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交聘之典，春秋爲盛。 南北史本紀書交聘頗詳。 其時中土分裂，與列國之敵體相交，無以異也。 宋與遼金歲賀正旦、賀生辰外，有泛使，今謂之專使。 然皆事畢即行，不常駐，《金史》有盟聘表。 清有中夏，沿元明制，視海內外莫與爲對。 凡俄、英之來聘者，國史皆書曰來貢。 洎道光庚子訂約，始與敵體相等。 咸豐庚申之役，肇衅非一，而遣使駐京未允實行者，亦一大端。 自是而後，有約各國率遣使駐京。 同治中，志剛、孫家穀之出，是爲中國遣專使之始。 光緒建元，郭嵩燾、陳蘭彬諸人分使英、美，是爲中國遣駐使之始。 其時以使俄者兼德、奧，使英者兼法、義、比，使美者兼日斯巴尼亞、秘魯，而日本無附近之國，則特置使。 甲午以後，增置漸多，迄于宣統，俄、英、法、德、和、比、義、奧、日本皆特置使，日斯巴尼亞則改以法使兼，秘魯、墨西哥、古巴則以美使兼。 韓國置使旋廢。 有約之國，惟葡萄牙、瑞典、那威、丹馬諸國無駐使，有事則以就近駐使任之。 國際交涉，大至和戰之重，細至節文之末，爲使者罔弗與聞，關國家休戚者固至重也。 作交聘表。
The rituals of diplomatic exchange reached their fullest expression in the Spring and Autumn era. The reign annals of the Northern and Southern Histories treat diplomatic exchanges at length. In that age the Central Plain was fractured; treating with other powers as peer states differed little from what would follow. Beyond the Song's yearly New Year and birthday missions to Liao and Jin, there were general envoys—what we now call special envoys. Yet they all left when their business was finished and were not permanently resident; the History of Jin includes a table of alliances and missions. Once the Qing held the Central Realm, following Yuan and Ming precedent, it acknowledged no peer at home or abroad. Envoys from Russia, Britain, and the like were invariably entered in the dynastic records as coming to present tribute. Only after the treaties of the Daoguang gengzi year (1840) were foreign powers recognized as coequal states. The Xianfeng gengshen war had more than one provocation; the refusal to allow—and implement—resident ministers in Beijing was itself a major grievance. Thereafter treaty powers routinely posted ministers to the capital. During Tongzhi, the missions of Zhigang and Sun Jiagu marked China's first dispatch of special envoys abroad. At the opening of the Guangxu reign, Guo Songtao, Chen Lanbin, and others were assigned to Britain and the United States—the start of permanently resident Chinese missions. Initially the minister to Russia doubled for Germany and Austria; the minister to Britain for France, Italy, and Belgium; and the minister to the United States for Spain and Peru—while Japan, with no neighboring power to share a mission, received its own minister. After 1894 postings multiplied; by the Xuantong era Russia, Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Austria, and Japan each had dedicated ministers, while Spain fell under the French legation and Peru, Mexico, and Cuba under the American. A mission to Korea was established only to be withdrawn shortly afterward. Of the treaty powers, only Portugal, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark lacked resident ministers; matters were referred to whichever legation lay nearest. International affairs range from war and peace to the finest points of protocol, and envoys are party to all of it—work that touches the nation's fortunes is plainly vital. Below is presented the chronological table of diplomatic missions.
| 俄 | 英 | 法 | 美 | 德 | 和 | 日 | 比 | 義 | 奧 | 日本 | 秘魯 | 朝鮮 | 墨西哥 | 古巴 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 光緒元年乙亥（是年設出使駐英國一人，副使一人；出使駐美、日、秘國一人，副使一人。） | 郭嵩燾（七月庚子，自兵部左侍郎派爲出使英國大臣。） | 陳蘭彬（十一月丙午，自郎中賞三四品京堂，爲出使美國、日斯巴尼亞國、秘魯國大臣。） | 陳蘭彬 | 陳蘭彬 | |||||||||||
| 許鈐身（自直隸候補道員爲副使。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒二年丙子（是年設出使駐日本國一人，副使一人。） | 郭嵩燾 | 陳蘭彬 | 陳蘭彬 | 許鈐身（八月辛丑自駐英副使改派爲出使日本大臣。十二月戊子罷。） | 陳蘭彬 | ||||||||||
| 許鈐身（八月辛丑改使日本。） | 何如璋（八月辛丑自翰林院編修命以侍講陞用爲副使。十二月戊子改爲正使。張斯桂爲副使。） | ||||||||||||||
| 劉錫鴻（八月自刑部員外郎以四五品京堂候補，爲英國副使。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒三年丁丑（是年裁駐英副使。） | 郭嵩燾（正月甲寅，補頒爲駐紮英國辦理交涉事件大臣，遞國書。） | 陳蘭彬 | 劉錫鴻（三月癸酉自出使英國副使派爲出使德國大臣，加二品頂戴。） | 陳蘭彬 | 何如璋 | 陳蘭彬 | |||||||||
| 光緒四年戊寅（是年設出使俄國一人，出使德國一人，出使英國兼法國。） | 崇厚（五月辛未自署盛京將軍派爲出使俄國大臣，辦理交還伊犁及俄國修約事宜。） | 郭嵩燾（七月乙亥召回。） | 郭嵩燾（二月辛未，命兼爲出使法國大臣。） | 陳蘭彬 | 劉錫鴻（七月乙亥召回。李鳳苞自道員賞二品頂戴，令署出使德國大臣。） | 陳蘭彬 | 何如璋 | 陳蘭彬 | |||||||
| 曾紀澤（乙亥，自四五品京堂、一等毅勇侯爲出使英國、法國大臣。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒五年乙卯 | 崇厚（十一月庚寅，崇厚以不候諭旨，擅自回京，嚴議。乙卯，革，逮。） | 曾紀澤 | 曾紀澤 | 陳蘭彬 | 李鳳苞（三月乙未賞三品卿銜，以海關道記名，由署任改爲出使德國大臣。） | 陳蘭彬 | 何如璋 | 陳蘭彬 | |||||||
| 光緒六年庚辰（是年，出使英、法兼出使俄國。） | 曾紀澤（正月辛未，自出使英、法大臣命兼爲出使俄國大臣，商辦交收伊犁及修約。） | 曾紀澤 | 曾紀澤 | 陳蘭彬 | 李鳳苞 | 陳蘭彬 | 何如璋（十一月乙丑，與張斯桂同召回。） | 陳蘭彬 | |||||||
| 許景澄（自翰林院編修以侍講升用，加二品，命爲出使日本大臣。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒七年辛巳（是年出使德國大臣兼出使義國、和國、奧國大臣。） | 曾紀澤 | 曾紀澤 | 曾紀澤 | 陳蘭彬（七月召回。） | 李鳳苞 | 李鳳苞（三月，兼爲出使義國、和國、奧國大臣。） | 陳蘭彬（任滿。） | 李鳳苞（三月，兼爲。） | 李鳳苞（三月，兼爲。） | 許景澄（三月，丁憂。） | 陳蘭彬 | ||||
| 鄭藻如（五月，自津海關道賞三品卿銜，派爲出使美國、日斯巴尼亞國、秘魯國大臣。十二月，開本缺，以三品京堂候補。） | 鄭藻如 | 黎庶昌（三月，自知府以道員補用，予二品頂戴，命爲出使日本大臣。） | 鄭藻如 | ||||||||||||
| 光緒八年壬午 | 曾紀澤 | 曾紀澤 | 曾紀澤 | 鄭藻如 | 李鳳苞 | 李鳳苞 | 鄭藻如 | 李鳳苞 | 李鳳苞 | 黎庶昌 | 鄭藻如 | ||||
| 光緒九年癸未 | 曾紀澤 | 曾紀澤 | 曾紀澤 | 鄭藻如 | 李鳳苞（二月，命再留一年。） | 李鳳苞 | 鄭藻如 | 李鳳苞 | 李鳳苞 | 黎庶昌 | 鄭藻如 | ||||
| 光緒十年甲申（是年，以德國使臣兼法、義、奧。） | 曾紀澤 | 曾紀澤（四月，停兼爲法使。） | 曾紀澤（四月，停兼爲法使。） | 鄭藻如 | 李鳳苞（四月，命兼署出使法國大臣。） | 李鳳苞 | 鄭藻如 | 李鳳苞 | 李鳳苞 | 黎庶昌（八月，丁憂。） | 鄭藻如 | ||||
| 李鳳苞（四月，署。） | 許景澄（四月戊子，爲出使法國、德國、義國、奧國大臣。） | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 徐承祖（八月，自候補知府予二品頂戴，爲出使日本大臣。） | |||||||||
| 李鳳苞（四月，兼署。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒十一年乙酉（是年，以出使法、德等國大臣兼使比國。） | 曾紀澤（六月十六召回。） | 曾紀澤（六月召回。） | 許景澄 | 鄭藻如（六月，病免。） | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 鄭藻如（六月，病免。） | 許景澄（六月，兼爲出使比國大臣。） | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 徐承祖 | 鄭藻如（六月，病免。） | |||
| 劉瑞芬（六月，自江西布政使爲出使英國、俄國大臣。十月辛未，開本缺，以三品京堂候補。） | 張蔭桓（六月，自三品卿銜直隸大順廣道爲出使美國、日斯巴尼亞國、秘魯國出使大臣。） | 張蔭桓（六月，命。） | 張蔭桓（六月，命。） | ||||||||||||
| 光緒十二年 | 劉瑞芬 | 劉瑞芬 | 許景澄 | 張蔭桓 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 張蔭桓 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 徐承祖 | 張蔭桓 | |||
| 光緒十三年丁亥 | 劉瑞芬（四月癸未，定出使俄國大臣兼爲駐德使臣，以奧、和兩國附之。） | 劉瑞芬（四月癸未，定出使俄國大臣兼爲駐德使臣，以奧、和兩國附之。五月丁巳，瑞芬改爲出使英、法、義、比大臣。） | 許景澄（五月召回。） | 張蔭桓 | 許景澄（五月召回。） | 許景澄（五月召回。） | 張蔭桓 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 徐承祖（五月召回。） | 張蔭桓 | |||
| 洪鈞（五月丁巳，自前內閣學士派爲出使俄、德、奧、和大臣。） | 劉瑞芬 | 洪鈞 | 洪鈞 | 張蔭桓 | 劉瑞芬 | 劉瑞芬 | 洪鈞 | 李興銳（五月丁巳，自直隸候補道賞二品頂戴，爲出使日本大臣。七月庚申，病免。） | |||||||
| 黎庶昌（七月庚申，自記名道爲出使日本大臣。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒十四年戊子 | 洪鈞 | 劉瑞芬 | 劉瑞芬 | 張蔭桓 | 洪鈞 | 洪鈞 | 張蔭桓 | 劉瑞芬 | 劉瑞芬 | 洪鈞 | 黎庶昌 | 張蔭桓 | |||
| 光緒十五年己丑 | 洪鈞 | 劉瑞芬（三月召回。） | 劉瑞芬（三月召回。） | 張蔭桓（三月召回。） | 洪鈞 | 洪鈞 | 張蔭桓（三月召回。） | 劉瑞芬（三月召回。） | 劉瑞芬（三月召回。） | 洪鈞 | 黎庶昌 | 張蔭桓（三月召回。） | |||
| 陳欽銘（三月丙午，自江蘇按察使派爲出使英、法、義、比大臣。四月戊寅，病免。） | 陳欽銘（三月，命。四月，免。） | 崔國因（三月丙午，自翰林院侍讀賞二品頂戴，爲出使美、日、秘魯大臣。） | 崔國因（三月，命。） | 陳欽銘（三月，命。四月，免。） | 陳欽銘（三月，命。四月，免。） | 崔國因（三月，命。） | |||||||||
| 薛福成（四月辛卯，自湖南按察使以三品京堂候補，充出使英、法、義、比大臣。） | 薛福成（四月，命。） | 薛福成（四月，命。） | 薛福成（四月，命。） | ||||||||||||
| 光緒十六年庚寅 | 洪鈞（七月召回。） | 薛福成 | 薛福成 | 崔國因 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 崔國因 | 薛福成 | 薛福成 | 許景澄 | 黎庶昌 | 崔國因 | |||
| 許景澄（七月癸巳，自候補翰林院侍讀爲出使俄、德、奧、和大臣。） | 李經方（七月癸巳，自江蘇候補道爲出使日本大臣。） | ||||||||||||||
| 光緒十七年辛卯 | 許景澄 | 薛福成 | 薛福成 | 崔國因 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 崔國因 | 薛福成 | 薛福成 | 許景澄 | 李經方（六月，給假。） | 崔國因 | |||
| 汪鳳藻（六月二十四，署出使日本大臣。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒十八年壬辰 | 許景澄 | 薛福成 | 薛福成 | 崔國因（任滿。） | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 崔國因（任滿。） | 薛福成 | 薛福成 | 許景澄 | 汪鳳藻（三月回國。） | 崔國因（任滿。） | |||
| 楊儒（十二月，自徽寧池太道以四品京堂候補，爲出使美、日、秘大臣。） | 楊儒（十二月，命。） | 李經方（三月，回任。六月，丁憂。） | 楊儒（十二月，命。） | ||||||||||||
| 汪鳳藻（六月十六，自翰林院編修賞二品頂戴，爲出使日本大臣。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒十九年癸巳 | 許景澄 | 薛福成（任滿。） | 薛福成 | 楊儒 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 楊儒 | 薛福成 | 薛福成 | 許景澄 | 汪鳳藻 | 楊儒 | |||
| 龔照瑗（十月壬子，自四川布政使賞侍郎銜，以四品京堂候補，爲出使英、法、義、比大臣。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒二十年甲午 | 許景澄 | 龔照瑗 | 龔照瑗 | 楊儒 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 楊儒 | 龔照瑗 | 龔照瑗 | 許景澄 | 汪鳳藻（回國。） | 楊儒 | |||
| 光緒二十一年乙未（是年六月丁丑，專設出使法國大臣。） | 許景澄 | 龔照瑗 | 慶常（八月丙戌，自工部郎中賞三品卿銜，以五品京堂候補，爲出使法國大臣。） | 楊儒 | 許景澄 | 許景澄 | 楊儒 | 龔照瑗 | 龔照瑗 | 許景澄 | 裕庚（五月戊午，自惠潮道以四品京堂候補，爲出使日本大臣。） | 楊儒 | |||
| 光緒二十二年丙申 | 許景澄（任滿。） | 龔照瑗（任滿。） | 慶常 | 楊儒（調俄。） | 許景澄（十一月丁巳，自工部侍郎爲專使德國大臣。） | 許景澄 | 楊儒 | 龔照瑗 | 龔照瑗 | 許景澄 | 裕庚 | 楊儒 | |||
| 楊儒（十月辛巳，調爲出使俄、奧、和大臣。） | 羅豐祿（十月辛巳，自記名海關道賞四品卿銜，爲出使英、義、比大臣。） | 伍廷芳（十月，自候補道賞四品卿銜，爲出使美、日、秘魯國大臣。） | 楊儒 | 伍廷芳 | 羅豐祿 | 羅豐祿 | 楊儒 | 伍廷芳 | |||||||
| 光緒二十三年丁酉 | 楊儒 | 羅豐祿 | 慶常 | 伍廷芳 | 許景澄（召回。） | 呂海寰 | 伍廷芳 | 羅豐祿 | 羅豐祿 | 楊儒 | 裕庚 | 伍廷芳 | |||
| 呂海寰（五月壬子，自常鎭通海道以四品京堂爲出使德國、和國大臣。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒二十四年戊戌（是年設出使朝鮮大臣。） | 楊儒 | 羅豐祿 | 慶常 | 伍廷芳 | 呂海寰 | 呂海寰 | 伍廷芳 | 羅豐祿 | 羅豐祿 | 楊儒 | 裕庚（任滿。） | 伍廷芳 | 徐壽朋（六月戊申，自安徽按察使以三品京堂候補，爲出使朝鮮大臣。） | ||
| 黃遵憲（六月丙午，自二品銜湖南鹽法道以三品京堂候補，爲出使日本大臣。未任。） | （丙午，先命）張亨嘉（不拜。） | ||||||||||||||
| （甲申）李盛鐸（自江南道監察御史暫代。庚申，賞三品銜，以京堂候補。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒二十五年己亥 | 楊儒 | 羅豐祿 | 慶常（任滿。） | 伍廷芳 | 呂海寰 | 呂海寰 | 伍廷芳 | 羅豐祿 | 羅豐祿 | 楊儒 | 李盛鐸 | 伍廷芳 | 徐壽朋 | ||
| 裕庚（五月，爲出使法國大臣。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒二十六年庚子 | 楊儒 | 羅豐祿 | 裕庚 | 伍廷芳 | 呂海寰 | 呂海寰 | 伍廷芳 | 羅豐祿 | 羅豐祿 | 楊儒 | 李盛鐸 | 伍廷芳 | 徐壽朋 | ||
| 光緒二十七年辛丑 | 楊儒 | 羅豐祿（十月，改使俄。未任。） | 裕庚 | 伍廷芳 | 呂海寰（任滿。） | 呂海寰 | 伍廷芳 | 羅豐祿 | 羅豐祿 | 楊儒 | 李盛鐸（任滿。） | 伍廷芳 | 徐壽朋（六月，遷。） | ||
| 張德彜（十月丙申，自記名道賞三品卿銜，爲出使英國、義國、比國大臣。） | 廕昌（六月丙申，自正白旗副都統爲出使德國、和國大臣。） | 廕昌 | 蔡鈞（五月癸未，自候補四品京堂前江蘇松太道爲出使日本大臣。） | 許台身（六月丙申，自候補知府賞道員，加四品銜，爲出使韓國大臣。） | |||||||||||
| 光緒二十八年壬寅（專設出使比、義、奧大臣。） | 楊儒（卒。） | 張德彜 | 裕庚（任滿。） | 伍廷芳（任滿。） | 廕昌 | 廕昌 | 伍廷芳 | 楊兆鋆（四月，自候補道賞四品卿銜，爲出使比國大臣。） | 許珏（四月壬寅，自候選道賞四品卿銜，爲出使義國大臣。） | 吳德章（四月壬寅，自江蘇候補道賞四品卿銜，爲出使奧國大臣。） | 蔡鈞 | 伍廷芳 | 許台身 | ||
| 胡惟德（六月丙申，自補用道賞四品卿銜，爲出使俄國大臣。） | 孫寶琦（六月丁酉，自候補五品京堂爲出使法國大臣。） | 梁誠（六月丙申，自記名簡放道加三品卿銜，爲出使美國、日斯巴尼亞、秘魯國大臣。） | 梁誠 | 梁誠 | |||||||||||
| 光緒二十九年癸卯（是年，改以出使法國大臣兼出使日斯巴尼亞國大臣。） | 胡惟德 | 張德彜 | 孫寶琦 | 梁誠 | 廕昌 | 廕昌 | 梁誠（九月，解。） | 楊兆鋆 | 許珏 | 吳德章（回國。） | 蔡鈞（召回。） | 梁誠 | 許台身 | 梁誠（九月，兼出使墨西哥國大臣。） | |
| 孫寶琦（九月，定駐日使分館，改歸法使兼理。） | 楊晟（十月乙亥，自候補道賞四品卿銜，爲出使奧國大臣。） | 楊樞（五月壬午，自候補四品京堂爲出使日本大臣。） | |||||||||||||
| 光緒三十年甲辰 | 胡惟德 | 張德彜 | 孫寶琦 | 梁誠 | 廕昌（任滿。十一月乙亥，仍命。） | 廕昌 | 孫寶琦 | 楊兆鋆 | 許珏 | 楊晟 | 楊樞 | 梁誠 | 許台身（回國。） | 梁誠 | |
| 曾廣銓（十一月乙亥，自候補五品京堂爲出使韓國大臣。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒三十一年乙巳（是年，撤駐韓國出使大臣。） | 胡惟德 | 張德彜（回國。） | 孫寶琦（回國。） | 梁誠 | 廕昌（回國。） | 廕昌（回國。專設出使和國大臣。） | 孫寶琦 | 楊兆鋆（回國。） | 許珏（回國。） | 楊晟（調德。） | 楊樞 | 梁誠 | 曾廣銓（撤駐韓公使。） | 梁誠 | |
| 汪大燮（八月癸丑，自外務部左參議爲出使英國大臣。丙寅，賞二品頂戴。） | 劉式訓（八月丙午，自候補知府以四品京堂候補，爲出使法國、日斯巴尼亞國大臣。） | 楊晟（八月壬戌，自使奧大臣調爲出使德國大臣。） | 陸徵祥（十月乙丑，爲出使和國大臣。） | 劉式訓 | 李盛鐸（八月，爲出使比國大臣。） | 黃誥（八月壬戌，自江蘇候補道賞四品卿銜，爲出使義國大臣。） | 李經邁（八月壬戌，自候補三品京堂爲出使奧國大臣。） | ||||||||
| （是月先命）周榮曜（至是改。） | |||||||||||||||
| 光緒三十二年丙午（是年十二月，定出使各國大臣爲二品實官。） | 胡惟德 | 汪大燮 | 劉式訓 | 梁誠 | 楊晟 | 陸徵祥 | 劉式訓 | 李盛鐸 | 黃誥 | 李經邁 | 楊樞 | 梁誠 | 梁誠 | ||
| 光緒三十三年丁未（是年，增兼出使古巴。） | 胡惟德（回國。） | 汪大燮（回國。） | 劉式訓 | 梁誠（回國。） | 楊晟（回國。） | 陸徵祥（三月，改爲保和會專使。） | 劉式訓 | 李盛鐸 | 黃誥 | 李經邁（免。） | 楊樞（回國。） | 梁誠（回國。） | 梁誠 | 梁敦彥（未任。） | |
| 薩蔭圖（八月乙亥，自濱江道爲出使俄國大臣。） | 李經方（三月丙辰，自候補四品京堂爲出使英國大臣。） | 梁敦彥（三月壬子，自直隸津海關道爲出使美國、墨西哥國、秘魯國、古巴國大臣，仍留署外務部右侍郎。） | 孫寶琦（三月壬寅，自署順天府尹爲出使德國大臣。） | 錢恂（是月丙辰，爲出使和國大臣。） | 雷補同（七月戊午，自外務部左參議爲出使奧國大臣。） | 李家駒（六月壬戌，自學部右丞爲出使日本大臣。） | 梁敦彥（未任。） | 梁敦彥（未任。） | 伍廷芳 | ||||||
| 伍廷芳（八月乙亥，自前刑部侍郎爲出使美、墨西哥、秘魯等國大臣。） | 伍廷芳 | 伍廷芳 | |||||||||||||
| 光緒三十四年戊寅 | 薩蔭圖 | 李經方 | 劉式訓 | 伍廷芳 | 孫寶琦（回國。） | 錢恂（改義國。） | 劉式訓 | 李盛鐸 | 黃誥（回國。） | 雷補同 | 李家駒（改派出使考查憲政大臣。） | 伍廷芳 | 伍廷芳 | 伍廷芳 | |
| 廕昌（九月，自陸軍部侍郎爲出使德國大臣。） | 陸徵祥 | 錢恂（三月，自出使和國大臣調任出使義國大臣。） | 胡惟德（三月，爲出使日本大臣。） | ||||||||||||
| 宣統元年己酉 | 薩蔭圖 | 李經方 | 劉式訓 | 伍廷芳（回國。） | 廕昌 | 陸徵祥 | 劉式訓 | 李盛鐸（回國。） | 錢恂（回國。） | 雷補同 | 胡惟德 | 伍廷芳 | 伍廷芳 | 伍廷芳 | |
| 張蔭棠（六月甲辰，自署外務部左丞爲出使美國、墨西哥國、秘魯國、古巴國大臣。） | 楊樞（二月，爲出使比國大臣。） | 吳宗濂（六月甲辰，自署外務部左參議爲出使義國大臣。） | 張蔭棠 | 張蔭棠 | 張蔭棠 | ||||||||||
| 宣統二年庚戌 | 薩蔭圖 | 李經方 | 劉式訓 | 張蔭棠 | 廕昌（二月，回國。授陸軍部尚書，回國。） | 陸徵祥 | 劉式訓 | 楊樞（病免，回國。） | 吳宗濂 | 雷補同（回國。） | 胡惟德（四月乙丑，授外務部右侍郎，回國。） | 張蔭棠 | 張蔭棠 | 張蔭棠 | |
| 劉玉麟（八月甲申，自外務部右丞爲出使英國大臣。） | （是月乙酉）梁誠（自內閣侍讀學士爲出使德國大臣。） | （九月丁卯）李國杰（自農工商部左丞爲出使比國大臣。） | （七月乙丑）沈瑞麟（自外務部參議上行走爲出奧國大臣。） | （是月辛卯）汪大燮（自郵傳部侍郎爲出使日本大臣。） | |||||||||||
| 宣統三年辛亥 | 薩蔭圖（七月，授科布多參贊大臣，回國。是月己卯，自使和調任，加侍郎銜。） | 劉玉麟 | 劉式訓 | 張蔭棠（九月，辭免。） | 梁誠 | 陸徵祥（七月，調俄。） | 劉式訓 | 李國杰 | 吳宗濂 | 沈瑞麟 | 汪大燮 | 張蔭棠（九月，辭免。） | 張蔭棠（九月，辭免。） | 張蔭棠（九月，辭免。） | |
| 陸徵祥 | 施肇基（是月戊辰，自署吉林交涉使爲出使美國、墨西哥國、秘魯、古巴國大臣。） | 劉人鏡（是月己卯，爲出使和國大臣。） | 施肇基 | 施肇基 | 施肇基 |
| Russia | Britain | France | United States | Germany | Netherlands | Spain | Belgium | Italy | Austria | Japan | Peru | Korea | Mexico | Cuba | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First year of Guangxu, yihai (1875) (This year established a resident minister and deputy to Britain, and a resident minister and deputy to the United States, Japan, and Peru.) | Guo Songtao (Seventh month, gengzi day: appointed from Left Vice Minister of War as minister to Britain.) | Chen Lanbin (Eleventh month, bingwu day: promoted from bureau director with third- or fourth-rank capital status to minister to the United States, Spain, and Peru.) | Chen Lanbin | Chen Lanbin | |||||||||||
| Xu Qianshen (Appointed vice-minister from expectant Zhili circuit intendant.) | |||||||||||||||
| Second year of Guangxu, bingzi (1876) (This year established a resident minister and deputy to Japan.) | Guo Songtao | Chen Lanbin | Chen Lanbin | Xu Qianshen (Eighth month, xinchou: reassigned from deputy in Britain to minister to Japan. Twelfth month, wuzi: recalled.) | Chen Lanbin | ||||||||||
| Xu Qianshen (Eighth month, xinchou: reassigned to Japan.) | He Ruzhang (Eighth month, xinchou: promoted from Hanlin compiler to expositor as deputy. Twelfth month, wuzi: promoted to minister, with Zhang Sigui as deputy.) | ||||||||||||||
| Liu Xihong (Eighth month: appointed deputy to Britain from Ministry of Justice bureau director with expectant fourth- or fifth-rank capital status.) | |||||||||||||||
| Third year of Guangxu, dingchou (1877) (This year the deputy post in Britain was eliminated.) | Guo Songtao (First month, jiayin: formally commissioned as resident minister in Britain and presented his credentials.) | Chen Lanbin | Liu Xihong (Third month, guiyou: transferred from deputy in Britain to minister to Germany with second-rank insignia.) | Chen Lanbin | He Ruzhang | Chen Lanbin | |||||||||
| Fourth year of Guangxu, wuyin (1878) (This year added ministers to Russia and Germany; the British minister also covered France.) | Chonghou (Fifth month, xinwei: sent from acting Shengjing general as minister to Russia to negotiate the return of Ili and treaty revision.) | Guo Songtao (Seventh month, yihai: recalled.) | Guo Songtao (Second month, xinwei: also commissioned minister to France.) | Chen Lanbin | Liu Xihong (Seventh month, yihai: recalled. Li Fengbao, a circuit intendant given second-rank insignia, appointed acting minister to Germany.) | Chen Lanbin | He Ruzhang | Chen Lanbin | |||||||
| Zeng Jize (Yihai day: appointed minister to Britain and France from capital fourth- or fifth-rank status and Marquis Yiyong of the First Rank.) | |||||||||||||||
| Fifth year of Guangxu, yimao (1879) | Chonghou (Eleventh month, gengyin: Chonghou was censured for returning to Beijing without awaiting orders. Yimao day: stripped of office and arrested.) | Zeng Jize | Zeng Jize | Chen Lanbin | Li Fengbao (Third month, yiwei: given third-rank courtier title and confirmed as minister to Germany from acting customs intendant.) | Chen Lanbin | He Ruzhang | Chen Lanbin | |||||||
| Sixth year of Guangxu, gengchen (1880) (This year the British and French minister also served Russia.) | Zeng Jize (First month, xinwei: also commissioned to Russia to settle the transfer of Ili and treaty revision.) | Zeng Jize | Zeng Jize | Chen Lanbin | Li Fengbao | Chen Lanbin | He Ruzhang (Eleventh month, yichou: recalled along with Zhang Sigui.) | Chen Lanbin | |||||||
| Xu Jingcheng (Promoted from Hanlin compiler to expositor with second rank and appointed minister to Japan.) | |||||||||||||||
| Seventh year of Guangxu, xinsi (1881) (This year the German minister also served Italy, the Netherlands, and Austria.) | Zeng Jize | Zeng Jize | Zeng Jize | Chen Lanbin (Recalled in the seventh month.) | Li Fengbao | Li Fengbao (Third month: also commissioned to Italy, the Netherlands, and Austria.) | Chen Lanbin (Completed his term.) | Li Fengbao (Third month: also appointed.) | Li Fengbao (Third month: also appointed.) | Xu Jingcheng (Third month: took mourning leave.) | Chen Lanbin | ||||
| Zheng Zaoru (Fifth month: appointed from Tianjin customs intendant with third-rank courtier title as minister to the United States, Spain, and Peru. Twelfth month: his substantive post vacated and he registered as expectant third-rank capital official.) | Zheng Zaoru | Li Shuchang (Third month: promoted from prefect to circuit intendant with second-rank insignia and appointed minister to Japan.) | Zheng Zaoru | ||||||||||||
| Eighth year of Guangxu, renwu (1882) | Zeng Jize | Zeng Jize | Zeng Jize | Zheng Zaoru | Li Fengbao | Li Fengbao | Zheng Zaoru | Li Fengbao | Li Fengbao | Li Shuchang | Zheng Zaoru | ||||
| Ninth year of Guangxu, guiwei (1883) | Zeng Jize | Zeng Jize | Zeng Jize | Zheng Zaoru | Li Fengbao (Second month: ordered to stay on for one more year.) | Li Fengbao | Zheng Zaoru | Li Fengbao | Li Fengbao | Li Shuchang | Zheng Zaoru | ||||
| Tenth year of Guangxu, jiashen (1884) (This year the minister to Germany also served France, Italy, and Austria.) | Zeng Jize | Zeng Jize (Fourth month: ceased concurrent appointment to France.) | Zeng Jize (Fourth month: ceased concurrent appointment to France.) | Zheng Zaoru | Li Fengbao (Fourth month: ordered to serve concurrently as acting minister to France.) | Li Fengbao | Zheng Zaoru | Li Fengbao | Li Fengbao | Li Shuchang (Eighth month: took mourning leave.) | Zheng Zaoru | ||||
| Li Fengbao (Fourth month: acting.) | Xu Jingcheng (Fourth month, wuzi day: appointed minister to France, Germany, Italy, and Austria.) | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Chengzu (Eighth month: appointed minister to Japan from expectant prefect with second-rank insignia.) | |||||||||
| Li Fengbao (Fourth month: concurrent acting appointment.) | |||||||||||||||
| Eleventh year of Guangxu, yiyou (1885) (This year the minister to France, Germany, and related states also served Belgium.) | Zeng Jize (Recalled on the sixteenth of the sixth month.) | Zeng Jize (Recalled in the sixth month.) | Xu Jingcheng | Zheng Zaoru (Sixth month: relieved on account of illness.) | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Zheng Zaoru (Sixth month: relieved on account of illness.) | Xu Jingcheng (Sixth month: also commissioned minister to Belgium.) | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Chengzu | Zheng Zaoru (Sixth month: relieved on account of illness.) | |||
| Liu Ruifen (Sixth month: appointed from Jiangxi administration commissioner as minister to Britain and Russia. Tenth month, xinwei: substantive post vacated and he registered as expectant third-rank capital official.) | Zhang Yinhuan (Sixth month: appointed from third-rank courtier and Zhili Da-Shun-Guang intendant as minister to the United States, Spain, and Peru.) | Zhang Yinhuan (Sixth month: appointed.) | Zhang Yinhuan (Sixth month: appointed.) | ||||||||||||
| Twelfth year of Guangxu (1886) | Liu Ruifen | Liu Ruifen | Xu Jingcheng | Zhang Yinhuan | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Zhang Yinhuan | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Chengzu | Zhang Yinhuan | |||
| Thirteenth year of Guangxu, dinghai (1887) | Liu Ruifen (Fourth month, guiwei: confirmed as minister to Russia residing also in Germany, with Austria and the Netherlands under that mission.) | Liu Ruifen (Fourth month, guiwei: posted to Russia and Germany with Austria and the Netherlands attached. Fifth month, dingsi: reassigned as minister to Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium.) | Xu Jingcheng (Recalled in the fifth month.) | Zhang Yinhuan | Xu Jingcheng (Recalled in the fifth month.) | Xu Jingcheng (Recalled in the fifth month.) | Zhang Yinhuan | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Chengzu (Recalled in the fifth month.) | Zhang Yinhuan | |||
| Hong Jun (Fifth month, dingsi: sent from former Grand Secretariat academician as minister to Russia, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands.) | Liu Ruifen | Hong Jun | Hong Jun | Zhang Yinhuan | Liu Ruifen | Liu Ruifen | Hong Jun | Li Xingrui (Fifth month, dingsi: appointed minister to Japan from expectant Zhili intendant with second-rank insignia. Seventh month, gengshen: relieved on account of illness.) | |||||||
| Li Shuchang (Seventh month, gengshen: appointed minister to Japan from registered circuit intendant.) | |||||||||||||||
| Fourteenth year of Guangxu, wuzi (1888) | Hong Jun | Liu Ruifen | Liu Ruifen | Zhang Yinhuan | Hong Jun | Hong Jun | Zhang Yinhuan | Liu Ruifen | Liu Ruifen | Hong Jun | Li Shuchang | Zhang Yinhuan | |||
| Fifteenth year of Guangxu, jichou (1889) | Hong Jun | Liu Ruifen (Recalled in the third month.) | Liu Ruifen (Recalled in the third month.) | Zhang Yinhuan (Recalled in the third month.) | Hong Jun | Hong Jun | Zhang Yinhuan (Recalled in the third month.) | Liu Ruifen (Recalled in the third month.) | Liu Ruifen (Recalled in the third month.) | Hong Jun | Li Shuchang | Zhang Yinhuan (Recalled in the third month.) | |||
| Chen Qinming (Third month, bingwu: appointed from Jiangsu surveillance commissioner as minister to Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium. Fourth month, wuyin: relieved on account of illness.) | Chen Qinming (Third month: appointed. Fourth month: relieved.) | Cui Guoyin (Third month, bingwu: appointed from Hanlin reader with second-rank insignia as minister to the United States, Japan, and Peru.) | Cui Guoyin (Third month: appointed.) | Chen Qinming (Third month: appointed. Fourth month: relieved.) | Chen Qinming (Third month: appointed. Fourth month: relieved.) | Cui Guoyin (Third month: appointed.) | |||||||||
| Xue Fucheng (Fourth month, xinmao: appointed from Hunan surveillance commissioner with expectant third-rank capital status as minister to Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium.) | Xue Fucheng (Fourth month: appointed.) | Xue Fucheng (Fourth month: appointed.) | Xue Fucheng (Fourth month: appointed.) | ||||||||||||
| Sixteenth year of Guangxu, gengyin (1890) | Hong Jun (Recalled in the seventh month.) | Xue Fucheng | Xue Fucheng | Cui Guoyin | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Cui Guoyin | Xue Fucheng | Xue Fucheng | Xu Jingcheng | Li Shuchang | Cui Guoyin | |||
| Xu Jingcheng (Seventh month, guisi: appointed from expectant Hanlin reader as minister to Russia, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands.) | Li Jingfang (Seventh month, guisi: appointed from expectant Jiangsu circuit intendant as minister to Japan.) | ||||||||||||||
| Seventeenth year of Guangxu, xinmao (1891) | Xu Jingcheng | Xue Fucheng | Xue Fucheng | Cui Guoyin | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Cui Guoyin | Xue Fucheng | Xue Fucheng | Xu Jingcheng | Li Jingfang (Sixth month: granted leave.) | Cui Guoyin | |||
| Wang Fengzao (Twenty-fourth of the sixth month: appointed acting minister to Japan.) | |||||||||||||||
| Eighteenth year of Guangxu, renchen (1892) | Xu Jingcheng | Xue Fucheng | Xue Fucheng | Cui Guoyin (Completed his term.) | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Cui Guoyin (Completed his term.) | Xue Fucheng | Xue Fucheng | Xu Jingcheng | Wang Fengzao (Third month: returned to China.) | Cui Guoyin (Completed his term.) | |||
| Yang Ru (Twelfth month: appointed from Huaining-Chizhou-Taiping circuit intendant with expectant fourth-rank capital status as minister to the United States, Japan, and Peru.) | Yang Ru (Twelfth month: appointed.) | Li Jingfang (Third month: resumed his post. Sixth month: took mourning leave.) | Yang Ru (Twelfth month: appointed.) | ||||||||||||
| Wang Fengzao (Sixteenth of the sixth month: appointed from Hanlin compiler with second-rank insignia as minister to Japan.) | |||||||||||||||
| Nineteenth year of Guangxu, guisi (1893) | Xu Jingcheng | Xue Fucheng (Completed his term.) | Xue Fucheng | Yang Ru | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Yang Ru | Xue Fucheng | Xue Fucheng | Xu Jingcheng | Wang Fengzao | Yang Ru | |||
| Gong Zhaoyuan (Tenth month, renzi: appointed from Sichuan administration commissioner with vice-minister insignia and expectant fourth-rank capital status as minister to Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium.) | |||||||||||||||
| Twentieth year of Guangxu, jiawu (1894) | Xu Jingcheng | Gong Zhaoyuan | Gong Zhaoyuan | Yang Ru | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Yang Ru | Gong Zhaoyuan | Gong Zhaoyuan | Xu Jingcheng | Wang Fengzao (Returned to China.) | Yang Ru | |||
| Twenty-first year of Guangxu, yiwei (1895) (This year, sixth month, dingchou: a dedicated minister to France was established.) | Xu Jingcheng | Gong Zhaoyuan | Qing Chang (Eighth month, bingxu: promoted from Ministry of Works bureau director with third-rank courtier title to minister to France as expectant fifth-rank capital official.) | Yang Ru | Xu Jingcheng | Xu Jingcheng | Yang Ru | Gong Zhaoyuan | Gong Zhaoyuan | Xu Jingcheng | Yu Geng (Fifth month, wuwu: appointed from Huichao circuit intendant as expectant fourth-rank capital official to minister to Japan.) | Yang Ru | |||
| Twenty-second year of Guangxu, bingshen (1896) | Xu Jingcheng (Completed his term.) | Gong Zhaoyuan (Completed his term.) | Qing Chang | Yang Ru (Reassigned to Russia.) | Xu Jingcheng (Eleventh month, dingsi: appointed from Vice Minister of Works as dedicated minister to Germany.) | Xu Jingcheng | Yang Ru | Gong Zhaoyuan | Gong Zhaoyuan | Xu Jingcheng | Yu Geng | Yang Ru | |||
| Yang Ru (Tenth month, xinsi: reassigned as minister to Russia, Austria, and the Netherlands.) | Luo Fenglu (Tenth month, xinsi: appointed from registered customs intendant with fourth-rank courtier title as minister to Britain, Italy, and Belgium.) | Wu Tingfang (Tenth month: appointed from expectant circuit intendant with fourth-rank courtier title as minister to the United States, Japan, and Peru.) | Yang Ru | Wu Tingfang | Luo Fenglu | Luo Fenglu | Yang Ru | Wu Tingfang | |||||||
| Twenty-third year of Guangxu, dingyou (1897) | Yang Ru | Luo Fenglu | Qing Chang | Wu Tingfang | Xu Jingcheng (Recalled.) | Lü Haihuan | Wu Tingfang | Luo Fenglu | Luo Fenglu | Yang Ru | Yu Geng | Wu Tingfang | |||
| Lü Haihuan (Fifth month, renzi: appointed from Chang-Zhen-Tonghai circuit intendant as fourth-rank capital official to minister to Germany and the Netherlands.) | |||||||||||||||
| Twenty-fourth year of Guangxu, wuxu (1898) (This year a minister to Korea was established.) | Yang Ru | Luo Fenglu | Qing Chang | Wu Tingfang | Lü Haihuan | Lü Haihuan | Wu Tingfang | Luo Fenglu | Luo Fenglu | Yang Ru | Yu Geng (Completed his term.) | Wu Tingfang | Xu Shoupeng (Sixth month, wushen: appointed from Anhui surveillance commissioner as expectant third-rank capital official to minister to Korea.) | ||
| Huang Zunxian (Sixth month, bingwu: appointed from Hunan salt commissioner with second-rank insignia as expectant third-rank capital official to minister to Japan. Never took office.) | (Bingwu, prior appointment) Zhang Hengjia (Declined to accept.) | ||||||||||||||
| (Jiashen) Li Shengzao (Acting from Jiangnan circuit censor. Gengshen: granted third-rank insignia and registered as expectant capital official.) | |||||||||||||||
| Twenty-fifth year of Guangxu, jihai (1899) | Yang Ru | Luo Fenglu | Qing Chang (Completed his term.) | Wu Tingfang | Lü Haihuan | Lü Haihuan | Wu Tingfang | Luo Fenglu | Luo Fenglu | Yang Ru | Li Shengzao | Wu Tingfang | Xu Shoupeng | ||
| Yu Geng (Fifth month: appointed minister to France.) | |||||||||||||||
| Twenty-sixth year of Guangxu, gengzi (1900) | Yang Ru | Luo Fenglu | Yu Geng | Wu Tingfang | Lü Haihuan | Lü Haihuan | Wu Tingfang | Luo Fenglu | Luo Fenglu | Yang Ru | Li Shengzao | Wu Tingfang | Xu Shoupeng | ||
| Twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, xinchou (1901) | Yang Ru | Luo Fenglu (Tenth month: reassigned to Russia. Never took office.) | Yu Geng | Wu Tingfang | Lü Haihuan (Completed his term.) | Lü Haihuan | Wu Tingfang | Luo Fenglu | Luo Fenglu | Yang Ru | Li Shengzao (Completed his term.) | Wu Tingfang | Xu Shoupeng (Sixth month: transferred.) | ||
| Zhang Deyi (Tenth month, bingshen: appointed from registered circuit intendant with third-rank courtier title as minister to Britain, Italy, and Belgium.) | Yinchang (Sixth month, bingshen: appointed from vice commander of the Plain White Banner as minister to Germany and the Netherlands.) | Yinchang | Cai Jun (Fifth month, guiwei: appointed from expectant fourth-rank capital official and former Jiangsu Song-Tai intendant as minister to Japan.) | Xu Taishen (Sixth month, bingshen: appointed from expectant prefect with circuit intendant status and fourth-rank insignia as minister to Korea.) | |||||||||||
| Twenty-eighth year of Guangxu, renyin (1902) (Separate ministers to Belgium, Italy, and Austria were established.) | Yang Ru (Died in office.) | Zhang Deyi | Yu Geng (Completed his term.) | Wu Tingfang (Completed his term.) | Yinchang | Yinchang | Wu Tingfang | Yang Zhaojun (Fourth month: appointed from expectant circuit intendant with fourth-rank courtier title as minister to Belgium.) | Xu Jue (Fourth month, renyin: appointed from candidate circuit intendant with fourth-rank courtier title as minister to Italy.) | Wu Dezhang (Fourth month, renyin: appointed from Jiangsu expectant circuit intendant with fourth-rank courtier title as minister to Austria.) | Cai Jun | Wu Tingfang | Xu Taishen | ||
| Hu Weide (Sixth month, bingshen: appointed from circuit intendant awaiting assignment with fourth-rank courtier title as minister to Russia.) | Sun Baoqi (Sixth month, dingyou: appointed from expectant fifth-rank capital official as minister to France.) | Liang Cheng (Sixth month, bingshen: appointed from registered circuit intendant for direct appointment with third-rank courtier title as minister to the United States, Spain, and Peru.) | Liang Cheng | Liang Cheng | |||||||||||
| Twenty-ninth year of Guangxu, guimao (1903) (This year the French minister was also commissioned to Spain.) | Hu Weide | Zhang Deyi | Sun Baoqi | Liang Cheng | Yinchang | Yinchang | Liang Cheng (Ninth month: relieved of the Spain portfolio.) | Yang Zhaojun | Xu Jue | Wu Dezhang (Returned to China.) | Cai Jun (Recalled.) | Liang Cheng | Xu Taishen | Liang Cheng (Ninth month: also commissioned minister to Mexico.) | |
| Sun Baoqi (Ninth month: established the Spanish legation branch; Spain placed under the French minister's concurrent charge.) | Yang Sheng (Tenth month, yihai: appointed from expectant circuit intendant with fourth-rank courtier title as minister to Austria.) | Yang Shu (Fifth month, renwu: appointed from expectant fourth-rank capital official as minister to Japan.) | |||||||||||||
| Thirtieth year of Guangxu, jiachen (1904) | Hu Weide | Zhang Deyi | Sun Baoqi | Liang Cheng | Yinchang (Completed his term. Eleventh month, yihai: reappointed.) | Yinchang | Sun Baoqi | Yang Zhaojun | Xu Jue | Yang Sheng | Yang Shu | Liang Cheng | Xu Taishen (Returned to China.) | Liang Cheng | |
| Zeng Guangquan (Eleventh month, yihai: appointed from expectant fifth-rank capital official as minister to Korea.) | |||||||||||||||
| Thirty-first year of Guangxu, yisi (1905) (This year the resident mission to Korea was abolished.) | Hu Weide | Zhang Deyi (Returned to China.) | Sun Baoqi (Returned to China.) | Liang Cheng | Yinchang (Returned to China.) | Yinchang (Returned to China. A dedicated minister to the Netherlands was established.) | Sun Baoqi | Yang Zhaojun (Returned to China.) | Xu Jue (Returned to China.) | Yang Sheng (Transferred to Germany.) | Yang Shu | Liang Cheng | Zeng Guangquan (Korea mission abolished.) | Liang Cheng | |
| Wang Daxie (Eighth month, guichou: appointed from Left Counsellor of Foreign Affairs as minister to Britain. Bingyin day: granted second-rank insignia.) | Liu Shixun (Eighth month, bingwu: appointed from expectant prefect as expectant fourth-rank capital official as minister to France and Spain.) | Yang Sheng (Eighth month, renxu: transferred from minister to Austria to minister to Germany.) | Lu Zhengxiang (Tenth month, yichou: appointed minister to the Netherlands.) | Liu Shixun | Li Shengzao (Eighth month: appointed minister to Belgium.) | Huang Gao (Eighth month, renxu: appointed from Jiangsu expectant circuit intendant with fourth-rank courtier title as minister to Italy.) | Li Jingmai (Eighth month, renxu: appointed from expectant third-rank capital official as minister to Austria.) | ||||||||
| (Prior appointment this month) Zhou Rongyao (Superseded at this time.) | |||||||||||||||
| Thirty-second year of Guangxu, bingwu (1906) (Twelfth month: resident ministers abroad were established as substantive second-rank posts.) | Hu Weide | Wang Daxie | Liu Shixun | Liang Cheng | Yang Sheng | Lu Zhengxiang | Liu Shixun | Li Shengzao | Huang Gao | Li Jingmai | Yang Shu | Liang Cheng | Liang Cheng | ||
| Thirty-third year of Guangxu, dingwei (1907) (This year Cuba was added to the American minister's portfolio.) | Hu Weide (Returned to China.) | Wang Daxie (Returned to China.) | Liu Shixun | Liang Cheng (Returned to China.) | Yang Sheng (Returned to China.) | Lu Zhengxiang (Third month: reassigned as special envoy to the Hague Peace Conference.) | Liu Shixun | Li Shengzao | Huang Gao | Li Jingmai (Relieved.) | Yang Shu (Returned to China.) | Liang Cheng (Returned to China.) | Liang Cheng | Liang Dunyan (Never took office.) | |
| Sa Yintu (Eighth month, yihai: appointed from Binjiang circuit intendant as minister to Russia.) | Li Jingfang (Third month, bingchen: appointed from expectant fourth-rank capital official as minister to Britain.) | Liang Dunyan (Third month, renzi: appointed from Zhili Tianjin customs intendant as minister to the United States, Mexico, Peru, and Cuba, while remaining acting Right Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs.) | Sun Baoqi (Third month, renyin: appointed from acting Prefect of Shuntian as minister to Germany.) | Qian Xun (Same month, bingchen: appointed minister to the Netherlands.) | Lei Butong (Seventh month, wuwu: appointed from Left Counsellor of Foreign Affairs as minister to Austria.) | Li Jiaju (Sixth month, renxu: appointed from Education Vice Minister as minister to Japan.) | Liang Dunyan (Never took office.) | Liang Dunyan (Never took office.) | Wu Tingfang | ||||||
| Wu Tingfang (Eighth month, yihai: appointed from former Justice Vice Minister as minister to the United States, Mexico, Peru, and the like.) | Wu Tingfang | Wu Tingfang | |||||||||||||
| Thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, wuyin (1908) | Sa Yintu | Li Jingfang | Liu Shixun | Wu Tingfang | Sun Baoqi (Returned to China.) | Qian Xun (Reassigned to Italy.) | Liu Shixun | Li Shengzao | Huang Gao (Returned to China.) | Lei Butong | Li Jiaju (Reassigned as commissioner to study constitutional government abroad.) | Wu Tingfang | Wu Tingfang | Wu Tingfang | |
| Yinchang (Ninth month: appointed from Army Vice Minister as minister to Germany.) | Lu Zhengxiang | Qian Xun (Third month: transferred from the Netherlands post to minister to Italy.) | Hu Weide (Third month: appointed minister to Japan.) | ||||||||||||
| First year of Xuantong, jiyou (1909) | Sa Yintu | Li Jingfang | Liu Shixun | Wu Tingfang (Returned to China.) | Yinchang | Lu Zhengxiang | Liu Shixun | Li Shengzao (Returned to China.) | Qian Xun (Returned to China.) | Lei Butong | Hu Weide | Wu Tingfang | Wu Tingfang | Wu Tingfang | |
| Zhang Yintang (Sixth month, jiachen: appointed from acting Foreign Affairs Left Director as minister to the United States, Mexico, Peru, and Cuba.) | Yang Shu (Second month: appointed minister to Belgium.) | Wu Zonglian (Sixth month, jiachen: appointed from acting Foreign Affairs Left Counsellor as minister to Italy.) | Zhang Yintang | Zhang Yintang | Zhang Yintang | ||||||||||
| Second year of Xuantong, gengxu (1910) | Sa Yintu | Li Jingfang | Liu Shixun | Zhang Yintang | Yinchang (Second month: returned to China. Appointed Minister of the Army and returned home.) | Lu Zhengxiang | Liu Shixun | Yang Shu (Relieved on account of illness; returned to China.) | Wu Zonglian | Lei Butong (Returned to China.) | Hu Weide (Fourth month, yichou: appointed Right Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs and returned to China.) | Zhang Yintang | Zhang Yintang | Zhang Yintang | |
| Liu Yulin (Eighth month, jiashen: appointed from Foreign Affairs Right Director as minister to Britain.) | (Same month, yiyou) Liang Cheng (Appointed from Reader-in-Waiting of the Grand Secretariat as minister to Germany.) | (Ninth month, dingmao) Li Guojie (Appointed from Agriculture Left Director as minister to Belgium.) | (Seventh month, yichou) Shen Ruilin (Appointed from acting Foreign Affairs Counsellor as minister to Austria.) | Wang Daxie (This month, xinmao day: appointed minister to Japan from Vice Minister of Posts and Communications.) | |||||||||||
| Third year of Xuantong, xinhai (1911) | Sa Yintu (Seventh month: appointed Kobdo commissioner and recalled. This month, jimao: transferred from the Netherlands post with vice-minister rank.) | Liu Yulin | Liu Shixun | Zhang Yintang (Ninth month: resigned and was relieved.) | Liang Cheng | Lu Zhengxiang (Seventh month: transferred to Russia.) | Liu Shixun | Li Guojie | Wu Zonglian | Shen Ruilin | Wang Daxie | Zhang Yintang (Ninth month: resigned and was relieved.) | Zhang Yintang (Ninth month: resigned and was relieved.) | Zhang Yintang (Ninth month: resigned and was relieved.) | |
| Lu Zhengxiang | Shi Zhaoji (This month, wuchen: appointed from acting Jilin commissioner as minister to the United States, Mexico, Peru, and Cuba.) | Liu Renjing (This month, jimao: appointed minister to the Netherlands.) | Shi Zhaoji | Shi Zhaoji | Shi Zhaoji |