Volume 115 Treatises 90: Offices 2

志九十

Treatise 90.

職官二

Officials, Part Two.

理籓院都察院五城兵馬司六科給事中通政使司大理寺翰林院文淵閣

Court of Colonial Affairs; Censorate; Five-City Garrison Command; Six Offices reviewing censors; Office of Transmission; Court of Judicial Review; Hanlin Academy; Wenyuan Pavilion.

國史館經筵講官起居注詹事府太常寺太僕寺光祿寺鴻臚寺

State Historiography Institute; Classics Mat lecturers; diarists of the emperor's actions; Household of the Heir Apparent; Court of Imperial Sacrifices; Court of the Imperial Stud; Court of Imperial Entertainments; Court of State Ceremonial.

國子監衍聖公五經博士欽天監太醫院壇廟官陵寢官僧道錄司

Directorate of Education; Duke Yansheng; erudites of the Five Classics; Imperial Observatory; Imperial Medical Academy; altar and temple officials; mausoleum officials; Buddhist and Taoist Registry.

理籓院管理院務大臣，滿洲一人。特簡大學士為之。尚書，左、右侍郎，俱各滿洲一人。間亦有蒙古人為之。額外侍郎一人。以蒙古貝勒、貝子之賢能者任之。其屬：堂主事，滿檔房滿洲二人、蒙古三人，漢檔房漢軍一人。領辦處，員外郎、主事，滿、蒙各一人。司務□司務，滿、蒙各一人。筆帖式，滿洲三十有六人，蒙古五十有五人，漢軍六人。旗籍、王會、柔遠、典屬、理刑、徠遠六清吏司：郎中，宗室一人，柔遠司置。滿洲三人，旗籍、王會、典屬司各一人。蒙古八人。旗籍、王會、理刑司各二人。典屬、徠遠司各一人。員外郎，宗室一人，旗籍司置。滿洲十人，王會、柔遠、典屬、理刑司各二人。旗籍、徠遠司各一人。蒙古二十有四人。旗籍二人，王會三人，柔遠五人，典屬六人，理刑、徠遠司各一人。主事，滿洲二人，旗籍、典屬司各一人。蒙古七人。柔遠、典屬、理刑司各一人。王會、徠遠司各二人。筆帖式，滿洲三十有六人，蒙古五十有五人，漢軍六人。銀庫，司官二人，司官內奏委。司庫一人，正七品。庫使、筆帖式各二人。以上俱滿洲缺。

At the Court of Colonial Affairs there was one supervising minister of court affairs, always a Manchu. A grand secretary was specially appointed to the office. The minister and the left and right vice ministers were each a Manchu. Mongols were occasionally appointed to these offices as well. There was one additional vice minister. The post was filled by an able Mongol beile or beizi. Among its subordinates were chancery clerks: in the Manchu archive, two Manchus and three Mongols; in the Chinese archive, one Chinese Bannerman. The General Affairs Office had one vice director and one section chief, one Manchu and one Mongol apiece. Two registrar posts (a character is missing in the source), one Manchu and one Mongol each. Clerks numbered thirty-six Manchus, fifty-five Mongols, and six Chinese Bannermen. The six Qing-clerk departments—Banner Registers, Princely Audiences, Pacification of the Distant, Outer Dependencies, Mongol Law, and Reception of the Distant—had directors; one was an imperial clansman, a post established in the Pacification of the Distant Department. Three were Manchus, one apiece in the Banner Registers, Princely Audiences, and Outer Dependencies departments. Eight were Mongols. The Banner Registers, Princely Audiences, and Mongol Law departments had two each. The Outer Dependencies and Reception of the Distant departments had one each. Among the vice directors was one imperial clansman, a post established in the Banner Registers Department. Ten were Manchus, with two apiece in the Princely Audiences, Pacification of the Distant, Outer Dependencies, and Mongol Law departments. The Banner Registers and Reception of the Distant departments had one each. Twenty-four were Mongols. They were distributed as follows: Banner Registers, two; Princely Audiences, three; Pacification of the Distant, five; Outer Dependencies, six; Mongol Law and Reception of the Distant, one each. Section chiefs numbered two Manchus and one each in the Banner Registers and Outer Dependencies departments. Seven were Mongols. The Pacification of the Distant, Outer Dependencies, and Mongol Law departments had one each. The Princely Audiences and Reception of the Distant departments had two each. Clerks numbered thirty-six Manchus, fifty-five Mongols, and six Chinese Bannermen. The Silver Treasury had two department officials, appointed by memorial from among the court's officials. There was one treasury keeper of the seventh positive rank. There were two treasury assistants and two clerks. All of the above posts were reserved for Manchus.

尚書掌內外籓蒙古、回部及諸番部，制爵祿，定朝會，正刑罰，控馭撫綏，以固邦翰。侍郎貳之。旗籍掌考內扎薩克疆裡，大漠以南曰內蒙古，部二十有四：曰科爾沁，曰扎賚特，曰杜爾伯特，曰郭爾羅斯，曰敖漢，曰奈曼，曰巴林，曰扎魯特，曰阿魯科爾沁，曰翁牛特，曰克什克騰，曰喀爾喀左翼，曰喀喇沁，曰土默特，曰烏珠穆沁，曰浩齊特，曰蘇尼特，曰阿巴噶，曰阿巴哈納爾，曰四子部落，曰茂明安，曰烏喇特，曰喀爾喀右翼，曰鄂爾多斯，為旗四十有九。疇封爵，凡六等：一親王，二郡王，三貝勒，四貝子，五鎮國公，六輔國公。不入六等者，曰台吉、塔布囊，亦分四等。辨譜系。凡官屬、扎薩克之輔曰協理台吉。其屬曰管旗章京，曰副章京，曰參領，曰佐領，曰驍騎校。部眾會盟、盟地六：曰哲裡木，曰卓索圖，曰昭烏達，曰錫林郭勒，曰烏爾察布，曰伊克昭。置盟長、副盟長各一人，由扎薩克請簡。軍旅郵傳，並隸治之；兼稽遊牧內屬者。凡歸化城土默特、黑龍江布特哈皆是。王會掌內扎薩克賓禮，典朝覲、貢獻儀式。凡饗賚、館餼，視等級以為差。典屬掌外扎薩克部旗封爵，大漠以北曰外蒙古，部四：曰土謝圖汗，曰賽音諾顏，曰車臣汗，曰扎薩克圖汗，為旗八十有六。又有杜爾伯特部，土爾扈特部，和碩特部，輝特部，綽羅斯部，額魯特部。別於蒙古者，曰和托輝特，曰哈柳沁，曰托斯，曰奢集努特，曰古羅格沁，並屬。以外扎薩克封爵有汗，以列王、貝勒、貝子、公之右。無塔布囊，有台吉。治盟會。喀爾喀四盟：曰汗阿林，曰齊齊爾裡克，曰克魯倫巴爾和屯，曰扎克畢拉色欽畢都爾諾爾。杜爾伯特二盟：曰賽因濟雅哈圖左翼，曰賽因濟雅哈圖右翼。土爾扈特五盟：曰南烏訥恩素珠克圖，曰北烏訥恩素珠克圖，曰東烏訥恩素珠克圖，曰西烏訥恩素珠克圖，曰青塞特奇勒圖。和碩特一盟：曰巴圖塞特奇勒。盟置盟長、副盟長各一人，於同盟扎薩克內簡用。惟青海之盟無長。置郵驛，頒屯田、互市政令；兼稽遊牧內屬者。一曰察哈爾，二曰巴爾呼，三曰額魯特，四曰扎哈沁，五曰明阿特，六曰烏梁海，七曰達木，八曰哈薩克。柔遠掌治外扎薩克眾部，凡喇嘛、番僧祿廩、朝貢，並司其儀制。徠遠掌回部扎薩克、伯克歲貢年班，番子、土司亦如之；並典外裔職貢。附牧回城卡倫外，曰布魯特。內附者各給以銜，歲遣使輸馬。他哈薩克，若浩罕，若博羅爾，若巴達克山，若愛烏罕，並各效其職貢。理刑掌蒙古、番、回刑獄諍訟。領辦處掌綜領眾務。銀庫掌帑金出納。

The minister oversaw inner and outer Mongol banners, Muslim communities, and other frontier peoples; regulated titles and stipends; set rules for court audiences; adjudicated punishments; and controlled, guided, and pacified them to strengthen the dynasty's frontier defenses. The vice ministers assisted him. The Banner Registers department maintained registers of inner jasak domains. The region south of the Gobi was called Inner Mongolia. It comprised twenty-four leagues—Khorchin, Jasagt, Dorbed, Gorlos, Aohan, Naiman, Bairin, Jarud, Ar Khorchin, Ujimud, Keshiketeng, Khalkha Left Wing, Kharchin, Tumed, Ujimchin, Khoit, Sunid, Abag, Abaganar, Dörben Jasaq, Muminggan, Urad, Khalkha Right Wing, and Ordos—organized into forty-nine banners. Titles were conferred in six grades: prince of the first rank, prince of the second rank, beile, beizi, duke who stabilizes the state, and duke who assists the state. Ranks outside the six grades were taiji and tabunang, likewise divided into four grades. It verified genealogical lines. Among their officials, the jasak's deputy was called the assisting taiji. Their subordinates included the banner-managing zhangjing, deputy zhangjing, company commander, assistant company commander, and captain. Tribal leagues assembled at six league grounds: Jirem, Josotu, Juu Uda, Xilin Gol, Ulaanchab, and Ike Juu. Each league had one chief and one deputy chief, nominated by the jasaks for appointment. Military affairs and courier routes also fell under its jurisdiction; and it also oversaw affiliated nomadic peoples. These included the Tumed of Guihua City and the Butha of Heilongjiang. The Princely Audiences department managed guest protocol for inner jasaks and regulated ceremonies for court audiences and tribute missions. Banquets, gifts, and lodging were scaled according to rank. The Outer Dependencies department managed titles and banners for outer jasaks. North of the Gobi was Outer Mongolia, comprising four Khalkha leagues—Tüsheet Khan, Sayin Noyan, Chingün, and Jasagtu Khan—with eighty-six banners in all. There were also the Dorbed, Torghut, Khoshuud, Khoit, Choros, and Oirat leagues. Non-Mongol affiliated groups—Khotogoid, Kharachin, Tos, Sheyishnuud, and Gorlosgin—were likewise under its authority. Outer jasaks could hold the title of khan, which ranked above princes, beile, beizi, and dukes. They had taiji but not tabunang. It administered league assemblies. The four Khalkha leagues were Khan Uul, Tsetserleg, Khüree, and Zasagt Khan. The Dorbed had two leagues: Sayin Jayagatu Left Wing and Sayin Jayagatu Right Wing. The Torghut had five leagues: South, North, East, and West Uneen Sujaktu, and Kök Setserleg. The Khoshuud had one league, Batu Setserleg. Each league appointed one chief and one deputy, chosen from among its jasaks. Only the Qinghai league had no league chief. It established courier stations and issued regulations on garrison farming and border trade; and it also oversaw affiliated nomadic peoples. These were Chahar, Barghu, Oirat, Zhakhchin, Mingat, Uriankhai, Daur, and Kazakh. The Pacification of the Distant department governed outer jasak peoples, administering stipends for lamas and frontier monks, tribute audiences, and the associated ritual protocols. The Reception of the Distant department managed annual tribute and rotation audiences for Muslim jasaks and begs, and likewise for aboriginal chiefs and native officials; and it regulated tribute duties from foreign peoples. Pasturing beyond the Muslim border posts of the Tarim Basin were the Kirghiz. Affiliated groups were granted titles and sent annual missions presenting horses. Other Kazakh and Central Asian states—Kokand, Baltistan, Badakhshan, and Afghanistan—each likewise fulfilled their tribute obligations. The Mongol Law department handled criminal cases and litigation involving Mongols, frontier peoples, and Muslims. The General Affairs Office coordinated overall administration. The Silver Treasury managed the receipt and disbursement of court funds.

其兼領者：蒙古繙譯房，員外郎、主事各一人，司官內奏委。校正漢文官二人，滿、蒙內閣侍讀學士、侍讀、翰林院侍讀、侍講學士、侍讀、侍講內奏派。主章奏文移。內、外館監督各一人，六部司員內充補。光緒三十三年省。主賓館繕完滌除。烏蘭哈達、三座塔、八溝司官各一人，分駐塔子溝筆帖式一人，嘉慶十五年撤回，並四處司員俱改為理事官，隸熱河都統，仍由本院司員內簡放。分主蒙古部落民人訟事。察哈爾遊牧處理事員外郎十有六人，以在京蒙古各旗與察哈爾各旗官員內番選。由護軍、驍騎校選用者授員外郎。由中書、筆帖式選用者，先授主事，三年稱職，升員外郎。分主遊牧察哈爾民人訟事。張家、喜峰、獨石、殺虎、古北諸口管理驛站員外郎、司員內奏委。筆帖式各一人，主蒙古郵驛政令。圍場總管一人，康熙四十五年置。乾隆十四年始來隸。嘉慶七年後，改隸熱河都統。左、右翼長各一人，章京八人，初制六品。乾隆十八年升五品。驍騎校八人，主守木蘭圍場，專司巡察。

Offices under concurrent supervision included the Mongol Translation Bureau, with one vice director and one section chief each, appointed by memorial from among the court's officials. Two Chinese-text revisers were detailed by memorial from among Manchu and Mongol reader-expositors and readers of the Grand Secretariat and Hanlin Academy. They handled memorials and official correspondence. The inner and outer guest lodges each had one supervisor, drawn from clerks of the Six Ministries. These posts were abolished in Guangxu 33 (1907). They oversaw repair, cleaning, and upkeep of the guest lodges. There was one department official each at Ulanhada, Sanzuotai, and Bagou, and one clerk at Tazigou. In Jiaqing 15 (1810) the Tazigou clerk was withdrawn; officials at all four posts were redesignated administrative commissioners under the Rehe governor-general, still chosen from this court's staff. They handled civil litigation among Mongol tribes and commoners. Sixteen vice directors for Chahar nomadic affairs were chosen in rotation from officials of the capital Mongol banners and the Chahar banners. Candidates drawn from the guards and captains were appointed directly as vice directors. Candidates drawn from secretaries and clerks were first appointed section chiefs and, after three years of satisfactory service, promoted to vice director. They handled civil litigation among the nomadic Chahar populace. Vice directors to manage courier stations at Zhangjiakou, Xifeng, Dushi, Shahu, and Gubei were appointed by memorial from among the court's clerks. Each post had one clerk in charge of Mongol postal regulations. There was one hunting-park superintendent, established in Kangxi 45 (1706). From Qianlong 14 (1749) it came under this court. After Jiaqing 7 (1802) it was transferred to the Rehe governor-general. There was one chief for each wing and eight zhangjing, originally of the sixth rank. In Qianlong 18 (1753) they were raised to the fifth rank. Eight captains guarded the Mulan hunting park and were charged solely with patrol and inspection.

初，崇德元年，設蒙古衙門，置承政、參政各官。三年，更名理籓院，定承政，左、右參政，各一人，副理事官八人，啟心郎一人。順治元年，改承政為尚書，參政為侍郎，滿、蒙參用。副理事官為員外郎，置二十有一人，康熙二十年增滿、蒙八人。乾隆四十二年省蒙古一人，四十九年改滿洲二人為蒙缺。後滿、蒙司官增減不一。啟心郎三人，滿洲一人，漢軍二人。十五年省。堂主事二人，康熙二十八年增漢文一人。司務二人，滿、蒙各一人。康熙三十八年省。雍正十年復故。漢副使一人。從八品。五年，增置漢院判、正六品。知事正八品。自副使以下，俱康熙三十八年省。各一人。四年，置唐古忒學教習一人。給六品俸。後改司業。其助教以他官兼。乾隆五年定為額缺，尋省。十六年，定以禮部尚書銜掌院事，侍郎銜協理院事。越二年，以隸禮部未合舊制，停兼銜，依六部例，令入議政，班居工部後。並設錄勳、賓客、柔遠、理刑四司，置滿、蒙郎中共十有一人，乾隆四十二年增蒙古一人。四十九年改滿洲二人為蒙缺。員外郎二十有一人，康熙二十年增滿、蒙八人。乾隆四十二年省蒙古一人。四十九年改滿洲六人為蒙缺。主事滿、漢各四人。康熙二十八年省漢缺。乾隆四十九年改滿洲二人為蒙缺。康熙二十年，增蒙古文主事二人。三十八年，析柔遠司為二，曰前司，曰後司。四十六年，設銀庫，初制，蒙古王、台吉等入朝，由戶、工二部及光祿寺庀器用，具廩餼。至是始創設。置郎中、員外郎各一人，司員內奏派。司庫一人，庫使四人。雍正元年，始命王、公、大學士領院事，省庫使二人。乾隆二十二年，改錄勳司為典屬，賓客司為王會，柔遠後司為旗籍，前司仍曰柔遠。二十六年，合旗籍、柔遠為一，增設徠遠一司。明年，仍析旗籍、柔遠為二。二十九年，改典屬司為旗籍，舊旗籍為典屬。嘉慶四年，改滿洲郎中、員外郎各一人為宗室員缺。咸豐五年，定伊犁塔爾巴哈台通商章程，始司外交職務。見第十七款。十年，定中俄續約，以軍機處及本院典外交文移。見第九款。後歸外部。光緒三十二年，更院為部，擬設殖產、邊衛二司。嗣先設編纂、調查二局，隸領辦處，以漢檔房、俸檔房、督催所改並。漢檔房主事缺未省。尋置員外郎、主事各一人。蒙古房改。俱蒙缺。宣統三年，改尚書為大臣，侍郎為副大臣，額外侍郎如故。

Originally, in Chongde 1 (1636), the Mongol Office was established with chancellor and vice chancellor posts. In the third year it was renamed the Court of Colonial Affairs, with one chancellor, one left and one right vice chancellor, eight assistant administrative commissioners, and one adviser. In Shunzhi 1 (1644) the chancellor became minister and the vice chancellor became vice minister, with Manchus and Mongols appointed jointly. Assistant administrative commissioners were redesignated vice directors; there were twenty-one posts, and in Kangxi 20 (1681) eight Manchu and Mongol posts were added. In Qianlong 42 (1777) one Mongol post was eliminated; in Qianlong 49 (1784) two Manchu posts were converted to Mongol posts. Thereafter the numbers of Manchu and Mongol officials changed repeatedly. There were three advisers: one Manchu and two Chinese Bannermen. The post was abolished in the fifteenth year. There were two chancery clerks; in Kangxi 28 one Chinese-text post was added. There were two registrars, one Manchu and one Mongol apiece. They were abolished in Kangxi 38. The former arrangement was restored in Yongzheng 10. There was one Chinese vice commissioner. The rank was 8b. In the fifth year a Chinese vice director of the sixth positive rank was added. The administrative aide held the eighth positive rank. From the vice commissioner downward, all these posts were abolished in Kangxi 38. There was one of each. In the fourth year one instructor for the Tangut language school was established. He received a sixth-rank salary. The post was later redesignated vice director of studies. Assistant instructors were drawn from other offices on a concurrent basis. In Qianlong 5 it was made a quota post, but was soon abolished. In the sixteenth year it was decreed that the minister of rites by title would head the court and the vice minister by title would assist in its administration. Two years later, because placing the court under the Ministry of Rites conflicted with precedent, the concurrent titles were dropped; following the Six Ministries model, it joined deliberative government and ranked after the Ministry of Works. Four departments were also established—Merit Records, Guests, Pacification of the Distant, and Mongol Law—with eleven Manchu and Mongol directors in all; in Qianlong 42 one Mongol post was added. In the forty-ninth year two Manchu posts were converted to Mongol posts. There were twenty-one vice directors; in Kangxi 20 eight Manchu and Mongol posts were added. In Qianlong 42 one Mongol post was eliminated. In the forty-ninth year six Manchu posts were converted to Mongol posts. There were four Manchu and four Chinese section chiefs. In Kangxi 28 the Chinese posts were eliminated. In Qianlong 49 two Manchu posts were converted to Mongol posts. In Kangxi 20 two Mongolian-text section chiefs were added. In the thirty-eighth year the Pacification of the Distant Department was split into a front and a rear department. In the forty-sixth year the Silver Treasury was established. Under the original system, when Mongol princes and taiji came to court, the Boards of Revenue and Works and the Court of Imperial Entertainments supplied utensils and provisions. Only then was it first established. One director and one vice director were appointed by memorial from among the court's clerks. There was one treasury keeper and four treasury assistants. In Yongzheng 1 princes, dukes, and grand secretaries were first appointed to head the court, and two treasury assistant posts were eliminated. In Qianlong 22 the Merit Records Department became Outer Dependencies, the Guests Department became Princely Audiences, the rear Pacification of the Distant Department became Banner Registers, and the front department retained the name Pacification of the Distant. In the twenty-sixth year Banner Registers and Pacification of the Distant were merged, and a Reception of the Distant Department was added. The following year they were again split into separate Banner Registers and Pacification of the Distant departments. In the twenty-ninth year the Outer Dependencies and Banner Registers departments exchanged names. In Jiaqing 4 one Manchu director and one Manchu vice director were converted to imperial-clansman posts. In Xianfeng 5 the trade regulations for Ili and Tarbagatai were promulgated, and the court first assumed diplomatic functions. See Article 17. In the tenth year the Sino-Russian supplementary treaty was concluded, and the Grand Council together with this court handled diplomatic correspondence. See Article 9. These duties were later transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In Guangxu 32 the court was elevated to a ministry, with plans to establish Production and Frontier Defense departments. Two bureaus for compilation and investigation were then established under the General Affairs Office, formed from the Chinese archive, stipend archive, and supervision office. The Chinese-archive section-chief post was retained. Shortly afterward one vice director and one section chief were added. The Mongol bureau was reorganized. All posts were reserved for Mongols. In Xuantong 3 the minister became minister of state, the vice minister became vice minister of state, and the additional vice minister remained unchanged.

理籓一職，歷古未有專官，唯周官大行人差近之。秦、漢以降，略存規制。遐荒絕漠，統治王官，為有清創製。自譯署設，職權漸替已。

Throughout history there had never been a dedicated office for managing frontier peoples; only the Grand Herald of the Rites in the Rites of Zhou came close. From the Qin and Han onward, only fragments of such regulation survived. The systematic governance of distant frontiers and their rulers was a Qing innovation. Once the translation office was established, its functions were gradually superseded.

都察院左都御史，初制，滿員一品，漢員二品。順治十六年並改二品。康熙六年仍升滿員為一品，九年並定正二品。雍正八年升從一品。左副都御史，正三品。俱滿、漢二人。其屬：經歷司經歷，正六品。都事□都事，正六品。俱滿、漢一人。筆帖式四十有二人。十五道掌印監察御史，初制，滿洲、漢軍三品，順治十六年改七品。康熙六年升四品，九年復為七品。雍正七年，改由編、檢、郎員授者正五品。由主事、中、行、評、博授者正六品。乾隆十七年並定從五品。滿、漢各一人。監察御史，京畿、江西、浙江、福建、湖廣、河南、山西、陝西八道，滿、漢各一人，江南道滿、漢各三人，山東道滿、漢各二人。

The Censorate's left censor-in-chief was originally rank 1a for Manchus and rank 2a for Chinese officials. In Shunzhi 16 both were set at the second rank. In Kangxi 6 the Manchu post was again raised to the first rank; in Kangxi 9 both were fixed at the second positive rank. In Yongzheng 8 it was raised to the first subordinate rank. The left vice censor-in-chief held the third positive rank. There were two Manchus and two Chinese apiece. Among its subordinates was the secretariat director of the sixth positive rank. Two administrative secretary posts (a character is missing in the source), of the sixth positive rank. One Manchu and one Chinese apiece. There were forty-two clerks. The fifteen-circuit supervising censors with seals were originally rank 3a for Manchus and Chinese Bannermen; in Shunzhi 16 they were reduced to the seventh rank. In Kangxi 6 they were raised to the fourth rank; in Kangxi 9 they reverted to the seventh rank. In Yongzheng 7 appointees drawn from Hanlin compilers, revisers, and bureau directors held the fifth positive rank. Appointees drawn from section chiefs and secretaries of the central, foreign, judicial, and erudite bureaus held the sixth positive rank. In Qianlong 17 both categories were fixed at the fifth subordinate rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese for each circuit. Investigating censors were assigned as follows: for the capital region, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Huguang, Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi circuits, one Manchu and one Chinese each; for the Jiangnan circuit, three Manchus and three Chinese each; for the Shandong circuit, two Manchus and two Chinese each.

左都御史掌察覈官常，參維綱紀。率科道官矢言職，率京畿道糾失檢奸，並豫參朝廷大議。凡重辟，會刑部、大理寺定讞。祭祀、朝會、經筵、臨雍，執法糾不如儀者。左副都御史佐之。十五道掌彈舉官邪，敷陳治道，各覈本省刑名。京畿道分理院事，及直隸、盛京刑名，稽察內閣、順天府、大興、宛平兩縣。河南道照刷部院諸司卷宗，稽察吏部、詹事府、步軍統領、五城。江南道稽察戶部、寶泉局、左右翼監督、京倉、總督漕運，磨勘三庫奏銷。浙江道稽察禮部及本院。山西道稽察兵部、翰林院、六科、中書科、總督倉場、坐糧□、大通橋監督、通州二倉。山東道稽察刑部、太醫院、總督河道，催比五城命盜案牘緝捕之事。陝西道稽察工部、寶源局，覆勘在京工程。湖廣道稽察通政使司、國子監。江西道稽察光祿寺。福建道稽察太常寺。四川道稽察鑾儀衛。廣東道稽察大理寺。廣西道稽察太僕寺。雲南道稽察理籓院、欽天監。貴州道稽察鴻臚寺。其祭祀、監禮、侍班糾儀，科道同之。經歷掌董察吏胥。都事掌繕寫章奏。其分攝者：巡視五城御史，滿、漢各一人，科道中簡用。一年更替。掌綏靖地方，釐剔奸弊。兵馬司指揮、正六品。副指揮、正七品。吏目，未入流。自正指揮以下俱漢員。五城各一人，掌巡緝盜賊，平治道路，稽檢囚徒，火禁區為十坊領之。

The left censor-in-chief inspected official conduct and helped uphold state discipline. He led the censorial corps in frank remonstrance, directed the capital-region circuit in correcting misconduct and exposing wrongdoing, and participated in major court deliberations. In capital cases he joined the Ministry of Justice and the Court of Judicial Review in determining verdicts. At sacrifices, court assemblies, the Classics Mat, and imperial lectures he enforced protocol and censured lapses in ritual. The left vice censor-in-chief assisted him. The fifteen circuits impeached official wrongdoing, expounded principles of governance, and each audited criminal cases in its assigned jurisdiction. The capital-region circuit handled internal court business, criminal cases in Zhili and Shengjing, and oversight of the Grand Secretariat, Shuntian prefecture, and the counties of Daxing and Wanping. The Henan circuit reviewed ministry and court archives and inspected the Ministry of Personnel, Household of the Heir Apparent, metropolitan garrison command, and the Five Cities. The Jiangnan circuit inspected the Ministry of Revenue, the coinage bureau, left and right wing supervisors, capital granaries, and the grain-transport governor-general, and audited accounts of the three treasuries. The Zhejiang circuit inspected the Ministry of Rites and the Censorate itself. The Shanxi circuit inspected the Ministry of War, Hanlin Academy, Six Offices, Secretariat of the Central Bureau, granary governor-general, grain-receiving official (text damaged), Datong Bridge supervisor, and the two Tongzhou granaries. The Shandong circuit inspected the Ministry of Justice, Imperial Medical Academy, and canal governor-general, and pressed the Five Cities on homicide and robbery cases and the pursuit of offenders. The Shaanxi circuit inspected the Ministry of Works and the mint bureau and re-examined construction projects in the capital. The Huguang circuit inspected the Office of Transmission and the Directorate of Education. The Jiangxi circuit inspected the Court of Imperial Entertainments. The Fujian circuit inspected the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. The Sichuan circuit inspected the Imperial Guard of Honor. The Guangdong circuit inspected the Court of Judicial Review. The Guangxi circuit inspected the Court of the Imperial Stud. The Yunnan circuit inspected the Court of Colonial Affairs and the Imperial Observatory. The Guizhou circuit inspected the Court of State Ceremonial. At sacrifices, in ritual supervision, and in attendance to correct breaches of protocol, the censorial officials shared these duties. The secretariat director supervised clerks and runners. The administrative secretary managed the drafting of memorials. Under divided supervision were the Five-City inspection censors, one Manchu and one Chinese each, chosen from among the censorial corps. They rotated annually. They kept the districts orderly and rooted out abuses. The garrison commandant held the sixth positive rank. The deputy commandant held the seventh positive rank. The clerical registrar held a post outside the regular rank stream. From the chief commandant down, every post was filled by Chinese officials. Each of the Five Cities had one such officer, charged with patrolling against bandits, keeping roads in order, inspecting prisoners, and enforcing fire bans through ten ward jurisdictions.

初沿明制，設都察院。天聰十年，諭曰：「凡有政事背謬，及貝勒、大臣驕肆慢上者，許直言無隱。」崇德元年，置承政、參政各官。明年定承政一人，左、右參政滿、蒙、漢理事官各二人。後省。順治元年，改左都御史掌院事，滿、漢各一人。左副都御史協理院事，各二人。漢左僉都御史一人。先用漢軍，後參用漢人。乾隆十三年省。外省督、撫，並以右系銜。右都御史、右副都御史、右僉都御史為督、撫坐銜。乾隆十三年停右都御史銜。司務，後改經歷。滿、漢各一人。都事，滿洲二人，乾隆十七年改滿、漢各一人。漢軍一人。康熙三十九年省。設十五道。河南道參治院事，置監察御史，滿洲六人，河南、江南、浙江、山東、山西、陝西掌印各一人。五年增十有七人。康熙二十八年增一人，後復省四人。乾隆十四年定江南、山東道各三人，京畿、河南、浙江、山西、陝西、湖廣、福建道各二人，四川、廣東、廣西、雲南、貴州道各一人。漢軍八人；協理河南道一人，餘隸江南等五道。康熙三十九年省入漢缺。漢員，江南道五人，內掌印一人。十八年省一人。康熙七年省二人。雍正四年增一人。乾隆十四年增一人。浙江道六人，內掌印一人。九年省一人，十八年省二人。康熙七年省一人。雍正四年增一人。乾隆十四年省一人。江西道六人，十六年省一人，十八年省三人。康熙七年省一人，雍正四年增一人。乾隆十四年省一人。福建道五人，十年省一人。康熙七年省二人。湖廣道六人，八年、九年、十五年俱省一人。康熙七年省一人。雍正四年增一人。乾隆十四年復省一人。河南道六人，內掌印一人。十年、十八年俱省一人。康熙七年省二人。乾隆六年增一人，十四年復省一人。山東道五人，內掌印一人。十八年省二人。康熙七年省一人。乾隆十四年增一人。山西道五人，內掌印一人。十年省一人，十八年省二人。乾隆六年增一人，十四年省一人。陝西道四人，內掌印一人。十八年省二人。雍正四年增一人。乾隆十四年省一人。四川道四人，十八年省二人。康熙七年省一人。雍正四年增一人。乾隆十四年省一人。廣東道五人，十八年省二人。康熙七年省二人。雍正四年增一人。乾隆十四年省一人。廣西道、雲南道各四人，十八年省二人。康熙七年各省二人。乾隆十四年各省二人。貴州道四人。十八年省二人。康熙七年省一人。雍正四年增一人。乾隆十四年省一人。京畿道無專員。乾隆十四年定滿、漢各一人。啟心郎，滿洲、漢軍各一人，十五年俱省。蒙古章京二人。康熙元年省。筆帖式，滿洲五十有一人，康熙三十八年省十有六人。漢軍七人。康熙三十八年省二人。雍正十二年置蒙古二人。光緒三十三年，滿、蒙、漢軍共酌留三十人。中、東、西、南、北五城兵馬司指揮各一人，副指揮各二人，康熙十一年省五城各一人。乾隆三十一年改東、西、南、北四城副指揮分駐朝陽、永定、阜成、德勝諸門外，鈐轄關廂，中城如故。吏目各一人。是歲定左都御史、左副都御史、監察御史許風聞言事。給事中同。二年，省京畿道。三年，定左副都御史滿、漢各一人。九年，復設京畿道，專司照刷各署卷宗。乾隆十四年改歸河南道。光緒三十二年停止刷卷。並置五城漢軍理事官，是為巡城之始。十年，定滿洲、漢軍、漢五城御史各一人。十八年各增滿員一人。雍正元年定滿、漢各一人。乾隆三十九年漢軍停開列。康熙二十九年，命左都御史馬齊同理籓院尚書阿喇尼列議政大臣。故事，二院長官俱不豫議政，豫議自此始。五十七年，增置蒙古監察御史二人。滿缺改。雍正二年，置內務府御史四人。十三年省。乾隆三年復置二人，本院御史內奏派。光緒三十二年停。五年，增置宗室御史二人。滿缺改。乾隆十四年復改二人，通舊為四人。七年，置五城舖司巡檢各一人。乾隆初省。乾隆十四年，詔按道定額。先是設十五道，唯河南、江南、浙江、山東、山西、陝西六道授印信，掌印者曰掌道，餘曰協道，京畿道亦給印信，未設專官。湖廣等八道分隸之，曰坐道，不治事。掌河南道兼理福建道，掌江南道兼理江西、四川道，掌浙江道兼理雲南道，掌山東道兼理廣西道，掌山西道兼理廣東、貴州道，掌陝西道兼理湖廣道。至是各道並給印信，規制始稱。二十年，覆命京畿道列河南道前，互易所掌，京畿道遂為要職。光緒三十二年，改定都御史一人、副都御史二人，按省分道。增設遼瀋道，仿京畿道例，置掌道、協道各二人；析江南為江蘇、安徽二道，湖廣為湖北、湖南二道；並增甘肅、新疆二道，置滿、漢御史各一人。是為二十道。令訪求利病，專司糾察，後設之外務、農工商、民政諸部事件，多不關報。舊制，各部及各衙門分道稽察，至是停止。其制已灑然非舊雲。

The Censorate was first established along Ming lines. In Tiancong 10 (1626) it was decreed: 'When policies go astray, or when princes and ministers grow arrogant and show disrespect to their superiors, officials may speak frankly and without reservation.' In Chongde 1 (1636), chancellor and vice-chancellor offices were established. The following year the quota was set at one chancellor and left and right vice chancellors, each supported by two Manchu, Mongol, and Han administering officials. These posts were later abolished. In Shunzhi 1 (1644) the chancellor became the left censor-in-chief managing the Censorate, with one Manchu and one Chinese incumbent. Two left vice censors-in-chief assisted in managing the Censorate. There was one Chinese left assistant censor-in-chief. Chinese Bannermen were appointed first; Han Chinese officials were added later. The post was abolished in Qianlong 13 (1748). Provincial governors-general and governors all held right-series censorial titles. The right censor-in-chief, right vice censor-in-chief, and right assistant censor-in-chief were titular ranks attached to governors-general and governors. In Qianlong 13 the right censor-in-chief title was discontinued. The court affairs clerk was later redesignated secretariat director. One Manchu and one Chinese apiece. There were two Manchu administrative secretaries; in Qianlong 17 (1752) the quota became one Manchu and one Chinese. There was one Chinese Banner incumbent. The post was abolished in Kangxi 39 (1700). Fifteen censorial circuits were established. The Henan circuit co-managed Censorate affairs; there were six Manchu inspecting censors, with one circuit supervising censor each for Henan, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Shandong, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. In Shunzhi 5 (1648), seventeen posts were added. In Kangxi 28 (1689) one post was added; four were later abolished again. In Qianlong 14 (1749) the quotas were set at three each for Jiangnan and Shandong, two each for the Capital Metropolitan, Henan, Zhejiang, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Huguang, and Fujian circuits, and one each for Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. There were eight Chinese Banner incumbents; one co-managed the Henan circuit, while the rest fell under Jiangnan and the other five circuits. In Kangxi 39 these posts were abolished and absorbed into Chinese vacancies. Among Chinese incumbents, the Jiangnan circuit had five, including one circuit supervising censor. In Shunzhi 18 (1661) one post was cut. In Kangxi 7 (1668) two posts were abolished. In Yongzheng 4 (1726) one post was added. In Qianlong 14 one post was added. The Zhejiang circuit had six incumbents, including one circuit supervising censor. In Shunzhi 9 one post was cut, and in Shunzhi 18 two more were cut. In Kangxi 7 one post was abolished. In Yongzheng 4 one post was added. In Qianlong 14 one post was abolished. The Jiangxi circuit had six incumbents; in Shunzhi 16 one was cut, and in Shunzhi 18 three were cut. In Kangxi 7 one post was abolished; in Yongzheng 4 one was added. In Qianlong 14 one post was abolished. The Fujian circuit had five incumbents; in Shunzhi 10 one was cut. In Kangxi 7 two posts were abolished. The Huguang circuit had six incumbents; in Shunzhi 8, 9, and 15 one post was cut in each year. In Kangxi 7 one post was abolished. In Yongzheng 4 one post was added. In Qianlong 14 one post was abolished again. The Henan circuit had six incumbents, including one circuit supervising censor. In Shunzhi 10 and Shunzhi 18 one post was cut in each year. In Kangxi 7 two posts were abolished. In Qianlong 6 (1741) one post was added; in Qianlong 14 one was cut again. The Shandong circuit had five incumbents, including one circuit supervising censor. In Shunzhi 18 two posts were cut. In Kangxi 7 one post was abolished. In Qianlong 14 one post was added. The Shanxi circuit had five incumbents, including one circuit supervising censor. In Shunzhi 10 one post was cut, and in Shunzhi 18 two were cut. In Qianlong 6 one post was added; in Qianlong 14 one was abolished. The Shaanxi circuit had four incumbents, including one circuit supervising censor. In Shunzhi 18 two posts were cut. In Yongzheng 4 one post was added. In Qianlong 14 one post was abolished. The Sichuan circuit had four incumbents; in Shunzhi 18 two were cut. In Kangxi 7 one post was abolished. In Yongzheng 4 one post was added. In Qianlong 14 one post was abolished. The Guangdong circuit had five incumbents; in Shunzhi 18 two were cut. In Kangxi 7 two posts were abolished. In Yongzheng 4 one post was added. In Qianlong 14 one post was abolished. The Guangxi and Yunnan circuits each had four incumbents; in Shunzhi 18 two posts were cut. In Kangxi 7 two posts were cut in each circuit. In Qianlong 14 two posts were cut in each circuit. The Guizhou circuit had four incumbents. In Shunzhi 18 two posts were cut. In Kangxi 7 one post was abolished. In Yongzheng 4 one post was added. In Qianlong 14 one post was abolished. The Capital Metropolitan circuit had no dedicated incumbents. In Qianlong 14 the quota was set at one Manchu and one Chinese. There were Qixinlang advisers, one Manchu and one Chinese Banner each; all were abolished in Shunzhi 15 (1658). There were two Mongol section chiefs. They were abolished in Kangxi 1 (1662). There were fifty-one Manchu chancery clerks; in Kangxi 38 (1699) sixteen posts were cut. There were seven Chinese Banner chancery clerks. In Kangxi 38 two posts were abolished. In Yongzheng 12 (1734) two Mongol chancery clerks were added. In Guangxu 33 (1907) the quota for Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese Banner clerks was provisionally reduced to thirty. The Five Cities—Central, East, West, South, and North—each had one garrison commandant and two deputy commandants; in Kangxi 11 (1672) one post was cut in each city. In Qianlong 31 (1766) deputy commandants for the eastern, western, southern, and northern cities were reassigned to stations outside the Chaoyang, Yongding, Fucheng, and Desheng gates to supervise the gate districts; the central city was unchanged. Each city had one clerical registrar. That same year the left censor-in-chief, left vice censor-in-chief, and inspecting censors were authorized to submit memorials on hearsay evidence. The same rule applied to reviewing censors. In Shunzhi 2 (1645) the Capital Metropolitan circuit was abolished. In Shunzhi 3 the left vice censor-in-chief quota was set at one Manchu and one Chinese. In Shunzhi 9 (1652) the Capital Metropolitan circuit was restored to review archives for every yamen. In Qianlong 14 these duties were reassigned to the Henan circuit. In Guangxu 32 (1906) archive review was discontinued. Chinese Banner administering officials were also appointed for the Five Cities—marking the start of metropolitan city patrol. In Shunzhi 10 (1653) the quota was set at one Five-Cities censor each for Manchus, Chinese Bannermen, and Chinese. In Shunzhi 18 (1661) one Manchu post was added to each category. In Yongzheng 1 (1723) the quota was set at one Manchu and one Chinese each. In Qianlong 39 (1774) Chinese Bannermen were dropped from the roster. In Kangxi 29 (1690) Left Censor-in-Chief Ma Qi was ordered to serve jointly with Court of Colonial Affairs Minister Arani as deliberative ministers. By precedent the chiefs of both yamens had not taken part in deliberation; participation began from this point. In Kangxi 57 (1718) two Mongol inspecting censors were added. The posts were converted to Manchu quota. In Yongzheng 2 (1724) four Internal Affairs Department censors were established. In Yongzheng 13 (1735) they were abolished. In Qianlong 3 (1738) two were restored, chosen from among the Censorate's own censors by memorial. In Guangxu 32 (1906) they were discontinued. In Yongzheng 5 (1727) two Imperial-clan censors were added. The posts were converted to Manchu quota. In Qianlong 14 (1749) the quota was changed back to two, four in all together with the earlier posts. In Kangxi 7 (1668) one precinct sub-inspector was established for each of the Five Cities. At the beginning of the Qianlong reign they were abolished. In Qianlong 14 (1749) an edict fixed quotas by circuit. Fifteen circuits had been established earlier, but only Henan, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Shandong, Shanxi, and Shaanxi received seals—the seal-holder was called the circuit supervising censor and the rest assistant circuit censors; the Capital Metropolitan circuit also received a seal but had no dedicated official. The other eight circuits, including Huguang, were placed in subordinate attendance as sitting circuits and did not administer affairs. The Henan supervising censor also managed Fujian; Jiangnan also managed Jiangxi and Sichuan; Zhejiang also managed Yunnan; Shandong also managed Guangxi; Shanxi also managed Guangdong and Guizhou; and Shaanxi also managed Huguang. At this point every circuit received seals, and the institution at last matched its intended design. In Qianlong 20 (1755) the Capital Metropolitan circuit was ordered ranked before Henan and their jurisdictions exchanged; the Capital Metropolitan circuit thus became a key post. In Guangxu 32 (1906) the quota was set at one censor-in-chief and two vice censor-in-chiefs, with circuits assigned by province. The Liaoshen circuit was added on the Capital Metropolitan model, with two circuit supervising censors and two assistant circuit censors; Jiangnan was split into Jiangsu and Anhui circuits, and Huguang into Hubei and Hunan; Gansu and Xinjiang circuits were also added, each with one Manchu and one Chinese inspecting censor. These made twenty circuits in all. They were ordered to investigate local conditions and specialize in scrutiny, but affairs of the later-established ministries—Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and Civil Affairs—mostly did not require reporting. Under the old system each ministry and yamen had been inspected by assigned circuits; this was now discontinued. The institution had already become wholly unlike the old order.

順治初，又有巡按御史，省各一人。十七年省。巡鹽御史，兩淮、兩浙、長蘆、河東各一人。十年停，十二年復故。康熙十一年停，尋復置。三十年復差福建、兩廣各一人。五十九年停兩廣鹽差。雍正元年停福建鹽差。明年停長蘆、河東鹽差。四年停兩浙鹽差。巡漕御史一人。十四年停。雍正七年定差淮安、通州各二人。乾隆二十年改差淮安、濟寧、天津、通州各一人。十七年增差通州四人。二十三年停差天津一人。二十六年復差天津一人。嘉慶十三年定科、道並差。道光二年俱停。巡視京、通各倉御史一人。七年停，八年復故。康熙七年又停。二十年定差滿、漢各一人，二十六年再停。雍正元年置巡察御史一人，總查倉弊。五年改京、通倉各差一人。乾隆十七年定科、道並差。四十三年增差內倉一人。五十九年改令科、道監放，停差查倉官。嘉慶四年復故。光緒二十八年又停。巡視江南上下兩江御史二人。六年省。巡視屯田御史一人。四年省。督理陝甘洮宣等處茶馬御史一人。康熙七年省，三十四年復故，四十二年又省。雍正間，置巡察各省御史，江寧、安徽一人，湖北、湖南一人，山東、河南一人。巡視吉林、黑龍江科道，滿洲二人。稽察奉天文武衙門御史一人。巡視山東、河南工務御史一人。直隸巡查御史：順天、永平、宣化二人，保定、正定、河間二人，順德、廣平、大名二人。巡農御史一人。先後俱省。

At the beginning of Shunzhi there were also provincial tour censors, one per province. In Shunzhi 17 (1660) they were abolished. Salt tour censors: one each for the Two Huai, Two Zhe, Changlu, and Hedong salt districts. In Shunzhi 10 they were discontinued; in Shunzhi 12 the former arrangement was restored. In Kangxi 11 (1672) they were discontinued; shortly thereafter the posts were restored. In Kangxi 30 (1691) one each was again dispatched to Fujian and the Two Guang. In Kangxi 59 (1720) the Two Guang salt assignment was discontinued. In Yongzheng 1 (1723) the Fujian salt assignment was discontinued. The following year the Changlu and Hedong salt assignments were discontinued. In Yongzheng 4 (1726) the Two Zhe salt assignment was discontinued. There was one grain-transport tour censor. In Shunzhi 14 (1657) it was discontinued. In Yongzheng 7 (1729) two were assigned each at Huai'an and Tongzhou. In Qianlong 20 (1755) one was assigned each at Huai'an, Jining, Tianjin, and Tongzhou. In Qianlong 17 (1752) four more were assigned at Tongzhou. In Qianlong 23 (1758) the Tianjin assignment of one was discontinued. In Qianlong 26 (1761) one was again assigned at Tianjin. In Jiaqing 13 (1808) degree-holders and censorial officials were jointly assigned. In Daoguang 2 (1822) all assignments were discontinued. There was one censor inspecting the granaries of Beijing and Tongzhou. In Shunzhi 7 it was discontinued; in Shunzhi 8 it was restored. In Kangxi 7 (1668) they were again discontinued. In Kangxi 20 (1681) one Manchu and one Chinese were assigned; in Kangxi 26 (1687) they were again discontinued. In Yongzheng 1 (1723) one inspection censor was established to investigate granary abuses overall. In Yongzheng 5 (1727) the assignment was changed to one each for the Beijing and Tongzhou granaries. In Qianlong 17 (1752) degree-holders and censorial officials were jointly assigned. In Qianlong 43 (1778) one more was assigned to the inner granaries. In Qianlong 59 (1794) degree-holders and censorial officials were ordered to supervise disbursement, and granary inspection assignments were discontinued. In Jiaqing 4 (1799) the former arrangement was restored. In Guangxu 28 (1902) they were again discontinued. There were two censors inspecting the upper and lower Jiang districts of Jiangnan. In Shunzhi 6 (1649) they were abolished. There was one censor inspecting garrison farmland. In Shunzhi 4 (1647) it was abolished. There was one censor supervising the tea-and-horse trade in Shaanxi, Gansu, Tao, Xuan, and adjacent districts. It was abolished in Kangxi 7 (1668), restored in Kangxi 34 (1695), and abolished again in Kangxi 42 (1703). During the Yongzheng period inspection censors were posted to the provinces: one for Jiangning and Anhui, one for Hubei and Hunan, and one for Shandong and Henan. Degree-holders and censorial officials inspecting Jilin and Heilongjiang: two Manchus. There was one censor scrutinizing civil and military yamens in Fengtian. There was one censor inspecting public works in Shandong and Henan. Zhili patrol censors: two for Shuntian, Yongping, and Xuanhua; two for Baoding, Zhengding, and Hejian; and two for Shunde, Guangping, and Daming. There was one agriculture tour censor. All were abolished in succession.

六科給事中，吏、戶、禮、兵、刑、工六科掌印給事中，滿、漢各一人。初制，滿員四品，漢員七品。康熙二年改滿員七品，六年復為四品。九年俱定七品。雍正七年升正五品。光緒三十二年升正四品。給事中，滿、漢各一人。初制七品。雍正七年升正五品。筆帖式八十人。吏、戶、兵、刑各十有五人，禮、工各十人。光緒三十二年酌留三十人。掌言職，傳達綸音，勘鞫官府公事，以註銷文卷；吏科分稽銓衡，註銷吏部、順天府文卷。戶科分稽財賦，言主銷戶部文卷。禮科分稽典禮，註銷禮部、宗人府、理籓院、太常寺、光祿寺、鴻臚寺、國子監、欽天監文卷。兵科分稽軍政，註銷兵部、鑾輿衛、太僕寺文卷。刑科分稽刑名，註銷刑部文卷。工科分稽工程，註銷工部文卷。有封駁即聞。

The Six Offices reviewing censors: in each of the Personnel, Revenue, Rites, War, Justice, and Works Offices there was one seal-holding reviewing censor, one Manchu and one Chinese each. Under the initial system Manchu incumbents held the fourth rank and Chinese incumbents the seventh. In Kangxi 2 (1663) Manchu incumbents were reduced to the seventh rank; in Kangxi 6 (1667) they were restored to the fourth. In Kangxi 9 (1670) both were fixed at the seventh rank. In Yongzheng 7 (1729) they were promoted to the fifth positive rank. In Guangxu 32 (1906) they were promoted to the fourth positive rank. Reviewing censors: one Manchu and one Chinese each. Under the initial system they held the seventh rank. In Yongzheng 7 (1729) they were promoted to the fifth positive rank. There were eighty chancery clerks. Personnel, Revenue, War, and Justice had fifteen each; Rites and Works had ten each. In Guangxu 32 (1906) thirty were provisionally retained. They held the speaking office, transmitted imperial pronouncements, investigated yamen business, and verified document cancellation; The Personnel Office reviewed appointments and verified cancellation of Ministry of Personnel and Shuntian Prefecture documents. The Revenue Office audited fiscal levies and also supervised cancellation of Ministry of Revenue documents. The Rites Office audited ceremonial matters and verified cancellation of documents for the Ministry of Rites, Imperial Clan Court, Court of Colonial Affairs, Court of Imperial Sacrifices, Court of Imperial Entertainments, Court of State Ceremonial, Directorate of Education, and Imperial Observatory. The War Office audited military administration and verified cancellation of documents for the Ministry of War, Imperial Guard, and Court of the Imperial Stud. The Justice Office audited penal matters and verified cancellation of Ministry of Justice documents. The Works Office audited public works and verified cancellation of Ministry of Works documents. When there was a seal-and-return, it was immediately reported.

初沿明制，六科自為一署，給事中無員限，並置漢軍副理事官。順治十八年，定滿、漢都給事中，左、右給事中，各一人，都給事中由左給事中轉，左給事中由右給事中轉。漢給事中二人，省副理事官。康熙三年，六科止留滿、漢各一人。五年，改都給事中為掌印。雍正初，以六科內升外轉，始隸都察院。凡城、倉、漕、鹽與御史並差，自是台省合而為一。光緒三十二年，省六科名，別鑄給事中印，額定二十人。

At first, following the Ming system, the Six Offices formed a separate yamen; reviewing censors had no fixed quota, and Chinese Banner assistant administering officials were also appointed. In Shunzhi 18 (1661) Manchu and Chinese chief reviewing censors and left and right associate reviewing censors were fixed at one each; the chief reviewing censor advanced from the left associate, and the left associate from the right. There were two Chinese reviewing censors; the assistant administering officials were abolished. In Kangxi 3 (1664) the Six Offices retained only one Manchu and one Chinese each. In Kangxi 5 (1666) the chief reviewing censor was renamed seal-holding reviewing censor. At the beginning of Yongzheng, as the Six Offices shifted to internal promotion and external transfer, they came under the Censorate. Appointments to city defense, granaries, grain transport, and the salt monopoly were thereafter made jointly with censors, and from that point the Censorate and Secretariat were united as one. In Guangxu 32 (1906) the Six Offices titles were abolished, new seals were cast for reviewing censors, and the establishment was fixed at twenty posts.

通政使司通政使，初制，滿員二品，漢員三品。順治十六年，並定為三品。康熙六年復故。九年仍改定正三品。副使，初制，滿員三品，漢員四品。順治十六年並定為四品，康熙六年復故，九年仍改定正四品。參議，初制，滿員四品，漢員五品。順治十六年並定正五品。俱滿、漢各一人。其屬：經歷司經歷、正七品。知事，初制四品，後改正七品。滿、漢各一人。筆帖式，滿洲六人，漢軍二人。

The commissioner of transmission of the Office of Transmission was originally rank 2a for Manchus and rank 3a for Chinese officials. In Shunzhi 16 (1659) both were fixed at the third rank. In Kangxi 6 (1667) the former ranks were restored. In Kangxi 9 (1670) both were again fixed at the third positive rank. The deputy commissioner was originally rank 3a for Manchus and rank 4a for Chinese officials. In Shunzhi 16 (1659) both were fixed at the fourth rank; in Kangxi 6 (1667) the former ranks were restored; in Kangxi 9 (1670) both were again fixed at the fourth positive rank. The consultative secretary was originally rank 4a for Manchus and rank 5a for Chinese officials. In Shunzhi 16 (1659) both were fixed at the fifth positive rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. Among its subordinates was the secretariat director of the seventh positive rank. The administrative aide was originally rank 4a and was later changed to the seventh positive rank. One Manchu and one Chinese apiece. There were six Manchu clerks and two Chinese Banner clerks.

通政使掌受各省題本，校閱送閣，稽覈程限，違式劾之。洪疑大獄，偕部、院豫議。副使、參議佐之。經歷、知事，分掌出納文移。其兼領者：登聞鼓□，以參議一人分直，知事帥役巡察。筆帖式，滿洲、漢軍各一人，掌敘雪冤滯，誣控越訴者論如法。

The commissioner of transmission received the provinces' routine memorials, reviewed them and forwarded them to the Grand Secretariat, audited processing deadlines, and impeached any breach of proper form. In cases of grave doubt or capital gravity he joined the ministries and courts in preliminary deliberation. The deputy commissioner and consultative secretaries assisted him. The secretariat director and administrative aide separately managed the receipt and dispatch of official correspondence. Among its concurrent duties was the Direct Petition Drum (a character is missing in the source); one consultative secretary served in rotation, and the administrative aide led runners on inspection rounds. One Manchu and one Chinese Banner clerk each handled petitions to redress wrongs and long-standing grievances; false accusations and improper appeals were punished according to law.

初，順治元年，詔：「自今內外章奏，俱由通政司封進。」置滿、漢通政使各一人，左通政使各一人。漢右通政使二人。乾隆十年省一人，十三年俱省。左參議，滿、漢各二人。康熙五十三年省漢一人。乾隆十三年各省一人。右參議，漢二人。康熙三十八年省一人。乾隆十三年俱省。滿、漢司務各一人。後改經歷。知事，滿洲二人、漢軍一人。乾隆十七年改滿、漢各一人。康熙六十一年，以登聞鼓□筆帖式來屬。故事，通狀、通政司狀。鼓狀，登聞院狀。紛爭無已。自控訴者赴都察院，以給事中或御史一人主受訴訟，至是停科道差，改隸本司。乾隆十三年，改左通政使為副使，去左、右銜；參議亦如之。光緒二十四年，省入內閣，尋復故。二十八年，以改題為奏，職無專司，復省。

Initially, in Shunzhi 1 (1644), an edict declared: "Henceforth all memorials from within and without the capital shall be sealed and submitted through the Office of Transmission." One Manchu and one Chinese commissioner of transmission were appointed, with one left commissioner of transmission for each. There were two Chinese right commissioners of transmission. In Qianlong 10 (1745) one post was abolished; in Qianlong 13 (1748) the remainder were abolished. There were two left consultative secretaries each for Manchus and Chinese. In Kangxi 53 (1714) one Chinese post was abolished. In Qianlong 13 (1748) one post was abolished in each category. There were two Chinese right consultative secretaries. In Kangxi 38 (1699) one post was abolished. In Qianlong 13 (1748) all were abolished. There was one Manchu and one Chinese registrar apiece. The post was later redesignated secretariat director. There were two Manchu administrative aides and one Chinese Banner administrative aide. In Qianlong 17 (1752) the establishment was changed to one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. In Kangxi 61 (1722) the clerks of the Direct Petition Drum (a character is missing in the source) were transferred to this office. By precedent, transmission petitions were handled by the Office of Transmission. Drum petitions were handled by the Direct Petition Court. Disputes over jurisdiction were unending. Previously petitioners had gone to the Censorate, where a reviewing censor or inspecting censor chiefly received lawsuits; at this point the rotation of censorate officials was discontinued and the duty was placed under this office. In Qianlong 13 (1748) the left commissioner of transmission was redesignated deputy commissioner, and the left and right titles were dropped; the consultative secretaries were treated likewise. In Guangxu 24 (1898) the office was abolished and absorbed into the Grand Secretariat, but was soon restored. In Guangxu 28 (1902), because routine memorials were replaced by palace memorials and the office no longer had a distinct function, it was abolished again.

大理寺卿，初制，滿員二品，漢員三品。順冶十六年並定為三品。康熙六年復故，九年仍改定正三品。少卿，初制，滿員三品，漢員四品。順治十六年並定為四品。康熙六年復故，九年仍改定正四品。俱滿、漢一人。其屬：堂評事，初制四品。順治十六年改七品。康熙六年升五品，九年定正七品。滿洲一人。司務□司務，滿、漢各一人。左、右寺丞，初制，滿員四品，漢員六品。順治十六年並定為六品。康熙六年升五品。九年仍改定正六品。滿洲、漢軍、漢俱各一人。左、右評事，漢各一人。筆帖式，滿洲四人，漢軍二人。

The director of the Court of Judicial Review was originally rank 2a for Manchus and rank 3a for Chinese officials. In Shunzhi 16 (1659) both were fixed at the third rank. In Kangxi 6 (1667) the former ranks were restored; in Kangxi 9 (1670) both were again fixed at the third positive rank. The vice director was originally rank 3a for Manchus and rank 4a for Chinese officials. In Shunzhi 16 (1659) both were fixed at the fourth rank. In Kangxi 6 (1667) the former ranks were restored; in Kangxi 9 (1670) both were again fixed at the fourth positive rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. Among its subordinates was the chief case reviewer, originally of the fourth rank. In Shunzhi 16 (1659) the post was reduced to the seventh rank. In Kangxi 6 (1667) it was raised to the fifth rank; in Kangxi 9 (1670) it was fixed at the seventh positive rank. There was one Manchu incumbent. Two registrar posts (a character is missing in the source), one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. The left and right assistant court directors were originally rank 4a for Manchus and rank 6a for Chinese officials. In Shunzhi 16 (1659) both were fixed at the sixth rank. In Kangxi 6 (1667) both were raised to the fifth rank. In Kangxi 9 (1670) both were again fixed at the sixth positive rank. There was one Manchu, one Chinese Bannerman, and one Chinese apiece. There was one Chinese left and one Chinese right case reviewer. There were four Manchu clerks and two Chinese Banner clerks.

卿掌平反重辟，以貳邦刑。與刑部、都察院稱三法司。凡審錄，刑部定疑讞，都察院糾覈。獄成，歸寺平決。不協，許兩議，上奏取裁。並參豫朝廷大政事。少卿佐之。寺丞掌覈內外刑名，質成長官，參糾部讞。評事掌繕左、右兩寺章奏。

The director reviewed and reversed grave sentences and served as the court's second authority in national criminal justice. Together with the Ministry of Justice and the Censorate it formed the Three Judicial Offices. In all trial reviews the Ministry of Justice determined doubtful verdicts and the Censorate scrutinized them. When the case record was complete, it returned to the court for final judgment. If the offices disagreed, dual opinions were permitted and a memorial was submitted for the emperor's decision. He also participated in deliberating major affairs of state. The vice director assisted him. The assistant court directors reviewed criminal cases from within and without the capital, verified findings with their superiors, and joined in scrutinizing the ministry's verdicts. The case reviewers managed the drafting of memorials for the left and right courts.

順治元年，定滿、漢卿各一人。少卿滿洲一人、漢二人。乾隆十三年省一人。滿寺丞一人。正五品。康熙三十八年省。漢司務二人。十五年定滿、漢各一人。左、右寺正，正六品。滿洲、漢軍、漢各一人；左、右寺副，從六品。漢各一人。康熙三十八年省。堂評事，滿、漢各一人；康熙三十八年省漢軍一人。左、右評事，漢各一人。十一年，差寺正、寺副各一人充各省恤刑官。刑部差郎中、員外郎十三人。尋省。乾隆十七年，改左、右寺正為寺丞。光緒二十四年，省入刑部，尋復故。三十二年，更寺為院。

In Shunzhi 1 (1644) one Manchu and one Chinese director were established. There was one Manchu vice director and two Chinese vice directors. In Qianlong 13 (1748) one post was abolished. There was one Manchu assistant court director. The post held the fifth positive rank. In Kangxi 38 (1699) the post was abolished. There were two Chinese registrars. In Shunzhi 15 (1658) the establishment was fixed at one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. The left and right court directors held the sixth positive rank. There was one Manchu, one Chinese Bannerman, and one Chinese apiece; the left and right assistant court directors held the sixth subordinate rank. There was one Chinese apiece. In Kangxi 38 (1699) these posts were abolished. There was one Manchu and one Chinese chief case reviewer apiece; In Kangxi 38 (1699) one Chinese Banner post was abolished. There was one Chinese left and one Chinese right case reviewer. In Shunzhi 11 (1654) one court director and one assistant court director each were dispatched to serve as provincial mercy-review officials. The Ministry of Justice dispatched thirteen bureau directors and vice directors. The arrangement was soon abolished. In Qianlong 17 (1752) the left and right court directors were redesignated assistant court directors. In Guangxu 24 (1898) the court was abolished and absorbed into the Ministry of Justice, but was soon restored. In Guangxu 32 (1906) the court was redesignated an academy.

翰林院掌院學士，初制正五品。順治元年升正三品。雍正八年升從二品。大學士、尚書內特簡。滿、漢各一人。侍讀學士、初制從四品。光緒二十九年升正四品。侍講學士，初制從四品。宣統元年升正四品。滿洲各二人，漢各三人。侍讀、初制正六品。雍正三年升從五品。光緒二十九年升正五品。宣統元年升從四品。侍講，初制正六品。雍正三年升從五品。宣統元年升從四品。滿洲各三人，漢各四人。修撰、初制從六品。編修、初制正七品。檢討、初制從七品。自修撰以下，宣統元年並改從五品。庶吉士，由新進士改用。試博學鴻詞入式，或奉特旨改館職者，間得除授。光緒末停科舉，改由外國留學畢業及本國大學畢業者，廷試後授之，食七品俸。或徑授編修、檢討，與舊制殊。俱無定員。其屬：主事，滿洲二人，漢軍一人。典簿□典簿、從八品。孔目，滿員從九品，漢員未入流。俱滿、漢各一人。待詔□待詔，從九品。滿、漢各二人。筆帖式，滿洲四十人，漢軍四人。

The chancellor of the Hanlin Academy originally held the fifth positive rank. In Shunzhi 1 (1644) the post was raised to the third positive rank. In Yongzheng 8 (1730) it was raised to the second subordinate rank. Appointees were specially selected from among grand secretaries and ministers. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. The reader-expositors were originally of the fourth subordinate rank. In Guangxu 29 it was raised to the fourth positive rank. The exposition lecturers were originally of the fourth subordinate rank. In Xuantong 1 it was raised to the fourth positive rank. There were two Manchus and three Chinese apiece. The readers were originally of the sixth positive rank. In Yongzheng 3 they were raised to the fifth subordinate rank. In Guangxu 29 they were raised to the fifth positive rank. In Xuantong 1 they were raised to the fourth subordinate rank. The lecturers were originally of the sixth positive rank. In Yongzheng 3 they were raised to the fifth subordinate rank. In Xuantong 1 they were raised to the fourth subordinate rank. There were three Manchus and four Chinese apiece. The compilers were originally of the sixth subordinate rank. The revisers were originally of the seventh positive rank. The expositors were originally of the seventh subordinate rank. From the compilers downward, all were changed to the fifth subordinate rank in Xuantong 1. Junior compilers were drawn from newly passed jinshi. Those who passed the erudite and eloquent examination, or were transferred to Hanlin posts by special edict, were occasionally appointed directly. At the end of the Guangxu reign the civil examinations were suspended; graduates of foreign study and of domestic universities were appointed after palace examination and received seventh-rank salary. Some were appointed directly as revisers or expositors, unlike the old system. None of these posts had a fixed quota. Among its subordinates were bureau directors: two Manchus and one Chinese Bannerman. Two archive clerk posts (a character is missing in the source), of the eighth subordinate rank. Registrars ranked ninth subordinate for Manchus and were outside the regular ranks for Chinese officials. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. Two awaiting-edict official posts (a character is missing in the source), of the ninth subordinate rank. There were two Manchus and two Chinese apiece. There were forty Manchu clerks and four Chinese Banner clerks.

掌院掌國史筆翰，備左右顧問。侍讀學士以下掌撰著記載。祭告郊廟神祇，撰擬祝文。恭上徽號、冊立、冊封，撰擬冊文、寶文，及賜內外文武官祭文、碑文。南書房侍直，尚書房教習，咸與其選。修實錄、史、志，充提調、總纂、纂修、協修等官。庶吉士入館，分習清、漢書，吏部疏請簡用大臣二人領教習事。初以內院學士為之，侍讀等官亦間有與者。後令掌院兼其職。康熙六年，始以工部尚書陳元龍領之，自是尚書、侍郎、內閣學士並得充之。是為大教習。其小教習由掌院選派，始於康熙三十三年。雍正間停止，高宗復舊制。侍讀、侍講司訓課，派編、檢二人提調館餼。三年考試，分別散留。辦事翰林，滿、漢各二人，雍正元年，命俸淺編、檢主定稿說堂，此清秘堂辦事翰林之始。厥後人數稍增，有奏辦、協辦之目。侍讀、侍講間亦為之。掌帥□官治事。主事、典簿、孔目，掌章奏文移，董帥吏役。待詔掌繕寫校勘。

The chancellor managed the national history and literary work and served as an adviser at the emperor's side. From the reader-expositors downward they managed composition and record keeping. For sacrifices announcing to suburban altars and temple deities they drafted prayer texts. For reverently presenting honorific titles, investiture, and enfeoffment they drafted patent texts and seal inscriptions, as well as sacrificial texts and stele inscriptions granted to civil and military officials inside and outside the capital. Attendance in the Southern Study and teaching in the Master-of-Writings Study were all drawn from their ranks. In compiling veritable records, histories, and gazetteers they served as supervising editors, chief compilers, compilers, and assistant compilers. When junior compilers entered the academy they studied Manchu and Chinese texts separately; the Ministry of Personnel memorialized requesting two senior ministers to lead instruction. At first inner-court academicians filled the role; readers and other officials also occasionally served. Later the chancellor was ordered to hold the duty concurrently. In Kangxi 6 Minister of Works Chen Yuanlong was first appointed to lead it; thereafter ministers, vice ministers, and grand secretariat academicians could all serve. This was the chief instructor. Junior instructors were selected and dispatched by the chancellor, beginning in Kangxi 33. It was suspended in the Yongzheng period; the Qianlong emperor restored the old system. Readers and lecturers managed instruction; two revisers and expositors were dispatched to supervise academy provisions. After three years of examination they were separately released or retained. Handling Hanlin officials, one Manchu and one Chinese apiece; in Yongzheng 1 junior revisers and expositors were ordered to finalize drafts and lecture in hall — this marked the beginning of handling Hanlin officials in the Qing Secretariat Hall. Thereafter the number increased slightly, with categories of memorial-handling and assistant-handling officials. Readers and lecturers also occasionally served. The chancellor supervised the officials in managing affairs (a character is missing in the source). Bureau directors, archive clerks, and registrars managed memorials and documents and directed runners and clerks. The awaiting-edict officials managed copying and collation.

初，翰林之職隸內三院。順治元年，設翰林院，定掌院學士為專官，置漢員一人，兼禮部侍郎銜。侍讀學士、侍講學士各二人。十五年各增二人。侍讀、侍講各二人。十五年各增一人。修撰、編修、檢討、庶吉士，無定員。典簿二人，十五年改一人為滿缺。孔目一人，十五年增滿洲一人。俱漢人為之。明年，省入內三院。十五年，復舊制，增滿洲掌院學士一人，兼銜如故。乾隆五十八年停。置待詔六人。滿員四人，滿員二人。十八年，復歸內三院。康熙九年，定滿、漢侍讀學士、侍講學士、侍讀、侍講，各三人；乾隆五十年省滿洲各一人。光緒二十九年增侍讀、侍講滿、漢各二人。典簿、孔目各一人，待詔各二人。康熙九年定滿、漢各一人。十六年，命侍講學士張英等入直南書房。先是詔冊詞命多由院擬，至是始為西清專職。後改歸軍機處。二十八年，以院務隳廢，命大學士徐元文兼掌院事，重臣兼領自此始。明年定尚書、侍郎、左都御史俱得兼攝。光緒二十九年，增置堂主事，滿洲二人、漢一人。是歲省詹事府，以詞臣敘進無階，增置滿、漢學士正三品。各一人，撰文正六品。宣統元年升正五品。各二人。三十三年，增置秘書郎，從六品。宣統元年升正五品。滿、漢各二人。並設講習館，令翰林官研習學科，備各部丞、參選。宣統元年，復崇侍講學士以下品秩，停止外班升用。初制、翰、詹出缺，編、檢不敷升轉，以部、院科甲出身司員升用，是為外班。初制，進士論甲第，修撰、編修、檢討不分升降。順治間，授編修程芳朝等為修撰，檢討李霨等為編修，姜元衡以編修降檢討，不為定制。又內三院編修等官不必盡由科目，靳輔、劉兆麟等並以官學生授編修，蓋亦創舉。庶吉士舊隸內弘文院，後設本院，始來屬。雍正十三年，建庶常館。故事，散館後始授職，然亦有未選庶常而遽授者，均異數也。

At first Hanlin duties were subordinate to the Three Inner Courts. In Shunzhi 1 the Hanlin Academy was established, the chancellor was fixed as a separate post, one Chinese incumbent was appointed with concurrent vice-minister of Rites rank. There were two reader-expositors and two exposition lecturers apiece. In Shunzhi 15 two more were added to each category. There were two readers and two lecturers apiece. In Shunzhi 15 one more was added to each category. Compilers, revisers, expositors, and junior compilers had no fixed quota. There were two archive clerks; in Shunzhi 15 one post was changed to a Manchu slot. There was one registrar; in Shunzhi 15 one Manchu registrar was added. All were filled by Chinese officials. The next year it was abolished and absorbed into the Three Inner Courts. In Shunzhi 15 the old system was restored, one Manchu chancellor was added, and concurrent titles remained as before. In Qianlong 58 the concurrent title was discontinued. Six awaiting-edict officials were established. Four posts were reserved for Manchus and two for Chinese; the source text repeats the term for Manchu incumbents where Chinese incumbents is expected. In Shunzhi 18 it was again returned to the Three Inner Courts. In Kangxi 9 there were fixed at three Manchu and three Chinese reader-expositors, exposition lecturers, readers, and lecturers apiece; In Qianlong 50 one Manchu post was abolished in each category. In Guangxu 29 two Manchu and two Chinese readers and lecturers were added. There was one archive clerk and one registrar apiece, and two awaiting-edict officials each. In Kangxi 9 the establishment was fixed at one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. In Kangxi 16 exposition lecturer Zhang Ying and others were ordered to attend duty in the Southern Study. Previously edicts and patent compositions were mostly drafted by the academy; from this point it became the specialized duty of the Western Pure Office. Later the duty was transferred to the Grand Council. In Kangxi 28, because academy affairs had fallen into neglect, Grand Secretary Xu Yuanwen was ordered to manage the chancellorship concurrently; senior ministers holding concurrent charge began from this point. The next year it was fixed that ministers, vice ministers, and the left censor-in-chief could all hold the post concurrently. In Guangxu 29 hall bureau directors were added: two Manchus and one Chinese. That year the Household of the Heir Apparent was abolished; because literary officials had no rank for advancement, Manchu and Chinese academicians of the third positive rank were added. There was one of each; document drafters held the sixth positive rank. In Xuantong 1 they were raised to the fifth positive rank. There were two apiece. In Guangxu 33 secretary officials of the sixth subordinate rank were added. In Xuantong 1 they were raised to the fifth positive rank. There were two Manchus and two Chinese apiece. A lecture and study hall was also established, ordering Hanlin officials to study specialized subjects in preparation for selection as vice directors and consultative secretaries in the ministries. In Xuantong 1 the ranks from exposition lecturer downward were restored to honor, and promotion from the external roster was stopped. Under the original system, when Hanlin and Heir Apparent posts fell vacant and revisers and expositors were insufficient for promotion, ministry and court officials of jinshi origin were promoted — this was the external roster. Under the original system jinshi were ranked by examination grade; compilers, revisers, and expositors were not distinguished by promotion or demotion. In the Shunzhi period reviser Cheng Fangchao and others were appointed compilers, expositor Li Bi and others were appointed revisers, and reviser Jiang Yuanheng was demoted to expositor — this was not fixed practice. Moreover, compilers and other officials of the Three Inner Courts did not all come through the examinations; Jin Fu, Liu Zhaolin, and others were all appointed revisers as students of the official schools — these too were exceptional cases. Junior compilers were formerly subordinate to the Inner Hongwen Court; after this academy was established they came under it. In Yongzheng 13 the Junior Compiler Hall was built. By precedent appointment came only after release from the academy, yet there were also cases of immediate appointment without selection as junior compiler — all were exceptional.

文淵閣領閣事三人，掌典綜冊府。大學士、協辦大學士、掌院學士兼充。直閣事六人，掌典守釐緝。內閣學士、少詹事、講讀學士兼充。校理十有六人，掌註冊點驗。庶子、講、讀、編、檢兼充。檢閱八人。內閣中書派充。內務府司員、筆帖式各四人。由提舉閣事大臣番選奏充。

The Wenyuan Pavilion had three pavilion chiefs who managed the archive in general. Grand secretaries, associate grand secretaries, and the Hanlin chancellor served concurrently. Six direct pavilion officials managed custody, collation, and binding. Grand secretariat academicians, junior tutors of the Heir Apparent, and exposition and reading lecturers served concurrently. Sixteen collators managed registration and inspection. Sub-tutors, lecturers, readers, revisers, and expositors served concurrently. There were eight proofreaders. They were dispatched from among grand secretariat secretaries. There were four Imperial Household Department officials and four clerks apiece. They were selected in rotation by the minister supervising pavilion affairs and memorialized for appointment.

國史館總裁，特簡，無定員。掌修國史。清文總校一人。滿洲侍郎內特簡。提調，滿洲、內閣侍讀學士或侍讀派充。蒙古、內閣蒙古堂或理籓院員司派充。漢翰林院侍讀學士以下官派充。各二人。總纂，滿洲四人，蒙古二人，漢六人。纂修、協修，無定員。蒙古由理籓院司官充。滿、漢由編、檢充。校對，滿、蒙、漢俱各八人。內閣中書充。光緒間，增置筆削員十人。

Chief directors of the State Historiography Institute were specially selected, with no fixed quota. They managed compilation of the national history. There was one chief collator of Manchu texts. The appointee was specially selected from among Manchu vice ministers. Supervising editors were dispatched from among Manchu grand secretariat reader-expositors or readers. Mongol posts were filled from among Mongol grand secretariat officials or Court of Colonial Affairs staff. Chinese posts were filled from among Hanlin reader-expositors and officials below them. There were two apiece. There were four Manchu, two Mongol, and six Chinese chief compilers. Compilers and assistant compilers had no fixed quota. Mongol posts were filled by Court of Colonial Affairs officials. Manchu and Chinese posts were filled by revisers and expositors. There were eight Manchu, eight Mongol, and eight Chinese collators apiece. They were filled by grand secretariat secretaries. In the Guangxu period ten editorial revisers were added.

經筵講官，滿、漢各八人，掌進讀講章，敷陳訓典。歲仲春、仲秋兩舉之。滿員由大學士以下、都察院副都御史以上各官兼充。漢員由大學士、尚書、侍郎、副都御史、掌院學士、侍讀學士、侍講學士、詹事府詹事、少詹事、國子監祭酒等官，由翰林出身者兼充。講官滿、漢各二人。翰林院請旨簡派。

Classics Mat lecturers, eight Manchus and eight Chinese apiece, read and lectured on the classics and expounded canonical instruction. The mat was held twice each year, in mid-spring and mid-autumn. Manchu posts were filled concurrently by officials from grand secretaries downward and from Censorate vice censors-in-chief upward. Chinese posts were filled concurrently by grand secretaries, ministers, vice ministers, vice censors-in-chief, the Hanlin chancellor, reader-expositors, exposition lecturers, tutors and junior tutors of the Heir Apparent, and the chancellor of the Directorate of Education — all of Hanlin origin. There were two Manchu and two Chinese lecturers apiece. The Hanlin Academy memorialized requesting imperial selection and appointment.

初制以大學士知經筵事。後定經筵講官滿、漢各六人，閣臣遂不進講。自徐元文、熊賜履輩相繼以尚書擢大學士，仍與兼充，嗣是以為常。宣統初，各部丞、參亦間有與者。

Under the original system grand secretaries managed Classics Mat affairs. Later six Manchu and six Chinese Classics Mat lecturers were fixed, and grand secretariat officials no longer lectured. From Xu Yuanwen, Xiong Cilu, and others who were successively promoted from ministers to grand secretaries and still served concurrently, this thereafter became regular practice. At the beginning of Xuantong, ministry vice directors and consultative secretaries also occasionally served.

起居注館，日講起居注官，滿洲十人，漢十有二人。由翰、詹各官簡用。唯滿、漢掌院學士例各兼一缺。主事，滿洲二人，漢一人。以科甲出身者充之。筆帖式，滿洲十有四人，漢軍二人。日講官掌侍直起居，記言記動。經筵臨雍，御門聽政，祭祀耕耤，朝會燕饗，勾決重囚，並以二人侍班。凡謁陵、校獵、巡狩方岳，請旨、扈從、侍直，敬聆綸音，退而謹書之。月要歲會，貯置鐵，送內閣尊藏。主事掌出納文移，校勘典籍。

The Diarist Hall had daily-lecture diarists: ten Manchus and twelve Chinese. They were selected from among Hanlin and Heir Apparent officials. Only the Manchu and Chinese Hanlin chancellors each routinely held one concurrent post. There were two Manchu bureau directors and one Chinese bureau director. They were filled by officials of jinshi origin. There were fourteen Manchu clerks and two Chinese Banner clerks. Daily-lecture officials attended imperial actions on duty, recording words and deeds. At the Classics Mat, imperial lectures at the Confucian temple, imperial audiences at the Gate of Supreme Harmony, sacrificial rites and plowing ceremonies, court assemblies and banquets, and review of capital cases — in all these two officials served on duty. For visits to imperial tombs, hunts, and tours of the sacred mountains they requested instructions, accompanied the emperor, served on duty, respectfully heard imperial pronouncements, and upon withdrawal carefully recorded them. Monthly summaries and annual compilations were stored in iron cases and sent to the Grand Secretariat for reverent safekeeping. Bureau directors managed receipt and dispatch of documents and collation of texts.

初，天聰二年，命儒臣分兩直，巴克什達海等譯漢字書，即日講所繇始，巴克什庫爾纏等記注政事，即起居注官所繇始。順治十二年，始置日講官。康熙九年，始設起居注館，在太和門西廡。置滿洲記注官四人，漢八人，以日講官兼攝。十二年增滿洲一人，漢二人。十六年復增滿洲一人。二十年增漢八人。三十年定漢員十有二人。時日講與起居注各自為職，並置滿洲主事二人，漢軍一人。五十七年省。雍正元年置滿洲二人。十二年增漢一人。二十五年停日講，其起居注官仍系銜「日講」二字。五十七年，省起居注館，改隸內閣，遇理事日，以翰林官五人侍班。雍正元年，復置日講起居注，滿洲六人，漢十有二人。乾隆元年，增滿員二人。嘉慶八年，復增滿員二人。於是日講、起居注合而為一。

At first, in Tiancong 2 (1628), Confucian officials were ordered to divide into two shifts; bakshi Dahai and others translated Chinese books — this was the origin of daily lecture; bakshi Kuerchan and others recorded state affairs — this was the origin of diarist officials. In Shunzhi 12 daily-lecture officials were first established. In Kangxi 9 the Diarist Hall was first established in the western corridor of the Gate of Supreme Harmony. Four Manchu recording officials and eight Chinese were established, filled concurrently by daily-lecture officials. In Kangxi 12 one Manchu and two Chinese were added. In Kangxi 16 one more Manchu was added. In Kangxi 20 eight Chinese were added. In Kangxi 30 Chinese incumbents were fixed at twelve. At that time daily lecture and diarist duties were separate posts, and two Manchu bureau directors and one Chinese Banner bureau director were also established. In Kangxi 57 they were abolished. In Yongzheng 1 two Manchu posts were established. In Yongzheng 12 one Chinese was added. In Yongzheng 25 daily lecture was suspended; diarist officials still bore the two characters "daily lecture" in their titles. In Qianlong 57 the Diarist Hall was abolished and placed under the Grand Secretariat; on days of business five Hanlin officials served on duty. In Yongzheng 1 daily-lecture diarists were restored: six Manchus and twelve Chinese. In Qianlong 1 two Manchu posts were added. In Jiaqing 8 two more Manchu posts were added. Daily lecture and diarist duties were thus united as one.

詹事府詹事，正三品。少詹事，正四品。左春坊左庶子，正五品。左中允，正六品。左贊善，從六品。右春坊右庶子，右中允，右贊善，品秩俱同左。司經局洗馬，從五品。俱滿、漢各一人。其屬：主簿□主簿，從七品。滿、漢各一人。筆帖式，滿洲六人。

The tutor of the Heir Apparent held the third positive rank. The junior tutor held the fourth positive rank. The left sub-tutor of the Eastern Quarters held the fifth positive rank. The left attendant held the sixth positive rank. The left adviser held the sixth subordinate rank. The right sub-tutor of the Western Quarters, right attendant, and right adviser held the same ranks as their left counterparts. The master of classics groom held the fifth subordinate rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. Among its subordinates were two secretary posts (a character is missing in the source), of the seventh subordinate rank. One Manchu and one Chinese apiece. There were six Manchu clerks.

詹事、少詹事掌文學侍從。經筵充日講官。編纂書籍，典試提學，如翰林。並豫秋錄大典。左、右春坊各官掌記注撰文。洗馬掌圖書經籍。主簿掌文移案牘。

The tutor and junior tutor managed literary attendance on the heir apparent. At the Classics Mat they served as daily-lecture officials. They compiled books, presided over examinations, and served as education intendant, like Hanlin officials. They also participated in autumn examination review and the palace examination grand ceremony. Officials of the left and right quarters managed recording and drafting. The master of classics groom managed books and classical texts. The secretary managed documents and case files.

順治元年，置少詹事一人，掌府事。其冬省入內三院。九年，復置詹事一人，少詹事二人，主簿一人，錄事、通事舍人各二人。並從九品。左、右春坊庶子、諭德各一人，中允、贊善各二人，司經局洗馬一人，正字二人，從九品。俱漢人為之，令內三院官兼攝。專置滿洲詹事一人，掌府印。十五年，省詹事府官。康熙十四年，復置滿、漢詹事各一人，漢員兼翰林院侍讀學士銜。少詹事各二人，漢員兼翰林院侍講學士銜。三十七年省滿員一人。乾隆十三年省漢員一人。主簿各一人，錄事各二人。三十七年省滿缺，留漢一人。五十二年俱省。左、右春坊置滿、漢左、右庶子各一人，滿員以四品冠帶食五品俸，左、右同。漢左庶子兼翰林院侍讀銜，右庶子兼翰林院侍講銜。左、右諭德各一人，漢員兼翰林院修撰銜。三十七年省滿右諭德一人。五十七年省漢右諭德一人。乾隆十三年俱省。左、右中允各二人，滿員以五品冠帶食六品俸。漢員兼翰林院編修銜。三十七年省滿員各一人。明年，省漢右中允一人。五十二年省漢左中允一人。左、右贊善各二人。漢員兼翰林院檢討銜。三十七年省滿員各一人。明年，省漢右贊善一人。五十二年省漢左贊善一人。司經局滿、漢洗馬各一人，漢員兼翰林院修撰銜。以上各兼銜，俱乾隆五十四年停。正字各二人。三十七年省滿員缺。明年，省漢一人。例以應選內閣中書者除授，遂為中書兼銜。乾隆三十六年俱省。二十五年，命詹事湯斌、少詹事耿介等為皇太子講官，尚沿宮僚舊制。三十一年，命徐元夢入直上書房，皇子在上書房讀書，選翰林官分侍講讀，簡大臣為總師傅。總師傅之稱，自乾隆二十二年以介福、觀保等為總師傅始，曩時俱稱入直。嗣是本府坊、局止備詞臣遷轉之階。嘉慶二年，以府事改隸翰林院。五年，復舊制。光緒二十四年，仍省入翰林院，尋復故。二十八年，再省入。

In Shunzhi 1 one junior tutor was established to manage household affairs. That winter it was abolished and absorbed into the Three Inner Courts. In Shunzhi 9 one tutor, two junior tutors, one secretary, and two recorders and two interpreter attendants apiece were restored. All held the ninth subordinate rank. There was one left and one right sub-tutor and preceptor, two attendants and two advisers apiece, one master of classics groom, and two orthographers — all of the ninth subordinate rank. All were filled by Chinese officials, with Three Inner Court officials ordered to hold the posts concurrently. One Manchu tutor was separately established to hold the household seal. In Shunzhi 15 Heir Apparent household officials were abolished. In Kangxi 14 one Manchu and one Chinese tutor were restored; the Chinese incumbent concurrently held Hanlin reader-expositor rank. There were two junior tutors apiece; Chinese incumbents concurrently held Hanlin exposition lecturer rank. In Kangxi 37 one Manchu post was abolished. In Qianlong 13 one Chinese post was abolished. There was one secretary and two recorders apiece. In Kangxi 37 the Manchu slot was abolished, leaving one Chinese secretary. In Kangxi 52 all were abolished. The left and right quarters each had one Manchu and one Chinese left and right sub-tutor; Manchu incumbents wore fourth-rank insignia and received fifth-rank salary, the same for left and right. The Chinese left sub-tutor concurrently held Hanlin reader rank; the right sub-tutor concurrently held Hanlin lecturer rank. There was one left and one right preceptor apiece; Chinese incumbents concurrently held Hanlin compiler rank. In Kangxi 37 one Manchu right preceptor was abolished. In Kangxi 57 one Chinese right preceptor was abolished. In Qianlong 13 all were abolished. There were two left and two right attendants apiece; Manchu incumbents wore fifth-rank insignia and received sixth-rank salary. Chinese incumbents concurrently held Hanlin reviser rank. In Kangxi 37 one Manchu post was abolished in each category. The next year one Chinese right attendant was abolished. In Kangxi 52 one Chinese left attendant was abolished. There were two left and two right advisers apiece. Chinese incumbents concurrently held Hanlin expositor rank. In Kangxi 37 one Manchu post was abolished in each category. The next year one Chinese right adviser was abolished. In Kangxi 52 one Chinese left adviser was abolished. The Master of Classics Bureau had one Manchu and one Chinese master of classics groom apiece; the Chinese incumbent concurrently held Hanlin compiler rank. All concurrent ranks above were discontinued in Qianlong 54. There were two orthographers apiece. In Kangxi 37 the Manchu slot was abolished. The next year one Chinese post was abolished. By precedent those selected as grand secretariat secretaries were appointed, thus becoming concurrent secretaries. In Qianlong 36 all were abolished. In Kangxi 25 Tutor Tang Bin, Junior Tutor Geng Jie, and others were ordered to serve as lecturers to the crown prince, still following the old palace staff system. In Kangxi 31 Xu Yuanmeng was ordered to attend duty in the Master-of-Writings Study; princes studied there, Hanlin officials were selected to serve in rotation for lecture and reading, and senior ministers were chosen as chief tutors. The title chief tutor began in Qianlong 22 when Jiefu, Guanbao, and others were made chief tutors; previously all were called attending duty. Thereafter the quarters and bureaus of this household served only as steps for literary officials' promotion. In Jiaqing 2 household affairs were transferred to the Hanlin Academy. In Jiaqing 5 the old system was restored. In Guangxu 24 it was again abolished and absorbed into the Hanlin Academy, but was soon restored. In Guangxu 28 it was again abolished and absorbed into the Hanlin Academy.

太常寺管理寺事大臣一人。滿洲禮部尚書兼。卿，正三品。少卿，正四品。俱滿、漢各一人。其屬：寺丞，正六品。滿、漢各二人。贊禮郎，宗室二人，滿、漢二十有八人；初制，滿員四品。順治十六年改九品。康熙四年升六品，六年升五品，九年仍改九品。尋定由護軍校、驍騎校選授者六品職銜，八品筆帖式、庫監生選授者八品職銜，無品筆帖式、庫使、前鋒護軍選授者九品職銜。乾隆元年改定以六品冠帶食七品俸。學習，宗室四人，滿洲五人，漢十有四人。正九品。讀祝官，宗室一人，滿洲十有一人；初制五品。康熙九年改正九品。尋定品秩如贊禮郎，視出身為差。乾隆元年改定以六品冠帶食七品俸。學習，宗室三人，滿洲五人。正九品。博士□博士，滿洲、漢軍、漢各一人。典簿□典簿，滿、漢各一人。滿洲司庫一人，博士以下並正七品。庫使二人。正九品。筆帖式，滿洲九人，漢軍一人。

There was one minister managing Court of Imperial Sacrifices affairs. The post was held concurrently by the Manchu minister of Rites. The director held the third positive rank. The vice director held the fourth positive rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. Among its subordinates were court director assistants of the sixth positive rank. There were two Manchus and two Chinese apiece. Sacrifice officiants numbered two imperial clansmen and twenty-eight Manchus and Chinese; under the original system Manchu incumbents held the fourth rank. In Shunzhi 16 they were reduced to the ninth rank. In Kangxi 4 they were raised to the sixth rank; in Kangxi 6 to the fifth; in Kangxi 9 again to the ninth. Soon it was fixed that appointees drawn from company commanders and brigade commanders held sixth-rank title; eighth-rank clerks and warehouse students held eighth-rank title; and rankless clerks, warehouse keepers, and vanguard guardsmen held ninth-rank title. In Qianlong 1 they were fixed to wear sixth-rank insignia and receive seventh-rank salary. Trainees numbered four imperial clansmen, five Manchus, and fourteen Chinese. They held the ninth positive rank. Prayer readers numbered one imperial clansman and eleven Manchus; under the original system they held the fifth rank. In Kangxi 9 they were fixed at the ninth positive rank. Soon ranks were fixed like those of sacrifice officiants, varying by origin of appointment. In Qianlong 1 they were fixed to wear sixth-rank insignia and receive seventh-rank salary. Trainees numbered three imperial clansmen and five Manchus. They held the ninth positive rank. Two erudite posts (a character is missing in the source): one Manchu, one Chinese Bannerman, and one Chinese apiece. Two archive clerk posts (a character is missing in the source), one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. There was one Manchu warehouse manager; from erudites downward all held the seventh positive rank. There were two warehouse keepers. They held the ninth positive rank. There were nine Manchu clerks and one Chinese Banner clerk.

卿掌典守壇壝廟社，以歲時序祭祀，詔禮節，供品物，辨器類。前期奉祝版，稽百官齋戒，祭日帥屬以供事。少卿佐之。寺丞掌祭祀品式，辨職事以詔有司，並遴補吏員，勾稽廩餼。贊禮郎、讀祝官分掌相儀序事，備物絜器，並習趨蹌讀祝，祭祀各充執事。博士考祝文禮節，著籍為式，壇廟陳序畢，引禮部侍郎省□，並歲覈祀賦。典簿掌察祭品，陳牲牢，治吏役。庫使掌守庫藏。

The director managed custody of altars, enclosures, temples, and shrines, ordering sacrifices by season, proclaiming ritual forms, supplying offerings, and distinguishing vessel types. Beforehand he presented prayer boards, checked officials' fasting and abstinence, and on the sacrifice day led subordinates in service. The vice director assisted him. Court director assistants managed sacrifice forms and offerings, distinguished duties to instruct responsible officials, selected and filled staff posts, and audited provisions. Sacrifice officiants and prayer readers separately managed ritual guidance and ordering affairs, prepared objects and purified vessels, practiced deportment and prayer reading, and each served as ritual officers at sacrifices. Erudites examined prayer texts and ritual forms and registered them as models; when altars and temples were fully arranged they led the vice minister of Rites in inspection (a character is missing in the source), and annually audited sacrificial levies. Archive clerks inspected sacrificial offerings, arranged sacrificial animals, and managed runners and clerks. Warehouse keepers managed custody of stores.

順治元年，設太常寺，隸禮部。置卿，少卿，滿、漢各一人。滿洲寺丞一人，光緒十二年增一人。漢左、右丞各一人。典簿，博士，滿、漢各一人。讀祝官，滿洲四人。康熙十年，禮部改隸二人，尋增額外二人。雍正十一年改正額。嘉慶四年增一人。道光元年增一人。咸豐二年增一人。贊禮郎，滿、雍正十一年增八人。乾隆三十七年改二人隸鑾輿衛補鳴贊鞭官。嘉慶四年增二人。道光元年增二人。咸豐二年增二人。漢康熙三十八年省二人。雍正元年復故。乾隆二年增二人，九年省四人。各十有六人。犧牲所正千戶、五年更名所牧。副千戶，五年更名所副。漢各一人。從七品。乾隆二十四年改滿缺。二十六年改隸內府。滿洲司庫一人。乾隆十一年省。十六年，改歸本寺。康熙二年，復隸禮部。十年，仍歸本寺。十五年，敕諸官肄習雅樂。雍正元年，特簡大臣綜理寺事，並增庫使二人。乾隆十三年，改寺丞為屬官。先是沿明舊制，丞為正官，議者病贅餘，至是體制始協。明年，定禮部滿洲尚書兼管太常職銜。四十年，增學習贊禮郎、四十六年增三人。嘉慶十六年增三人。讀祝官，四十六年增三人。嘉慶十六年增三人。滿洲各二人。光緒二十四年，增宗室學習贊禮郎四人、讀祝官三人。尋省入禮部，旋復故。三十二年，仍省入。

In Shunzhi 1 the Court of Imperial Sacrifices was established, subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. A director and vice director were established, one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. There was one Manchu court director assistant; in Guangxu 12 one more was added. There was one Chinese left and one Chinese right assistant apiece. There was one Manchu and one Chinese archive clerk and erudite apiece. There were four Manchu prayer readers. In Kangxi 10 two were transferred from the Ministry of Rites; soon two additional supernumerary posts were added. In Yongzheng 11 they were changed to regular establishment. In Jiaqing 4 one was added. In Daoguang 1 one was added. In Xianfeng 2 one was added. Sacrifice officiants: Manchu posts (text damaged); in Yongzheng 11 eight were added. In Qianlong 37 two were transferred to the Imperial Procession Guard to fill whip-herald posts. In Jiaqing 4 two were added. In Daoguang 1 two were added. In Xianfeng 2 two were added. For Chinese incumbents, in Kangxi 38 two were abolished. In Yongzheng 1 they were restored. In Qianlong 2 two were added; in Qianlong 9 four were abolished. There were sixteen apiece. Sacrifice Office chief thousand-household; in the fifth year renamed herd master. Deputy thousand-household; in the fifth year renamed deputy herd master. There was one Chinese apiece. They held the seventh subordinate rank. In Qianlong 24 the post was changed to a Manchu slot. In Qianlong 26 it was transferred to the Imperial Household Department. There was one Manchu warehouse manager. In Qianlong 11 the post was abolished. In Qianlong 16 it was returned to this court. In Kangxi 2 it was again subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. In Kangxi 10 it was again returned to this court. In Kangxi 15 all officials were ordered to practice court music. In Yongzheng 1 a senior minister was specially selected to oversee court affairs, and two warehouse keepers were added. In Qianlong 13 court director assistants were redesignated subordinate officials. Previously following Ming practice the assistant was treated as the chief official; critics found this redundant; only then did the system become coherent. The next year it was fixed that the Manchu minister of Rites concurrently held Court of Imperial Sacrifices rank. In Qianlong 40 trainee sacrifice officiants were added; in Qianlong 46 three more were added. In Jiaqing 16 three were added. For prayer readers, in Qianlong 46 three were added. In Jiaqing 16 three were added. There were two Manchus apiece. In Guangxu 24 four imperial clansman trainee sacrifice officiants and three prayer readers were added. Soon it was abolished and absorbed into the Ministry of Rites, but was soon restored. In Guangxu 32 it was again abolished and absorbed into the Ministry of Rites.

光祿寺管理寺事大臣一人。特簡。卿，從三品。少卿，初制，滿員、漢軍四品，漢員五品。順治十六年並定正五品。俱滿、漢各一人。其屬：典簿□典簿，從七品。大官、珍饈、良醞、掌醢四署署正，初制，滿員四品，順治十六年改六品。康熙六年升五品，九年定從六品。漢員同。亦如之。署丞，初制六品。康熙九年定從七品。滿洲各二人。銀庫司庫，滿洲二人。筆帖式，滿洲十有八人。

There was one minister managing Court of Imperial Entertainments affairs. The post was specially selected. The director held the third subordinate rank. The vice director: under the original system Manchu incumbents and Chinese Bannermen held the fourth rank, and Chinese incumbents the fifth. In Shunzhi 16 both were fixed at the fifth positive rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. Among its subordinates were two archive clerk posts (a character is missing in the source), of the seventh subordinate rank. Office directors of the four bureaus—Grand Provisioner, Delicacies, Fine Brew, and Pickled Sauces—originally held the fourth rank for Manchus; in Shunzhi 16 they were reduced to the sixth. In Kangxi 6 they were raised to the fifth rank; in Kangxi 9 fixed at the sixth subordinate rank. Chinese incumbents followed the same rule. The same applied as well. Deputy office directors originally held the sixth rank. In Kangxi 9 they were fixed at the seventh subordinate rank. There were two Manchus apiece. The Silver Treasury had two Manchu warehouse managers. There were eighteen Manchu clerks.

卿掌燕勞薦饗，辨品式，稽經費。凡祭祀，會太常卿省牲，禮畢，進胙天子，頒胙百執事。蕃使廩餼，具差等以供。少卿佐之。大官掌供豕物，備器用，稽市直，徵菜地賦額致諸庫。珍饈掌供禽兔魚物，大祭祀供龍壺、龍爵，辨燕饗等差。良醞掌供酒醴，別水泉，量曲薛，並大內牛酪。掌醢掌供醢醬，筵燕廩餼皆供其物，徵果園賦額致諸庫。典簿掌章奏文移。司庫掌庫帑出納。別設督催所、當月處，俱派員分治其事。

The director managed banquets of welcome and entertainment, distinguished grades and forms, and audited expenses. For all sacrifices he joined the Court of Imperial Sacrifices director in inspecting victims; when the rite was complete he presented sacrificial meat to the emperor and distributed it to the hundred ritual officers. For foreign envoys' provisions he prepared graded supplies according to rank. The vice director assisted him. The Grand Provisioner supplied swine, prepared utensils, checked market prices, and collected vegetable-garden tax quotas into the treasuries. Delicacies supplied fowl, hare, and fish; at great sacrifices it supplied dragon ewers and dragon goblets and distinguished banquet grades. Fine Brew supplied wine and sweet liquor, distinguished water sources, measured yeast, and also supplied Inner Palace dairy products. Pickled Sauces supplied pickled condiments and sauces; for banquets and envoys' provisions it supplied its products and collected orchard tax quotas into the treasuries. Archive clerks managed memorials and documents. Warehouse managers managed treasury receipts and disbursements. Separate Supervision and Collection Office and Monthly Duty Office were established, with staff detailed to each to handle their affairs.

順治元年，設光祿寺，置滿、漢卿各一人。少卿，滿洲一人，漢二人。康熙三十八年省一人。漢寺丞一人。康熙三十八年省。滿、漢典簿各一人。大官、珍饈、良醞、掌醢四署，滿、漢署正各一人；滿洲署丞各一人，康熙三十八年各增一人。漢署丞、十五年省。監事，十二年省。俱各一人。滿洲司庫二人。司牲司，漢大使一人。十五年省。凡事並由禮部具題，劄寺遵行。十年，定各省額解銀米徑送禮部，並司府、州、縣考成。十五年，仍歸本寺。十八年，復隸禮部。錢糧由寺奏銷，考成仍歸禮部。康熙三年，以禮部清釐無法，復改儲戶部。十年，仍以禮部精膳司所掌改歸本寺。乾隆十三年，始命大臣兼管寺事。光緒二十四年，省入禮部，尋復故。三十二年，仍省入。

In Shunzhi 1 the Court of Imperial Entertainments was established, with one Manchu and one Chinese director apiece. There was one Manchu vice director and two Chinese vice directors. In Kangxi 38 one post was abolished. There was one Chinese court director assistant. In Kangxi 38 the post was abolished. There was one Manchu and one Chinese archive clerk apiece. The four bureaus—Grand Provisioner, Delicacies, Fine Brew, and Pickled Sauces—each had one Manchu and one Chinese office director; There was one Manchu deputy office director apiece; in Kangxi 38 one more was added to each bureau. Chinese deputy office directors were abolished in Shunzhi 15. Supervisors were abolished in Shunzhi 12. In each case there was one. There were two Manchu warehouse managers. The Office of Sacrificial Victims had one Chinese envoy. It was abolished in Shunzhi 15. All affairs were submitted by memorial through the Ministry of Rites, and the court carried them out on receipt. In Shunzhi 10 it was fixed that each province's quota silver and grain were sent directly to the Ministry of Rites, with performance evaluation for prefectures, departments, and counties. In Shunzhi 15 it was again returned to this court. In Shunzhi 18 it was again subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. Funds and grain were reported for cancellation by the court, but performance evaluation still belonged to the Ministry of Rites. In Kangxi 3, because the Ministry of Rites could not clear accounts properly, storage was again transferred to the Board of Revenue. In Kangxi 10 what the Ministry of Rites Fine Foods Bureau managed was again transferred to this court. In Qianlong 13 a senior minister was first ordered to manage court affairs concurrently. In Guangxu 24 (1898) the court was abolished and absorbed into the Ministry of Rites, but was soon restored. In Guangxu 32 it was again abolished and absorbed into the Ministry of Rites.

鴻臚寺管理寺事大臣各一人。滿洲禮部尚書兼。卿，初制，滿員從三品，漢員正四品。順治十六年並定正四品。少卿，從五品。俱滿、漢各一人。其屬：鳴贊，從九品。滿洲十有四人，漢二人；學習，滿洲四人。序班，從九品。漢四人；學習，八人。主簿，從八品。滿、漢各一人。筆帖式，滿洲四人。

There was one minister managing Court of State Ceremonial affairs. The post was held concurrently by the Manchu minister of Rites. The director: under the original system Manchu incumbents held the third subordinate rank and Chinese incumbents the fourth positive rank. In Shunzhi 16 both were fixed at the fourth positive rank. The vice director held the fifth subordinate rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. Among its subordinates were heralds of the ninth subordinate rank. There were fourteen Manchus and two Chinese; Trainees numbered four Manchus. Ushers held the ninth subordinate rank. There were four Chinese; Trainees numbered eight. Chief clerks held the eighth subordinate rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. There were four Manchu clerks.

卿掌朝會、賓饗贊相禮儀，有違式，論劾如法。少卿佐之。鳴贊掌儐導贊唱。序班掌百官班次。主簿職掌同太僕寺。

The director managed court assemblies and guest banquets, directing ritual forms; violations were impeached according to law. The vice director assisted him. Heralds managed reception guidance and ceremonial announcements. Ushers managed officials' order at court. Chief clerks' duties were the same as at the Court of the Imperial Stud.

順治元年，設鴻臚寺，置滿、漢卿各一人。滿洲少卿一人，漢左、右少卿各一人。十五年省一人。漢左、右寺丞各一人。正六品。十五年省一人。康熙五十二年省一人。滿、漢主簿各一人。鳴贊，滿洲十有六人，乾隆三十七年改隸鑾輿衛二人。漢八人。二年省一人，十二年省一人，十三年省二人。乾隆七年省二人。序班二十有二人，十五年省十人。康熙三十八年省六人。乾隆七年省二人。司賓序班二人，乾隆二年省。學習序班無恆額。雍正六年定以直隸、山東、山西、河南儒學生內考取。乾隆九年定為十二人。十七年定直隸六人，餘各二人。十七年省山東等省四人。凡事由禮部具題，十六年改歸本寺，十八年仍隸禮部。康熙十年復故，雍正四年復歸禮部統轄。乾隆十四年，始以滿洲尚書領寺事。五十九年，增置滿洲學習鳴贊四人。光緒二十四年，省入禮部，尋復故。三十二年，仍省入。

In Shunzhi 1 the Court of State Ceremonial was established, with one Manchu and one Chinese director apiece. There was one Manchu vice director and one left and one right Chinese vice director apiece. In Shunzhi 15 one post was abolished. There was one left and one right Chinese court director assistant apiece. They held the sixth positive rank. In Shunzhi 15 one post was abolished. In Kangxi 52 one post was abolished. There was one Manchu and one Chinese chief clerk apiece. Heralds numbered sixteen Manchus; in Qianlong 37 two were transferred to the Imperial Procession Guard. There were eight Chinese heralds. In Kangxi 2 one post was abolished; in Kangxi 12 one; in Kangxi 13 two. In Qianlong 7 two posts were abolished. There were twenty-two ushers; in Shunzhi 15 ten posts were abolished. In Kangxi 38 six posts were abolished. In Qianlong 7 two posts were abolished. There were two guest-receiving ushers; they were abolished in Qianlong 2. Trainee ushers had no fixed quota. In Yongzheng 6 it was fixed that they were selected by examination from Confucian students of Zhili, Shandong, Shanxi, and Henan. In Qianlong 9 the quota was fixed at twelve. In Qianlong 17 the quota was fixed at six for Zhili and two each for the other provinces. In Qianlong 17 four posts from Shandong and the other provinces were abolished. All affairs were submitted by memorial through the Ministry of Rites; in Shunzhi 16 they were transferred to this court; in Shunzhi 18 the court was again subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. In Kangxi 10 the former system was restored; in Yongzheng 4 the court was again placed under Ministry of Rites jurisdiction. In Qianlong 14 a Manchu minister was first appointed to head court affairs. In Qianlong 59 four Manchu trainee heralds were added. In Guangxu 24 (1898) the court was abolished and absorbed into the Ministry of Rites, but was soon restored. In Guangxu 32 it was again abolished and absorbed into the Ministry of Rites.

國子監管理監事大臣一人。滿、漢大學士、尚書、侍郎內特簡。祭酒，從四品。初制滿員三品。順治十六年俱定從四品。滿、漢各一人。司業，正六品。滿、蒙、漢各一人。其屬：繩愆□監丞，初制，滿員五品，漢員八品。後並改正七品。博士□博士，從七品。初制，漢員八品。乾隆元年改同滿員。典簿□典簿，從八品。俱滿、漢各一人。典籍□典籍，從九品。漢一人。率性、修道、誠心、正義、崇志、廣業六堂：助教，初制，從八品。乾隆元年升從七品。學正，學錄，率性、修道、誠心、正義四堂曰學正，崇志、廣業二堂曰學錄。初制，學正正九品，學錄從九品。乾隆元年並升正八品。各一人。八旗官學助教，俱滿洲二人，蒙古一人。教習，俱滿洲一人，蒙古二人，漢四人。恩、拔、副、優貢生內選充。筆帖式，滿洲四人，蒙古、漢軍各二人。

There was one minister managing Directorate of Education affairs. The post was specially selected from among Manchu and Chinese grand secretaries, ministers, and vice ministers. The chancellor held the fourth subordinate rank. Under the original system Manchu incumbents held the third rank. In Shunzhi 16 all were fixed at the fourth subordinate rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. The vice chancellor held the sixth positive rank. There was one Manchu, one Mongol, and one Chinese apiece. Among its subordinates were discipline director assistant posts (a character is missing in the source); originally Manchu incumbents held the fifth rank and Chinese incumbents the eighth. Later both were changed to the seventh positive rank. Two erudite posts (a character is missing in the source), of the seventh subordinate rank. Under the original system Chinese incumbents held the eighth rank. In Qianlong 1 Chinese incumbents were brought into line with Manchu incumbents. Two archive clerk posts (a character is missing in the source), of the eighth subordinate rank. In each case there was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. Two archivist posts (a character is missing in the source), of the ninth subordinate rank. There was one Chinese archivist. The six halls—Following Nature, Cultivating the Way, Sincere Heart, Upright Principle, Elevating Aspiration, and Broad Achievement—had instructors who originally held the eighth subordinate rank. In Qianlong 1 they were raised to the seventh subordinate rank. Student directors and student registrars: the four halls Following Nature, Cultivating the Way, Sincere Heart, and Upright Principle had student directors; the two halls Elevating Aspiration and Broad Achievement had student registrars. Under the original system student directors held the ninth positive rank and student registrars the ninth subordinate rank. In Qianlong 1 both were raised to the eighth positive rank. There was one of each. Banner official-school instructors numbered two Manchus and one Mongol in each school. Teachers numbered one Manchu, two Mongols, and four Chinese in each case. They were selected and appointed from among grace, direct, associate, and distinguished tribute students. There were four Manchu clerks, two Mongol clerks, and two Chinese Banner clerks.

祭酒、司業掌成均之法。凡國子及俊選以時都授，課第優劣。歲仲春、秋上丁，釋奠，釋菜，綜典禮儀。天子臨雍，執經進講，率諸生圜橋觀聽。新進士釋褐，坐彝倫堂行拜謁簪花禮。監丞掌頒規制，稽勤惰，均廩餼，覈支銷，並書八旗教習功過。博士掌分經教授，考校程文，偕助教、學正、學錄經理南學事宜。典簿掌章奏文移。典籍掌書籍碑版。其兼領者：算法館，漢助教二人，特簡滿洲文臣一人管理。俄羅斯館，滿、漢助教各一人。琉球學，漢教習一人。肄業貢生選充。後俱省。又檔子房，錢糧處，俱派□員司其事。

The chancellor and vice chancellor managed Imperial Academy standards. For all state students and selected talents they delivered instruction on schedule and ranked performance as superior or inferior. Each year on the first ding day of mid-spring and mid-autumn they performed the meat and vegetable offerings and managed all ritual forms. When the emperor visited the Academy, he lectured on the classics and led students to the circular bridge to observe and listen. Newly advanced jinshi leaving student garb sat in the Hall of Constant Order to perform the bowing and flower-pinning rite. Director assistants issued regulations, checked diligence and idleness, equalized provisions, audited disbursements, and recorded Banner teachers' merits and faults. Erudites managed teaching by classic division, examined examination essays, and together with instructors, student directors, and student registrars managed Southern Academy affairs. Archive clerks managed memorials and documents. Archivists managed books and stele inscriptions. Concurrently managed offices included the Mathematics Hall, with two Chinese instructors and one specially selected Manchu civil official to manage it. The Russian Hall had one Manchu and one Chinese instructor apiece. The Ryukyu School had one Chinese teacher. The post was filled by selection from among students pursuing their studies as tribute graduates. Later all were abolished. The Document Room and Funds Office also had staff detailed to manage their affairs (a character is missing in the source).

初，順治元年，定滿、漢祭酒各一人，兼太常寺少卿銜。滿洲司業二人，乾隆十三年省一人。蒙、漢各一人，兼太常寺寺丞銜。後停兼銜。滿、漢監丞、典簿俱各一人，漢博士三人。十年省一人。康熙五十二年省一人。建八旗官學，置滿洲助教十有六人，康熙五十七年省四人。雍正三年復故。蒙古八人。十八年省四人。雍正三年復故。分設六堂，置滿、漢助教，十五年省六人。康熙五十七年省四人。雍正三年復增四人。學正，康熙三十八年省一人。五十二年省二人。各十有二人；學錄六人，十五年省四人。典籍一人。隸禮部。十五年復故。十八年，置滿洲博士一人。康熙二年，復隸禮部。十年，仍歸本監。雍正元年，詔監丞等官停用捐納。明年，特簡大臣管監事。九年，建南學。在學肄業者為南學，在外肄業赴學考試者為北學。高宗蒞治，鄉用儒術，以大學士趙國麟、尚書楊時、孫嘉淦領太學事，官獻瑤、莊亨陽輩綜領六堂，世號「四賢五君子」。乾隆四十八年，建辟雍於集賢門，國學規制斯為隆備。道光三年，以成均風勵中外，詔監臣無曠厥職。光緒三十三年，省入學部。嗣以文廟、辟雍典禮隆重，特置國子丞以次各官，分治其事。

Initially, in Shunzhi 1 one Manchu and one Chinese chancellor apiece were appointed, each concurrently holding Court of Imperial Sacrifices vice director rank. There were two Manchu vice chancellors; in Qianlong 13 one post was abolished. There was one Mongol and one Chinese apiece, each concurrently holding Court of Imperial Sacrifices court director assistant rank. Later the concurrent rank was discontinued. There was one Manchu and one Chinese director assistant and archive clerk apiece, and three Chinese erudites. In Shunzhi 10 one post was abolished. In Kangxi 52 one post was abolished. Banner official schools were established with sixteen Manchu instructors; in Kangxi 57 four posts were abolished. In Yongzheng 3 the former quota was restored. There were eight Mongol instructors. In Kangxi 18 four posts were abolished. In Yongzheng 3 the former quota was restored. Six halls were separately established with Manchu and Chinese instructors; in Shunzhi 15 six posts were abolished. In Kangxi 57 four posts were abolished. In Yongzheng 3 four posts were added again. For student directors, in Kangxi 38 one post was abolished. In Kangxi 52 two posts were abolished. There were twelve of each; There were six student registrars; in Shunzhi 15 four posts were abolished. There was one archivist. It was subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. In Shunzhi 15 the former system was restored. In Shunzhi 18 one Manchu erudite was established. In Kangxi 2 it was again subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. In Kangxi 10 it was again returned to this directorate. In Yongzheng 1 an edict ordered that director assistants and other posts cease purchase appointments. The next year a senior minister was specially selected to manage directorate affairs. In Yongzheng 9 the Southern Academy was established. Students pursuing their studies within the academy formed the Southern Academy; those pursuing studies elsewhere who came to the academy for examinations formed the Northern Academy. When Emperor Gaozong took the throne he favored Confucian learning in governance; Grand Secretary Zhao Guolin, Minister Yang Shi, and Sun Jiagan headed Imperial Academy affairs, while Guan Xianyao, Zhuang Hengyang, and others jointly managed the six halls—they were known as the Four Worthies and Five Gentlemen. In Qianlong 48 the walled academy was built at the Gate of Assembled Worthies, and Imperial Academy regulations reached their fullest form. In Daoguang 3, because Imperial Academy standards inspired court and country alike, an edict ordered directorate officials not to neglect their duties. In Guangxu 33 (1907) the directorate was abolished and absorbed into the Ministry of Education. Later, because Confucian temple and walled academy ceremonies were solemn, a State Academy director and subordinate officials were specially established to divide management of their affairs.

初制，詔各省選諸生文行兼優者，與鄉試副榜貢生，入監肄業。聖祖初政，給事中晏楚瀾疏停鄉試副榜貢生，遂不復舉。康熙五年，徐元文為祭酒，始請學政間歲一舉優生，鄉試仍取副榜，自是為恆制。光緒間，並推廣舉人入監，時風稍振。未幾科舉廢，此制替已。

Under the original system an edict ordered each province to select students of combined literary and moral excellence, together with provincial examination associate-list tribute graduates, to enter the directorate for study. At the beginning of Emperor Shengzu's reign, supervising secretary Yan Chulan memorialized to stop provincial examination associate-list tribute graduates, and the practice was not resumed. In Kangxi 5, when Xu Yuanwen was chancellor, he first requested that education commissioners every other year recommend outstanding students and that provincial examinations again take the associate list—this became the permanent system. During the Guangxu period juren entry to the directorate was also expanded, and scholarly morale revived somewhat. Before long the examination system was abolished and this institution ended.

衍聖公孔氏世襲。正一品。順治元年，授孔子六十五世孫允植襲封。其屬：司樂，典籍，屯田管勾，俱由衍聖公保舉題授。管勾之屬，屯官八人，分掌鉅野、鄆城、平陽、東阿、獨山五屯。林廟守衛司百戶，秩視衛守備。以上為兵、農、禮、樂四司。知印，掌書，書寫，奏差，啟事，各一人。隨朝伴官六人。初制一人。乾隆十五年定為六人。自司樂以下，俱正七品，由衍聖公保舉題授或題補。聖廟執事官四十人。三品二人，四品四人，五品六人，七品八人，八品、九品各十人，由衍聖公會同山東學政揀選孔氏族人充補。翰林院世襲五經博士，正八品。孔氏北宗一人，順治元年，授孔子六十五世孫允鈺，奉子思廟祀。南宗一人。自明彥繩授職後，數世未襲。康熙四十一年，始授孔子六十六世孫興醽主衢州廟祀。東野氏、康熙二十三年，授元聖周公七十三世孫東野沛然。姬氏、乾隆四十三年，授周公七十七世孫肇勳，主咸陽廟祀。顏氏、順治元年，授復聖顏子淵六十八世孫紹緒。曾氏、順治元年，授宗聖曾子輿六十四世孫文達。孟氏、順治元年，授亞聖孟子子輿六十三世孫貞仁。仲氏、順治二年，授先賢仲子路六十一世孫於升。閔氏、康熙三十八年，授先賢閔子騫六十五世孫衍籀。冉氏、雍正二年，授先賢冉子伯牛六十五世孫士樸。冉氏、雍正二年，授先賢冉子仲弓六十七世孫天琳。端木氏、康熙三十八年，授先賢端木子貢七十世孫謙。卜氏、康熙五十九年，授先賢卜子夏六十四世孫尊賢。言氏、康熙五十一年，授先賢言子游七十三世孫德堅。顓孫氏、雍正二年，授先賢顓孫子張六十六世孫誠道，道光四年，改歸嫡長樹勳。有氏、乾隆五十三年，授先賢有子若七十二世孫守業。伏氏、嘉慶十年，授先儒伏子勝六十五世孫敬祖。韓氏、乾隆三年，授先儒韓子愈三十世孫法祖。張氏、康熙二十六年，授先儒張子載二十八世孫守先，主鳳翔廟祀。邵氏，康熙四十一年，授先儒邵子雍三十世孫延祀。俱各一人。硃氏二人。順治十二年，授先儒硃子熹徽派十五世孫煌，奉婺源廟祀。康熙二十九年，授閩派十八世孫榮，主建安廟祀。關氏三人。康熙五十八年，授關公羽五十七世孫霨，主洛陽廟祀。雍正四年，授五十二世孫居斌，奉解州廟祀。十三年，授五十二世孫朝泰，主當陽廟祀。其屬於孔氏者，又有太常寺世襲博士一人；正七品。順治九年，以孔允銘暫主聖澤書院祀。康熙二十六年，授六十七世孫毓琮。國子監學正一人；正八品。順治八年，授六十五世孫允齊，由衍聖公保舉。尼山書院學錄，正八品。順治元年，授六十二世孫聞然，由衍聖公咨送弟侄題補。洙泗書院學錄，順治元年，授六十四世孫尚澄。世襲六品官，由衍聖公揀選族人充補。各一人；孔、顏、曾、孟四氏教授，正七品。學錄歷俸六年升補。學錄，由衍聖公咨送孔氏生員題補。後改由移送撫臣驗看，送部具題。各一人。

The Duke Yansheng of the Kong clan was hereditary. The title held the first positive rank. In Shunzhi 1 Confucius's sixty-fifth-generation descendant Yunzhi was invested with the hereditary title. Among his subordinates were the director of music, archivist, and field-estate manager—all recommended and appointed by memorial through the Duke Yansheng. Under the field-estate manager were eight field officials who divided management of the five estates at Juye, Yuncheng, Pingyang, Dong'e, and Dushan. The forest and temple guard company commander held rank equivalent to a garrison commandant. The above formed the four bureaus of military, agriculture, rites, and music. There was one seal keeper, chief secretary, scribe, memorial courier, and aide apiece. There were six court-attending companion officials. Under the original system there was one. In Qianlong 15 the quota was fixed at six. From the director of music downward, all held the seventh positive rank and were recommended and appointed or supplemented by memorial through the Duke Yansheng. There were forty ritual officers of the Sage's temple. There were two third rank, four fourth rank, six fifth rank, eight seventh rank, ten eighth rank, and ten ninth rank; they were selected and filled by the Duke Yansheng together with the Shandong education commissioner from Kong clansmen. Hanlin Academy hereditary erudites of the Five Classics held the eighth positive rank. One post was held by the northern branch of the Kong clan; in Shunzhi 1 Confucius's sixty-fifth-generation descendant Yunyu was appointed to maintain the temple sacrifice to Zisi. One post was held by the southern branch. After Ming Yancheng received appointment, the title went unclaimed for several generations. In Kangxi 41 Confucius's sixty-sixth-generation descendant Xingling was first appointed to maintain the Quzhou temple sacrifice. For the Dongye clan: in Kangxi 23 Yuan Sage Duke of Zhou's seventy-third-generation descendant Dongye Peiran was appointed. For the Ji clan: in Qianlong 43 Duke of Zhou's seventy-seventh-generation descendant Zhaoxun was appointed to maintain the Xianyang temple sacrifice. For the Yan clan: in Shunzhi 1 Restored Sage Master Yan Yuan's sixty-eighth-generation descendant Shaoxu was appointed. For the Zeng clan: in Shunzhi 1 Sage Ancestor Master Zeng Yu's sixty-fourth-generation descendant Wenda was appointed. For the Meng clan: in Shunzhi 1 Second Sage Master Meng Ziyu's sixty-third-generation descendant Zhenren was appointed. For the Zhong clan: in Shunzhi 2 Venerated Sage Zhongzi Lu's sixty-first-generation descendant Yusheng was appointed. For the Min clan: in Kangxi 38 Venerated Sage Minzi Qian's sixty-fifth-generation descendant Yanshou was appointed. For the Ran clan: in Yongzheng 2 Venerated Sage Ranzi Boniu's sixty-fifth-generation descendant Shipu was appointed. For the Ran clan: in Yongzheng 2 Venerated Sage Ranzi Zhonggong's sixty-seventh-generation descendant Tianlin was appointed. For the Duanmu clan: in Kangxi 38 Venerated Sage Duanmuzi Gong's seventieth-generation descendant Qian was appointed. For the Bu clan: in Kangxi 59 Venerated Sage Buzi Xia's sixty-fourth-generation descendant Zunxian was appointed. For the Yan clan: in Kangxi 51 Venerated Sage Yanzi You's seventy-third-generation descendant Dejian was appointed. For the Zhuansun clan: in Yongzheng 2 Venerated Sage Zhuansunzi Zhang's sixty-sixth-generation descendant Chengdao was appointed; in Daoguang 4 the title passed to the eldest legitimate son Shuxun. For the You clan: in Qianlong 53 Venerated Sage Youzi Ruo's seventy-second-generation descendant Shouye was appointed. For the Fu clan: in Jiaqing 10 Venerated Scholar Fuzi Sheng's sixty-fifth-generation descendant Jingzu was appointed. For the Han clan: in Qianlong 3 Venerated Scholar Hanzi Yu's thirtieth-generation descendant Fazu was appointed. For the Zhang clan: in Kangxi 26 Venerated Scholar Zhangzi Zai's twenty-eighth-generation descendant Shouxian was appointed to maintain the Fengxiang temple sacrifice. For the Shao clan: in Kangxi 41 Venerated Scholar Shaozi Yong's thirtieth-generation descendant Yansi was appointed. In each case there was one. There were two Zhu clan posts. In Shunzhi 12 Venerated Scholar Zhuzi Xi's Huizhou branch fifteenth-generation descendant Huang was appointed to maintain the Wuyuan temple sacrifice. In Kangxi 29 the Fujian branch eighteenth-generation descendant Rong was appointed to maintain the Jian'an temple sacrifice. There were three Guan clan posts. In Kangxi 58 Lord Guan Yu's fifty-seventh-generation descendant Wei was appointed to maintain the Luoyang temple sacrifice. In Yongzheng 4 the fifty-second-generation descendant Jubin was appointed to maintain the Jiezhou temple sacrifice. In Qianlong 13 the fifty-second-generation descendant Chaotai was appointed to maintain the Dangyang temple sacrifice. Among Kong clan offices there was also one hereditary Court of Imperial Sacrifices erudite; The post held the seventh positive rank. In Shunzhi 9 Kong Yunming was temporarily appointed to maintain the Shengze Academy sacrifice. In Kangxi 26 the sixty-seventh-generation descendant Yucong was appointed. There was one Directorate of Education student director; The post held the eighth positive rank. In Shunzhi 8 the sixty-fifth-generation descendant Yunqi was appointed on the Duke Yansheng's recommendation. The Nishan Academy student registrar held the eighth positive rank. In Shunzhi 1 the sixty-second-generation descendant Wenran was appointed after the Duke Yansheng forwarded younger brothers and nephews for appointment by memorial. The Zhusi Academy student registrar: in Shunzhi 1 the sixty-fourth-generation descendant Shangcheng was appointed. Hereditary sixth-rank officials were selected and filled by the Duke Yansheng from clansmen. There was one of each; Professors of the four clans Kong, Yan, Zeng, and Meng held the seventh positive rank. Student registrars were promoted after six years of salary service. Student registrars were forwarded by the Duke Yansheng from Kong clan students for appointment by memorial. Later the process was changed so candidates were transferred to the provincial governor for inspection and then submitted to the ministry by memorial. There was one of each.

衍聖公掌奉至聖闕裡廟祀。聖賢後裔翰博各掌奉其先世祀事。聖裔太常博士掌奉聖澤書院祀。國子監學正掌奉儀封聖廟祀。學錄分掌尼山、洙泗兩書院祀。世襲六品官掌分獻崇聖祠。四氏教授、學錄掌訓課四氏生徒。執事官掌祭祀分獻，並司爵帛香祝。司樂掌樂章、樂器。典籍掌書籍及禮生。管勾掌祀田錢穀出入。百戶掌陵廟戶籍，典守樂器，祭祀則司滌濯。知印、掌書、書寫掌文書印信。奏差掌繼表箋章疏。隨朝伴官掌隨從朝覲辦事。

The Duke Yansheng managed maintenance of the Supreme Sage's Qufu temple sacrifice. Hanlin erudites among sage and worthy descendants each managed maintenance of their forebears' sacrifices. The sage-descendant Court of Imperial Sacrifices erudite managed maintenance of the Shengze Academy sacrifice. The Directorate of Education student director managed maintenance of the Yifeng Sage temple sacrifice. Student registrars separately managed the sacrifices of the Nishan and Zhusi academies. Hereditary sixth-rank officials managed secondary offerings at the Sage Veneration Shrine. Professors and student registrars of the four clans managed instruction of the four clans' students. Ritual officers managed secondary offerings at sacrifices and also handled goblets, silks, incense, and prayers. The director of music managed musical scores and instruments. The archivist managed books and ritual assistants. The field-estate manager managed receipts and disbursements of sacrificial field funds and grain. The company commander managed mausoleum and temple household registers, kept custody of instruments, and at sacrifices managed washing and purification. The seal keeper, chief secretary, and scribe managed documents and seals. The memorial courier managed successive tables, letters, and memorials. Court-attending companion officials managed attendance at court audiences and related business.

順治元年，復衍聖公及四氏翰博等爵封，命孔允植入覲，班列閣臣上。明年，改錫三台銀印。十六年改滿、漢文三台銀印。乾隆十四年，復改清、漢篆文三台銀印。九年，世祖視學釋奠，召衍聖公孔興燮及四氏博士赴京陪祀觀禮，自後以為常。十三年，依例授光祿大夫。康熙六十一年，定錫廕視正一品，廕一子五品官，著為例。舊制，衍聖公錫廕依正二品。雍正八年，以崇奉祀典，廣置聖廟執事官，各按品級給予章服。乾隆二十一年，改世職知縣孔傳令為世襲六品官。先是曲阜知縣為世職，由衍聖公選族人題授。至是改為在外揀選調補。五十年，詔：「博士有枉法婪贓革職治罪者，停其承襲。」定例衍聖公歸長子襲，北宗博士次子襲，太常博士三子襲，餘並以嫡子襲。東野氏及聖門各賢裔，由衍聖公達部上名，餘各報部雲。

In Shunzhi 1 the Duke Yansheng and the four clans' Hanlin erudites and other titles were restored; Kong Yunzhi was ordered to attend court audience and ranked above grand secretaries. The next year a three-tier silver seal was granted in place of the old one. In Shunzhi 16 it was changed to a three-tier silver seal in Manchu and Chinese. In Qianlong 14 it was again changed to a three-tier silver seal in Manchu and Chinese seal script. In Shunzhi 9 the Founding Emperor visited the Academy for the meat offering; the Duke Yansheng Kong Xingxie and the four clans' erudites were summoned to the capital to attend sacrifice and observe the rite—this became regular practice thereafter. In Shunzhi 13, according to precedent, the title Grand Master of Splendid Happiness was conferred. In Kangxi 61 hereditary privilege was fixed equivalent to the first positive rank, ennobling one son as a fifth-rank official—established as precedent. Under the old system the Duke Yansheng's hereditary privilege followed the second positive rank. In Yongzheng 8, to honor sacrificial rites, sage temple ritual officers were broadly established and insignia and robes were granted by rank. In Qianlong 21 the hereditary county magistrate Kong Chuanling was changed to a hereditary sixth-rank official. Previously the Qufu county magistrate was a hereditary post, selected from clansmen by the Duke Yansheng and appointed by memorial. At this point it was changed to selection and transfer from outside the clan. In Qianlong 50 an edict said: "Erudites who violate law through corruption and are dismissed and punished shall have inheritance stopped." It was fixed by precedent that the Duke Yansheng passed to the eldest son, the northern-branch erudite to the second son, the Court of Imperial Sacrifices erudite to the third son, and all others to the eldest legitimate son. The Dongye clan and worthy descendants of the Sage's gate submitted names to the ministry through the Duke Yansheng; the rest each reported to the ministry by memorial.

欽天監管理監事王大臣一人。特簡。監正，初制，滿員四品。康熙六年升三品。九年，滿、漢並定正五品。左、右監副，初制，五品。康熙六年升四品，九年定正六品。俱滿、漢各一人。其屬：主簿□主簿，正八品。滿、漢各一人。時憲科五官正，從六品。滿、蒙各二人，漢軍一人。春官正、夏官正、中官正、秋官正、冬官正，並從六品。漢各一人。司書，正九品。漢一人。博士，從九品。滿洲四人，蒙古二人，漢軍一人，漢十有六人。天文科五官靈台郎，從七品。滿洲二人，蒙古、漢軍各一人，漢四人。監候，正九品。漢一人。博士，滿洲四人，漢二人。漏刻科挈壺正，從八品。滿、蒙各一人，漢二人。司晨，從九品。漢軍一人，漢七人。筆帖式，滿州十有一人，蒙古四人，漢軍二人。天文生，食九品俸。滿、蒙各十有六人，漢軍八人，漢二十有四人。食糧天文生，漢五十有六人。食糧陰陽生，漢十人。並給九品冠帶。助教□助教一人，教習二人。

There was one minister managing Imperial Observatory affairs. The post was specially selected. The director: under the original system Manchu incumbents held the fourth rank. In Kangxi 6 the rank was raised to the third. In Kangxi 9 Manchu and Chinese directors were both fixed at the fifth positive rank. Left and right vice directors originally held the fifth rank. In Kangxi 6 they were raised to the fourth rank; in Kangxi 9 fixed at the sixth positive rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. Among its subordinates were two chief clerk posts (a character is missing in the source), of the eighth positive rank. There was one Manchu and one Chinese apiece. Time and Calendar Section office directors held the sixth subordinate rank. There were two Manchus and two Mongols apiece, and one Chinese Bannerman. Directors of Spring, Summer, Center, Autumn, and Winter all held the sixth subordinate rank. There was one Chinese apiece. Record keepers held the ninth positive rank. There was one Chinese record keeper. Erudites held the ninth subordinate rank. There were four Manchus, two Mongols, one Chinese Bannerman, and sixteen Chinese erudites. Astronomy Section observatory platform officers held the seventh subordinate rank. There were two Manchus, one Mongol, one Chinese Bannerman, and four Chinese platform officers. Observation officers held the ninth positive rank. There was one Chinese observation officer. There were four Manchu erudites and two Chinese erudites. Water Clock Section clepsydra directors held the eighth subordinate rank. There was one Manchu and one Mongol apiece, and two Chinese clepsydra directors. Dawn announcers held the ninth subordinate rank. There was one Chinese Banner dawn announcer and seven Chinese dawn announcers. There were eleven Manchu clerks, four Mongol clerks, and two Chinese Banner clerks. Astronomy students received ninth-rank salary. There were sixteen Manchus and sixteen Mongols apiece, eight Chinese Bannermen, and twenty-four Chinese astronomy students. There were fifty-six salaried Chinese astronomy students. There were ten salaried Chinese yin-yang students. All were granted ninth-rank insignia. There was one instructor post (a character is missing in the source) and two teachers.

監正掌治術數，典歷象日月星辰，宿離不貸。歲終奏新歷，送禮部頒行。監副佐之。時憲科掌推天行之度，驗歲差以均節氣，制時憲書，以國書、蒙文譯布者，滿、蒙五官正司之。推算日月交食、七政相距、沖退留伏、交宮同度，漢五官正司之。頒之四方。天文科掌觀天象，書雲物禨祥；率天文生登觀象台，凡晴雨、風雷、雲霓、暈珥、流星、異星，匯錄冊簿，應奏者送監，密疏上聞。漏刻科掌調壺漏，測中星，審緯度；祭祀、朝會、營建，諏吉日，辨禁忌。主簿掌章奏文移，簿籍員數。天文生分隸三科，掌司觀候推算。陰陽生隸漏刻科，掌主譙樓直更，監官以時考其術業而進退之。助教掌分教算學諸生。

The director managed calendrical and mathematical arts, kept custody of celestial phenomena, sun, moon, and stars, and allowed no deviation in stellar positions. At year's end he memorialized the new calendar and sent it to the Ministry of Rites for promulgation. The vice director assisted him. The Time and Calendar Section calculated celestial motion, verified annual difference to balance solar terms, and compiled the calendar; Manchu and Mongol office directors managed editions translated and issued in Manchu and Mongolian. Calculating solar and lunar eclipses, distances among the seven luminaries, conjunction, opposition, retrograde, stationary, and occultation, and zodiacal conjunction at the same degree was managed by Chinese office directors. They were promulgated to all regions. The Astronomy Section observed celestial phenomena and recorded clouds, objects, and omens; leading astronomy students to ascend the observatory platform; for rain, clear skies, wind, thunder, clouds, rainbows, halos, meteors, and unusual stars they compiled registers; what required memorializing was sent to the directorate and reported by confidential memorial. The Water Clock Section managed clepsydra adjustment, measured culmination stars, and verified latitude; for sacrifices, court assemblies, and construction it selected auspicious days and distinguished taboos. Chief clerks managed memorials and documents and registers of personnel. Astronomy students were divided among the three sections and managed observation and calculation. Yin-yang students were subordinate to the Water Clock Section, managing watchtower night watches; supervising officials periodically examined their skills and promoted or dismissed them. Instructors managed separate instruction of mathematics students.

初，順治元年設欽天監，分天文、時憲、漏刻、回回四科，置監正、監副、五官正、保章正、挈壺正、靈台郎、監候、司晨、司書、博士、主簿等官，並漢人為之，行文具題隸禮部。是歲仲秋朔日食，以西人湯若望推算密合，大統、回回兩法時刻俱差。令修時憲，領監務。十四年，省回回科，改其職隸秋官正，尋復舊制。十五年，定與禮部分析職掌。康熙二年，仍屬禮部。明年，增置天文科滿洲官五人，滿員入監自此始。又明年，定滿、漢監正各一人，左、右監副各二人，主簿各一人，滿、蒙五官正各二人。省回回科博士仍隸秋官正。置漢軍秋官正一人，春、夏、中、秋、冬五官正漢各一人。滿洲靈台郎三人，乾隆四十七年改一人為蒙古員缺。漢軍一人，漢四人。滿洲挈壺正二人，乾隆四十七年改一人為蒙古員缺。漢二人。漢監候一人，保章正二人，正八品。十四年省。司書二人。十四年省一人。漢軍司晨一人，漢一人。十四年省。滿洲博士六人，乾隆四十七年改一人為蒙古員缺。漢軍二人，漢三十有六人。尋省十四人，五年復置二人，通舊二十有四人。並定監官升轉不離本署，積勞止加升銜，著為例。先是新安衛官生楊光先請誅邪教，鐫若望職。至是以光先為監副，尋升監正，仍用回回法。南懷仁具疏訟冤。八年，復罷光先，以南懷仁充漢監正，更名監修，用西法如初。雍正三年，實授西人戴進賢監正，去監修名。八年，增置西洋監副一人。乾隆四年，置漢算學助教一人，隸國子監。十年，定監副以滿、漢、西洋分用。十八年省滿、漢各一人，增西洋二人，分左、右。四十四年，更命親王領之。道光六年，仍定滿、漢監正各一人，左、右監副各二人。時西人高拱宸等或歸或沒，本監已諳西法，遂止外人入官。光緒三十一年，改國子監助教始來隸。

Initially, in Shunzhi 1 the Imperial Observatory was established with four sections—Astronomy, Time and Calendar, Water Clock, and Muslim—appointing director, vice director, office directors, observatory platform directors, clepsydra directors, platform officers, observation officers, dawn announcers, record keepers, erudites, chief clerks, and other posts, all held by Chinese, with routine business submitted by memorial and subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. That year on the first day of mid-autumn there was a solar eclipse; the Western scholar Adam Schall's calculation matched closely, while the Great Unity and Muslim methods were both off in timing. He was ordered to revise the calendar and head directorate affairs. In Shunzhi 14 the Muslim section was abolished and its duties transferred to the Autumn office director; soon the old system was restored. In Shunzhi 15 duties were fixed separately from the Ministry of Rites. In Kangxi 2 it again belonged to the Ministry of Rites. The next year five Manchu posts were added to the Astronomy Section; Manchu entry into the directorate began from this point. The year after that one Manchu and one Chinese director apiece were fixed, two left and two right vice directors each, one chief clerk apiece, and two Manchu and two Mongol office directors apiece. The abolished Muslim section's erudites remained subordinate to the Autumn office director. One Chinese Banner Autumn office director was established, with one Chinese director apiece for Spring, Summer, Center, Autumn, and Winter. There were three Manchu platform officers; in Qianlong 47 one post was changed to a Mongol slot. There was one Chinese Banner platform officer and four Chinese platform officers. There were two Manchu clepsydra directors; in Qianlong 47 one post was changed to a Mongol slot. There were two Chinese clepsydra directors. There was one Chinese observation officer and two observatory platform directors of the eighth positive rank. In Kangxi 14 they were abolished. There were two record keepers. In Kangxi 14 one post was abolished. There was one Chinese Banner dawn announcer and one Chinese dawn announcer. In Kangxi 14 they were abolished. There were six Manchu erudites; in Qianlong 47 one post was changed to a Mongol slot. There were two Chinese Banner erudites and thirty-six Chinese erudites. Soon fourteen posts were abolished; in Kangxi 5 two were restored, for twenty-four in all with the old quota. It was also fixed that directorate officials on promotion did not leave the office; accumulated service received only added rank title—established as precedent. Previously Xin'an Guard student official Yang Guangxian requested execution of heterodox teaching and removal of Schall from office. At this point Yang Guangxian was made vice director, soon promoted to director, still using the Muslim method. Ferdinand Verbiest submitted a memorial pleading his case. In Kangxi 8 Yang Guangxian was again dismissed; Verbiest was appointed Chinese director, renamed calendar reviser, and the Western method was used as before. In Yongzheng 3 the Western scholar Ignatius Kögler was formally appointed director and the calendar reviser title was dropped. In Yongzheng 8 one Western vice director was added. In Qianlong 4 one Chinese mathematics instructor was established, subordinate to the Directorate of Education. In Qianlong 10 it was fixed that vice directors were divided among Manchu, Chinese, and Western appointees. In Qianlong 18 one Manchu and one Chinese post were abolished; two Western posts were added, divided left and right. In Qianlong 44 a prince was again ordered to head it. In Daoguang 6 one Manchu and one Chinese director apiece were again fixed, with two left and two right vice directors each. By then Westerners such as Gao Gongchen had returned home or died; the directorate already mastered Western methods, and foreign appointment to office ceased. In Guangxu 31 the revised Directorate of Education instructor first came to be subordinate here.

太醫院管理院事王大臣一人。特簡。院使，初制正五品。宣統元年升正四品。左、右院判，初制正六品。宣統元年升正五品。俱漢一人。其屬：御醫十有三人，內兼首領□事二人。初制正八品。雍正七年升七品，給六品冠帶。宣統元年升正六品。吏目二十有六人，內兼首領□事一人。初制八、九品各十有三人。宣統元年，改八品為七品，九品為八品。醫士二十人，內兼首領□事一人，給從九品冠帶。醫生三十人。

There was one minister managing Imperial Medical Academy affairs. The post was specially selected. The academy director originally held the fifth positive rank. In Xuantong 1 (1909) the rank was raised to the fourth positive. Left and right vice directors originally held the sixth positive rank. In Xuantong 1 they were raised to the fifth positive rank. In each case there was one Chinese official. Among its subordinates were thirteen imperial physicians, including two who also served as leading officers (a character is missing in the source). They originally held the eighth positive rank. In Yongzheng 7 they were raised to the seventh rank and granted sixth-rank insignia. In Xuantong 1 they were raised to the sixth positive rank. There were twenty-six record officers, including one who also served as leading officer (a character is missing in the source). Under the original system there were thirteen each of the eighth and ninth ranks. In Xuantong 1 the eighth rank was changed to the seventh and the ninth to the eighth. There were twenty medical officers, including one who also served as leading officer (a character is missing in the source), granted ninth subordinate rank insignia. There were thirty medical students.

院使、院判掌考九科之法，帥屬供醫事。御醫、吏目、醫士各專一科，曰大方脈、小方脈、傷寒科、婦人科、瘡瘍科、針灸科、眼科、咽喉科、正骨科，是為九科。初設十一科。後痘疹科歸小方脈，咽喉、口齒並為一科。掌分班侍直，給事宮中曰宮直，給事外廷曰六直。西苑壽樂房以本院官二人直宿。

The academy director and vice directors managed examination of the nine specialties' methods and led subordinates in supplying medical service. Imperial physicians, record officers, and medical officers each specialized in one specialty: Great Internal Medicine, Minor Internal Medicine, Cold Damage, Gynecology, Sores and Ulcers, Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Ophthalmology, Throat, and Orthopedics—these were the nine specialties. Initially eleven specialties were established. Later the Smallpox specialty was merged into Minor Internal Medicine, and Throat and Dentistry were combined into one specialty. They managed shift duty: service within the palace was called palace duty; service in the outer court was called sixfold duty. The Western Park Longevity Music Hall had two academy officials on overnight duty.

順治元年，置院使，左、右院判各一人，吏目三十人，十八年省二十人，康熙九年復故。十四年省十人，雍正元年又復。豫授吏目十人，十八年省。康熙九年復故，三十一年又省。御醫十人，康熙五十三年省二人。雍正元年復故，七年增五人。道光二十三年省二人。醫士二十人。十八年省二十人。康熙九年復故，十四年省十人。雍正元年增二十人。凡藥材出入隸禮部。十六年，改歸本院。十八年，生藥庫復隸禮部。康熙三年，定直省歲解藥材，並折色錢糧，由戶部收儲付庫。雍正七年，定八品吏目十人，九品二十人。後定各十三人。乾隆五十八年，命內府大臣領院務。宣統元年，院使張仲元疏請變通舊制，特崇院使以次各官品秩。初制，入院肄業，考補恩糧，歷時甚久，軍營、刑獄醫士悉由院簡選。光緒末葉，民政部醫官，陸軍部軍醫司長，與院使、院判品秩相等。至是釐定，崇內廷體制也。又定制，院官遷轉不離本署。同治間，曾議吏目食俸六年，升用按察司經歷、州判。嗣以與素所治相剌，乃寢。

In Shunzhi 1 an academy director and one left and one right vice director apiece were established, with thirty record officers; in Shunzhi 18 twenty posts were abolished; in Kangxi 9 the former quota was restored. In Kangxi 14 ten posts were abolished; in Yongzheng 1 they were restored again. There were ten pre-appointed record officers; they were abolished in Shunzhi 18. In Kangxi 9 the former quota was restored; in Kangxi 31 abolished again. There were ten imperial physicians; in Kangxi 53 two posts were abolished. In Yongzheng 1 the former quota was restored; in Yongzheng 7 five were added. In Daoguang 23 two posts were abolished. There were twenty medical officers. In Shunzhi 18 twenty posts were abolished. In Kangxi 9 the former quota was restored; in Kangxi 14 ten posts were abolished. In Yongzheng 1 twenty were added. All medicinal materials receipts and disbursements were subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. In Shunzhi 16 it was changed to return to this academy. In Shunzhi 18 the raw medicine treasury was again subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. In Kangxi 3 it was fixed that provinces annually delivered medicinal materials and commuted funds and grain, received and stored by the Board of Revenue and paid to the treasury. In Yongzheng 7 the quota was fixed at ten eighth-rank record officers and twenty ninth-rank. Later the quota was fixed at thirteen each. In Qianlong 58 an Inner Court minister was ordered to head academy affairs. In Xuantong 1 Academy Director Zhang Zhongyuan memorialized requesting modification of the old system and special elevation of the academy director and subordinate officials' ranks. Under the original system entry to the academy for study and examination for grace salary took a very long time; medical officers for military camps and prisons were all selected by the academy. In the late Guangxu period Ministry of Civil Affairs medical officers and the Army Ministry chief of the medical corps held rank equal to the academy director and vice directors. At this point ranks were clarified to honor Inner Court protocol. It was also fixed by regulation that academy officials on transfer did not leave the office. During the Tongzhi period it was once proposed that after six years on salary record officers be promoted to provincial surveillance commission secretary or prefectural vice magistrate. Later, because this conflicted with what they normally practiced, the proposal was dropped.

壇廟官天壇尉，地壇尉，各八人。五品一人，六品七人。太廟尉十人。四品二人，五品八人。社稷壇尉五人。五品一人，六品四人，並隸太常寺。堂子尉八人。七品二人，八品六人，隸禮部。俱滿員。掌管鑰，守衛直宿，朔望奉薌以行禮。天壇、地壇、朝日壇、夕月壇、先農壇，各祠祭署奉祀、從七品。祀丞，從八品。俱各一人。日、月二壇祀丞後省。帝王廟祠祭署無專員。以漢贊禮郎、司樂內一人委充，並隸樂部。俱漢員。掌典守神庫，以時巡視，督役氾埽；凡葺治牆宇、樹藝林木，並敬供厥事。四品尉以五品序升，其下以是為差。唯太廟尉以各壇六品尉及各部院休致郎員間次選授。六品等尉吏部牒八旗番送除授，奉祀以祀丞序升，祀丞以祝版生番選除授。

Altar and temple officials included Temple of Heaven wardens and Temple of Earth wardens, eight apiece. There was one fifth rank and seven sixth rank. There were ten Imperial Ancestral Temple wardens. There were two fourth rank and eight fifth rank. There were five Altar of Soil and Grain wardens. There was one fifth rank and four sixth rank, all subordinate to the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. There were eight Tangzi wardens. There were two seventh rank and six eighth rank, subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. All were Manchu incumbents. They managed keys, guarded and kept overnight watch, and on new and full moons presented incense to perform rites. The Temple of Heaven, Temple of Earth, Altar of the Sun, Altar of the Moon, and Altar of Agriculture each had a sacrifice attendant of the seventh subordinate rank. The sacrifice director assistant held the eighth subordinate rank. In each case there was one. Sacrifice director assistants for the Sun and Moon altars were later abolished. The Imperial Temple sacrifice office had no dedicated official. One Chinese sacrifice officiant or director of music was detailed to fill the post, all subordinate to the Music Office. All were Chinese incumbents. They managed custody of the spirit treasury, inspected on schedule, and supervised dredging and sweeping; for all repair of walls and buildings, planting of trees, and reverent performance of their duties. Fourth-rank wardens were promoted in order from the fifth rank; lower ranks followed the same principle. Only Imperial Ancestral Temple wardens were selected in rotation from sixth-rank wardens of the various altars and retired section members of ministries and courts. Sixth-rank and similar wardens were appointed by rotation through the Ministry of Personnel's dispatches to the Eight Banners; sacrifice attendants were promoted in order from sacrifice director assistants; sacrifice director assistants were selected in rotation from prayer-board students for appointment.

陵寢官三陵總理事務大臣，盛京將軍兼充。光緒三十年改歸東三省總督。承辦事務衙門大臣，光緒三十一年，改盛京守護大臣置。各一人。主事，委署主事，各一人。讀祝官八人。贊禮郎十有六人。四品、五品、七品官各一人，六品官四人，外郎九人。舊置戶部六品官二人。禮部六、七品官，工部四、五、六品官，各一人。又戶、禮、工三部外郎二十人。光緒三十一年，省外郎十有一人。自讀祝以下，並改隸三陵總理事務衙門。永陵：掌關防官，四品。副關防官兼內管領，正五品。副關防官兼尚膳正，五品。尚茶副，尚膳副，副內管領，並八品。各一人。筆帖式二人。福陵、昭陵：掌關防官各一人，副關防官各二人。五品。尚茶正，尚膳正，並五品。尚茶副，尚膳副，內管領，正五品。副內管領，俱各一人。筆帖式各二人。掌守衛三陵。凡班直、饗獻、氾埽，以時分司其事。

Among mausoleum officials, the minister for general management of the Three Tombs affairs was held concurrently by the Shengjing governor-general. In Guangxu 30 (1904) the post was transferred to the Three Eastern Provinces governor-general. The minister of the affairs-handling office was established in Guangxu 31 (1905) by redesignating the Shengjing guardian minister. There was one of each. There was one section chief and one acting section chief apiece. There were eight prayer readers. There were sixteen sacrifice officiants. There was one fourth-rank, one fifth-rank, and one seventh-rank official apiece; four sixth-rank officials; and nine outer secretaries. Previously two Board of Revenue sixth-rank officials were established. There was one Ministry of Rites sixth- and seventh-rank official apiece and one Ministry of Works fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-rank official apiece. There were also twenty outer secretaries from the Boards of Revenue, Rites, and Works. In Guangxu 31 eleven outer secretary posts were abolished. From prayer readers downward, all were changed to be subordinate to the Three Tombs general affairs office. At Yongling there was a seal custody official of the fourth rank. The deputy seal custody official concurrently serving as inner steward held the fifth positive rank. The deputy seal custody official concurrently serving as meals director held the fifth rank. The deputy tea director, deputy meals director, and deputy inner steward all held the eighth rank. There was one of each. There were two clerks. At Fuling and Zhaoling there was one seal custody official apiece and two deputy seal custody officials apiece. They held the fifth rank. The tea director and meals director both held the fifth rank. The deputy tea director, deputy meals director, and inner steward held the fifth positive rank. In each case there was one deputy inner steward. There were two clerks apiece. They managed guard of the Three Tombs. For all shift duty, offerings, and dredging and sweeping they divided duties on schedule.

東陵：總管大臣一人。泰寧鎮總兵兼內務府大臣簡充。承辦事務衙門禮部主事，筆帖式，各二人。石門衙署工部郎中一人。員外郎，筆帖式，各四人。昭西陵：內務府掌關防郎中，嘉慶十五年調往景陵，仍管昭西陵事務。員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，並四品。內管領，各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部郎中一人。員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎，筆帖式，各四人。工部郎中一人。孝陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，內管領，副內管領，正六品。各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部郎中一人。員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎四人。筆帖式二人。工部員外郎一人。孝東陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，尚茶副，尚膳副，並正七品。內管領，副內管領，各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎，筆帖式，各四人。工部員外郎一人。景陵：內務府總管，從五品。員外郎，主事，尚茶正，內管領，副內管領，各一人。尚膳正，筆帖式，各二人。禮部郎中一人。員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎，筆帖式，各四人。工部員外郎一人。景陵皇貴妃園寢：內務府員外郎，尚膳正，各一人。禮部讀祝官二人。贊禮郎三人。景陵妃園寢：內務府尚茶副，尚膳副，副內管領，委署副內管領，七品銜。各一人。禮部讀祝官二人。贊禮郎三人。筆帖式二人。裕陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，內管領，副內管領，各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部郎中一人。員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎，筆帖式，各四人。工部員外郎一人。裕陵皇貴妃園寢：內務府尚茶副，尚膳副，並七品。副內管領，委署副內管領，各一人。禮部讀祝官二人。贊禮郎二人。端慧皇太子園寢：內務府內管領，副內管領，尚茶副，尚膳副，各一人。禮部讀祝官二人。贊禮郎三人。定陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，內管領，副內管領，各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部郎中，員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎四人。普祥峪定東陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，內管領，各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎四人。菩陀峪定東陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，內管領，各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎四人。定陵妃園寢：內務府副內管領，委署副內管領，尚茶副，尚膳副，各一人。禮部讀祝官二人。贊禮郎三人。惠陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，內管領，各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部郎中一人。員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎四人。惠陵妃園寢：禮部讀祝官二人。贊禮郎三人。內務府不設官，暫置領催一人，閒散拜唐阿一人。

At the Eastern Tombs there was one supervising minister. The post was filled by selection from the Taining garrison commander concurrently serving as Imperial Household Department minister. The affairs-handling office had two Ministry of Rites section chiefs and two clerks apiece. The Shimen office had one Ministry of Works director. There were four vice directors and four clerks apiece. At Zhaoxiling there was an Imperial Household Department seal custody director; in Jiaqing 15 he was transferred to Jingling but still managed Zhaoxiling affairs. The vice director, section chief, tea director, and meals director all held the fourth rank. There was one inner steward apiece. There were two clerks. There was one Ministry of Rites director. There were two vice directors and two prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants and four clerks apiece. There was one Ministry of Works director. At Xiaoling the Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, inner steward, and deputy inner steward all held the sixth positive rank. There was one of each. There were two clerks. There was one Ministry of Rites director. There were two vice directors and two prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants. There were two clerks. There was one Ministry of Works vice director. At Xiaodongling the Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, deputy tea director, and deputy meals director all held the seventh positive rank. There was one inner steward and one deputy inner steward apiece. There were two clerks. There were two Ministry of Rites vice directors and two prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants and four clerks apiece. There was one Ministry of Works vice director. At Jingling the Imperial Household Department steward held the fifth subordinate rank. There was one vice director, section chief, tea director, inner steward, and deputy inner steward apiece. There were two meals directors and two clerks apiece. There was one Ministry of Rites director. There were two vice directors and two prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants and four clerks apiece. There was one Ministry of Works vice director. At the Jingling imperial noble consort garden mausoleum there was one Imperial Household Department vice director and one meals director apiece. There were two Ministry of Rites prayer readers. There were three sacrifice officiants. At the Jingling consort garden mausoleum the Imperial Household Department deputy tea director, deputy meals director, deputy inner steward, and acting deputy inner steward held seventh-rank title. There was one of each. There were two Ministry of Rites prayer readers. There were three sacrifice officiants. There were two clerks. At Yuling there was one Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, inner steward, and deputy inner steward apiece. There were two clerks. There was one Ministry of Rites director. There were two vice directors and two prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants and four clerks apiece. There was one Ministry of Works vice director. At the Yuling imperial noble consort garden mausoleum the Imperial Household Department deputy tea director and deputy meals director both held the seventh rank. There was one deputy inner steward and one acting deputy inner steward apiece. There were two Ministry of Rites prayer readers. There were two sacrifice officiants. At the Crown Prince Duanhui garden mausoleum there was one Imperial Household Department inner steward, deputy inner steward, deputy tea director, and deputy meals director apiece. There were two Ministry of Rites prayer readers. There were three sacrifice officiants. At Dingling there was one Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, inner steward, and deputy inner steward apiece. There were two clerks. There were two Ministry of Rites directors, vice directors, and prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants. At Puxiangyu Dingdongling there was one Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, and inner steward apiece. There were two clerks. There were two Ministry of Rites vice directors and prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants. At Putuoyu Dingdongling there was one Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, and inner steward apiece. There were two clerks. There were two Ministry of Rites vice directors and prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants. At the Dingling consort garden mausoleum there was one Imperial Household Department deputy inner steward, acting deputy inner steward, deputy tea director, and deputy meals director apiece. There were two Ministry of Rites prayer readers. There were three sacrifice officiants. At Huiling there was one Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, and inner steward apiece. There were two clerks. There was one Ministry of Rites director. There were two vice directors and two prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants. At the Huiling consort garden mausoleum there were two Ministry of Rites prayer readers. There were three sacrifice officiants. The Imperial Household Department established no officials; one collection supervisor and one idle bannerman were temporarily placed.

西陵：總管大臣，泰寧鎮總兵兼內務府大臣簡充。承辦事務衙門主事，委署主事，各一人。筆帖式四人。易州衙署工部郎中一人，員外郎三人，主事一人，筆帖式二人。泰陵：內務府總管員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，尚茶副，九品。尚膳副，九品。內管領，副內管領，各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部郎中，員外郎，各一人。讀祝官二人。贊禮郎，筆帖式，各四人。工部郎中，主事，各一人。泰東陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，尚茶副，尚膳副，內管領，各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎，筆帖式，各四人。工部員外郎一人。泰陵皇貴妃園寢：內務府主事，副內管領，各一人。禮部主事一人。讀祝官二人。贊禮郎三人。工部主事一人。昌陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚茶副，尚膳副，內管領，副內管領，各一人。尚膳正，筆帖式，各二人。禮部郎中一人。員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎，筆帖式，各四人。工部員外郎一人。昌西陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，尚茶副，尚膳副，內管領，各一人。筆帖式二人。禮部員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎四人。工部員外郎一人。昌陵皇貴妃園寢：內務府主事，副內管領，各一人。禮部讀祝官二人。贊禮郎三人。慕陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚茶副，尚膳副，內管領，副內管領，各一人。尚膳正，筆帖式，各二人。禮部郎中一人。員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎四人。工部員外郎一人。慕東陵：內務府掌關防郎中，員外郎，主事，尚茶正，尚膳正，內管領，各一人。尚茶副，尚膳副，委署副內管領，筆帖式，各二人。禮部員外郎，讀祝官，各二人。贊禮郎四人。工部主事一人。後省。慕東陵皇貴妃園寢：內務府尚茶副，尚膳副，委署副內管領，各一人。禮部讀祝官二人。贊禮郎三人。東陵宗室主事，昭西陵宗室員外郎，泰陵宗室員外郎、主事，各一人。餘並滿洲員缺。

At the Western Tombs the supervising minister was selected from the Taining garrison commander concurrently serving as Imperial Household Department minister. The affairs-handling office had one section chief and one acting section chief apiece. There were four clerks. The Yizhou office had one Ministry of Works director, three vice directors, one section chief, and two clerks. At Tailing the Imperial Household Department steward vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, and deputy tea director held the ninth rank. The deputy meals director held the ninth rank. There was one inner steward and one deputy inner steward apiece. There were two clerks. There was one Ministry of Rites director and one vice director apiece. There were two prayer readers. There were four sacrifice officiants and four clerks apiece. There was one Ministry of Works director and one section chief apiece. At Taidongling there was one Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, deputy tea director, deputy meals director, and inner steward apiece. There were two clerks. There were two Ministry of Rites vice directors and prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants and four clerks apiece. There was one Ministry of Works vice director. At the Tailing imperial noble consort garden mausoleum there was one Imperial Household Department section chief and one deputy inner steward apiece. There was one Ministry of Rites section chief. There were two prayer readers. There were three sacrifice officiants. There was one Ministry of Works section chief. At Changling there was one Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, deputy tea director, deputy meals director, inner steward, and deputy inner steward apiece. There were two meals directors and two clerks apiece. There was one Ministry of Rites director. There were two vice directors and two prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants and four clerks apiece. There was one Ministry of Works vice director. At Changxiling there was one Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, deputy tea director, deputy meals director, and inner steward apiece. There were two clerks. There were two Ministry of Rites vice directors and prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants. There was one Ministry of Works vice director. At the Changling imperial noble consort garden mausoleum there was one Imperial Household Department section chief and one deputy inner steward apiece. There were two Ministry of Rites prayer readers. There were three sacrifice officiants. At Muling there was one Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, deputy tea director, deputy meals director, inner steward, and deputy inner steward apiece. There were two meals directors and two clerks apiece. There was one Ministry of Rites director. There were two vice directors and two prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants. There was one Ministry of Works vice director. At Mudongling there was one Imperial Household Department seal custody director, vice director, section chief, tea director, meals director, and inner steward apiece. There were two deputy tea directors, deputy meals directors, acting deputy inner stewards, and clerks apiece. There were two Ministry of Rites vice directors and prayer readers apiece. There were four sacrifice officiants. There was one Ministry of Works section chief. Later the post was abolished. At the Mudongling imperial noble consort garden mausoleum there was one Imperial Household Department deputy tea director, deputy meals director, and acting deputy inner steward apiece. There were two Ministry of Rites prayer readers. There were three sacrifice officiants. There was one Eastern Tombs imperial clansman section chief; one Zhaoxiling imperial clansman vice director; and one Tailing imperial clansman vice director and section chief apiece. All remaining posts were Manchu slots.

總管大臣掌督帥官兵巡防游徼，以翊衛陵寢。內務府官掌奉祭祀奠享之禮，司掃除開闔。禮部官掌判署文案，監視禮儀，歲供品物，以序祀事。工部官掌修葺繕治，凡祭祀供厥楮幣。順治十三年，置福陵、昭陵掌關防等官。康熙二年，復置各陵寢內府、禮部、工部司官。光緒三十一年，改盛京戶、禮、工三部陵寢官隸總理三陵事務衙門。宣統三年，陵寢郎、員、主各缺並改歸內務府，帶禮部、工部銜如故。

The supervising minister commanded and led officers and soldiers in patrol and guard to protect the mausoleums. Imperial Household Department officials managed sacrificial offerings and libations and oversaw sweeping and opening and closing gates. Ministry of Rites officials managed drafting and endorsement of documents, supervised ritual forms, and supplied annual offerings to order sacrifices. Ministry of Works officials managed repair and maintenance and supplied paper offerings for all sacrifices. In Shunzhi 13 seal custody and other officials were established for Fuling and Zhaoling. In Kangxi 2 officials of the Inner Court, Ministry of Rites, and Ministry of Works were re-established for each mausoleum. In Guangxu 31 (1905) mausoleum officials of the Shengjing Boards of Revenue, Rites, and Works were changed to be subordinate to the Three Tombs general affairs office. In Xuantong 3 (1911) all mausoleum director, vice director, and section chief posts were transferred to the Imperial Household Department, retaining Ministry of Rites and Ministry of Works concurrent rank as before.

僧錄司正印，副印，各一人。 □品。左、右善世，正六品。闡教，從六品。講經，正八品。覺義，從八品。俱二人。道錄司一人。 □品。左、右正一，正六品。演法，從六品。至靈，正八品。至義，從八品。俱二人。分設各城僧、道協理各一人。僧官兼善世等銜，道官兼正一等銜，給予部劄。協理給予司劄。龍虎山正一真人。正三品。提點，提舉，法菉局提舉，由太清宮法官充補。各一人。副理二人。贊教四人。知事十有八人。自提點以下，並由正一真人保舉，報部給劄。

The Buddhist Registry had one chief seal keeper and one deputy seal keeper apiece. Rank [character missing in the source]. Left and right chiefs of the world held the sixth positive rank. Expounders of the teaching held the sixth subordinate rank. Scripture lecturers held the eighth positive rank. Awakeners to meaning held the eighth subordinate rank. In each case there were two. There was one Taoist Registry official. Rank [character missing in the source]. Left and right Orthodox Unity directors held the sixth positive rank. Expounders of the method held the sixth subordinate rank. Attainers of numinous power held the eighth positive rank. Attainers of righteousness held the eighth subordinate rank. In each case there were two. In each city one Buddhist and one Taoist assistant manager were separately established. Buddhist officials concurrently held chief of the world and other ranks; Taoist officials concurrently held Orthodox Unity director rank; ministry credentials were granted. Assistant managers were granted registry credentials. The Zhengyi Perfected Man of Longhu Mountain. The title held the third positive rank. The superintendent, intendant, and Talisman Bureau intendant were filled from among judges of the Great Clarity Palace. There was one of each. There were two deputy managers. There were four teaching assistants. There were eighteen clerks. From the superintendent downward, all were recommended by the Zhengyi Perfected Man and reported to the ministry for credentials.

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