Volume 153 Treatises 128: Foreign Relations 1, Russia

中國古重邦交。有清盛時，諸國朝聘，皆與以禮。自海道大通而後，局勢乃一變。其始葡萄牙、和蘭諸國，假一席之地，遷居貿易，來往粵東；英、法、美、德諸大國連袂偕來，鱗萃羽集，其意亦僅求通市而已。洎乎道光己亥，禁煙釁起，倉猝受盟，於是畀英以香港，開五口通商。嗣後法蘭西、美利堅、瑞典、那威相繼立約，而德意志、和蘭、日斯巴尼亞、義大里、奧斯馬加、葡萄牙、比利時均援英、法之例，訂約通商，海疆自此多事矣。俄羅斯訂約在，較諸國最先，日本訂約在同治九年，較諸國最後，中國逼處強鄰，受禍尤烈。其他若秘魯、巴西、剛果、墨西哥諸小邦，不過尾隨大國之後，無他志也。咸豐庚申之役，聯軍入都，乘輿出狩，其時英、法互起要求，當事諸臣不敢易其一字，講成增約，其患日深。至光緒甲午馬關之約，喪師割地，忍辱行成，而列強據利益均霑之例，乘機攘索，險要盡失。其尤甚者，則定有某地不得讓與他國之條，直以中國土疆視為己有，辱莫大焉。庚子一役，兩宮播遷，八國連師，勢益不支，其不亡者幸耳。

China has long placed great weight on interstate relations. At the height of Qing power, every state that sent tribute missions was received with full ceremonial honor. Once maritime routes opened wide, the entire strategic landscape shifted. At first Portugal, the Netherlands, and others took a small foothold, settled to trade, and shuttled along the Guangdong coast; Then Britain, France, the United States, Germany, and other major powers arrived in concert, crowding the coast; even they sought only commercial access. In the jihai year of Daoguang the opium crisis erupted; China accepted a treaty in haste, ceded Hong Kong to Britain, and opened five treaty ports. France, the United States, Sweden, and Norway soon followed with treaties of their own, and Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Portugal, and Belgium all took the Anglo-French model; the coast thereafter knew little peace. Russia signed its treaty before any other power; Japan signed last, in the ninth year of Tongzhi. Pressed on every side by strong neighbors, China suffered the heaviest losses. Peru, Brazil, the Congo, Mexico, and other minor states merely trailed the great powers and harbored no further ambitions. In the gengshen crisis of Xianfeng allied troops entered Beijing and the court fled; Britain and France piled on demands, and the ministers in charge dared not change a word of them. Supplementary treaties followed, and the damage deepened by the day. The Treaty of Shimonoseki in the jiawu year of Guangxu cost armies and territory; peace was bought in humiliation, and the powers, citing most-favored-nation clauses, pressed new demands until every strategic position was gone. Worst of all were clauses forbidding China to cede certain regions to any other power — as if Chinese soil were already theirs. No insult could be greater. In the Boxer crisis of gengzi both empresses fled the capital while eight allied armies advanced together; the state could scarcely hold. Its survival was luck alone.

夫中國幅員之廣，遠軼前古，幽陵、交阯之眾，流沙、蟠木之屬，莫不款關奉贄，同我版圖。乃康、乾以來所力征而經營者，任人蠶食，置之不顧，西則浩罕、巴達克山諸部失之于俄，南則越南、緬甸失之英、法，東則琉球、朝鮮失之日本，而朔邊分界，喪地幾近萬里，守夷守境之謂何，此則尤令人痛心而疾首者也。爰志各國邦交始末，以備後人之考鏡焉。

China's domain exceeds any earlier age in extent; from Youling and Jiaozhi to the drifting sands and Panmu, peoples once came to the passes with tribute and stood within the imperial map. Yet what Kangxi and Qianlong had conquered and governed was allowed to be eaten away: Kokand and Badakhshan in the west to Russia, Vietnam and Burma in the south to Britain and France, Ryukyu and Korea in the east to Japan, and on the northern marches boundary settlements cost nearly ten thousand li of land. What became of guarding the frontier? This is what wounds the heart most deeply. The present account records how relations with each state began and ended, for later readers to weigh and judge.

俄羅斯，地跨亞細亞、歐羅巴兩洲北境。清初，俄東部有羅刹者，由東洋海岸收毳礦之貢，抵黑龍江北岸，據雅克薩、尼布楚二地，樹木城居之，侵擾諸部。嗣又越興安嶺南向，侵掠布拉特烏梁海四佐領。崇德四年，大兵再定黑龍江，毀其城，兵退而羅刹復城之。

Russia spans the northern reaches of both Asia and Europe. In the early Qing, Russians—known as Luocha—came from the Pacific coast collecting fur and mineral tribute, reached the north bank of the Heilongjiang, seized Albazin and Nerchinsk, built wooden forts, and raided neighboring peoples. They then crossed the Greater Khingan southward and raided the four banners of the Buryat Uriankhai. In Chongde 4 the Qing army again secured the Heilongjiang and destroyed the Russian posts; when the troops withdrew, the Russians rebuilt them.

順治中，屢遣兵驅逐，以餉不繼而返。十二年及十七年，俄察罕汗兩附貿易人至京奏書，然不言邊界事。

Under Shunzhi troops were repeatedly sent to expel them, but each campaign withdrew when supplies ran short. In Shunzhi 12 and 17 the Russian tsar twice sent trade envoys to Beijing with memorials, but raised no border issues.

二十八年冬十二月，與俄定黑龍江界，立約七條。先是俄使臣費岳多羅額里克謝等由陸路至喀爾喀土謝圖汗境，文移往復。至是始與領侍衛內大臣索額圖等會議於黑龍江：一，循烏倫穆河相近格爾必齊河上游之石大興安嶺以至於海，凡山南流入黑龍江之溪河盡屬中國，山北溪河盡屬俄。一，循流入黑龍江之額爾古訥河為界，南岸盡屬中國，北岸盡屬俄。乃歸中國雅克薩、尼布楚二城。定市於喀爾喀東部之庫倫。立石於黑龍江兩岸，刊泐會議條款，用滿、漢、拉提諾、蒙古、俄羅斯五體文字。是為尼布楚條約。自後貿易之使每歲間歲一至，未嘗稍違節制。

In the twelfth month of Kangxi 28 China fixed the Heilongjiang border with Russia in a seven-article treaty. Earlier the Russian envoy Golovin and his party had traveled overland to Khalkha Tüsheet Khan territory, exchanging documents back and forth. They then met with Grand Secretary Songgotu on the Heilongjiang. First article: from the stone Greater Khingan at the upper Gorbitsa near the Wurenmu River to the sea, every stream south of the range flowing into the Heilongjiang would belong to China and every stream north of it to Russia. Second: the Argun River where it enters the Heilongjiang would form the boundary—the south bank entirely China's, the north bank Russia's. Albazin and Nerchinsk were restored to China. Trade was fixed at Khuree in eastern Khalkha. Boundary stones were set on both banks of the Heilongjiang, the agreed articles carved in Manchu, Chinese, Latin, Mongolian, and Russian. This was the Nerchinsk Treaty. Thereafter trade missions arrived every other year without once breaching the rules.

三十三年，遣使入貢。時有二犯逃入俄，俄遣人送回，理籓院行文獎之，遂復遣使入貢。帝閱其章奏，諭大學士曰：「外籓朝貢，雖屬盛事，恐傳至後世，未必不因此反生事端。總之，中國安寧則外釁不作，故當以培養元氣為根本要務。」三十九年，遣使齎表至。

In Kangxi 33 Russia sent a tribute mission. Two fugitives had fled into Russia; Russia returned them, the Lifan Yuan sent a letter of praise, and another tribute mission followed. The emperor read their memorial and told the grand secretaries: 'Tribute from outer domains is a grand occasion, yet later ages may well see trouble arise from it. In short, when China is at peace, external troubles do not arise; cultivating the nation's strength must therefore be the root policy.' In Kangxi 39 an envoy arrived bearing a memorial.

先是木喇福岳福至莫斯科議新任地諸事，以為欲開西伯利亞富源，必利用黑龍江航路；欲得黑龍江航路，則江口及附近海岸必使為俄領，而以海軍協力助之。俄帝遂遣海軍中將尼伯爾斯克為貝加爾號艦長，使視察堪察加、鄂霍次克海，兼黑龍江探險之任。與木喇福岳福偕乘船入黑龍江，由松花江下駛，即請在松花江會議。八月開議，以三款要求，既指地圖語我，謂格爾畢齊河起，至興安嶺陽面各河止，俱屬俄界，而請將黑龍江、松花江左岸及海口分給俄；又以防備英、法為辭，且登岸設砲，逼遷屯戶。迭由奕山、景淳與之爭議，迄不能決。六年四月，俄人復率艦隊入黑龍江。七年，木喇福岳福歸伊爾庫次克。

Earlier Muravyov had gone to Moscow to discuss the new eastern territories, arguing that Siberia's wealth could be opened only by using the Heilongjiang water route; to secure that route, the river mouth and nearby coast must become Russian territory, with naval support. The tsar then sent Rear Admiral Nevelskoy, captain of the Baikal, to survey Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk and to explore the Heilongjiang. He entered the Heilongjiang with Muravyov by ship, sailed down the Songhua, and asked to negotiate on the Songhua. Talks opened in the eighth month with three demands. Pointing to a map, they claimed everything from the Gorbitsa to every river on the southern face of the Khingan for Russia and asked that the left banks of the Heilongjiang and Songhua and the river mouth be ceded; they cited defense against Britain and France, landed artillery, and forced frontier settlers to move. Yishan and Jingchun argued with them repeatedly but could reach no settlement. In the fourth month of Xianfeng 6 the Russians again brought a fleet up the Heilongjiang. In Xianfeng 7 Muravyov returned to Irkutsk.

時英法聯軍與中國開釁，俄人乘英國請求，遣布恬廷為公使，來議國境及通商事宜。中國拒之。布恬廷遂下黑龍江，由海道進廣東，與英、法、美公使合致書大學士裕誠，請中國派全權大臣至上海議事。答以英、法、美三國交涉事由廣東總督辦理，俄國交涉事由黑龍江辦事大臣辦理。布恬廷乃與三國公使進上海。木喇福嶽福乘機擴地於黑龍江左岸，並廣築營舍。遣使詰責，則答以與俄公使在上海協商。尋遣使告黑龍江將軍奕山，在愛琿議界。奕山遂迎木喇福岳福至愛琿會議。木喇福岳福要求以黑龍江為兩國國境，提出條件。明年四月，遂定愛琿條約，先劃分中俄東界，將黑龍江、松花江左岸由額爾古訥河至松花江海口為俄界，右岸順江流至烏蘇里河為中國界；由烏蘇里河至海之地，有接連兩國界者，兩國共管之。於是繪圖作記，以滿、漢、俄三體字刊立界碑。

While Britain and France were at war with China, Russia seized on Britain's initiative and sent Putyatin as minister to negotiate borders and trade. China refused to receive him. Putyatin descended the Heilongjiang, reached Guangdong by sea, and with the British, French, and American ministers wrote jointly to Grand Secretary Yu Cheng asking China to send plenipotentiaries to Shanghai. China replied that affairs with Britain, France, and America were for the governor-general of Guangdong, and Russian affairs for the Heilongjiang commissioner. Putyatin then proceeded to Shanghai with the three ministers. Muravyov meanwhile expanded holdings on the left bank of the Heilongjiang and built barracks widely. When China sent envoys to protest, the reply was that the matter would be settled with the Russian minister in Shanghai. Soon word came to Heilongjiang General Yishan that borders would be negotiated at Aigun. Yishan then received Muravyov at Aigun for talks. Muravyov demanded the Heilongjiang as the national boundary and laid out his terms. In the fourth month of the following year the Aigun Treaty was signed. The eastern border was drawn so that the left banks of the Heilongjiang and Songhua from the Argun to the Songhua mouth became Russia's, and China's boundary ran along the right bank to the Ussuri; the territory from the Ussuri to the sea where both states bordered was placed under joint administration. Maps and records were drawn up and boundary markers set in Manchu, Chinese, and Russian.

時英法聯軍已陷大沽砲台，俄與美藉口調停，因欽差大臣桂良與英、法締約，遂援例增通商七海口。初，中、俄交涉，向由理籓院行文，至是往來交接用與國禮，前限制條款悉除焉。是年，議結五年塔爾巴哈台焚俄貨圈案，俄屢索償，至是以茶箱貼補之。九年五月，俄遣伊格那提業福為駐北京公使。十年秋，中國與英、法再開戰，聯軍陷北京，帝狩熱河，命恭親王議和。伊格那提業福出任調停，恭親王乃與英、法訂北京和約。伊格那提業福要中國政府將兩國共管之烏蘇里河以東至海之地域讓與俄以為報。十月，與訂北京續約。其重要者：一，兩國沿烏蘇里河、松阿察河、興凱湖、白琳河、瑚布圖河、琿春河、圖們江為界，以東為俄領，以西為中國領；二，西疆未勘定之界，此後應順山嶺、大河，及中國常駐卡倫等處，立標為界，自雍正五年所立沙賓達巴哈之界碑末處起，往西直至齋桑淖爾湖，自此往西南，順天山之特莫爾圖淖爾，南至浩罕邊境為界；三，俄商由恰克圖到北京，經過庫倫、張家口地方，准零星貿易，庫倫設領事官一員；四，中國許喀什噶爾試行貿易。十一年夏五月，倉場侍郎成琦與俄人勘分黑龍江東界。秋七月，俄設領事於漢陽。八月，俄人進槍砲。是年，俄人請進京貿易，不許；後援英、法例，改至天津。

By then the allies had taken the Dagu forts. Russia and the United States, claiming to mediate, followed Guiliang's Anglo-French treaties and added seven treaty ports on the same terms. Sino-Russian contact had long been handled by Lifan Yuan documents; henceforth exchanges used the ceremonial forms reserved for equal states, and earlier restrictions were dropped. That year the five-year-old case of Russian goods burned at Tarbagatai was closed; Russia had demanded compensation repeatedly, and restitution was finally made in tea chests. In the fifth month of Xianfeng 9 Russia sent Ignatiev as minister resident in Beijing. In the autumn of Xianfeng 10 war with Britain and France resumed; allied troops took Beijing, the emperor fled to Rehe, and Prince Gong was ordered to negotiate. Ignatiev offered mediation, and Prince Gong concluded the Beijing treaties with Britain and France. Ignatiev demanded that China cede the jointly administered territory east of the Ussuri to the sea as his reward. In the tenth month the supplementary Beijing treaty was signed. Key provisions: first, the border would follow the Ussuri, Songacha, Lake Khanka, Belyanka, Hunchun, Hun-chun, and Tumen rivers—east to Russia, west to China; second, the unsurveyed western border would follow ridges, major rivers, and China's permanent border posts, from the Sabin-Abagay marker of Yongzheng 5 west to Lake Zaysan, then southwest along Lake Temurtu on the Tianshan to the Kokand frontier; third, Russian merchants traveling from Kyakhta to Beijing via Khuree and Zhangjiakou might trade in small lots, and one consul would be stationed at Khuree; fourth, China allowed trial trade at Kashgar. In the fifth month of Xianfeng 11 Censor Cheng Qi and Russian officials surveyed the eastern Heilongjiang border. In the seventh month Russia opened a consulate at Hanyang. In the eighth month Russians imported firearms and artillery. That year Russia asked to trade in Beijing and was refused; later citing the Anglo-French precedent, they moved trade to Tianjin.

時俄人在伊犁屬瑪呢圖一帶私設卡倫，阻中國赴勒布希之路，復於沙拉托羅海境率兵攔阻查邊人，聲稱哈薩克、布魯特為其屬國，又於各卡倫外壘立鄂博。烏裏雅蘇台將軍明誼等詰責之，不聽。八月，明誼等與俄人會議地界。俄使以續約第二條載有「西疆尚在未定之界，此後應順山嶺、大河之流，及現在中國常駐卡倫」之語，執為定論，並出設色地圖，欲將卡外地盡屬俄國。明誼等以為條約內載自沙賓達巴哈界牌末處起至浩罕邊為界，袤延萬里，其中僅有三處地名，未詳逐段立界之處。況條約內載「現在中國常駐卡倫等處」並無「為界」之語，自不當執以為詞。屢與辨論，不省。忽遣兵隊數百人，執持器械砲車，於伊犁卡倫附近伐木滋擾。是月，俄人請派兵船至滬助剿粵賊，許之。十月，俄人復進槍砲。是年，俄人越界盜耕黑龍江右岸地畝，詰之。

Russians had secretly set up posts in the Manitu district under Ili, blocking China's route to Lebuchi; at the Saratoro Sea frontier they stopped Chinese inspectors, claimed the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz as subjects, and piled cairns beyond every post. Urga General Mingyi and others protested, but Russia paid no heed. In the eighth month Mingyi met with Russian officials to discuss the border. The Russian envoy treated the supplementary treaty's second article—'the western border not yet fixed, hereafter to follow ridges, great rivers, and China's permanent border posts'—as final authority, and produced a colored map claiming all land beyond the posts for Russia. Mingyi replied that the treaty named a border from Sabin-Abagay to Kokand—ten thousand li long—yet named only three places and gave no segment-by-segment line. Moreover the treaty said 'China's permanent border posts and the like' without calling them the boundary—no ground for Russia's claim. They argued repeatedly, but Russia would not yield. Suddenly several hundred armed men with gun carriages appeared near Ili posts cutting timber and causing trouble. That month Russia asked to send warships to Shanghai to help suppress the Taiping rebels, and permission was granted. In the tenth month Russians again imported firearms and artillery. That year Russians crossed the border to farm on the right bank of the Heilongjiang, and China protested.

二年四月，俄官布色依由海蘭泡遣人到齊齊哈爾省城借用驛馬，並求通商，請假道前往吉林自松花江回國。黑龍江將軍特普欽以非條約所載，不許。是月，俄人復遣兵隊數百人至塔爾巴哈台巴克圖卡倫住牧。中國諭令撤回，不聽。又遣隊往伊犁、科布多，又派兵數千分赴齋桑淖爾等地耕種建屋，遣兵四出潛立石壘，為將來議界地步。明誼等議籌防，並與交涉，不省。五月，俄人以哈薩克兵犯伊犁博羅胡吉爾卡倫，擊之始退。六月，復來犯沿邊卡倫，復擊之。七月，俄使進議單，仍執條約第二款為辭。又以條約所載「西直」字為「西南」字誤，必欲照議單所指地名分界，不許更易。乃許照議單換約。於是烏里雅蘇台將軍明誼上言：「照議單換約，實與烏梁海蒙古及內服之哈薩克、布魯特並伊犁距近邊卡居住之索倫四愛曼人等生計有妨，請籌安插各項人眾及所有生計。」廷諭令與俄人議，須使俄人讓地安插，及中國人照舊遊牧。俄人仍不許。

In the fourth month of Tongzhi 2 the Russian official Busey sent men from Hailanpao to Qiqihar to borrow relay horses, seek trade, and ask passage through Jilin to return home via the Songhua. Heilongjiang General Tepuqin refused on the grounds that the treaty did not allow it. That month Russia again sent several hundred troops to pasture at the Baketu post of Tarbagatai. China ordered them withdrawn; they refused. They sent detachments to Ili and Kobdo, dispatched thousands to farm and build at Zaysan and elsewhere, and secretly piled stone ramparts across the frontier to stake claims for future negotiations. Mingyi planned defenses and negotiated again, without result. In the fifth month Russia used Kazakh troops against the Bolohujir post of Ili; they withdrew only after Chinese forces struck back. In the sixth month they attacked frontier posts again and were repelled again. In the seventh month the Russian envoy submitted a negotiation memorandum, still insisting on the second article of the treaty. He claimed the treaty's 'due west' was a misprint for 'southwest' and insisted the border follow the memorandum's place-names without change. China then agreed to exchange treaties on the memorandum's terms. Urga General Mingyi then memorialized: 'Ratifying the memorandum will harm the livelihoods of the Uriankhai Mongols, the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz under Qing rule, and the four Solon banners near Ili posts. Please plan resettlement for all these peoples and their means of living.' The court ordered further talks requiring Russia to yield land for resettlement and allow Chinese subjects to pasture as before. Russia still refused.

三年秋八月，俄人復遣兵進逼伊犁卡倫。九月，俄使雜哈勞至塔爾巴哈台與明誼會，仍執議單為詞。時新疆回氛甚熾，朝廷重開邊釁，遂照議單換約。綜計界約分數段：一為烏里雅蘇台所屬地，即烏城界約所立為八界牌者，自沙賓達巴哈起，往西南順薩彥山嶺至唐努額拉達巴哈西邊末處，轉往西南至賽留格木山嶺之柏郭蘇克山為止，嶺右歸俄，嶺左歸中國。二為科布多所屬地，即科城界約所立牌博二十處者，自柏郭蘇克山起，向西南順賽留格木山嶺至奎屯鄂拉，即往西行，沿大阿勒臺山，至海留圖河中間之山，轉往西南，順此山直至察奇勒莫斯鄂拉，轉往東南，沿齋桑淖爾邊順喀喇額爾齊斯河岸，至瑪呢圖噶圖勒干卡倫。三為塔爾巴哈台所屬地，即自瑪呢圖噶圖勒干卡倫起，先往東南，後向西南，順塔爾巴哈台山嶺至哈巴爾蘇，轉往西南，順塔境西南各卡倫以迄于阿勒坦特布希山嶺，西北為俄地，東南為中國地。四為伊犁所屬地，即順阿勒坦特布希等山嶺以北偏西偏屬俄，再順伊犁以西諸卡倫至特莫爾圖淖爾，由喀什噶爾邊境迤邐達天山之頂而至蔥嶺，倚浩罕處為界，期明年勘界立牌。會回亂亟，中、俄道阻，界牌遷延未立。

In the eighth month of autumn of Tongzhi 3, Russia again sent troops to threaten the Ili border posts. In the ninth month the Russian envoy Zhakharov came to Tarbagatai to meet Mingyi, still insisting on the memorandum. Muslim unrest in Xinjiang was then at its height; fearing renewed border conflict, the court ratified the treaty on the memorandum's terms. Taken together, the border treaty falls into several segments. First, Urga's territory—the eight markers of the Urga border agreement—runs from Sabin-Abagay southwest along the Sayan ridge to the western end of Tangnu-uradaba, then southwest to Bogusuk Mountain on the Sailugem ridge; Russia takes the right of the ridge, China the left. Second, Kobdo's territory—the twenty markers of the Kobdo agreement—runs from Bogusuk Mountain southwest along the Sailugem ridge to Kuitun-ora, then west along the Great Altai to the mountain between the Khailurtu rivers, southwest along that ridge to Chakilmos-ora, then southeast along Lake Zaysan and the Kara-Irtysh to the Manitou-gatulegan post. Third, Tarbagatai's territory runs from the Manitou-gatulegan post southeast, then southwest along the Tarbagatai ridge to Khabar-su, then southwest along Tarbagatai's southwestern posts to the Altan-tobshi ridge; the northwest belongs to Russia, the southeast to China. Fourth, Ili's territory: north and slightly west of the Altan-tobshi ridge goes to Russia; then from Ili's western posts to Lake Temurtu, from the Kashgar frontier along the Tianshan crest to the Pamirs, with Kokand as the limit—demarcation was to follow the next year. The Muslim rebellion then intensified, communications between China and Russia were cut, and the markers were never erected.

四年，伊犁將軍明緒因回亂，請暫假俄兵助剿，許之。然俄人延不發兵，僅允饟需假俄邊轉解，及所需糧食槍砲火藥允資借。五年春正月，伊犁大城失守，俄允借兵，仍遲延不至。三月，與俄議改陸路通商章程。俄人欲在張家口任意通商，及刪去「小本營生」、天津免納子稅二事。中國以張家口近接京畿，非邊疆可比，不可無限制。「小本營生」字樣若刪去，則俄商貨色人數無從稽考。惟天津免納子稅，與他國販土貨出口僅納一正稅相合，遂議免天津子稅。而張家口任意通商，及刪去「小本營生」事，並從緩商。五月，俄人請往黑龍江內地通商，不許。是月，俄人占科布多所屬布克圖爾滿河北境。六年六月，俄使倭良嘎哩以西疆不靖，有妨通商，貽書總署責問。是月，俄人占科布多所屬霍呢邁拉扈卡倫及烏里雅蘇台所屬霍呢音達巴罕之烏克果勒地。詰之，不省。

In Tongzhi 4, Ili General Mingxu, facing the Muslim rebellion, asked to borrow Russian troops temporarily for suppression; the request was granted. Russia delayed sending troops, agreeing only to forward supplies through its border and to lend grain, firearms, and gunpowder. In the first month of Tongzhi 5, Ili city fell; Russia promised troops but again failed to send them. In the third month China negotiated with Russia to revise the overland trade regulations. Russia wanted unrestricted trade at Zhangjiakou and deletion of the 'small-scale livelihood' clause and Tianjin transit-duty exemption. China replied that Zhangjiakou lay near the capital and could not be treated like a frontier post without restriction. Removing 'small-scale livelihood' would leave no means to inspect Russian merchants' goods and personnel. Exemption from Tianjin transit duties alone matched other powers' practice of paying only one regular duty on native goods exported; that exemption was agreed. Unrestricted trade at Zhangjiakou and deletion of 'small-scale livelihood' were both put off for later talks. In the fifth month Russia asked to trade in the Heilongjiang interior; China refused. That month Russia seized the north bank of the Bukhturma River in Kobdo territory. In the sixth month of Tongzhi 6 the Russian envoy Iarlygarei wrote the Zongli Yamen to protest, citing unrest in the west and disrupted trade. That month Russia occupied Kobdo's Honi-Merakhu post and Ukkogol in Honi-yin-dabhan under Urga. Protests brought no response.

七年二月，俄人越界如庫倫所屬烏雅拉噶哈當蘇河等處採金，阻之，不聽，反以為俄國遊牧地，不認雍正五年所定界址及嘉慶二十三年兩國所繪地圖界址。中國屢與爭議，不決。時新疆毗連俄境未立界牌鄂博，烏里雅蘇台將軍麟興等請派大員會定界址，許之。然遲久未勘。俄人又私伐樹株，標記所侵庫倫所屬地。又於朝鮮慶興府隔江遙對之處建築房屋，朝鮮國王疑懼，咨中國查詢。七月，俄人又如呼倫貝爾所屬地盜伐木植，阻之，不聽。

In the second month of Tongzhi 7 Russians crossed into Khuree territory to mine gold at places such as the Uyalaga Hadangsu River; when stopped, they refused, calling it Russian pasture and denying both the Yongzheng 5 boundary and the Jiaqing 23 map line. China protested repeatedly without result. No markers or obos yet stood along Xinjiang's Russian frontier; Urga General Linxing and others asked that senior officials be dispatched to fix the line jointly, and the request was approved. The survey was long delayed and never carried out. Russians also felled timber illegally and marked off encroached Khuree lands. They also built houses across the river from Kyonghung in Korea; the Korean king, alarmed, asked China to investigate. In the seventh month Russians again entered Hulun Buir to cut timber illegally; when stopped, they refused.

八年春三月，與俄國續訂陸路通商條約。五月，榮全等與俄立界大臣巴布闊福等會立界牌鄂博，至烏里雅蘇台所屬賽留格木，俄官藉口原約第六條謂非水源所在，辯議三日，始遵紅線條約，於博果蘇克壩、塔斯啟勒山各建牌博，其由珠嚕淖爾至沙賓達巴哈分界處，原圖所載，險阻難行。俄官輒欲繞道由珠嚕淖爾迤北數十里唐努山之察布雅齊壩上建立鄂博，由此直向西北，繞至沙賓達巴哈。朝旨不許，乃改由珠嚕淖爾東南約十數里哈爾噶小山立第三牌博。又順珠嚕淖爾北唐努山南約二百里察布雅齊壩上立第四牌博，照原圖所繪紅線以外珠嚕淖爾圈出為俄國地，哈爾噶小山以東、察布雅齊壩以北，為中國地。又順珠嚕淖爾北唐努山南直向西行，至珠嚕淖爾末處轉折而北而東，均系紅線以外科屬阿勒坦淖爾烏梁海地，已分給俄，至庫色爾壩上已接唐努烏梁海向西偏北極邊地，於此壩上立第五牌博。由此向西，無路可通，乃下壩向東北入唐努烏梁海，復轉折而西而北，至唐努鄂拉達巴哈末處，迤西有水西流，名楚拉察河，亦系紅線以外分給俄者，於此立第六牌博。其東南為唐努烏梁海邊境，其西北為俄地。又由楚拉察河順薩勒塔斯台噶山至蘇爾壩上，立第七牌博。由此壩前進，直至沙賓達巴哈山脈，一線相連，此處舊有兩國牌博。與此壩相接，因不再立。榮全仍欲復增牌博，俄官允出具印結，聽中國自立，榮全乃遣人立焉。

In the third month of spring of Tongzhi 8 China renewed the overland trade treaty with Russia. In the fifth month Rongquan met Russian border commissioner Babkov to erect markers and obos. At Sailugem in Urga, Russian officials cited Article Six of the original treaty to claim the line was not at a water source; after three days of debate they followed the red-line treaty and set markers at Bogusuk Pass and Taskile Mountain. The route from Lake Zhuru to Sabin-Abagay on the original map was rugged and impracticable. Russian officials then wanted to detour north from Lake Zhuru for several tens of li along Tangnu Mountain to Chabyaqi Pass, then strike northwest in a loop to Sabin-Abagay. The throne refused; a third marker was set instead on Mount Kharga, some ten-odd li southeast of Lake Zhuru. A fourth marker was set on Chabyaqi Pass, about two hundred li north of Lake Zhuru and south of Tangnu Mountain. Under the original red line, Lake Zhuru was enclosed as Russian land; east of Mount Kharga and north of Chabyaqi Pass remained Chinese. Then west along the line north of Lake Zhuru and south of Tangnu Mountain to the lake's end, turning north and east—all Altan-nur Uriankhai land outside the red line already ceded to Russia—to Kusuer Pass at the northwestern edge of Tangnu Uriankhai, where a fifth marker was erected. Westward there was no passable route; they descended northeast into Tangnu Uriankhai, then turned west and north to the end of Tangnu-uradaba. A stream flowing west—the Chulacha River—also lay outside the red line and had been ceded to Russia; the sixth marker was set there. Southeast lay the Tangnu Uriankhai frontier; northwest, Russian territory. From the Chulacha River the line followed Mount Saretastai to Suer Pass, where the seventh marker was set. From that pass the line ran straight to the Sabin-Abagay range in one continuous thread; markers of both states already stood there. Because it joined this pass, no new marker was erected. Rongquan still wanted additional markers; the Russian official agreed to a written pledge allowing China to set them on its own, and Rongquan sent men to do so.

八月，科布多參贊大臣奎昌又與俄官議立俄屬牌博，俄官仍欲以山形水勢為憑。奎昌等抗辯，非按原圖限道建立不可，遂於科布多東北邊末布果素克嶺至瑪呢圖噶圖勒幹各立牌博，至塔爾巴哈台所屬布倫托海分界。中國因塔城未經克復，道途梗塞，未暇辦理。俄使遽欲於塔城所屬瑪呢圖噶圖勒干至哈巴爾蘇從北起先建鄂博，並稱無中國大臣會辦，亦可自行建立。中國以分界關兩國地址，決無獨勘之理，允俟明年春融，派員會勘。是年，俄人輪船由松花江上駛抵呼蘭河口，要求在黑龍江內地通商。黑龍江將軍德英以聞，朝旨以非條約所載，不許。

In the eighth month Kobdo Assistant Commander Kuichang again negotiated with Russian officials over Russian-side markers; they still insisted on mountain forms and water courses. Kuichang insisted markers be set only along the original map route; they were erected from Bogusuk Ridge at Kobdo's northeastern edge to Manitou-gatulegan, to Tarbagatai's Burultokhai boundary. Tarbagatai had not yet been recovered and routes were blocked, so China could not yet proceed. Russian envoys abruptly wanted to erect obos first from the north between Manitou-gatulegan and Khabar-su in Tarbagatai, claiming they could do so even without Chinese officials. China replied that borders concerned both states and could not be surveyed unilaterally; it agreed to send officials for a joint survey after the thaw the next spring. That year Russian steamships reached the Hulan estuary via the Songhua and asked to trade in the Heilongjiang interior. Heilongjiang General Deying reported the request; the throne refused on the grounds that the treaty did not allow it.

九年正月，俄人來言哈巴爾蘇牌博已於去秋自行建立。中國以不符會辦原議詰之，並命科布多大臣奎昌按圖查勘。二月，俄人復請派員赴齊齊哈爾、吉林與將軍議邊事，命禁阻之。秋八月，奎昌至塔城所屬瑪呢圖噶圖勒干卡倫，與俄立界大臣穆魯木策傅會勘俄自立牌博，中國亦於俄國自立牌博內建立牌博。復往塔爾巴哈台山嶺等處勘查，直至哈巴爾蘇，共立牌博十。至是分界始竣。十月，庫倫辦事大臣張廷岳等以烏里雅蘇台失陷，烏梁海與俄界毗連，請防侵佔。

In the first month of Tongzhi 9 Russia reported that the Khabar-su marker had been erected unilaterally the previous autumn. China protested that this violated the joint-survey agreement and ordered Kobdo Minister Kuichang to inspect against the map. In the second month Russia again asked to send officials to Qiqihar and Jilin to discuss border affairs with the generals; China ordered them blocked. In the eighth month Kuichang reached the Manitou-gatulegan post in Tarbagatai and jointly surveyed Russia's unilateral markers with border commissioner Murumtsev; China also set markers within those Russian markers. They then surveyed the Tarbagatai ridge and other sites as far as Khabar-su, erecting ten markers in all. Demarcation was completed at last. In the tenth month Khuree Commissioner Zhang Tingyue and others, with Urga fallen and the Uriankhai frontier adjoining Russia, asked for measures against encroachment.

十年夏五月，俄人襲取伊犁，復欲乘勝收烏魯木齊。帝命將軍、參贊大臣等止其進兵，不省。既又出兵二千，欲剿瑪納斯賊，以有妨彼國貿易為詞。中國命榮全、奎昌、劉銘傳等督兵圖復烏魯木齊，規收伊犁。俄人既得伊犁，即令圖爾根所駐索倫人移居薩瑪爾屯。又於金頂寺造屋，令漢、回分駐綏定城、清水河等處。復復遣人赴喀喇沙爾、晶河，勸土爾扈特降。又說瑪納斯賊投降。事聞，命防阻。十二月，俄人請援各國例通商瓊州，許之。是年，俄人帶兵入科布多境。諭令退兵，久之始去。

In the fifth month of summer of Tongzhi 10 Russia seized Ili and sought to press on to Urumqi. The emperor ordered the general and assistant commanders to halt the advance; Russia ignored the order. Russia then sent two thousand more troops to attack the Manas rebels, citing harm to its trade. China ordered Rongquan, Kuichang, Liu Mingchuan, and others to recover Urumqi and plan the retaking of Ili. After taking Ili, Russia ordered the Solon garrison at Turghen to move to Samarkand. They built at Jinding Temple and billeted Han and Muslim residents separately at Suiding, Qingshuihe, and elsewhere. They again sent men to Karashar and Jinghe to urge the Torghut to submit. They also urged the Manas rebels to surrender. On report of this, orders were issued to block such efforts. In the twelfth month Russia asked to trade at Qiongzhou on the same terms as other powers; permission was granted. That year Russian troops entered Kobdo territory. An edict ordered withdrawal; they left only after a long delay.

十一年四月，伊犁將軍榮全與俄官博呼策勒傅斯奇會於俄國色爾賀鄂普勒，議交還伊犁事。俄官置伊犁不問，僅議新疆各處如何平定，並以助兵為言，要求在科布多、烏里雅蘇台、烏魯木齊、哈密、阿克蘇、喀什噶爾等處通商、設領事，及賠補塔城商館，及匡蘇勒官龐齡等被害各節，並請讓科布多所屬喀喇額爾濟斯河及額魯特遊牧額爾米斯河歸俄。榮全等拒之。博呼策勒傅斯奇遂置伊犁事不議。已忽如北京總署，請仍與榮全會議。博呼策勒傅斯奇又忽辭歸國。至是接收伊犁又遲延矣。

In the fourth month of Tongzhi 11 Ili General Rongquan met Russian official Bogolepov at Sertogol in Russia to discuss the return of Ili. The Russian official ignored Ili and spoke only of pacifying Xinjiang and sending aid; he demanded trade and consuls at Kobdo, Urga, Urumqi, Hami, Aksu, Kashgar, and elsewhere, compensation for the Tarbagatai merchant compound and for officials such as Konsul-guan Panglin who had been killed, and asked that Kobdo's Kara-Irtysh and the Ermi River where the Eleuth pastured be ceded to Russia. Rongquan and his party refused. Bogolepov then dropped the question of Ili entirely. He then abruptly wrote the Beijing Zongli Yamen asking to resume talks with Rongquan. Bogolepov then suddenly departed for home. Recovery of Ili was delayed once more.

八月，俄人載貨入烏魯木齊所屬三塘湖，請赴巴里坤、哈密等處貿易。阻之，不聽。既聞回匪有由哈密東山西竄察罕川古之信，乃折回。已復有俄官來文，謂伊犁所屬土爾扈特遊牧西湖、晶河、大沿子居民均歸順俄國，中國軍隊不得往西湖各村。中國以當初分界在伊犁迤西，並無西湖之名，西湖系烏魯木齊所屬軍隊，原由總署與俄使議有大略，何可阻止？拒之。時榮全將帶兵由塔赴伊安設台站，俄人以越俄國兵所占地，不許。又阻榮全接濟錫伯銀兩。十月，俄商赴瑪納斯貿易，中途被殺傷五十餘人。十二年夏四月，俄人忽帶兵及哈薩克、漢、回等眾，入晶河土爾扈特遊牧，索哈薩克所失馬，並執貝子及固山達保來綽囉木等，又修治伊犁迤東果子溝大路，更換錫伯各官，圖東犯，又于塔爾巴哈台所屬察罕鄂博山口駐兵，盤詰往來行旅。十三年八月，俄人自庫倫貿易入烏里雅蘇台建房，詰以非條約所載，不省。旋命陝甘總督左宗棠督辦新疆軍務。

In the eighth month Russians brought goods to Santanghu in Urumqi territory and asked to trade at Barkul, Hami, and elsewhere. When stopped, they refused. Hearing then that Muslim rebels were fleeing east from Hami toward Chahan Chuangu, they turned back. A Russian official then wrote that Torghut pastoralists of Ili at Xihu, Jinghe, and Dayanzi had all submitted to Russia and that Chinese troops must not enter the Xihu villages. China replied that the original border lay west of Ili and knew no place called Xihu; Xihu was garrisoned from Urumqi under an understanding reached between the Zongli Yamen and the Russian envoy—how could access be denied? China refused. Rongquan was then preparing to lead troops from Tarbagatai to Ili to establish relay stations; Russia refused, claiming he would cross land held by Russian troops. Russia also blocked Rongquan's delivery of silver pay to the Xibo. In the tenth month more than fifty Russian merchants were killed or wounded en route to trade at Manas. In the fourth month of Tongzhi 12 Russia suddenly entered Torghut pasture at Jinghe with troops and Kazakhs, Han, and Muslims, seeking horses taken by Kazakhs; they seized the beile and gushan dabao Lailuomu and others, repaired the Guozigou road east of Ili, replaced Xibo officials, prepared an eastern advance, and posted troops at Tarbagatai's Chahan Obo pass to interrogate travelers. In the eighth month of Tongzhi 13 Russians trading from Khuree into Urga built houses; when protested as unauthorized by treaty, they ignored China. Zuo Zongtang, Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu, was then ordered to direct Xinjiang military affairs.

三年，議修陸路通商章程。俄使布策欲於伊犁未交之先，通各路貿易。中國不允，僅允西路通商，而仍以交收伊犁與商辦各事並行為言。俄人又以榮全張示激伊犁人民不遵俄令，烏里雅蘇台官吏擅責俄人，江海關道扣留俄船，英廉擅殺哈薩克車隆，及徵收俄稅，指為違約，謂非先議各事不可。會新疆南路大捷，各城收復，回匪白彥虎等竄入俄，中國援俄約第八款，請其執送。屢與理論，未決。

In Guangxu 3 the overland trade regulations were revised in negotiation. Russian envoy Butse wanted trade opened on all routes before Ili was restored. China refused, allowing only the western route and insisting that Ili's return and commercial talks proceed together. Russia also cited Rongquan's proclamations rousing Ili's people against Russian orders, Urga officials' unauthorized punishment of Russians, the customs intendant's detention of Russian ships, Yinglian's unauthorized killing of the Kazakh Chelong, and levies on Russian goods as treaty breaches, insisting all must be settled first. After the great southern Xinjiang victory recovered the cities and rebels such as Bai Yanhu fled into Russia, China invoked Article Eight of the Russian treaty and asked for their surrender. Repeated negotiations brought no settlement.

四年五月，命吏部左侍郎崇厚使俄，議還伊犁及交白彥虎諸事。十二月抵俄。五年二月，與俄外部尚書格爾斯開議。格爾斯提議三端：一通商，一分界，一償款。而通商、分界又各區分為三。通商之條：一，由嘉峪關達漢口，稱為中國西邊省分，聽其貿易；一，烏魯木齊、塔爾巴哈台、伊犁、喀什噶爾等處，稱為天山南北各路，妥議貿易章程；一，烏里雅蘇台、科布多等處，稱為蒙古地方，及上所舉西邊省分，均設立領事。分界之條：展伊犁界，以便控制回部；一，更定塔爾巴哈台界，以便哈薩克冬夏遊牧；一，新定天山迤南界，以便俄屬浩罕得清界線。崇厚皆允之，惟償款數目未定。崇厚以聞，命塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣錫綸接收伊犁及分界各事。既議償款盧布五百萬圓，俄亦遣高復滿等為交還伊犁專使。

In the fifth month of Guangxu 4 Left Vice Minister Chung-hou was sent to Russia to negotiate the return of Ili and the extradition of Bai Yanhu and others. He reached Russia in the twelfth month. In the second month of Guangxu 5 talks opened with Giers, Russia's Minister of Foreign Affairs. Giers proposed three topics: trade, demarcation, and indemnity. Trade and demarcation were each subdivided into three parts. On trade: first, from Jiayuguan to Hankou—the 'western provinces' of China—trade was to be allowed; second, at Urumqi, Tarbagatai, Ili, Kashgar, and elsewhere—the routes north and south of the Tianshan—trade regulations were to be negotiated; third, at Urga, Kobdo, and elsewhere—called Mongol territory—and in the western provinces named above, consuls were to be established. On demarcation: first, expand the Ili frontier to facilitate control of the Muslim territories; second, redraw the Tarbagatai frontier to allow Kazakh winter and summer grazing; third, newly fix the boundary south of the Tianshan so that Russian Kokand might obtain a clear line with China. Chung-hou agreed to all of this, but the indemnity sum was not yet settled. Chung-hou reported back, and Xi Lun, the Tarbagatai Assistant Commissioner, was ordered to take over Ili and all boundary affairs. Once five million rubles in indemnity had been agreed, Russia also sent Gaufman and others as special envoys to restore Ili.

崇厚將赴黑海畫押回國，而恭親王奕訢等以崇厚所定條款損失甚大，請飭下李鴻章、左宗棠、沈葆楨、金順、錫綸等，將各條分別酌核密陳。於是李鴻章等及一時言事之臣交章彈劾，而洗馬張之洞抗爭尤力。略謂：「新約十八條，其最謬妄者，如陸路通商由嘉峪關、西安、漢中直達漢口，秦隴要害、荊楚上游，盡為所窺。不可許者一。東三省國家根本，伯都訥吉林精華，若許其乘船至此，即與東三省任其遊行無異，是於綏芬河之西無故自蹙地二千里；且內河行舟，乃各國歷年所求而不得者，一許俄人，效尤踵至。不可許者二。朝廷不爭稅課，當恤商民。若准、回兩部，蒙古各盟，一任俄人貿易，概免納稅，華商日困；且張家口等處內地開設行棧，以後逐漸推廣，設啟戎心，萬里之內，首尾銜接。不可許者三。中國屏籓，全在內外蒙古，沙漠萬里，天所以限夷狄。如蒙古全站供其役使，一旦有事，音信易通，必撤籓屏，為彼先導。不可許者四。條約所載，俄人准建卡三十六，延袤廣大，無事而商往，則譏不勝譏；有事而兵來，則禦不勝禦。不可許者五。各國商賈，從無許帶軍器之例。今無故聲明人帶一槍，其意何居？不可許者六。俄人商稅，種種取巧，若各國希冀均霑，洋關稅課必至歲絀數百萬。不可許者七。同治三年新疆已經議定之界，又欲內侵，斷我入城之路。新疆形勢，北路荒涼，南城富庶，爭磽瘠，棄膏腴，務虛名，受實禍。不可許者八。伊犁、塔爾巴哈台、科布多、烏里雅蘇台、喀什噶爾、烏魯木齊、古城、哈密、嘉峪關等處准設領事官，是西域全疆盡由出入。且各國通例，惟沿海口岸准設外邦領事。若烏裏雅蘇台等，乃我邊境，今日俄人作俑，設各國援例，又將何以處之？不可許者九。名還伊犁，而三省山嶺內卡倫以外盤踞如故，割霍爾果斯河以西、格爾海島以北，金頂寺又為俄人市廛，約定俄人產業不更交還，地利盡失。不可許者十。」又言：「改議之道：一在治崇厚以違訓越權之罪；一在請諭旨將俄人不公平，臣民公議不原之故，佈告中外，行文各國，使評曲直；一在據理力爭，使知使臣畫押，未奉御批示覆，不足為據；一在設新疆、吉林、天津之防，以作戰備。」疏入，命與修撰王仁堪等及庶起士盛昱所奏，並交大學士等議，並治崇厚罪。

Chung-hou was about to go to the Black Sea to sign the Livadia Treaty and return, but Prince Gong Yixin and others argued that Chung-hou's terms entailed enormous losses and asked that Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang, Shen Baozhen, Jin Shun, Xi Lun, and others be ordered to review each article separately and submit secret reports. Thereupon Li Hongzhang and other officials of the day submitted impeachments in succession, and Censor Zhang Zhidong protested with especial force. He wrote in summary: "Of the new treaty's eighteen articles, the most outrageous include overland trade from Jiayuguan through Xi'an and Hanzhong straight to Hankou—the strategic passes of Qin and Long and the upper Yangtze would lie wholly exposed to Russian scrutiny. This cannot be permitted—the first objection. The three eastern provinces are the nation's foundation; Boteney is the jewel of Jilin. If Russia is allowed to sail there, it would be no different from letting them roam freely through the three provinces—a gratuitous surrender of two thousand li west of the Suifen River; Moreover, inland navigation is what every power has sought for years without success; grant it to Russia once, and others will follow in succession. This cannot be permitted—the second objection. The court does not haggle over revenue, but it must protect merchants. If in the Muslim territories and Mongol leagues alike Russians may trade wholly tax-free, Chinese merchants will grow daily poorer; and if trading houses are opened inland at Zhangjiakou and elsewhere and gradually extended, hostile designs may be roused—within ten thousand li, front and rear would connect. This cannot be permitted—the third objection. China's shield lies wholly in Inner and Outer Mongolia; ten thousand li of desert are what Heaven fixed to restrain the barbarians. If every Mongol post station is placed at Russia's service, once trouble arises communication will be easy—they will remove the barrier and serve as guides. This cannot be permitted—the fourth objection. The treaty allows Russia to build thirty-six border posts over vast stretches; in peace merchants come and go beyond all scrutiny; in war soldiers arrive beyond all defense. This cannot be permitted—the fifth objection. Merchants of every nation have never been allowed to carry arms. Why declare without cause that a man may carry one gun? What is the purpose? This cannot be permitted—the sixth objection. Russian commercial taxes are full of evasions; if other nations hope for equal benefit, maritime customs revenues must fall short by millions each year. This cannot be permitted—the seventh objection. Boundaries already fixed for Xinjiang in Tongzhi 3 are now to be encroached upon inward, cutting off our route into the cities. Xinjiang's strategic situation: the northern route is desolate, the southern cities rich. To wrangle over barren land and abandon fertile soil is to seek empty fame while suffering real harm. This cannot be permitted—the eighth objection. Consuls are permitted at Ili, Tarbagatai, Kobdo, Urga, Kashgar, Urumqi, Gucheng, Hami, Jiayuguan, and elsewhere—the whole western frontier would lie wholly open to Russian coming and going. By universal practice, only coastal ports permit foreign consuls. If at Urga and elsewhere—our own borderlands—Russia takes the lead today and other nations cite precedent, how shall we respond? This cannot be permitted—the ninth objection. It is called returning Ili, yet beyond the inner passes of the three provinces Russians remain encamped as before; west of the Khorgos River and north of Koktal are ceded, and the Jinding Temple has become a Russian market. The treaty stipulates that Russian property shall not be surrendered—every strategic advantage is lost. This cannot be permitted—the tenth objection." He also wrote on revision: "First, punish Chung-hou for disobeying instructions and exceeding his authority; second, request an edict proclaiming at home and abroad why Russia's unfairness and the public judgment of officials and people cannot be forgiven, and send dispatches to every nation so they may judge right and wrong; third, argue forcefully on principle so that Russia knows an envoy's signature, without imperial approval and reply, cannot stand as binding; fourth, establish defenses in Xinjiang, Jilin, and Tianjin as war preparation." When the memorial arrived, it was ordered that those submitted by Compiler Wang Renkan and Commoner Licentiate Sheng Yu be debated together by the Grand Secretaries, and Chung-hou's crime was also prosecuted.

六年正月，命大理寺少卿曾紀澤為使俄大臣，續議各款。時廷臣多主廢約，曾紀澤以為廢約須權輕重，因上疏曰：「伊犁一案，大端有三：曰分界，曰通商，曰償款。三端之中，償款固其小焉者也。即通商一端，亦較分界為稍輕。查西洋定約之例有二，一則長守不渝，一可隨時修改。長守不渝者，分界是也。分界不能兩全，此有所益，則彼有所損，是以定約之際，其慎其難。隨時修改者，通商是也。通商之損益，不可逆睹，或開辦乃見端倪，或久辦乃分利弊，是以定約之時，必商定年限修改，所以保其利而去其弊也。俄約經崇厚議定，中國誠為受損，然必欲一時全數更張，而不別予一途以為轉圜之路，似亦難降心以相從也。臣以為分界既屬永定，自宜持以定力，百折不回。至於通商各條，惟當即其太甚者，酌加更易，餘者宜從權應允。」

In the first month of Guangxu 6 Zeng Jize, Vice Director of the Court of Judicial Review, was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia to continue negotiating the various articles. At the time most court officials favored abrogating the treaty. Zeng Jize held that abrogation required weighing priorities, and submitted a memorial: "The Ili affair has three main points: demarcation, trade, and indemnity. Of the three, indemnity is certainly the least important. Even trade is somewhat less weighty than demarcation. Western treaty practice has two forms: permanent observance, and revision at fixed intervals. What must be permanently observed is demarcation. Demarcation cannot satisfy both sides; where one gains, the other loses—hence treaty-making demands utmost caution and difficulty. What may be revised is trade. Trade's gains and losses cannot be foreseen at once; some matters reveal their drift only once opened, others only after long operation show benefit or harm—hence treaties must fix a term for revision, to preserve advantage and remove harm. The Livadia Treaty was fixed through Chung-hou's negotiations; China truly suffered loss. Yet if we insist on overturning everything at once without offering some path to turn affairs, it seems hard for Russia to lower its pride and comply. Your servant holds that since demarcation is permanent, we should maintain steadfast resolve, undeterred by repeated setbacks. As for trade articles, only the most excessive should be suitably altered; the rest may be allowed from expedience."

時俄人以中國治崇厚罪，增兵設防，為有意尋釁，欲拒紀澤不與議事。英、法二使各奉本國命，亦以因定約治使臣罪為不然，代請寬免。中國不得已，允減崇厚罪，詔仍監禁。已又與俄使凱陽德先議結邊界各案。

At the time Russia, because China was prosecuting Chung-hou, increased troops and defenses, deeming this deliberate provocation, and wished to refuse Zeng Jize negotiation. The British and French ministers, each under orders from their governments, also held it improper to punish an envoy for concluding a treaty, and interceded for leniency. China, having no choice, agreed to reduce Chung-hou's punishment; an edict still ordered him kept under detention. Thereafter border demarcation cases were first settled with Russian envoy Koyander.

六年七月，紀澤抵俄，侍郎郭嵩燾疏請准萬國公法，寬免崇厚罪名，紀澤亦請釋崇厚，許之。初紀澤至俄，俄吉爾斯、布策諸人咸以非頭等全權大臣，欲不與議，遣布策如北京議約。已成行，而朝旨以在俄定議為要，命紀澤向俄再請，始追回布策。紀澤與議主廢約。俄人挾崇約成見，屢與忤。紀澤不得已，乃遵總署電，謂可緩索伊犁，全廢舊約。尋接俄牒，允還帖克斯川，餘不容議。布策又欲俄商在通州租房存貨，及天津運貨用小輪船拖帶。紀澤以非條約所有，拒之。而改約事仍相持不決。

In the seventh month of Guangxu 6, when Zeng Jize reached Russia, Vice Minister Guo Songtao memorialized asking that international law be applied to lift Chung-hou's guilt; Zeng Jize also requested his release, and this was granted. When Zeng Jize first arrived in Russia, Giers, Butse, and others all held that he was not a minister of first rank with full powers and wished not to negotiate, sending Butse to Beijing to negotiate the treaty. Butse had already set out when the court's directive insisted that agreement must be reached in Russia; Zeng Jize was ordered to request again of Russia, and only then was Butse recalled. Zeng Jize's position in negotiations was to abrogate the treaty. Russians, holding to the Livadia Treaty, repeatedly clashed with him. Zeng Jize, having no alternative, followed the Zongli Yamen's telegram saying Ili might be sought slowly and the old treaty entirely abrogated. Soon a Russian dispatch arrived permitting return of the Tekes Valley; the rest would not be discussed. Butse also wanted Russian merchants to rent warehouses at Tongzhou for goods storage, and to tow cargo at Tianjin with small steamers. Zeng Jize refused, as these were not in the treaty. Yet revision of the treaty remained deadlocked.

十一月，俄牒中國，允改各條，其要有七：一，交還伊犁；二，喀什噶爾界務；三，塔爾巴哈台界務；四，嘉峪關通商，允許俄商由西安、漢中行走，直達漢口；五，松花江行船至伯都訥；六，增設領事；七，天山南北路貿易納稅。曾紀澤得牒，以俄既許讓，則緩索之說，自可不議。於是按約辯論：於伊犁，得爭回南境；喀什噶爾，得照兩國現管之地，派員再勘；塔爾巴哈台，得於崇厚、明誼所訂兩界之間，酌中勘定；嘉峪關通商，得仿照天津辦理，西安、漢中兩路及漢口字均刪去；松花江行船，因愛琿條約誤指混同江為松花江，又無畫押之漢文可據，致俄人歷年藉口，久之始允將專條廢去，聲明愛琿舊約如何辦法，再行商定；增設領事，俄人請設烏魯木齊一處，總署命再商改，始將烏魯木齊改為吐魯番，餘俟商務興盛時再議增設；天山南北路貿易納稅，將原約「均不納稅」字改為「暫不納稅，俟商務興盛再訂稅章」。此外，償款，崇厚原約償五百萬盧布，俄人以伊犁南境既已讓還，欲倍原數，久之始允減定為盧布九百萬。紀澤又以此次改約並未用兵，兵費之名絕不能認。於是將歷年邊疆、腹地與俄人未結之案，有應賠應恤者一百九案，併入其中，作為全結。又于崇厚原訂俄章字句有所增減。如條約第三條刪去伊犁已入俄籍之民，入華貿易遊歷許照俄民利益一段；第四條俄民在伊犁置有田地，照舊管業，聲明伊犁遷出之民，不得援例，且聲明俄民管業既在貿易圈外，應照中國民人一體完納稅餉；並于第七條伊犁西境安置遷民之處，聲明系安置因入俄籍而棄田地之民；第六條寫明所有前此各案，第十條吐魯番非通商口岸而設領事，暨第十三條張家口無領事而設行棧，均聲明他處不得援以為例；第十五條修約期限，改五年為十年。章程第二條貨色包件下添註牲畜字樣，其無執照商民，照例懲辦，改為從嚴罰辦；第八條車腳運夫，繞越捷徑，以避關卡查驗，貨主不知情，分別罰辦之下，聲明海口通商及內地不得援以為例。是為收回伊犁條約。又同時與俄訂陸路通商章程。七年正月，與俄外部尚書吉爾斯及前駐京使臣布策，在俄都畫押鈐印，旋批准換約。七月，賀俄君即位，遞國書。索逆犯白彥虎等，俄以白彥虎等犯系屬公罪，不在條約所載之列，不允交還，允嚴禁。

In the eleventh month Russia dispatched to China agreeing to revise the articles; the main points were seven: first, return Ili; second, Kashgar boundary affairs; third, Tarbagatai boundary affairs; fourth, trade at Jiayuguan, permitting Russian merchants to travel via Xi'an and Hanzhong straight to Hankou; fifth, navigation on the Songhua River to Boteney; sixth, additional consuls; seventh, taxation on trade north and south of the Tianshan. When Zeng Jize received the dispatch, since Russia had agreed to concessions, the plan to seek Ili slowly need no longer be discussed. Negotiations under the treaty then followed: on Ili, the southern frontier was recovered; on Kashgar, demarcation was to follow lands presently administered by both countries, with commissioners sent to survey anew; on Tarbagatai, a middle line was to be fixed between the boundaries Chung-hou and Mingyi had drawn; on Jiayuguan trade, handling was to follow Tianjin practice; the routes via Xi'an and Hanzhong and the character for Hankou were all deleted; on Songhua navigation, because the Aigun Treaty had mistakenly identified the Songhua as the Hun Tong Jiang and no signed Chinese text existed for reference, Russians had cited this as pretext for years; only after long debate was the special article abolished, with a statement that how the old Aigun treaty should be implemented would be agreed anew; on additional consuls, Russians requested one at Urumqi; the Zongli Yamen ordered further negotiation, and Urumqi was changed to Turpan, the rest to be discussed when trade flourished; on taxation for trade north and south of the Tianshan, the original "wholly tax-free" was changed to "temporarily tax-free, with tariff regulations to be fixed when trade flourishes." Besides this, on indemnity: Chung-hou's Livadia Treaty provided five million rubles; Russia, since the southern Ili border had been returned, wished to double the sum; only after long debate was it reduced and fixed at nine million rubles. Zeng Jize also held that since this revision had not employed military force, the label of military expenses could absolutely not be acknowledged. Thereupon 109 outstanding cases along the frontier and in the interior with Russia, whether requiring compensation or condolence payments, were folded in as full settlement. Further additions and deletions were made to certain clauses in Chung-hou's original Russian text. For example, Article 3 deleted the paragraph permitting persons of Ili who had entered Russian subjecthood to trade and travel in China enjoying Russian subject benefits; Article 4: Russian subjects' landholdings in Ili were to be administered as before, with a statement that persons who left Ili could not cite this as precedent, and that since Russian holdings lay outside the trade zone they should pay taxes and dues like Chinese subjects; Article 7 on resettlement of emigrants on Ili's western border stated that these were persons who had abandoned land upon entering Russian subjecthood; Article 6 spelled out all prior cases; Article 10 stated that Turpan, not being a treaty port, yet having a consul, and Article 13 that Zhangjiakou had trading houses without a consul—all stated that other places could not cite these as precedent; Article 15 on revision periods changed five years to ten. Article 2 of the regulations, under goods and packages, added the word livestock; unauthorized merchants without licenses, originally to be punished according to precedent, were changed to severe punishment; Under Article 8, below penalties for cartmen and carriers who detoured by shortcuts to evade customs inspection, with owners ignorant thereof, a statement was added that treaty ports and the interior could not cite this as precedent. This was the Treaty for the Recovery of Ili. Simultaneously an overland trade regulation was also concluded with Russia. In the first month of Guangxu 7, with Giers, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Butse, former minister resident at Beijing, signatures and seals were affixed in the Russian capital; approval and exchange of ratifications followed. In the seventh month, congratulations were sent on the Russian sovereign's accession, with credentials delivered. Rebel offenders such as Bai Yanhu were demanded; Russia replied that offenses such as Bai Yanhu's were public crimes not within the treaty's scope—surrender was refused, but strict prohibition was promised.

尋命伊犁將軍金順、參贊大臣升泰接收伊犁。八年二月，接收訖。金順進駐綏定城。升泰會同俄官勘分地界，並以哈密幫辦大臣長順會辦西北界務，巴里坤領隊大臣沙克都林紮布會辦西南界務。四月，俄人帶兵潛入科布多所屬哈巴河，清安等以聞。因言圖內奎峒山、黑伊爾特什河、薩烏爾嶺等處形勢，與積年新舊圖說不符。朝旨命就原圖應勘之處，力與指辯，酌定新界。

Shortly afterward, General Jin Shun of Ili and Staff Advisor Sheng Tai were ordered to take possession of Ili. In the second month of Guangxu 8, the handover was completed. Jin Shun moved in and established his headquarters at Suide City. Sheng Tai worked with Russian officials to survey and fix the boundary. Chang Shun, the Hami assistant commissioner, was assigned to handle northwestern boundary matters, and Shakdolin Zhabu, the Barkul commanding officer, to handle southwestern boundary matters. In the fourth month, Russian troops secretly entered the Haba River area under Kobdo's jurisdiction. Qing An and others reported the incident. They reported that the terrain at Kuindong Mountain, the Black Irtysh River, Sawur Ridge, and other sites depicted on the maps did not accord with accumulated old and new survey maps from recent years. The court ordered them to argue forcefully at every point that should be surveyed according to the original maps and to fix a new boundary accordingly.

十一月，分界大臣長順等與俄官佛哩德勘分伊犁中段邊界。先是距那林東北百餘里之格登山有高宗平準噶爾銘勳碑，同治三年已畫歸俄，至是爭回，立界約三條。

In the eleventh month, Boundary Commissioners Chang Shun and others, together with the Russian official Frid, surveyed and demarcated the middle section of the Ili frontier. Earlier, on Geden Mountain, more than a hundred li northeast of Nalin, stood the stele commemorating the Qianlong Emperor's pacification of Dzungaria. In Tongzhi 3 it had been marked as Russian territory; now it was reclaimed through negotiation, and three boundary articles were drawn up.

九年，督辦新疆軍務大臣劉錦棠以新疆南界烏什之貢古魯克地為南北要津，請按約索還。先是，舊約所載伊犁南界，系指貢古魯克山頂而言。上年沙克都林紮布與俄使勘分南界，由貢古魯克等處卡倫繞貢古魯克山麓至別疊里達阪設立界牌，侵佔至畢底爾河源，故錦棠以為言。朝旨命長順等據理辯論。既而沙克都林紮布又與俄官咩登斯格勘伊犁南界，俄人必欲以薩瓦巴齊為界，沙克都林紮布以為薩瓦巴齊在天山之陽，距天山中梁尚遠，不許，乃以天山中梁為界。又立牌博於別疊里達阪，是為喀什噶爾界約。

In Guangxu 9, Liu Jintang, the commissioner general for Xinjiang military affairs, argued that Gunguruk near Wushi on the southern frontier was a crucial junction between north and south and asked that it be recovered under the treaty. Under the earlier treaty, the southern boundary of Ili had been defined as the summit of Gunguruk Mountain. The year before, Shakdolin Zhabu and the Russian envoy had demarcated the southern frontier, running border posts from Gunguruk along the mountain's foot to Biedielida Pass and encroaching as far as the source of the Bidir River. This was why Jintang raised the issue. The court ordered Chang Shun and others to press their case on the merits. Shakdolin Zhabu then surveyed the southern Ili frontier with the Russian official Medensg. The Russians insisted on Sawa Baqi as the boundary, but he held that Sawa Baqi lay on the southern face of the Tianshan, still far from the range's central ridge, and refused. The central ridge of the Tianshan was set as the boundary. Boundary markers were also erected at Biedielida Pass. This became the Kashgar boundary agreement.

七月，分界大臣升泰等與俄官巴布闊福等勘分科、塔界務。巴布闊福等欲照圖中直線，以哈巴河為界。升泰等以哈巴河地居上游，為科境之門戶，塔城之籓籬，若劃分歸俄，不惟原住之哈薩克、蒙、民等無地安插，即科屬之烏梁海、塔屬之土爾扈特等處遊牧之所，亦俱受逼，界址既近，釁端必多，拒之。俄使乃允退離哈巴河迤西約八十餘里之畢里克河劃分。升泰等以畢里克系小河，原圖並未繪刊，若以此劃界，則哈巴河上游仍為俄所占，復與力爭。俄使乃允復退出五十里，議定在於阿拉喀別克河為界，計距哈巴河至直線共一百三十餘里，即原圖黃線之旁所開之小河也。餘均照黃線所指方位劃分。至兩國所屬之哈薩克，原歸俄者歸俄，原歸中國者歸中國。如有人歸中國而產業在俄，或人居俄而產業在中國，均照伊犁辦法，以此次議定新界換約日為始，限一年遷移。約定，又與俄官斐里德勘塔城西南未分之界。俄使意欲多分，升泰以此段界務，新約第七條內業經指明，系順同治三年塔城界約所定舊界，即原約第二條內所指依額爾格圖巴爾魯克、莫多巴爾魯克等處卡倫之路辦理，是原有圖線條約可循，非若他處尚須勘酌議分可比，不許。俄使乃以巴爾魯克山界內住牧之哈薩克久已投俄，一經定界，不免遷移，請借讓安插，許之。仍援舊約第十條所開塔屬原住小水地方居民之例，限十年外遷，隨立牌博。

In the seventh month, Boundary Commissioners Sheng Tai and others, with the Russian officials Babuofu and others, demarcated the Kobdo and Tarbagatai frontier. Babuofu and others wanted to follow the straight line on the map and make the Haba River the boundary. Sheng Tai and others argued that the Haba River lay upstream and served as the gateway to Kobdo and the outer defense of Tarbagatai. If it were ceded to Russia, not only would long-resident Kazakhs, Mongols, and civilians have nowhere to resettle, but pasture lands of the Uriankhai under Kobdo and the Torgut under Tarbagatai would also be squeezed. With the frontier drawn so close, disputes would surely multiply. They refused. The Russian envoy then agreed to draw the line at the Birik River, about eighty li west of the Haba River. Sheng Tai and others pointed out that the Birik was a minor stream not shown on the original map. Demarcating there would still leave the upper Haba River in Russian hands, and they pressed the case again. The Russian envoy then agreed to withdraw another fifty li. The boundary was fixed at the Alakabeke River—more than 130 li from the Haba River to the straight line—the small stream marked beside the yellow line on the original map. The rest was demarcated according to the positions marked by the yellow line. Kazakhs originally subject to Russia would remain with Russia; those originally subject to China would remain with China. Where persons came under China but property lay in Russia, or vice versa, the Ili arrangements applied. From the date of ratification of the newly agreed boundary, they were given one year to relocate. Once the agreement was settled, they demarcated the still undivided southwestern Tarbagatai frontier with the Russian official Frid. The Russian envoy sought a larger share. Sheng Tai replied that Article 7 of the new treaty had already defined this section according to the old Tongzhi 3 Tarbagatai boundary—specifically the route of border posts at Erge-tu Barchuk, Modo Barchuk, and elsewhere named in Article 2 of the original treaty. Existing map lines and treaty language applied here, unlike other sections still open to negotiation. He refused. The Russian envoy noted that Kazakhs grazing within the Barluq Mountains had long submitted to Russia and would have to relocate once the boundary was fixed. He asked for leased land for resettlement, and the request was granted. Citing Article 10 of the old treaty on residents of Tarbagatai's original small-water districts, they were allowed up to ten years before relocation, and boundary markers were erected.

九月，分界大臣額爾慶額等與俄官撇斐索富勘分科布多界。自阿拉克別克河口之喀拉素畢業格庫瑪小山梁起，至塔木塔克薩斯止，共立牌博四，又立牌博於阿克哈巴河源。先是喀什噶爾西邊界務已經長順與俄人劃分，以依爾克池他木為界，而幫辦軍務廣東陸路提督張曜以為有誤，請飭覆查。長順以勘界系依紅線，依爾克池他木雖舊圖不載，而新圖正在紅線界限，不容有誤。尋總署以約內有現管為界一語，意曾紀澤定約時，必因新圖不無縮入，又知左宗棠咨報克復喀城，有占得安集延遺地，邊界展寬之說，故約內添此一語。既以現管為界，即可不拘紅線，仍命長順與爭。俄人以喀拉多拜、帖列克達灣、屯木倫三處雖現為中國所管，然均線上外百數十里，執不允，仍依紅線履勘，自喀克善山起，至烏斯別山止，共立牌博二十二，指山為界者七，遂定議。是為續勘喀什噶爾界約。是年，塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣錫綸與俄人會議俄商在塔貿易新圈地址。

In the ninth month, Boundary Commissioners Erqing'e and others demarcated the Kobdo frontier with the Russian official Pefesuofu. From the Kalasubyegekuma ridge at the mouth of the Alakabeke River to Tamutakasis, four boundary markers were erected, with another at the source of the Akhaba River. Earlier, Chang Shun and the Russians had demarcated Kashgar's western frontier at Yierkechitamu. Zhang Yao, assistant commissioner for military affairs and Guangdong land-route commander, believed this was wrong and asked for a fresh review. Chang Shun replied that demarcation followed the red line. Yierkechitamu was absent from the old map but fell squarely within the red-line boundary on the new one; there could be no mistake. The Zongli Yamen then noted the treaty's phrase "territory presently administered as the boundary." They understood that when Zeng Jize negotiated the treaty, the new map had arguably been drawn too narrowly, and that Zuo Zongtang's report on recovering Kashgar mentioned capturing abandoned Andijan lands and widening the frontier—hence the added phrase. Since administration on the ground was to govern, the red line no longer strictly applied, and Chang Shun was ordered to press the case again. The Russians argued that although Kara Dobai, Tielek Dawan, and Tunmulun were under Chinese administration, each lay more than a hundred li beyond the mapped line and refused to yield. The survey still followed the red line from Kakshan Mountain to Wusibie Mountain, setting up twenty-two markers, seven along mountain crests, and the matter was settled. This became the Supplementary Kashgar Boundary Agreement. That year, Staff Advisor Xilun of Tarbagatai met with the Russians to discuss the site of a new trading quarter for Russian merchants.

十年三月，塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣錫綸與俄人會定哈薩克歸附條約，凡在塔城境內混居之哈薩克提爾賽哷克部、拜吉格特部、賽波拉特部、托勒圖勒部、滿必特部、柯勒依部、圖瑪台部各大小鄂拓克，約五千餘戶，除原遷回俄境外，其自原歸中國者一千八百戶，均由中國管轄，並訂管轄條款。七月，法因越南與中國開釁，法人請俄國保護在華之旅人教士及一切利益，俄使允保護，牒中國。

In the third month of Guangxu 10, Staff Advisor Xilun of Tarbagatai and the Russians concluded a treaty on Kazakh allegiance. All large and small otoks of Kazakhs living within Tarbagatai—the Tiersaileke, Baijigete, Saibolat, Tuoletuole, Manbite, Keleiyi, and Tumatai clans, roughly five thousand households—except those originally resettled in Russia, the 1,800 households originally under China would remain under Chinese jurisdiction, with governing articles also drawn up. In the seventh month, with France and China at war over Vietnam, France asked Russia to protect its travelers, missionaries, and all interests in China. The Russian minister agreed and notified China.

十一年三月，總署以吉林東界牌博中多舛錯，年久未修，請簡大員會勘，據約立界。先是俄人侵佔琿春邊界，將圖們江東岸沿江百餘里誤為俄國轄地，並于黑頂子安設俄卡，招致朝鮮流民墾地。前督辦寧古塔等處事宜吳大澂，請飭查令俄人交還。朝廷乃命吳大澂等為欽差大臣，與俄人訂期會勘。大澂等以咸豐十年北京條約中俄東界順黑龍江至烏蘇里河及圖們江口所立界牌，有俄國「阿」「巴」「瓦」「噶」「達」「耶」「熱」「皆」「伊」「亦」「喀」「拉」「瑪」「那」「倭」「怕」「啦」「薩」「土」「烏」十二字頭，十一年成琦勘界圖內尚有「伊」「亦」「喀」「拉」「瑪」「那」「倭」「怕」「啦」「薩」「土」「烏」十二字頭，何以官界記文內僅止「耶」「亦」「喀」「拉」「那」「倭」「怕」「土」八字頭？圖約不符。又界牌用木難經久，應請易石，及補立界牌。又以俄人所占黑頂子地，即在「土」字界牌以內，尤為重要。又以自琿春河源至圖們江口五百餘里，處處與俄接壤，無一界牌。又成琦所立界牌八處，惟「土」字一牌之外，尚有「烏」字一牌。以交界記文而論，圖們江左邊距海不過二十里，立界牌一，上寫俄國「土」字頭，是「土」字一牌已在交界盡處，更無補立「烏」字界牌之地，二者必有一誤。又補立界牌，無論「烏」字、「土」字，總以圖們江左邊距海二十里之地為斷。十二年夏，吳大澂等赴俄境岩杵河，與俄勘界大員巴啦諾伏等商議界務。大澂等首議補立「土」字界牌，因咸豐十一年所立「土」字界牌之地，未照條約記文「江口相距二十里」之說。大澂等與之辯論，俄員以為海灘二十里，俄人謂之海河，除去海河二十里，方是江口。大澂等以為江口即海口，中國二十里即俄國十里，沙草峰原立「土」字界牌，既與條約記文不符，此時即應更正。巴啦諾伏仍以舊圖紅線為詞。久之，始允於沙草峰南越嶺而下至平岡盡處立「土」字牌，又於舊圖內「拉」字、「那」字兩牌之間，補立「瑪」字界牌，條約內「怕」字、「土」字兩牌之間，補立「啦」「薩」二字界牌，悉易以石。又於界牌相去甚遠之處，多立封堆，或掘濠為記。至俄人所占黑頂子地，亦允交還。大澂等又以寧古塔境內「倭」字、「那」字二界牌，與記文條約不符，請更正，緣「倭」字界牌本在瑚布圖河口，因當時河口水漲，木牌易於沖失，權設小孤山頂，離河較遠。大澂等以為若以立牌之地即為交界之所，則小孤山以東至瑚布圖河口一段又將割為俄地。乃與巴啦諾伏議定，將「倭」字石界牌改置瑚布圖河口山坡高處，「那」字界牌原在橫山會處，距瑚布圖河口百餘里，僅存朽爛木牌二尺餘，因易以石，仍立橫山會處，迤西即系小綏芬河源水向南流處，又於交界處增立銅柱。是為中俄琿春東界約。

In the third month of Guangxu 11, the Zongli Yamen reported numerous errors in Jilin's eastern boundary markers, long unrepaired, and asked that a senior official be appointed to resurvey and restore markers under the treaty. Earlier, Russia had encroached on the Hunchun frontier, treating more than a hundred li along the Tumen's east bank as Russian territory, establishing a border post at Heidingzi and attracting Korean refugees to farm the land. Wu Dacheng, formerly commissioner for Ningguta affairs, asked that an inquiry be ordered and the territory returned by Russia. The court then appointed Wu Dacheng and others as imperial commissioners to schedule a joint survey with Russia. Wu Dacheng noted that boundary markers under the Xianfeng 10 Beijing Treaty along Russia's eastern frontier—from the Amur through the Ussuri to the Tumen mouth—used a full set of Russian initial letters, while Cheng Qi's survey map of year 11 still listed twelve. Why did the official boundary record contain only eight? The map and treaty did not agree. Wooden markers could not last; they asked that they be replaced with stone and that missing markers be restored. The Heidingzi tract seized by Russia lay within the "Tu" marker sector—an especially important point. From the Hunchun River's source to the Tumen mouth—a stretch of more than five hundred li bordering Russia—there was not a single boundary marker. Of the eight markers Cheng Qi had set up, only one bore "Tu"—there was also one bearing "Wu." Under the boundary record, the Tumen's left bank lay only twenty li from the sea, with a single marker bearing the Russian initial "Tu." The "Tu" marker thus marked the boundary's outer limit, leaving no place for a supplementary "Wu" marker. One of the two records must be wrong. In restoring markers, whether "Wu" or "Tu," the decisive point was the site on the Tumen's left bank twenty li from the sea. In the summer of Guangxu 12, Wu Dacheng traveled to the Yanzhu River in Russian territory to negotiate the frontier with Balanov and other Russian commissioners. Wu Dacheng first proposed restoring the "Tu" marker, since the Xianfeng 11 "Tu" marker had not been placed according to the treaty's rule that the river mouth and the sea were twenty li apart. Wu Dacheng contested this. The Russians held that twenty li of tidal flat—they called it the "sea river"—had to be excluded before one reached the true river mouth. Wu Dacheng replied that river mouth and sea mouth were the same, that twenty Chinese li equaled ten Russian versts, and that the "Tu" marker at Shacao Peak already violated the treaty—it should be corrected immediately. Balanov still invoked the old map's red line. After prolonged negotiation, the Russians agreed to place the "Tu" marker south of Shacao Peak, descending the ridge to the terrace's end; to add a "Ma" marker between the old "La" and "Na" markers, and "La" and "Sa" markers between the treaty's "Pa" and "Tu" markers—all in stone. Where markers were widely spaced, they also erected cairns or dug trenches as supplementary marks. Russia also agreed to return the Heidingzi tract. Wu Dacheng also argued that the "Wo" and "Na" markers in Ningguta did not match the records and asked for correction. The "Wo" marker had originally stood at the Hubutu River mouth; when floodwaters rose, the wooden marker was easily lost, and it had been temporarily moved to Little Solitary Mountain, far from the river. Wu Dacheng argued that if the marker's location defined the border, the stretch from east of Little Solitary Mountain to the Hubutu River mouth would again be lost to Russia. They agreed with Balanov to relocate the stone "Wo" marker to the high slope at the Hubutu River mouth. The "Na" marker at Hengshan Junction, more than a hundred li from the Hubutu mouth, was reduced to a rotten wooden stump two chi long; it was replaced in stone and left at Hengshan Junction. To the west lay where the Xiaosuifen headwaters flowed south, and copper pillars were added at the boundary. This became the Sino-Russian Hunchun Eastern Boundary Agreement.

是年，俄莫斯克瓦商人欲攜貨赴科布多、哈密、肅州、甘州、涼州、蘭州等處貿易。中國以科布多、哈密、肅州皆系條約訂明通商處所，自可前往；甘州、涼州、蘭州系屬內地，非條約所載，不許。十四年，俄人在烏梁海所屬，掘金開地建房，阻之不聽。十五年，俄人越界入黑龍江所屬，以刈草為名，搭棚占地。總署以詢北洋大臣李鴻章，鴻章請但許刈草，不許搭棚，切與要約，以示限制，從之。十六年，俄商請照約由科布多運貨回國，許之。初，俄商由陸路運貨回國，舊章祗有恰克圖一路。光緒七年，改訂新約，許由尼布楚、科布多兩路往來運貨。至是，許由科布多行走，其收繳執照諸辦法，由科布多參贊大臣派員查驗。是年，出使大臣洪鈞以俄人在恰克圖境穴地取金，請自設廠掘金，不果。俄人又勾結藏番私相餽贈。十七年，俄遣兵至符拉迪沃斯托克開辦鐵路。是年，俄太子來華遊歷，命李鴻章往煙台款接。初俄欲中國簡親籓接待，未允，乃遣鴻章往，有加禮。

That year, a Russian merchant from Moscow sought to trade at Kobdo, Hami, Suzhou, Ganzhou, Liangzhou, Lanzhou, and elsewhere. China replied that Kobdo, Hami, and Suzhou were treaty ports and travel was permitted; Ganzhou, Liangzhou, and Lanzhou lay in the interior, were not named in the treaty, and were refused. In Guangxu 14, Russians in Uriankhai territory mined gold, cleared land, and built houses. China objected, but they refused to stop. In Guangxu 15, Russians crossed into Heilongjiang territory under the pretense of cutting hay, erecting sheds and seizing land. The Zongli Yamen consulted Li Hongzhang, the Beiyang minister. He recommended allowing hay-cutting only, not sheds, with strict stipulations to limit encroachment. The proposal was adopted. In Guangxu 16, Russian merchants asked to ship goods home through Kobdo as the treaty allowed. Permission was granted. Originally, overland shipments by Russian merchants could use only the Kyakhta route. The revised treaty of Guangxu 7 allowed goods to pass via Nerchinsk and Kobdo. Passage via Kobdo was now authorized, with license inspection delegated to officials appointed by the Kobdo staff advisor. That year, Envoy Hong Jun, learning that Russians were tunnel-mining in Kyakhta territory, asked to open China's own mining operations. The request failed. Russians were also cultivating Tibetan border tribes through private gifts. In Guangxu 17, Russia sent troops to Vladivostok to begin building a railway. That year, the Russian crown prince visited China, and Li Hongzhang was sent to Yantai to receive him. Russia had first asked that a prince of the blood receive him; when China refused, Hongzhang was dispatched instead with heightened ceremony.

十八年，與俄人議接琿春、海蘭泡陸路電線。先是中國陸路電線創自光緒六年，惟丹國大北公司海線，先於同治十年由香港、廈門迤邐至上海，一通新加坡、檳榔嶼以達歐洲，名為南線；一通符拉迪沃斯托克，由俄國亞洲旱線以達歐洲，名為北線。俄、丹早有連線之約。嗣丹復與英合辦水線。逮各省自設陸線，並拆去英、丹在滬、粵已成之陸線。迨中國吉林、黑龍江線成，與俄之東海濱境內近接。大北公司等深慮中俄線接，分奪其利，屢起爭議。至是，命鴻章與俄使喀希呢議約，酌擬滬、福、廈、港公司有水線處，不與爭減，此外各口電價，亦不允水線公司爭減，遂定議。是為中俄邊界陸路電線相接條約。

In Guangxu 18, China negotiated linking overland telegraph lines at Hunchun and Blagoveshchensk with Russia. China's overland telegraph dated from Guangxu 6. The Danish Great Northern Telegraph Company's submarine cable, laid in Tongzhi 10 from Hong Kong and Xiamen to Shanghai, ran one route through Singapore and Penang to Europe—the southern line; another through Vladivostok and Russia's trans-Asian land line to Europe—the northern line. Russia and Denmark had long agreed to link their lines. Denmark later co-operated submarine cables with Britain. As provinces built their own land lines, the British and Danish land cables in Shanghai and Guangdong were dismantled. Once Jilin and Heilongjiang lines were complete, they lay close to Russia's networks along the eastern seaboard. The Great Northern Telegraph Company feared Sino-Russian connection would cut into its profits and repeatedly objected. Li Hongzhang was ordered to negotiate with Minister Kakhini. Where Shanghai, Fuzhou, Xiamen, and Hong Kong had submarine cables, rates would not be contested; at other ports, submarine companies would not be allowed to undercut rates. An agreement was reached. This became the Sino-Russian Treaty on Connecting Boundary Land Telegraph Lines.

是年，俄入帕米爾。帕米爾高原在中國回疆邊外，舊為中國所屬。自俄、英分爭，而迤北、迤西稍稍歸屬於俄，迤南小部則附於英屬之阿富汗，惟東路、中路久服中國，迄今未變。俄欲取帕米爾以通印度，英人防之，以劃清阿富汗邊界為辭，欲使中國收轄帕境中間之地，勘明界址；俄人亦欲會同中國勘界分疆，不使英與聞。至是，俄兵入帕，英領事璧利南以從前英、俄立約，喀什噶爾、阿富汗之間並無俄地，原出作證，又據所繪圖，力辟俄圖。俄人不顧，欲以郎庫郎里湖為界，移軍而南，將據色勒庫爾。色勒庫爾乃莎車境，益逼近新疆南境。陝甘總督楊昌濬請設防，許之。既因出使大臣洪鈞所繪地圖有誤，李鴻章據薛福成所寄圖，謂：「喀約既稱烏斯別里南向系中國地界，自應認定『南向』二字方合，若無端插入『轉東』二字，所謂謬以千里；況烏斯別里為蔥嶺支脈，如順山梁為自然界，以變一直往南之說，不特兩帕盡棄，喀什噶爾頓失遮罩，葉爾羌、西藏等全撤籓籬，且恐後此藉口於交界本循山脊而行，語更寬混，尤難分劃，此固萬難允也。如彼以喀約語太寬混為辭，擬仿照北亞墨利加英、美用經緯度分界之法，以烏斯別里山口之經線為界，北自烏斯別里山口一直往南，至阿富汗界之薩雷庫里湖為止，方與經線相合。如此，則大帕米爾可得大半，小帕米爾全境俱線上內，其簡當精確，更勝於自然界，而與原議之約亦相符合。否則阿里楚爾山環三面，惟東一面與喀境毗連，界亦自然。何彼竟舍外之山梁，而專用內之山梁，以求多占地界耶？」議久不決。是年，俄茶在戈壁被焚，索償，允由攬運俄茶之人分償，俄使欲公家代償，不允。

That year, Russian forces entered the Pamirs. The Pamir plateau lay beyond China's Xinjiang frontier and had long been under Chinese sovereignty. After Anglo-Russian rivalry began, the north and west gradually fell to Russia and a small southern portion to British Afghanistan, while the eastern and central routes had long acknowledged China and still did so. Russia sought the Pamirs as a route toward India. Britain resisted, citing the need to clarify Afghanistan's frontier, and urged China to reassert control over the central Pamirs and fix the boundary. Russia also wanted to demarcate the frontier with China alone, excluding Britain. Russian troops entered the Pamirs. British Consul Pellew cited the earlier Anglo-Russian treaty stating no Russian territory lay between Kashgar and Afghanistan, offered testimony, and used his own maps to rebut Russia's claims forcefully. Russia ignored this, proposed Langkurlangli Lake as the boundary, moved troops south, and prepared to seize Sarikol. Sarikol lay within Yarkand's jurisdiction, bringing Russia ever closer to Xinjiang's southern border. Governor-General Yang Changjun of Shaanxi-Gansu asked to mount defenses. Permission was granted. Because Envoy Hong Jun's map was mistaken, Li Hongzhang, citing a map from Xue Fucheng, argued: "The Kashgar treaty defined territory south of Wusibie as Chinese. The boundary must follow the word 'southward.' To insert 'turning east' without basis would confuse a thousand li; Wusibie is a spur of the Pamirs. To follow ridgelines as 'natural boundaries' and overturn a straight southern line would abandon both Pamirs, strip Kashgar of its shield, and leave Yarkand and Tibet undefended. Worse, it would invite future claims that borders always follow crest lines—a vaguer formula still harder to fix. This cannot be accepted." If they invoke the Kashgar treaty's vagueness, we should adopt the Anglo-American practice in North America of fixing borders by latitude and longitude: the meridian of Wusibie Pass, running due south from that pass to Sarikur Lake on the Afghan frontier. Only then would the line match the meridian. Under this scheme, China would keep most of Great Pamir and all of Little Pamir within the line—a simpler, more precise boundary than nature itself, and consistent with the original draft agreement. Alternatively, the Alichur Mountains ring the area on three sides, touching Kashgar territory only on the east—a natural boundary in its own right. Why should they discard the outer ridges and insist on inner ones merely to expand their claim? Talks dragged on without resolution. That year Russian tea was destroyed in the Gobi. Russia demanded compensation. Carriers who had contracted the shipment would share the cost—but when the Russian envoy asked the state to pay on their behalf, China refused.

十九年四月，議收俄國借地。初，俄借塔爾巴哈台所屬之巴爾魯克山，給所屬哈薩克遊牧，限十年遷回。至是限滿，伊犁將軍長庚請遣員商辦，俄人請再展十年，不許。久之，俄始允還地遷民，遂立交山文約，聲明限滿不遷，即照人隨地歸之約。又續立收山未盡事宜文約，以清釐兩屬哈薩克欠債及盜牲畜等事。

In the fourth month of Guangxu 19 (1893), talks began on recovering land Russia had borrowed. Russia had earlier borrowed Barluq Mountain in Tarbagatai's jurisdiction for Kazakh herdsmen under its control, with a ten-year limit before return. When the term expired, Ili General Chang Geng asked to send negotiators. Russia sought a ten-year extension. China refused. After prolonged talks Russia agreed to return the land and resettle the herdsmen. They exchanged mountain-surrender documents stipulating that anyone still on the land when the term ended would revert with it—people follow territory. A supplementary agreement addressed unfinished business from the handover, settling Kazakh debts on both sides and claims over stolen livestock.

二十年，與俄復議帕界。俄初欲據郎庫里、阿克塔什，出使大臣許景澄以此為中國地，力爭不許。既而俄允於色勒庫爾山嶺之西，請中國指實何地相讓，中國仍以自烏仔別里至薩雷庫里湖為言，俄人不允。總署欲改循水為界，擬循阿克拜塔爾河，南逾阿克蘇河，東南循河至阿克塔什平地，轉向西南，循伊西提克河，直至薩雷庫里湖，各將分界水名詳敘，仍未決。是年俄嗣皇即位，遣布政使王之春為專使往賀。

In Guangxu 20 (1894), China and Russia reopened talks on the Pamir frontier. Russia first tried to hold Langkuli and Aktash. Envoy Xu Jingcheng insisted they were Chinese and refused to yield. Russia then proposed fixing the line west of the Sarikol ridge and asked China to name concessions. China held to Wuzibie–Sarikur Lake. Russia rejected that line. The Zongli Yamen proposed a riverine boundary: the Akbaitar, south across the Aksu, southeast to Aktash flats, then southwest along the Ysyktik to Sarikur Lake, with every stream named in detail. Still no agreement. That year Russia's new emperor succeeded to the throne. Intendant Wang Zhichun was sent as congratulatory envoy.

明年春，與日本講成，割臺灣及遼河以南地，俄聯法、德勸阻遼南割地，日本不允。俄忽調戰艦赴煙台，日本允還遼，惟欲於二萬萬外加償費。俄皇特命戶部大臣威特見出使大臣許景澄，云欲為中國代借钜款，俾早日退兵。許景澄以聞。總署命與俄商辦，遂訂借法銀四萬萬佛郎，以海關作保，年息四釐，分年償還。是為中俄四釐借款合同。

The following spring China made peace with Japan, ceding Taiwan and territory south of the Liao River. Russia, France, and Germany pressed Japan to renounce the Liaodong cession. Japan refused. Russia suddenly sent warships to Yantai. Japan agreed to return Liaodong—but only for an extra indemnity on top of the two hundred million taels. The tsar ordered Finance Minister Witte to tell Envoy Xu Jingcheng that Russia would arrange a large loan so Japan could withdraw its troops sooner. Xu Jingcheng reported this to Beijing. The Zongli Yamen ordered negotiations. China borrowed four hundred million French francs, customs revenue as security, at four percent interest, payable in installments. This became the Sino-Russian Four Percent Loan Agreement.

九月，俄人分赴東三省勘路。初俄興造悉畢爾鐵路，欲在滿洲地方借地接修。總署議自俄境入華境以後，由中國自造。十月，俄水師輪船請暫借山東膠澳過冬，許之。山東巡撫李秉衡上言：「煙台芝罘島並非不可泊船，膠州向非通商口岸，應請飭俄使進泊後，退出須定期限。」報可。十二月，賞俄使喀希呢及法、德二使頭等第三寶星。

In the ninth month Russian teams fanned out across Manchuria to survey railway routes. Russia was building the Trans-Siberian Railway and wanted leased land in Manchuria to link the line eastward. The Zongli Yamen held that once the line crossed into China, China would build it. In the tenth month Russia asked to winter its fleet in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong. Permission was granted. Governor Li Bingheng of Shandong wrote: "Yantai's Zhifu Island could serve as well; Jiaozhou is no treaty port. Once Russia anchors there, it must leave by a fixed date." The court approved. In the twelfth month Envoy Kakhini and the French and German ministers received the First Class Third Grade Precious Star.

二十二年四月，俄皇尼哥拉斯二世加冕，命李鴻章為專使，王之春為副使，贈俄皇頭等第一寶星。九月，與俄訂新約。時李鴻章尚未回國，俄使喀希呢特密約求總署奏請批准。約成，俄使貴族鄔多穆斯契以報謝加冕使來北京，議立華俄銀行，遂命許景澄與俄結華俄道勝銀行契約，中國出股本銀五百萬兩，與俄合辦。別立中國東省鐵路公司，又立條例九章，其第二章銀行業務之第十項，規定對於中國之業務：一，領收中國內之諸稅；二，經營地方及國庫有關係之事業；三，鑄造中國政府允許之貨幣；四，代還中國政府募集公債之利息；五，佈設中國內之鐵道電線，並訂結東清鐵道會社條約，以建造鐵路與經理事宜悉委銀行。

In the fourth month of Guangxu 22 (1896), for Nicholas II's coronation, Li Hongzhang was appointed chief envoy and Wang Zhichun his deputy. They presented the First Class First Grade Precious Star to the tsar. In the ninth month China and Russia signed a new treaty. Li Hongzhang had not yet returned home. Minister Kakhini pressed a secret treaty on the Zongli Yamen and asked for imperial approval by memorial. After the treaty was signed, the Russian noble Udoumousiki arrived in Beijing to thank the coronation mission. They agreed to establish a Sino-Russian bank. Xu Jingcheng was ordered to sign the Russo-Chinese Bank charter; China put up five million taels in capital in a joint venture with Russia. They also created the Chinese Eastern Railway Company and nine chapters of bylaws. Chapter Two, Banking Operations, Item Ten, defined the bank's China business: first, collecting domestic taxes; second, managing local and treasury-related projects; third, minting currency with the Qing government's permission; fourth, servicing interest on Qing government bonds; fifth, building railways and telegraph lines in China, including the Eastern Qing Railway charter, with construction and operations wholly entrusted to the bank.

二十三年十一月，俄以德占膠州灣為口實，命西伯利亞艦隊入旅順口，要求租借旅順、大連二港，且求築造自哈爾濱至旅順之鐵道權。十二月，俄以兵入金州城徵收錢糧，阻之，不省。鄉民聚眾抗拒，俄人遂於貔口槍斃華民數十。奉天將軍依克唐阿以聞，命出使大臣楊儒迅與俄人商辦，議久不決。俄皇謂許景澄曰：「俄船借泊，一為膠事，二為度冬，三為助華防護他國佔據。」景澄再與商，不應。二十四年二月，命許景澄專論旅、大俄船借泊及黃海鐵路事，俄以德既占膠州，各國均有所索，俄未便不租旅、大。又鐵路請中國許東省公司自鴨綠江至牛莊一帶水口擇宜通接，限三月初六日訂約，過期俄即自行辦理，詞甚決絕。既而俄提督率兵登岸，張接管旅、大示，限中國官吏交金州城。中國再與交涉，俄始允兵屯城外。遂訂約，將旅順口及大連灣暨附近水面租與俄。已畫押遣員分勘，將軍伊克唐阿以「附近」二字太寬泛，電總署力爭，謂金西、金東各島，離岸一二十里、三四十里不等，謂之「附近」尚可，至索山以南廟兒七島，近者三四十里，遠者二百餘里，在山東登萊海面，非遼東所屬，不得謂之「附近」。爭之再三，俄請將廟群島作為隙地，免他國佔據。總署告以中國但可允認不讓與他國享用並通商等利益，不能允作隙地，致損主權。俄人又請允許立字不設砲台、不駐兵。總署仍與力駁，不省。久之，始允照中國議，刪去「作為隙地」及「不設砲台」等語；復於專條廟群島下增繕「不歸租界之內」字，而金州東海海陽、五蟒二島仍租俄。

In the eleventh month of Guangxu 23 (1897), citing Germany's seizure of Jiaozhou Bay, Russia sent the Siberian fleet into Port Arthur, demanded leases on Port Arthur and Dalian, and sought the right to build a railway from Harbin to Port Arthur. In the twelfth month Russian troops entered Jinzhou to collect taxes. China protested. They ignored it. Villagers rose in resistance. At Pikou the Russians shot dozens of Chinese dead. General Yiketang'a of Fengtian reported the outrage. Envoy Yang Ru was ordered to negotiate at once. Talks stalled. The tsar told Xu Jingcheng: "Our ships are here for three reasons: Jiaozhou, winter quarters, and helping China keep other powers out." Xu Jingcheng tried again. Russia would not answer. In the second month of Guangxu 24 (1898), Xu Jingcheng was told to settle the Port Arthur–Dalian anchorage and the Yellow Sea railway. Russia replied that with Germany in Jiaozhou and every power grabbing concessions, it could hardly refuse a lease of its own. On the railway, Russia wanted the Eastern Railway Company to pick a link point between the Yalu and Niuzhuang by water. Sign by the sixth of the third month—or Russia would act alone. The tone was absolute. Then the Russian admiral landed troops, posted takeover notices at Port Arthur and Dalian, and demanded that Chinese officials surrender Jinzhou. China protested again. Russia agreed only to keep troops outside the walls. A treaty followed, leasing Port Arthur, Dalian Bay, and adjacent waters to Russia. After initialing, survey teams went out. General Yiketang'a wired the Zongli Yamen: the word "adjacent" was far too broad. Islands ten to forty li off Jinzhou might qualify—but the seven Miaodao Islands south of Suoshan, some forty li away and others more than two hundred li off Shandong's Deng-Lai coast, were not Liaodong territory and were not "adjacent" at all. After repeated protests Russia proposed making the Miaodao Islands a neutral zone barred to other powers. The Zongli Yamen replied that China could pledge not to lease the islands or their trade to others—but not declare them neutral territory, which would compromise sovereignty. Russia also wanted a written pledge that no forts would be built and no troops stationed there. The Yamen pushed back again. Russia ignored them. Eventually Russia accepted China's language, striking "neutral zone" and "no forts"; a special clause added "not within the leased territory" for the Miaodao group, while Haiyang and Wumang Islands east of Jinzhou remained in the lease.

七月，出使大臣許景澄、楊儒與東省鐵路公司續訂合同。初，中、俄會訂條約，原許東省鐵路公司由某站起至大連灣，或酌量至遼東半島營口、鴨綠江中間沿海較便地方，築一枝路，未行。至是與議，許景澄與俄外部商明枝路末處在大連灣海口，不在遼東半島沿海別處，列入專條訂合同。俄人嗣以造路首重運料，擬照原合同所許各陸路轉運之事，訂定暫築通海口枝路暨行船辦法，並自行開採煤礦木植等事。許景澄等以原合同第一款，載明中國在鐵路交界設關，照通商稅則減三分之一，此系指陸路而言，今大連灣海口開作商埠，貨物來往內地，竟援減徵稅，恐牛莊、津海兩關必致掣礙。至內地與租地交界，視中俄兩國交界有別，設關處所亦須變通，擬改定專款。俄人尚欲並開各礦產，拒之，並議限制轉運開採各事。又商加全路工竣年限，俾暫築枝路屆期照拆。凡七款：一，枝路名東省鐵路南滿洲枝路；二，造路需用料件，許公司用輪船及別船樹公司旗，駛行遼河並枝河及營口並隙地各海口，運卸料件；三，公司為運載料件糧草便捷起見，許由南路暫築枝路至營口及隙地海口，惟造路工竣，全路通行貿易後，應將枝路拆去，不得逾八年；四，許公司採伐在官樹株，每株由總監工與地方官酌定繳費，惟盛京御用產物，暨關係風水，不得損動，並許公司所過開採煤礦，亦由總監工與地方官酌定，計斤納稅；五，俄可在租地內自酌稅則，中國可在交界徵收貨物從租界運入內地，或由內地運往租地之稅，照海關進出口稅則無增減，並允俄在大連灣設關，委公司代徵，別遣文官駐紮為稅關委員；六，許公司自備行海商船，照各國通商例，如有虧折，與中國無涉，應照原合同十二條價買及歸還期限辦理；七，造路方向所過地方，應俟總監工勘定，由公司或北京代辦人與鐵路總辦公司商定。復定鐵路經過奉天，應繞避陵寢，俄允繞距三十里，遂畫押。

In the seventh month Envoys Xu Jingcheng and Yang Ru signed a supplementary contract with the Eastern Railway Company. The earlier Sino-Russian treaty had allowed the company a branch from a main-line station to Dalian Bay, or optionally to a convenient point on the Liaodong coast between Yingkou and the Yalu. It had never been built. Now Xu Jingcheng and the Russian Foreign Ministry fixed the branch terminus at Dalian Bay—not elsewhere on the Liaodong coast—and put that in a special clause. Russia then sought temporary branch lines and shipping rights to move materiel to the port, as the original contract had allowed for overland haulage—and permission to open coal mines and cut timber on its own. Xu Jingcheng objected: Article One allowed one-third tariff reductions at railway junctions on land routes. With Dalian Bay now a port, inland-bound cargo claimed the same discount—likely crippling customs at Niuzhuang and Jinhai. The inland–lease boundary was not the same as the national frontier, they argued; customs posts would need different placement. They drafted a special revision. Russia wanted rights to every mine. China refused and negotiated limits on haulage and extraction. They also extended the full-line completion deadline so temporary spurs would be torn up on schedule. Seven articles followed. First: the spur would be called the Southern Manchuria Branch of the Eastern Railway. Second: the company could use company-flag steamers on the Liao and its tributaries, and at Yingkou and neutral ports, to carry and unload materials. Third: for materiel and fodder the company could build temporary spurs south to Yingkou and neutral ports—but must remove them within eight years of the main line's completion. Fourth: the company could cut state timber at fees set by the chief engineer and local officials—but not imperial preserves at Mukden or sites affecting feng shui. Coal along the route could be mined, taxed by weight under the same arrangement. Fifth: Russia could set its own tariff in the lease. China would collect standard import-export duties on goods crossing into or out of the lease. Russia could open customs at Dalian Bay, with the company collecting and a Qing civil officer as commissioner. Sixth: the company could run its own merchant steamers under ordinary treaty rules. Losses would not be China's concern, per Article Twelve on purchase and return. Seventh: the chief engineer would survey and fix the route in consultation with the company—or its Beijing office—and headquarters. Where the line crossed Mukden it must bypass the imperial tombs. Russia agreed to a thirty-li detour. The contract was initialed.

二十五年，盛京將軍文興等遣知府福培、同知塗景濤與俄員倭高格伊林思齊等，勘分旅大租界。俄員擬先從租地北界西岸亞當灣起勘。福培等以中國輿圖無亞當灣地名，應照總署電，亞當即普蘭店之文為憑，當從普蘭店西海灣之馬虎島起。俄員以續約明言西從亞當灣北起，無普蘭店字，堅不允改。遂從北界西岸起，次第立碑，至大海濱，凡三十有一碑，北刻漢文，南鐫俄國字母。復立小碑八，以數目為號。界線由西至東，長九十八里餘九十四弓。界既定，與俄員會議分界專條，又將所繪界圖，用華、俄文註明，畫押蓋印，互換後，分呈俄使及總署批定完結。初由李鴻章、張廕桓與俄使巴布羅福訂此約於北京，至是，命王文韶、許景澄加押。時中國欲自造山海關至營口枝路，英欲投資。俄使牒總署，謂借用外國資本，與續約相背。俄人又以東省鐵路將興工，擬在北京設東省鐵路俄文學堂，招中國學生學習俄國語言文字，以備鐵路調遣之用。許之。是年，俄以遼東租借地為「關東省」。

In Guangxu 25 (1899), Mukden Governor Wen Xing sent Prefect Fu Pei and Sub-prefect Tu Jingtao with Russian officers Vogelge, Irliansky, and others to demarcate the Port Arthur–Dalian lease. The Russians wanted to start on the western shore of the northern boundary at Adam Bay. Fu Pei replied that Chinese maps had no "Adam Bay." Per the Yamen's telegram, Adam was another name for Pulandian. The line should start at Tiger Island in Pulandian's western bay. The Russians cited the supplementary treaty: "from Adam Bay on the west, northward"—no Pulandian. They refused to budge. Surveying began from the western shore of the north boundary. They set thirty-one markers to the sea—Chinese on the north face, Cyrillic on the south. Eight smaller numbered markers were added. The line ran west to east, ninety-eight li and ninety-four bu long. With the line fixed, they negotiated a demarcation annex, labeled the map in Chinese and Russian, initialed and sealed copies, and submitted them to the Russian minister and the Zongli Yamen for ratification. Li Hongzhang and Zhang Yin-huan had signed the treaty in Beijing with Minister Pavlov. Now Wang Wenshao and Xu Jingcheng were told to countersign. China meanwhile planned a Shanhaiguan–Yingkou branch—and Britain wanted to invest. The Russian minister protested to the Zongli Yamen that foreign capital violated the supplementary treaty. With Eastern Railway construction beginning, Russia proposed a Russian-language school in Beijing to train Chinese students for the line. Permission was granted. That year Russia renamed the Liaodong lease the "Kwantung Province."

二十六年，拳匪亂，各國聯軍入北京，俄乘勢以兵占東三省，藉口防馬賊、保鐵路。初，奉天土匪先攻俄鐵道警衛兵，亂兵燒天主教堂，破毀鐵嶺鐵道，掠洋庫；旋攻遼陽鐵道，俄鐵道員咸退去，同時黑龍江亦砲擊俄船。俄聞警，遣軍分道進攻，由璦琿、三姓、寧古塔、琿春進據奉天，乃迫將軍增祺訂奉天交地約，擬在東三省駐兵，政賦官兵均歸俄管轄。時朝廷以慶親王、李鴻章為全權與各國議款，並命駐俄欽使楊儒為全權大臣，與俄商辦接收東三省事。楊儒與爭論久，始允作廢。而俄人別出約稿相要，張之洞等連電力爭，遂暫停議。

In Guangxu 26 (1900), the Boxers rebelled, allied armies marched on Beijing, and Russia used the chaos to occupy all of Manchuria—ostensibly to suppress brigands and protect the railway. First Fengtian bandits attacked Russian railway guards. Mutinous troops burned Catholic churches, tore up the Tieling line, and looted foreign depots; then struck the Liaoyang railway. Russian railway staff fled. In Heilongjiang, too, Qing forces shelled Russian vessels. Russia sent columns from Aihun, Sansing, Ningguta, and Hunchun and seized Fengtian. General Zeng Qi was forced toward a Fengtian handover treaty that would put all three provinces under Russian administration, troops, and tax collection. The court named Prince Qing and Li Hongzhang plenipotentiaries to settle with the powers—and Envoy Yang Ru in Russia to recover Manchuria. Yang Ru fought the terms for months before Russia agreed to void the agreement. Russia then tabled a new draft and pressed for signature. Zhang Zhidong and others wired fierce protests. Talks paused.

二十七年七月，各國和議成，李鴻章乃手擬四事：一，歸地；二，撤兵；三，俄國在東三省，除指定鐵路公司地段，不再增兵；四，交還鐵路，償以費用。與俄使開議於北京。講未成而鴻章卒，王文韶繼之。二十八年三月，訂約四條。

In the seventh month of Guangxu 27 (1901), after the general settlement with the powers, Li Hongzhang drafted four demands: first, return the land; second, withdraw the troops; third, no further Russian troop buildup in Manchuria outside railway zones; fourth, return the railway in exchange for compensation. Negotiations opened with the Russian minister in Beijing. Before terms were settled Li Hongzhang died. Wang Wenshao took his place. In the third month of Guangxu 28 (1902), the two sides signed a four-article agreement.

四月，俄人強佔科布多所屬阿拉克別克河，參贊大臣瑞洵以聞，命外務部商辦，不得要領。七月，鐵路公司與華俄道勝銀行訂立正太鐵路借款及行車合同，又與俄續訂接線展限合同。九月，交還關外鐵路及撤退錦州遼河西南部之俄軍，是為第一期撤兵。至翌年三月第二期，金州、牛莊、遼陽、奉天、鐵嶺、開原、長春、吉林、寧古塔、琿春、阿拉楚喀、哈爾濱駐紮之俄兵仍不如期撤退，俄代理北京公使布拉穆損向外務部新要求七款，拒之，俄使撤回要求案。會俄使雷薩爾復任，復提新議五款，宣言東省撤兵，斷不能無條件，縱因此事與日本開戰，亦所不顧。

In the fourth month Russia forcibly occupied the Arasak Bek River in Kobdo territory. Counselor Rui Xun reported it. The Foreign Ministry was ordered to negotiate—and got nowhere. In the seventh month the railway company signed loan and operating agreements with the Russo-Chinese Bank for the Zhengtai line and renewed connection and extension contracts with Russia. In the ninth month the railway beyond the passes was restored and Russian troops left southwestern Jinzhou on the Liao River—the first stage of withdrawal. In the second phase the next March, Russian troops at Jinzhou, Niuzhuang, Liaoyang, Fengtian, Tieling, Kaiyuan, Changchun, Jilin, Ningguta, Hunchun, Alachuka, and Harbin still failed to withdraw on time. Acting minister Bramsleff submitted seven new demands to the Foreign Ministry; China refused, and he withdrew them. When Minister Lessar returned he proposed five new articles, insisting that withdrawal from Manchuria could not be unconditional and that Russia would not hesitate to fight Japan over it.

三十年，日、俄開戰，中國守中立。是年，俄造東三省鐵路成，又改定中俄接線續約，議照倫敦萬國公會所訂條例各減價。三十一年，日本戰勝，旅順、大連租借權移歸日本，俄專力於東清鐵道。於是有哈爾濱行政權之交涉。哈爾濱為東清鐵道中心地，初祗俄人住居。自三十一年開放為通商口岸，各國次第置領事，按中國各商埠辦法，中國有行政權。乃俄人謂哈爾濱行政權當歸諸東清鐵道會社，中國拒之。既而俄領事霍爾哇拖忽布東清鐵道市制，凡居住哈爾濱市內中外人民，悉課租稅。命東三省總督徐世昌與俄人交涉，不洽。宣統元年，俄領事赴北京與外務部議，外務部尚書梁敦彥與霍爾哇拖議設自治會於東清鐵道界內，以保中國主權，亦不違反東清鐵道會社諸條約，遂議結。而松花江航權之議又起。

In Guangxu 30 Japan and Russia went to war, and China remained neutral. That year Russia finished the Manchurian railway and revised the Sino-Russian connection treaty, agreeing to lower rates in line with the London Universal Postal Union rules. In Guangxu 31 Japan won the war; the Port Arthur and Dalian leases went to Japan, and Russia focused on the Chinese Eastern Railway. This led to disputes over administrative authority in Harbin. Harbin was the hub of the Chinese Eastern Railway and at first was settled only by Russians. From Guangxu 31 it was opened as a treaty port; consuls followed, and under the rules applied at China's treaty ports, China retained administrative authority. Russia claimed Harbin's administration should belong to the Chinese Eastern Railway Company; China refused. Russian consul Khvostov then imposed the railway's municipal regulations, taxing all Chinese and foreign residents in Harbin. Governor-General Xu Shichang of the Three Eastern Provinces was ordered to negotiate with Russia, without success. In Xuantong 1 the Russian consul negotiated in Beijing with Foreign Minister Liang Dunyan and Khvostov, agreeing to an autonomous council within the railway zone that would preserve Chinese sovereignty without breaching the railway treaties. Disputes over Songhua navigation rights then arose again.

初，中俄條約所指之松花江，系指黑龍江下流而言，未許在內地松花江通航也。俄謂咸豐八年、光緒七年所結條約，系指松花江全部而言。至是，命濱江關道施肇基與俄領事開議，俄人仍執舊約為詞。中國以日、俄訂立朴資茅斯約，已將中、俄在松花江獨得行船之權利讓出，舊約不適用。相與辯論不決。既而俄人又欲干預中國管理船舶之權，及防疫並給發專照等事，復嚴拒之。俄人仍執全江貿易自由，不認商埠、內地之區別，又以江路與陸路為一類，不與海路並論，久之始就範。明年締約：一，滿洲界內之松花江，許各國自由航行；二，船泊稅依所載貨物重量收納；三，兩國國境各百里之消費貨各免稅；四，穀物稅比從來減三分之一；五，內地輸出貨在松花江稅關照例納稅。此約成，於是各國得航行於松花江內，而北滿之局勢一變。時中國與俄訂東省鐵路公議會大綱，俄人以中國開放商埠，與東清鐵路地段性質不同，東清鐵路地段內有完全行政之權，意在於東清鐵路界內施行其行政權。政府以俄侵越主權，嚴拒之。並通告各國曰：「東清鐵路合同首段即載明中政府與華俄道勝銀行合夥開設生意，曰『合夥開設生意』，明系商務之性質，與行政上之許可權絲毫不得侵越。乃俄引此合同第六條為據，謂有『由公司一手經理』字樣為完全行政之權，不知其一手經理，即合同所指鐵路工程實在必需之地段，而公司經理之許可權，不得越出鐵路應辦之事，絕無可推移到行政地位。又宣統元年中、俄兩國所訂東省鐵路界內公議會大綱條款，自第一條以至第五條，均系聲明鐵路界內中國主權不得稍有損失。又光緒三十一年俄、日在美國議定條約，第三條載明俄、日兩國政府統行歸還中國全滿洲完全專主治理之權。又俄政府聲明俄國在滿洲並無地方上利益或優先及獨得讓與之件，致侵害中國主權，或違背機會均等主義。豈能強解商務合同，並以未經中國明認宣佈之言為依據，而轉將兩國之約廢棄不論耶？」俄人屈於詞，乃定議。

Originally the Songhua in Sino-Russian treaties meant the lower Heilongjiang; inland Songhua navigation was not allowed. Russia argued that the treaties of Xianfeng 8 and Guangxu 7 covered the entire Songhua. Binjiang customs intendant Shi Zhaoji was ordered to negotiate with the Russian consul; Russia still cited the old treaties. China replied that the Treaty of Portsmouth had surrendered the exclusive Sino-Russian navigation rights on the Songhua, rendering the old treaties obsolete. Debate continued without resolution. Russia then sought to interfere in China's management of vessels, quarantine, and special permits, and was refused again. Russia still demanded free trade on the whole river, denied treaty-port and interior distinctions, and treated river routes like land routes rather than sea routes; only after prolonged talks did it yield. The next year a treaty was signed: first, the Songhua within Manchuria was opened to free navigation by all nations; second, anchorage dues would be charged by cargo weight; third, consumer goods within one hundred li on each side of the border were tax-free; fourth, grain duties were cut by one-third; fifth, goods exported from the interior paid duties at Songhua customs as usual. Once this treaty was signed, all nations could sail the inland Songhua, and northern Manchuria's strategic landscape shifted entirely. China and Russia were then drafting the Eastern Provinces Railway council charter. Russia argued that treaty ports differed from the Chinese Eastern Railway zone, which possessed full administrative authority, and intended to govern within the railway zone. The government refused firmly as an encroachment on sovereignty. It also notified all powers: 'The railway contract's opening clause states that the Chinese government and the Russo-Chinese Bank jointly opened a business—clearly commercial in nature, with no permission to encroach on administrative authority. Russia cited article six, claiming 'managed entirely by the company' meant full administration—but that phrase covered only land genuinely needed for railway works, and company authority could not extend beyond railway business or become administrative power. Moreover articles one through five of the Xuantong 1 council charter for the railway zone all declare that Chinese sovereignty there must not suffer the slightest loss. Moreover the Russo-Japanese treaty concluded in America in Guangxu 31, article three, restores to China full sovereign authority over all Manchuria. Russia also declared it held no local interests, preferences, or exclusive grants in Manchuria that would infringe Chinese sovereignty or violate the Open Door. How could Russia stretch a commercial contract, rely on words China never formally accepted, and set aside solemn bilateral treaties?' Russia yielded to the argument and terms were settled.

:一，兩國國境各百里內，俄制定之國境稅率，不受限制，兩國領土內之產物及工商品，皆無稅貿易； :二，旅中國俄人訟案，全歸俄官審理，兩國人民訟案，歸兩國會審； :三，蒙古及天山南北兩路，俄人得自由居住，為無稅貿易； :四，俄國於伊犁、塔爾巴哈台、庫倫、烏里雅蘇台、喀什噶爾、烏魯木齊、科布多、哈密、古城、張家口等處，得設置領事官，並有購置土地建築房屋之權。

First: within one hundred li on each side of the border, Russia's border tariff rates would not be restricted, and products and manufactures in both territories would trade duty-free; second: lawsuits involving Russians in China would be tried entirely by Russian officials; mixed cases would be tried jointly; third: in Mongolia and both routes north and south of the Tianshan, Russians might reside freely and trade duty-free; fourth: Russia might post consuls at Ili, Tarbagatai, Khuree, Urga, Kashgar, Urumqi, Kobdo, Hami, Gucheng, Zhangjiakou, and elsewhere, with the right to buy land and erect buildings.

久之，始復俄使云：:一，國境百里內，中國確遵自由貿易之約，並不限制俄國之國境稅率； :二，兩國人民訟案，應照舊約辦理； :三，蒙古、新疆地方貿易，原定俟商務興盛，即設定稅率； :四，科布多、哈密、古城三處，既認為貿易隆盛，中國依俄國設領事之要求，俄國亦應依原約，允中國制定關稅。

After long delay China finally replied to the Russian minister: first, within one hundred li of the border China would honor free trade and would not restrict Russia's border tariff rates; second: mixed lawsuits should follow the old treaties; third: tariffs in Mongolia and Xinjiang were to be set once commerce flourished, as originally agreed; fourth: at Kobdo, Hami, and Gucheng, now recognized as thriving in trade, if China granted consuls as Russia requested, Russia should likewise allow China to set customs duties under the original treaties.

俄使以告本國政府，俄以制定關稅不應與增設領事並提，更向中國質問，並命土耳其斯坦駐軍進伊犁邊境，遂允之。俄人又遣兵駐庫倫，向外務部邀求開礦優先權，拒之。會革命軍興，庫倫獨立，事益不可問矣。

The minister reported home; Russia argued customs duties should not be linked to new consulates, pressed China further, and moved Turkestan troops to the Ili border—whereupon China agreed. Russia also stationed troops at Khuree and asked the Foreign Ministry for priority mining rights; China refused. Then the revolution erupted, Khuree declared independence, and affairs passed beyond any further reckoning.

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