth year four more Waterways posts were cut. In Daoguang 16 one Construction secretary was assigned to the lead-shot depot and one Waterways secretary to the saltpeter depot. The Construction Bureau had one chief and one deputy chief of works. The Literary Crafts Academy, Broad Accumulation Depot, Fuel and Charcoal Office, and Tongzhou timber apportionment bureau each had one envoy. All were cut in the fifteenth year. Three Bao Source superintendents served. In Kangxi 17 the quota was fixed at two. In the fifth year one Manchu and one Han minister each were fixed. In the fourteenth year two Construction Bureau assistant directors were appointed. They separately oversaw the Qingjiang and Linqing brick works. In the fifteenth year the Linqing post was cut. In Kangxi 6 the Qingjiang post was cut. In the ninth year the Qingjiang post was restored. Both were cut in Yongzheng 4. In Kangxi 57 one Mongol secretary was added. In Yongzheng 1 princes, commandery princes, and grand secretaries were ordered to run the ministry. The arrangement was soon ended. In the seventh year two Bao Source envoys were added. Initially one clerk had held the post; it was now reformed. In Jiaqing 4 one Manchu vice director and one secretary each became Imperial Clan quota posts. In the tenth year grand secretaries were ordered to head the ministry. In Guangxu 6 one Imperial Clan director was added to the Colonies Bureau. The post was placed in the Colonies Bureau. In the thirty-second year it became the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce; Frugal-Care was cut, civil works went to Civil Affairs, timber taxes and shipping to Revenue, arms and warships to the Army Ministry, and ceremonial duties split between the Imperial Household and Rites. Initially chief and deputy fuel supervisors were appointed from this ministry’s section officials. Two coal supervisors served. One was held concurrently by a ministry official and one by an Imperial Household official. In Qianlong 46 they too were placed under the Imperial Household. Two ministers managed the annual powder depot—one imperial appointee and one vice minister of this board. They were charged with storing gunpowder. Superintendents had no fixed number. They were assigned from this ministry’s section officials and clerks. Four annual capital waterway and drain ministers included one from this board and one each from the Imperial Stables, Summer Palace, and Metropolitan Gendarmerie, nominated yearly by the Board of Works. They oversaw waterways and drains in the capital’s five wards. Street regulation had one Manchu and one Han supervising censor. One ministry section official and one from the Metropolitan Gendarmerie handled roads and drains.

戶部，侍郎一人，自侍郎以下，俱滿缺。品秩視京師。各部同。掌盛京財賦。宗室郎中、堂主事各一人。經會、糧儲、農田三司，郎中三人，農田司一人，乾隆八年增。員外郎六人，司各二人。主事五人。經會、糧儲各二人，農田一人。經會典泉貨。糧儲典穀糈。農田典畝數。管銀庫，正關防郎中、副關防員外郎，各一人。管莊，六品官二人。管喇嘛丁銀委，六品官一人。司庫二人，庫使八人。筆帖式二十有二人。內漢軍二人。外郎九人。漢軍六缺，候補筆帖式內挨補。六年期滿，除授州同、州判、縣丞。

The Shengjing Board of Revenue had one vice minister; from vice minister down all posts were Manchu quota. Ranks matched those in the capital. The same applied to all ministries. It oversaw Shengjing revenue. One Imperial Clan director and one chancery secretary served. Three sections—Accounts, Granaries, and Farmland—had three directors; Farmland was added in Qianlong 8. Six vice directors served, two per section. Five secretaries served. Accounts and Granaries had two each; Farmland had one. Accounts handled currency. Granaries handled grain stores. Farmland kept acreage registers. The silver treasury had one chief-seal director and one deputy-seal vice director. Estate management had two sixth-grade officials. Lama stipend silver had one sixth-grade official. Two warehouse custodians and eight depot attendants served. Twenty-two clerks served. Two were Han Bannermen. Nine outside secretaries served. Six Han Banner posts were filled in turn from candidate clerks. After six years they received appointment as subprefect, assistant prefect, or county assistant.

禮部，侍郎一人，掌盛京朝祭。宗室主事一人，堂主事二人。左、右兩司，郎中各一人，員外郎各二人。左司典祭物，司關領。右司典祭物，贍僧道。讀祝官初制五品。後改九品。八人，贊禮郎初制四品。後改九品。十有六人。管千丁，六、七品官各一人。管學，助教四人。筆帖式十人。庫使八人。外郎二人。僧錄、道錄二司視京師。

The Shengjing Ministry of Rites had one vice minister overseeing court sacrifices. One Imperial Clan secretary and two chancery secretaries served. Left and right sections each had one director and two vice directors. The left section handled sacrificial goods and pass controls. The right section handled sacrificial goods and supported monks and Daoists. Prayer-readers were originally fifth grade. Later they became ninth grade. Eight served; ritual assistants were initially fourth grade. Later they too became ninth grade. Sixteen served. Thousand-household management had one sixth- and one seventh-grade official. School management had four instructors. Ten clerks served. Eight depot attendants served. Two outside secretaries served. The Buddhist and Daoist registry offices followed the capital model.

兵部，侍郎一人，掌盛京戎政。宗室員外郎一人，堂主事二人。左、右兩司，郎中各一人，員外郎各二人，主事各一人。筆帖式十有二人。外郎四人。內漢軍二缺。左司典郵政，右司司邊禁。

The Shengjing Ministry of War had one vice minister overseeing military administration. One Imperial Clan vice director and two chancery secretaries served. Left and right sections each had one director, two vice directors, and one secretary. Twelve clerks served. Four outside secretaries served. Two were Han Banner vacancies. The left section handled postal affairs; the right handled frontier prohibitions.

刑部，侍郎一人，掌盛京讞獄。邊外蒙古隸之。宗室員外郎一人，堂主事二人。漢軍一人。肅紀前、後、左、右四司，郎中各一人，員外郎六人，前司、左司各二人，餘俱一人。主事六人。右司蒙古三人，餘俱一人。司獄二人。漢軍一人。司庫一人，庫使二人。筆帖式三十有一人。內蒙古二人，漢軍五人。外郎二人。漢軍缺。前司、左司典十五城獄訟，右司典蒙古獄訟，後司典「」庫禁令。

The Shengjing Ministry of Justice had one vice minister overseeing trials. Outer Mongols beyond the frontier fell under its jurisdiction. One Imperial Clan vice director and two chancery secretaries served. One was a Han Bannerman. Four Discipline sections—front, rear, left, and right—had one director each; six vice directors—two each for front and left, one each for the others. Six secretaries served. The right section had three Mongols; the others had one each. Two prison inspectors served. One was a Han Bannerman. One warehouse custodian and two depot attendants served. Thirty-one clerks served. Two were Inner Mongols and five Han Bannermen. Two outside secretaries served. These were Han Banner vacancies. The front and left sections handled litigation in the fifteen cities, the right section Mongol cases, and the rear section forfeiture-treasury rules.

工部，侍郎一人，掌盛京工政。宗室主事一人，堂主事二人。左、右兩司，郎中各一人，員外郎各二人，主事各一人。左司治木稅，右司治葦稅。管千丁，四品官一人。世襲。大政殿，六品官一人。滿洲、漢軍參用。黃瓦廠，五品官一人。侯姓世襲。司匠役，六品官一人。司庫二人，庫使八人。筆帖式十有七人。漢軍一人。外郎九人。漢軍四人。

The Shengjing Board of Works had one vice minister overseeing public works. One Imperial Clan secretary and two chancery secretaries served. Left and right sections each had one director, two vice directors, and one secretary. The left section handled timber taxes; the right handled reed taxes. Thousand-household management had one fourth-grade official. The post was hereditary. The Great Policy Hall had one sixth-grade official. Manchu and Han Bannermen served together. The Yellow-Tile Works had one fifth-grade official. The Hou clan held it hereditarily. Craftsmen management had one sixth-grade official. Two warehouse custodians and eight depot attendants served. Seventeen clerks served. One was a Han Bannerman. Nine outside secretaries served. Four were Han Bannermen.

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