Volume 238 Biographies 25: Jiang Hede, E Se He, Che Ke, Jue Luo Ba Ha Na, Song Quan, Fu Yijian, Lv Gong, Cheng Kegong, Jin Zhijun, Wang Yongji, Dang Chongya

蔣赫德，初名元恆，遵化人。天聰三年，太宗伐明，克遵化，選儒生俊秀者入文館，元恆與焉，賜名赫德。崇德元年，授秘書院副理事官，予四戶。漢軍旗制定，隸鑲白旗。

Jiang Hede, whose original name was Yuan Heng, came from Zunhua. In the third year of Tiancong the Taizong campaigned against the Ming and took Zunhua. Outstanding scholars were chosen for the Literary Institute; Yuan Heng was one of them and received the granted name Hede. In the first year of Chongde he was made Deputy Director of the Secretariat College and allotted four households. After the Han Military Banners were formally organized, he was assigned to the Bordered White Banner.

順治二年，擢國史館學士。九年，朝鮮國王李淏奏國內外奸徒謀不軌，巳伏其辜，命與侍郎伊勒都齎敕往慰問。十一年，擢國史院大學士。十二年，詔諸大臣陳時務，疏言：「察吏乃可安民，除害乃可興利。今百姓大害，莫甚於貪官蠹吏。懲治之法，惟恃督撫糾劾，以其確知屬吏之賢不肖也。近每見各督撫彈章，指事列款，贓跡累累；及奉旨勘讞，計贓科罪，不及十之二三。不曰'事屬子虛'，則曰'衙役作弊'。即坐衙役者，又多引雜犯律例，聽其贖免，何所懲憚而不肆行其志乎？其始官胥朋比，虐取瓜分；事敗，官嫁名於吏以覬燃灰，吏假貲於官以成展脫。究之官吏優游，兩獲無恙，糾劾雖行，竟成故事。請嚴飭各督撫，糾劾勘讞覆奏時，必全述原參疏語，某款不實，或開報虛構，或承問故縱，窮源質訊，是非不容並立；實係衙役詐騙，按律坐以應得之罪，不許折贖，則貪蠹清而民蘇矣。」得旨，下所司嚴飭行。旋加太子太保。

In the second year of Shunzhi he was promoted to National History Academician. In the ninth year the King of Korea, Yi Ho, reported that domestic and foreign plotters had already been punished for their sedition. Jiang was ordered to accompany Vice Minister Yiledu, bearing an imperial edict, on a mission of reassurance to Korea. In the eleventh year he was promoted to Grand Academician of the National History College. In the twelfth year the throne ordered ministers to set forth current affairs. Jiang submitted a memorial: 'Only by scrutinizing officials can the people be settled; only by removing harm can profit be fostered. At present no affliction of the common people is graver than corrupt officials and predatory clerks. Punishment depends entirely on governors-general and governors filing impeachments, for they alone know their subordinates' merit and demerit with certainty. Lately one constantly sees impeachment memorials from governors-general and governors, listing charges item by item with evidence of graft piled high; yet when cases are investigated and sentenced under imperial order, convictions based on counted embezzlement reach fewer than two or three in ten. The finding is either that the charges were wholly fabricated or that yamen runners committed fraud. Even when runners are convicted, they often invoke miscellaneous statutes and are allowed to buy their way out—what is there to deter them from acting as they please? At first officials and clerks colluded, cruelly extorting and dividing the spoils among themselves; When exposed, officials shifted blame onto clerks in hope of rising from the ashes unscathed, while clerks borrowed funds from officials to secure their release. In the end officials and clerks went unscathed on both sides; impeachment, though carried out, became nothing more than routine. I ask that governors-general and governors be strictly instructed: when reporting on impeachment investigations, they must quote the original memorial in full. If a charge proves false, or a report was fabricated, or questioning was deliberately lax, the matter must be traced to its source—truth and falsehood cannot both stand; if yamen runners truly committed fraud, punish them under the statute with the full penalty and forbid commutation—then graft will be cleared away and the people will breathe again. The memorial received imperial approval, and orders were sent to the relevant offices for strict enforcement. He was soon additionally appointed Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

十五年，改文華殿大學士，兼禮部尚書。十六年，加少保。命齎冊封朝鮮國王李H7，侍讀碩博輝副之。蔣赫德屢充殿試讀卷官、教習庶吉士。修輯明史、太宗實錄，充副總裁；太祖、太宗聖訓充總裁。譯三國志成，賜鞍馬。十七年，引疾乞休。康熙元年，起為弘文院大學士。二年，調國史院。九年，卒，諡文端。

In the fifteenth year he was made Grand Academician of the Wenhua Hall and concurrently Minister of Rites. In the sixteenth year he received the additional title of Junior Guardian. He was ordered to carry the investiture patent to Korea to invest King Yi Ho, with Reader Shuobohui as his deputy. Jiang Hede repeatedly served as reader of palace examination papers and as instructor of Hanlin bachelors. He helped compile the History of Ming and the Veritable Records of Taizong as deputy chief compiler; and served as chief compiler for the Sacred Instructions of Taizu and Taizong. When his translation of Romance of the Three Kingdoms was completed, he was rewarded with a saddle and horse. In the seventeenth year he cited illness and asked to retire. In the first year of Kangxi he was recalled and appointed Grand Academician of the Hongwen College. In the second year he was transferred to the National History College. In the ninth year he died and was given the posthumous title Wenduan.

蔣赫德初為明諸生，嘗應鄉試，夜聞明遠樓鼓聲，曰：「此頹敗之氣，國安能久？」不終試而去。遍遊九邊，曰：「王氣在遼、瀋，將有聖人出，吾蓄才以待可也。」旋為太宗賞拔，卒致通顯。

Jiang Hede had begun as a Ming licentiate. Once, while sitting for the provincial examination, he heard at night the drum from Mingyuan Tower and said, 'That is the breath of a failing order—how can such a state endure?' He left without finishing the examination. He traveled the nine frontier regions and said, 'The royal aura lies in Liaodong and Shenyang; a sage will appear. I have kept my talents in reserve and may wait for him.' He was soon singled out by the Taizong and in the end rose to high office.

額色赫，富察氏，滿洲鑲白旗人，世居訥殷。祖莽吉圖，當太祖時，從其兄孟古慎郭和來歸。

Esehe, of the Fuca clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner whose family had long lived in Nehe. His grandfather Mangjitu, in the time of Taizu, followed his elder brother Menggushenguohe in submitting to the Jin.

額色赫事太宗，從征伐，自巴牙喇壯達授兵部理事官。天聰九年，從梅勒額真巴奇蘭伐黑龍江部，使還奏捷。崇德三年，擢秘書院學士。五年，睿親王多爾袞率師圍錦州，命額色赫賚敕諭機宜。會固山額真圖爾格敗明兵於木輪河，使還奏捷。六年，命與圖爾格及大學士範文程、剛林如錦州，按諸將離城遠駐，遣兵還家，睿親王以下坐降罰有差。明總督洪承疇以援師至，上又命額色赫詣軍前授諸將方略，還奏敵勢甚張，當益兵。上遂自將擊破明軍。既克錦州，又命宣諭慰撫祖大壽及同降諸將士。八年，從貝勒阿巴泰伐明，略山東，下兗州，同甲喇額真穆成格等奏捷。

Esehe served the Taizong on campaign and rose from Bayara squad leader to Director of the Board of War. In the ninth year of Tiancong he followed Meile-i Jinggin Baqilan against the Heilongjiang tribes and returned as envoy to report victory. In the third year of Chongde he was promoted to Secretariat Academician. In the fifth year Prince Rui Dorgon besieged Jinzhou, and Esehe was sent with an edict to convey strategic instructions. When Gushan-i Jinggin Turgut defeated Ming forces at Mulin River, Esehe returned as envoy to report the victory. In the sixth year he was sent with Turgut and Grand Academicians Fan Wencheng and Ganglin to Jinzhou to investigate generals who had camped too far from the city and sent men home. From Prince Rui downward, demotions and penalties were imposed in varying degrees. When Ming Governor-General Hong Chengchou arrived with relief forces, the emperor again sent Esehe to the front to instruct the generals. On his return he reported that the enemy was very strong and that reinforcements were needed. The emperor then took command in person and routed the Ming army. After Jinzhou fell, he was again ordered to proclaim the throne's words and reassure Zu Dashou and the other officers and men who had surrendered. In the eighth year he followed Beile Abatai against the Ming, raided Shandong, took Yanzhou, and returned with Jalan-i Jinggin Mucenge and others to report victory.

順治元年，從入關，授世職牛錄章京，加半個前程。五年，遷刑部啟心郎。八年，擢國史院大學士，世職累進一等阿達哈哈番。十三年，命往朝鮮讞獄。十五年，改保和殿大學士。額色赫再主會試，修太宗實錄，輯太祖、太宗聖訓，纂資政要覽，並充總裁官，累加少師兼太子太師。十八年，卒，諡文恪。

In the first year of Shunzhi he followed the army through the Pass, was granted the hereditary rank of Niru Captain, and received an additional half step of merit. In the fifth year he was transferred to Qixinlang of the Board of Punishments. In the eighth year he was promoted to Grand Academician of the National History College, and his hereditary rank was repeatedly advanced to first-rank Adahafan. In the thirteenth year he was ordered to Korea to adjudicate criminal cases. In the fifteenth year he was made Grand Academician of the Baohe Hall. Esehe again presided over the metropolitan examination, compiled the Veritable Records of Taizong, edited the Sacred Instructions of Taizu and Taizong, and compiled Essentials of Governance for Reference, serving as chief compiler for each. He was repeatedly promoted to Junior Preceptor and concurrently Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. In the eighteenth year he died and was given the posthumous title Wenke.

車克，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲鑲白旗人，世居蘇完。祖克爾素，太祖時來歸。父席爾那，任牛錄額真，卒，車克嗣，兼巴牙喇轄。

Che Ke, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner whose family had long lived in Suwan. His ancestor Ke'ersu submitted in the time of Taizu. His father Xierna had served as Niru-i Jinggin. When he died, Che Ke succeeded him and also held command of the Bayara.

天聰八年，從上伐明，自大同趨懷遠，薄左衛城，與巴牙喇纛章京圖魯什等設伏，敗明將曹文詔騎兵。略代州，至五台山，還，遇明將祖大弼兵，擊敗之。崇德三年，授戶部副理事官。承政韓大勳私取庫金，事發，車克坐貯庫時未記檔，論死，命罰鍰以贖，仍留部。尋兼任甲喇額真。五年，從鄭親王濟爾哈朗圍錦州，令車克與噶布什賢噶喇依昂邦勞薩以三百人伏高橋北，坐縱敵，藉家財之半。六年，復從攻錦州，擊破明總督洪承疇步兵。

In the eighth year of Tiancong he followed the emperor against the Ming, marched from Datong toward Huaiyuan, and approached Zuowei. With Bayara Banner Captain Tulushi and others he laid an ambush and routed the cavalry of the Ming general Cao Wenzhao. He raided Daizhou, reached Mount Wutai, and on the return march met the forces of the Ming general Zu Dabu and defeated them. In the third year of Chongde he was appointed Deputy Director of the Board of Revenue. Cheng Zheng Han Daxun had privately taken gold from the treasury. When the affair was exposed, Che Ke was held liable for failing to record the deposit in the ledger when he oversaw the vault. Though sentenced to death, he was allowed to pay a fine in commutation and remained at the ministry. He was soon additionally appointed Jalan-i Jinggin. In the fifth year he followed Prince Zheng Jirhalang in the siege of Jinzhou. Che Ke and Gabsi Xianga La'i Angbang Laosa were posted with three hundred men in ambush north of Gaoqiao Bridge. Convicted of letting the enemy escape, they forfeited half their family property. In the sixth year he again took part in the attack on Jinzhou and routed the infantry of Ming Governor-General Hong Chengchou.

聖祖即位，召還，調吏部尚書。有阿那庫者，與兄金布爭產，上命均分之。既，又與本旗佐領吉詹爭言，吉詹坐阿那庫違上旨。牒戶部，車克移刑部，坐阿那庫罪絞；阿那庫妻擊登聞鼓訟冤，命覆勘，車克當奪官，命削加銜。康熙元年，复授秘書院大學士。六年，以疾乞休。十年，卒，諡文端。

When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, Che Ke was recalled and appointed Minister of Personnel. A man named Anaku disputed an inheritance with his elder brother Jinbu, and the emperor ordered the property divided equally between them. Later Anaku quarreled again with his banner's Assistant Commandant Jizhan, who found Anaku guilty of defying the imperial order. The case was referred to the Board of Revenue, but Che Ke transferred it to the Board of Punishments and sentenced Anaku to strangulation; Anaku's wife struck the Denunciation Drum to protest the injustice. On re-investigation Che Ke should have been dismissed from office, but the emperor ordered only his additional titles removed. In the first year of Kangxi he was again appointed Grand Academician of the Secretariat College. In the sixth year he cited illness and asked to retire. In the tenth year he died and was given the posthumous title Wenduan.

覺羅巴哈納，滿洲鑲白旗人，景祖第三兄索長阿四世孫也。年十七從軍，佐太宗征伐有功。天聰八年，授世職牛錄章京。九年，命免功臣徭役，分設牛錄，巴哈納與焉。崇德三年，授刑部理事官。四年，擢參政，兼正藍旗滿洲梅勒額真。七年，以刑部勘將佐功罪失平，奪世職。

Jueluo Bahana was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner and a fourth-generation descendant of Suochang'a, the third elder brother of Jingzu. At seventeen he entered military service and aided the Taizong on campaign with distinction. In the eighth year of Tiancong he was granted the hereditary rank of Niru Captain. In the ninth year meritorious ministers were exempted from corvée and given separate niru; Bahana was among them. In the third year of Chongde he was appointed Director of the Board of Punishments. In the fourth year he was promoted to Canzheng and concurrently made Meile-i Jinggin of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner. In the seventh year his hereditary rank was stripped because the Board of Punishments, under his oversight, had judged officers' merits and faults unfairly.

順治元年，擢正藍旗滿洲固山額真。與固山額真石廷柱徇霸州、滄州、德州、臨清，皆下。移師山西，會固山額真葉臣，招降明總督李化熙等。師自汾州趨平陽，與廷柱擊破明兵，至黑龍關，降裨將三、卒六千餘，賚白金，進世職三等甲喇章京。三年，從肅親王豪格下四川，討張獻忠，分兵定遵義、夔州、茂州，斬所置吏數百，降卒數千，盡得其馬騾輜重。餘寇悉平。師還，以勘甲喇章京希爾根軍功失實，又肅親王欲以機賽為巴牙喇纛章京不當，巴哈納與索渾未阻止，且共為奏，議奪官，命降世職拜他喇布勒哈番。尋擢戶部尚書。

In the first year of Shunzhi he was promoted to Gushan-i Jinggin of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner. With Gushan-i Jinggin Shi Tingzhu he reduced Bazhou, Cangzhou, Dezhou, and Linqing, taking each in turn. He moved his forces into Shanxi, joined Gushan-i Jinggin Ye Chen, and induced Ming Governor-General Li Huaxi and others to surrender. The army marched from Fenzhou toward Pingyang; with Tingzhu he routed Ming forces and reached Heilong Pass, where three deputy generals and more than six thousand soldiers surrendered. He was rewarded with silver, and his hereditary rank was advanced to third-rank Jalan Captain. In the third year he followed Prince Su Haoge into Sichuan against Zhang Xianzhong. Detaching columns he secured Zunyi, Kuizhou, and Maozhou, executed several hundred officials Zhang had appointed, accepted the surrender of several thousand troops, and seized all their horses, mules, and baggage. The remaining rebels were all pacified. On the army's return he was faulted for having approved an inflated report of Jalan Captain Xiergen's merit and for failing, with Suohun, to stop Prince Su's improper appointment of Jisai as Bayara Banner Captain, though they had jointly memorialized on the matter. Though office was to be stripped, the sentence was commuted to reduction of his hereditary rank to Baitalabulehafan. He was soon promoted to Minister of Revenue.

八年，世祖親政，巴哈納奏事畢，上問民間疾苦及國家無益之費，巴哈納舉臨清採磚及通州五閘運漕二事以對，上命即永行停止。尋兼正白旗滿洲固山額真。駐防河間牛錄額真碩爾對訐告戶部發餉不均，下法司鞫問，部議巴哈納阿附睿親王，厚白旗，薄黃旗。時方治睿親王獄，坐巴哈納罪至死，上命寬之，削世職，奪官，籍其家三之二。

In the eighth year, when the Shunzhi Emperor took personal rule, Bahana was asked after reporting on affairs about the people's hardships and wasteful state expenditures. He cited brick quarrying at Linqing and grain transport through the five locks at Tongzhou; the emperor ordered both abolished immediately and permanently. He was soon additionally appointed Gushan-i Jinggin of the Manchu Bordered White Banner. Shuordui, Niru-i Jinggin of the Hejian garrison, accused the Board of Revenue of unequal pay distribution. After judicial inquiry the ministry held that Bahana had curried favor with Prince Rui, favoring the White Banner while slighting the Yellow. Prince Rui's case was then under investigation, and Bahana was sentenced to death. The emperor ordered leniency: his hereditary rank was stripped, his office removed, and two-thirds of his household property confiscated.

九年，起授刑部尚書。十一年，同諸大臣分賑畿輔，賜敕印以行。累進少傅兼太子太傅。十二年，授弘文院大學士。十五年，改中和殿大學士。十八年，復設內三院，又改秘書院大學士。康熙元年，兼鑲白旗滿洲固山額真。五年，卒。時鰲拜擅政，巴哈納與不洽，卹不行。聖祖親政，其子巴什以請，贈少師兼太子太師，諡敏壯。

In the ninth year he was recalled and appointed Minister of Punishments. In the eleventh year he joined other ministers in dividing famine relief in the capital region and was granted an edict seal for the mission. He was repeatedly promoted to Junior Tutor and concurrently Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent. In the twelfth year he was appointed Grand Academician of the Hongwen College. In the fifteenth year he was made Grand Academician of the Zhonghe Hall. In the eighteenth year, when the Three Inner Colleges were restored, he was again made Grand Academician of the Secretariat College. In the first year of Kangxi he was additionally appointed Gushan-i Jinggin of the Manchu Bordered White Banner. In the fifth year he died. Oboi was then dominating the government, and because Bahana was at odds with him, the condolence grant was never issued. After the Kangxi Emperor took personal rule, Bahana's son Bashi petitioned on his behalf. He was posthumously granted Junior Preceptor and concurrently Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent, with the posthumous title Minzhuang.

宋權，字元平，河南商丘人。明天啟五年進士。官順天巡撫，駐密雲。受事甫三日，李自成陷京師，權計殺自成將黃錠等。睿親王師入關，籍所部以降，命巡撫如故。權疏言：「舊主禦宇十有七年，宵衣旰食，聲色玩好一無所嗜。不幸有君無臣，釀成大亂。幸逢聖主，殲亂復仇，祭葬以禮。倘蒙敕議廟號，以光萬世，則仁至義盡，天下咸頌，四海可傳檄而定。明朝軍需浩繁，致有加派，有司假公濟私，明徵外有暗徵，公派外有私派，民困已極。請照萬曆初年為正額，其餘加增悉予蠲免。勤求上理，宜育賢才。臣所知者，如王永吉、方大猷、楊毓楫、硃繼祚、葉廷桂等，均濟時舟楫，惟上召而用之。」得旨嘉納。尋又薦寶坻進士杜立德等十一人。

Song Quan, styled Yuanping, came from Shangqiu in Henan. He received his jinshi degree in the fifth year of the Ming Tianqi reign. He served as Governor of Shuntian, stationed at Miyun. He had been in office only three days when Li Zicheng seized the capital. Quan contrived the killing of Li Zicheng's generals Huang Ding and others. When Prince Rui's army entered the Pass, Quan registered his forces and submitted. He was ordered to continue as governor. Quan memorialized: 'The former ruler held the throne for seventeen years, laboring from dawn till dusk, with no taste for music, women, or diversions. Alas, the throne had a ruler but no loyal ministers, and great disorder followed. Fortunately a sage ruler has come, destroyed the rebels, avenged the wrong, and performed the rites of sacrifice and burial. If Your Majesty would decree deliberation on his temple name to honor him for ages, benevolence and righteousness would be complete, the realm would acclaim it, and the four seas could be pacified by proclamation alone. Ming military demands were enormous, leading to supplemental levies. Officials used public office for private gain: beyond open taxes there were hidden ones, beyond official levies private ones. The people's distress had reached its limit. I ask that the tax quota of the early Wanli years be restored as the standard, and all later additions be remitted entirely. In seeking good governance, worthy talent ought to be cultivated. Those I know—Wang Yongji, Fang Dayou, Yang Yuqi, Zhu Jizuo, Ye Tinggui, and others—are all men who could steady the state. I beg Your Majesty to summon and employ them. The memorial received an approving imperial response. He soon recommended eleven more men, including the Baodi jinshi Du Lide.

時權仍駐密雲，撫治二十餘州縣，兼領軍事。旋以遵化當衝要，命權移駐，先後擊降自成黨數千。豐潤盜起，權捕治，以未獲其渠，疏請罷斥，溫旨慰留。尋疏陳祖軍、民壯之害，言：「明製祖傳軍籍，隸在營路；選取民壯，隸在州縣。身故則勾子孫，子孫絕則勾宗族，宗族盡則勾戚屬，流離逃竄，亂由此階。請特沛恩綸，除茲秕政。」又有私刻順天巡撫印偽為糾舉咨文投部者，事覺，逮治。權疏言：「用捨者君人之權，黜陟者銓樞之政，薦劾者撫按之職。請飭各省撫按，有關用舍大典，必具疏請，不須以咨文從事，則百弊俱清。」疏入，並如所請，著為令。

Quan remained stationed at Miyun, governing more than twenty prefectures and counties while also commanding military affairs. Because Zunhua was strategically vital, he was soon ordered to move his headquarters there and successively attacked and induced the surrender of several thousand of Zicheng's followers. When bandits rose at Fengrun, Quan suppressed them. Because the ringleader escaped, he asked to be dismissed, but a warm edict comforted him and kept him in office. He soon memorialized on the harm of hereditary military households and civilian braves: 'Under Ming law hereditary military registers belonged to garrison routes; civilian braves were selected and assigned to prefectures and counties. When a man died, his descendants were pressed into service; when the line failed, clansmen were pressed; when the clan was exhausted, relatives were pressed. Wandering flight and disorder arose from this. I beg a special grace to abolish this corrupt practice.' There was also a case of someone who privately carved the Shuntian governor's seal and forged impeachment documents to submit to the ministry. When discovered, the culprit was arrested and punished. Quan memorialized: 'Appointment and dismissal belong to the sovereign; promotion and demotion belong to the Board of Personnel; recommendation and impeachment belong to governors and censors. I ask that governors and censors in every province be instructed: whenever appointment or dismissal is at stake, they must submit a formal memorial and not act by informal communication—then a hundred abuses will be cleared.' When the memorial was received, all was granted as he asked and established as regulation.

畿輔既平，詔撥近京荒田及明貴戚內監廢莊，畫為旗地，民田錯雜，別給官田互易。權疏言：「農民甫得易換之田，廬舍無依，耕種未備，請蠲租三年。」又迭疏請蠲薊州田租一年，除密雲荒地逃丁派徵錢糧，興三協屯政，守兵一予田十畝。俱下部議行。有詔優恤綠旗陣亡兵家屬，權請特遣部臣蒞視散給，俾霑實惠。

After the capital region was pacified, an edict allocated wasteland near Beijing and abandoned estates of Ming nobles and eunuchs as banner land. Where civilian fields were intermixed, official land was granted in exchange. Quan memorialized: 'Farmers have only just received exchanged fields. They have no dwellings and their planting is not ready. I ask for a three-year rent remission.' He also repeatedly asked for a one-year remission of Jizhou land rent, exemption of levies on fugitive laborers from Miyun wasteland, and revival of the Three Garrisons' military colonies, with ten mu granted to each garrison soldier. All were referred to the ministries for deliberation and implementation. When an edict ordered favorable relief for families of Green Banner soldiers killed in battle, Quan asked that a ministry official be specially dispatched to oversee distribution on the spot so they would receive real benefit.

三年，擢國史院大學士。五年，遭母喪，請終制，命如常入直，私居持服。六年，假歸葬親。尋加太子太保。七年，還朝。時議用明例，遺御史巡方，權力持以為不可。八年，條陳時政，又言宜復設巡按。給事中陳調元、王廷諫等劾權前後持兩端，且追劾其母喪未除，入闈主試，下部議，權老病宜罷歸，遂命致仕。九年，卒。部議權被論致仕，祭葬宜殺禮。上以權誅自成黨有功，賜祭葬如例，贈少保兼太子太保，諡文康。子犖，自有傳。

In the third year he was promoted to Grand Academician of the National History College. In the fifth year, after his mother's death, he asked to observe full mourning but was ordered to continue attending court as usual while wearing mourning at home. In the sixth year he took leave to return home and bury his mother. He was soon additionally appointed Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the seventh year he returned to court. At the time some proposed reviving the Ming practice of dispatching censors on regional inspection tours; Quan firmly opposed it. In the eighth year he set forth current affairs in detail and again argued that surveillance censors ought to be re-established. Supervising Secretaries Chen Diaoyuan, Wang Tingjian, and others impeached Quan for shifting his position and for presiding over examinations while still in mourning. After ministry deliberation, his age and illness were held to warrant retirement, and he was ordered to leave office. In the ninth year he died. The ministry proposed that because Quan had retired under impeachment, his sacrifices and burial should follow reduced rites. The emperor held that Quan had merit in suppressing Zicheng's followers and granted him full sacrifices and burial, posthumously granting Junior Guardian and concurrently Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, with the posthumous title Wenkang. His son Luo has his own biography.

傅以漸，字於磐，山東聊城人。順治三年一甲一名進士，授弘文院修撰。八年，遷國史院侍講。九年，遷左庶子。十年，歷秘書院侍講學士、少詹事，擢國史院學士。十一年，授秘書院大學士。十二年，詔陳時務，條上安民三事。加太子太保，改國史院文學士。先後充明史、太宗實錄纂修，太祖、太宗聖訓並通鑑總裁。又命作資政要覽後序，撰內則衍義，覆核賦役全書。十四年，命以漸及庶子曹本榮修易經通注。十五年，偕學士李霨主會試。考官入闈，例得攜書籍，言官請申禁，以漸請仍如舊例，許之。入闈病咯血，請另簡，命力疾料理。尋加少保，改武英殿大學士，兼兵部尚書。旋乞假還裡，累疏乞休。十八年，解任。康熙四年，卒。

Fu Yijian, styled Yupán, came from Liaocheng in Shandong. In the third year of Shunzhi he took first place among the jinshi and was appointed Compiler of the Hongwen College. In the eighth year he was transferred to Reader of the National History College. In the ninth year he was transferred to Left Sub-Reader. In the tenth year he served as Secretariat Reader, Junior Mentor, and was promoted to National History Academician. In the eleventh year he was appointed Grand Academician of the Secretariat College. In the twelfth year, when the throne called for reports on current affairs, he submitted three proposals for securing the people. He was additionally appointed Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and made Literary Academician of the National History College. He successively helped compile the History of Ming and the Veritable Records of Taizong, and served as chief compiler of the Sacred Instructions of Taizu and Taizong and the Comprehensive Mirror. He was also ordered to write the postface to Essentials of Governance for Reference, compile Extended Meaning of the Inner Rules, and review the Complete Book of Tax Levies. In the fourteenth year he and Sub-Reader Cao Benrong were ordered to compile a comprehensive commentary on the Book of Changes. In the fifteenth year he and Academician Li Hui presided over the metropolitan examination. Examiners entering the compound were by precedent allowed to bring books. When censors asked for a strict ban, Yijian asked that the old rule stand, and the request was granted. After entering the compound he fell ill and spat blood, asking to be replaced. He was ordered to carry on despite his illness. He was soon additionally appointed Junior Guardian, made Grand Academician of the Wuying Hall, and concurrently Minister of War. He soon asked leave to return home and repeatedly memorialized for retirement. In the eighteenth year he left office. In the fourth year of Kangxi he died.

呂宮，字長音，江南武進人。順治四年一甲一名進士，授秘書院修撰。九年，加右中允。十年二月，上幸內院，召宮與侍講法若真，編修程芳朝、黃機，命撰柳下惠不以三公易其介論。宮論有曰：「伊、週、衛、霍，爭介不介。」上喜曰：「此三公語。」列第一。尋諭吏部：「翰林昇轉，舊例論資俸，亦論才品。呂宮文章簡明，氣度閒雅。遇學士員缺，即行推補。」尋授秘書院學士。閏六月，遷吏部侍郎。十二月，超授弘文院大學士。言官請禁江、浙簽富戶運白糧並織造報充機戶，部議已有例禁，宮復請嚴飭督撫察究。

Lü Gong, styled Changyin, came from Wujin in Jiangnan. In the fourth year of Shunzhi he took first place among the jinshi and was appointed Compiler of the Secretariat College. In the ninth year he was additionally appointed Right Sub-Reader. In the second month of the tenth year the emperor visited the Inner College and summoned Gong with Reader Fazhen and Compilers Cheng Fangchao and Huang Ji, ordering essays on the theme that Liu Xiaohui would not trade his integrity for the rank of the Three Ducal Ministers. Gong's essay said, 'Yi Yin, the Duke of Zhou, Wei Qing, and Huo Qubing—do they contend over integrity or not? The emperor was pleased and said, 'These are words fit for the Three Ducal Ministers.' Gong was ranked first. The emperor soon instructed the Board of Personnel: 'Hanlin promotions have traditionally weighed seniority, but also talent and character. Lü Gong's writing is concise and clear, his bearing leisurely and refined. When an Academician's post falls vacant, promote him at once.' He was soon appointed Academician of the Secretariat College. In the intercalary sixth month he was transferred to Vice Minister of Personnel. In the twelfth month he was exceptionally promoted to Grand Academician of the Hongwen College. Censors asked to ban the Jiangsu and Zhejiang practice of assigning wealthy households to transport tribute grain and registering them as loom households. Though the ministry had already ruled on a ban, Gong again asked that governors and censors be strictly ordered to investigate.

大學士陳名夏得罪，十一年，給事中王士禎、御史王秉乾劾宮為名夏黨，宮引罪乞罷，上命省改。初，平西王吳三桂專鎮，漸跋扈。宮與名夏及大學士馮銓、成克鞏薦御史郝浴，命巡按四川。至是，浴露章劾三桂，三桂疏辨，上為罷浴，宮與銓、克鞏皆坐誤舉，鐫二級留任。

When Grand Academician Chen Mingxia fell from favor, Supervising Secretaries Wang Shizhen and Censor Wang Bingqian impeached Gong as his partisan in the eleventh year. Gong confessed and asked to resign, but the emperor ordered him to reflect and reform. Earlier, Pingxi Prince Wu Sangui had held exclusive command of his region and gradually grew overbearing. Gong, together with Mingxia and Grand Academicians Feng Quan and Cheng Kegong, had recommended Censor Hao Yu for surveillance duty in Sichuan. Now Hao Yu submitted an open memorial impeaching Sangui. Sangui memorialized in defense, and the emperor dismissed Yu. Gong, Feng Quan, and Cheng Kegong were all faulted for mistaken recommendation, demoted two ranks, and kept in office.

宮以病乞假，上遣醫療治，問病狀。疏言：「乞假已三月，禀體怯弱，人道俱絕，僅能僵臥兀坐。乞寬期調治。」御史姜圖南劾疏語褻嫚，楊義復劾其曠職，宮亦累疏乞罷。十二年，以修資政要覽書成，加太子太保。宮复疏申請，賜貂裘、蟒緞、鞍馬，命馳驛回籍，俟病痊召用。十三年，敕存問，賜羊酒。十七年，詔大學士、尚書自陳，宮不具疏，左都御史魏裔介劾宮「一病六年，聞問杳然，忘君負恩」。上以宮請告無自陳例，諭毋苛求。十八年，世祖崩，宮赴都哭臨，病益殆，還裡。康熙三年，卒。

Gong asked leave for illness. The emperor sent physicians to treat him and inquired after his condition. He memorialized: 'I have been on leave for three months. My constitution is frail, all normal functions have failed, and I can only lie stiff or sit inert. I beg a longer period for recovery.' Censor Jiang Tunan impeached the memorial's language as lewd and disrespectful. Yang Yi again impeached him for neglect of duty, and Gong also repeatedly asked to resign. In the twelfth year, when Essentials of Governance for Reference was completed, he was additionally appointed Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. Gong again petitioned. He was granted a sable coat, python brocade, and a saddle horse, and ordered home by post relay to be summoned when he recovered. In the thirteenth year an edict inquired after his welfare and granted sheep and wine. In the seventeenth year an edict called on Grand Academicians and ministers to submit self-reports. Gong did not respond. Left Censor-in-Chief Wei Yijie impeached him: 'Ill for six years without a word—forgetting his sovereign and betraying grace.' The emperor held that there was no precedent for self-report while on leave and instructed that Gong not be pressed harshly. In the eighteenth year, when the Shunzhi Emperor died, Gong came to the capital to mourn. His illness grew critical, and he returned home. In the third year of Kangxi he died.

成克鞏，字子固，直隸大名人。父基命，明大學士。克鞏崇禎十六年進士，改庶吉士。避亂里居。

Cheng Kegong, styled Zigù, came from Daming in Zhili. His father Jiming had been a Ming Grand Academician. Kegong received his jinshi in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen and was made a Hanlin bachelor. He retired to his home district to escape the turmoil.

順治二年，以左庶子李若琳薦，授國史院檢討。五年，遷秘書院侍讀學士。尋擢弘文院學士。九年，遷吏部侍郎。十年，擢本部尚書。疏言：「臣部四司，分省設官，原以諮訪本省官評。請令各司人註一簿，詳列本省各官賢否，參以撫按舉劾，備要缺推選。督撫舊無考成，請令疏列事蹟，消弭盜賊，開墾荒田，清理錢糧，糾除貪悍，定為四則，以別賞罰。文選推升，概從掣籤。但地方繁、簡、衝、僻不同，如江南蘇、松等郡積弊之區，非初任邑令所能振刷。請取卓異官，或升或調，通融補授。行之有效，即加優擢，亦於選法無礙。」章下所司。尋擢秘書院大學士。以薦御史郝浴失人，鐫二級。十二年，命還所降級。

In the second year of Shunzhi, on Left Sub-Reader Li Ruolin's recommendation, he was appointed Reviser of the National History College. In the fifth year he was transferred to Reader of the Secretariat College. He was soon promoted to Academician of the Hongwen College. In the ninth year he was transferred to Vice Minister of Personnel. In the tenth year he was promoted to Minister of Personnel. He submitted a memorial: "The four bureaus of my ministry assign officials by province to consult on the character and performance of each province's officials. I ask that each bureau maintain a register listing each province's officials as worthy or unworthy, drawing on impeachments and recommendations from governors and surveillance commissioners, to guide promotion to key posts. Governors-general and governors have never faced formal performance review. I ask that they be required to report their achievements in four areas: suppressing bandits, reclaiming wasteland, clearing tax arrears, and rooting out corrupt and brutal officials—using these as standards for reward and punishment. Appointments at the Bureau of Appointments are made entirely by drawing lots. But districts vary—some are busy, some quiet, some strategic, some remote. Places like Suzhou and Songjiang in Jiangnan, where abuses have piled up for years, cannot be set right by a first-time county magistrate. I ask that proven officials of exceptional merit be promoted or transferred and appointed with discretion to fill such posts. If they succeed, they should receive preferential promotion without violating appointment law. The memorial was referred to the appropriate offices. He was soon promoted to Grand Academician of the Secretariat College. Because his recommendation of Censor Hao Yu had been mistaken, he was demoted two ranks. In the twelfth year the emperor ordered his demoted ranks restored.

十二年，加太子太保。左都御史缺員，命克鞏暫攝，並諭俟得其人，仍回內院。疏言：「用人為治平之急務，而大僚尤重。今通政使李日芳、甘肅巡撫周文葉、陝西巡撫陳極新皆衰老昏庸，亟當更易。財用困乏，宜定丈量編審之期。學校冒濫，宜嚴考貢入學之額。任樞密者，遇封疆失事，不得借行查以滋推諉。司刑憲者，於棍徒詐害，不得寬反坐以長刁風。又若修築河工，宜覈冒銷，杜侵帑。此數事皆當振刷，以圖實政。」上深韙之。

In the twelfth year he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. When the Left Censor-in-Chief's post fell vacant, Cheng Kegong was ordered to fill it temporarily and told to return to the inner court once a permanent appointee was found. He submitted a memorial: "Selecting men for office is the most urgent business of good government, and senior officials matter above all. Transmission Commissioner Li Rifang, Gansu Governor Zhou Wenye, and Shaanxi Governor Chen Jixin are all old, feeble, and incompetent and should be replaced immediately. State finances are strained; deadlines should be set for land surveys and tax registration. Schools are overcrowded with unqualified students; entrance quotas for examination graduates and tribute pupils should be strictly enforced. Officials in charge of military affairs must not use field inspections as an excuse to evade blame when frontier provinces suffer setbacks. Judicial officers must not leniently apply counter-charges against accusers in cases of ruffian fraud, lest it embolden legal trickery. River works should be audited for padded expenses and embezzlement from the treasury. All these matters demand vigorous reform if government is to produce real results. The emperor strongly approved.

給事中孫光祀劾左通政吳達兄逵叛逆，下法司勘擬。克鞏疏論左都御史龔鼎孳與達同鄉，徇隱不舉，鼎孳疏辨不知逵為達弟，坐奪俸。尋命克鞏回內院。十五年，加少保，改保和殿大學士，兼戶部尚書。十六年，加少傅兼太子太傅。十七年，遵例自陳，諭不必求罷。

Supervising Secretary Sun Guangsi impeached Wu Da's elder brother Kui for rebellion. The case was referred to the judicial offices for investigation. Cheng Kegong charged that Left Censor-in-Chief Gong Dingzi, a fellow townsman of Wu Da, had concealed the matter and failed to impeach. Dingzi replied that he had not known Kui was Wu Da's brother and was sentenced to forfeiture of salary. Cheng Kegong was soon ordered back to the inner court. In the fifteenth year he was made Junior Guardian, Grand Academician of the Baohe Hall, and concurrently Minister of Revenue. In the sixteenth year he was made Junior Mentor and Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent. In the seventeenth year he submitted the customary self-criticism; the emperor told him he need not seek retirement.

部推浙江布政參議李昌祚擢大理寺少卿。先是，揚州亂民李之春事發，其黨亦有名李昌祚者，克鞏與大學士劉正宗票擬未陳明；又在吏部時，薦周亮工，擢至福建布政使，坐贓敗：克鞏疏引罪。左都御史魏裔介劾正宗，語連克鞏，並及昌祚、亮工事，克鞏疏辨，上責其巧飾，下王大臣議，罪當奪官。世祖初以克鞏世家子，知故事，不次擢用，值講筵，命內臣將畫工就邸舍圖其像以進，居常或中夜出片紙作國書詢時事，克鞏佔對惟謹；至是，諭責其依違附和，凡事因人，仍寬之，命任事如故。

The ministry proposed promoting Li Changzuo, Assistant Commissioner of the Zhejiang provincial administration, to Vice Director of the Court of Review. Earlier, when the Yangzhou rebel Li Zhichun's conspiracy was exposed, one of his followers had also been named Li Changzuo. Cheng Kegong and Grand Academician Liu Zhengzong drafted the rescript without clarifying the distinction; While at the Board of Personnel he had also recommended Zhou Lianggong, who rose to Fujian Provincial Commissioner but was ruined by corruption. Cheng Kegong submitted a memorial taking blame. Left Censor-in-Chief Wei Yijie impeached Liu Zhengzong in terms that also implicated Cheng Kegong and raised the Changzuo and Lianggong affairs. Kegong defended himself, but the emperor rebuked his evasive pleading and referred the case to the princes and ministers, who found the penalty should be removal from office. In the beginning the Shizu had promoted Cheng Kegong out of turn as the scion of a great family versed in precedent. During lecture sessions the emperor sent painters to his residence to paint his portrait. At times the emperor would send a note in the middle of the night with questions on affairs of state, and Kegong would answer with studied care; Now the emperor rebuked him for equivocation and trimming, saying he shaped every decision to persons rather than principle, yet was lenient and ordered him to continue in office as before.

十八年，聖祖即位，復為國史院大學士。康熙元年，調秘書院大學士。二年，乞休回籍。

In the eighteenth year, upon the Shengzu's accession, he was again made Grand Academician of the National History College. In the first year of Kangxi he was transferred to Grand Academician of the Secretariat College. In the second year he requested retirement and returned home.

克鞏迭主鄉、會試，稱得士，湯斌、馬世俊、張玉書、嚴我斯、梁化鳳等，皆出其門。歷充太宗實錄，太祖、太宗聖訓總裁，屢得優賚。二十六年，太皇太后崩，赴臨。三十年，卒，年八十四。子亮，編修；光，武昌守道。

Cheng Kegong repeatedly presided over the provincial and metropolitan examinations and was reputed to pick the right men. Tang Bin, Ma Shijun, Zhang Yushu, Yan Wosi, Liang Huafeng, and others were all his protégés. He served as chief compiler of the Veritable Records of Taizong and the Sacred Instructions of Taizu and Taizong, and received repeated imperial rewards. In the twenty-sixth year, when the Grand Empress Dowager died, he went to attend her funeral. In the thirtieth year he died at the age of eighty-four. His son Liang served as Compiler; Guang served as Intendant of Wuchang Circuit.

金之俊，字豈凡，江南吳江人。明萬曆四十七年進士，官至兵部侍郎。睿親王定京師，命仍故官。疏請先蠲畿甸田租以慰民望，又言：「土寇率★降者，宜赦罪勿論。縛渠來獻，分別敘功。就撫之眾，宜編保甲，令安故業。無恆產者，別為區畫。」尋奏薦丁魁楚、丁啟睿、線國安、房可壯、左懋泰、郝絅等，又劾通州道鄭煇優游養寇、三關總兵郝之潤縱兵肆掠，俱宜罷斥；並請趣畿南北巡按及監司以下官赴任，禁止滿洲官役額外需索驛遞夫馬。疏入，皆採行。

Jin Zhijun, styled Qifan, came from Wujiang in Jiangnan. He received his jinshi in the forty-seventh year of Wanli and rose to Vice Minister of War under the Ming. When Prince Rui took Beijing, he was ordered to keep his former post. He memorialized that land rents in the capital region should first be remitted to reassure the people, and added: "Bandits who generally surrender should be pardoned without prosecution. Those who capture rebel leaders and surrender them should be rewarded according to their merit. Surrendered bands should be organized into baojia units and allowed to resume their former livelihoods. Those without steady property should be settled separately. He soon recommended Ding Kuitu, Ding Qirui, Xian Guo'an, Fang Kezhuang, Zuo Maotai, Hao Jiong, and others, and impeached Tongzhou Circuit Intendant Zheng Hui for coddling bandits and Three Passes Commander Hao Zhirun for letting his troops plunder freely—all deserving dismissal. He also asked that surveillance commissioners throughout the capital region and all officials down to circuit-level be urged to take office, and that Manchu officials and runners be barred from extorting extra horses and porters from courier stations. The memorial was submitted and all its proposals were adopted.

順治二年，以京師米貴，疏言：「大兵直取江南，應令漕督及巡漕御史赴任。金陵底定，舉行漕政。」詔速議行。因復上漕政八事，疏下所司。尋調吏部侍郎。三年，疏請酌定進士銓選之制。五年，擢工部尚書。六年，乞假歸，加太子太保。七年，還朝。八年，調兵部，加少保兼太子太保。十年，調左都御史。疏言：「審擬盜犯，請用正律，不宜概行籍沒，致累無辜。」又疏言：「直省提學，例以僉事道分遣。畿輔為首善之區，江南人才之會，請以翰林官簡用。」均報可。尋遷吏部尚書，授國史院大學士。

In the second year of Shunzhi, with rice scarce in the capital, he memorialized: "With the main army pushing directly into Jiangnan, the Grain Transport Director and the Surveillance Censor for Grain Transport should be ordered to take up their posts. Once Nanjing is pacified, grain transport administration should be put in place. The emperor ordered immediate deliberation and action. He then submitted eight further proposals on grain transport, and the memorial was referred to the appropriate offices. He was soon transferred to Vice Minister of Personnel. In the third year he memorialized for a regulated system of jinshi appointment. In the fifth year he was promoted to Minister of Works. In the sixth year he took leave to return home and was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the seventh year he returned to court. In the eighth year he was transferred to the Board of War and made Junior Guardian and Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the tenth year he was made Left Censor-in-Chief. He memorialized: "Robbery cases should be tried under the regular statutes. Property should not be confiscated wholesale, lest innocent families be ruined. In another memorial he wrote: "Provincial educational commissioners are customarily dispatched as judicial-assistant circuit officials. But the capital region is the premier seat of learning and Jiangnan the greatest pool of talent. I ask that Hanlin officials be selected for these posts. Both proposals were approved. He was soon made Minister of Personnel and Grand Academician of the National History College.

十二年，之俊病，乞休，上不允，遣畫工就邸畫其像。十三年，諭諸大臣曰：「君臣之義，終始相維。爾等今後毋以引年請歸為念。爾等豈忍違朕，朕亦何忍使爾等告歸？昨歲之俊病甚，朕遣人圖其容。念彼已老，惟恐不復相見，不勝眷戀。朕簡用之人，欲皓首相依，不忍離也！」之俊泣謝。十五年，改中和殿大學士，兼吏部尚書。同校定律例。十六年，詔立明莊烈帝碑，命之俊撰文。尋加太保兼太子太師，复乞假歸。十七年，自陳乞罷，溫諭敦召，未至，加太傅。十八年，復改秘書院大學士。之俊自歸後，屢以衰老乞休，康熙元年，始允致仕。

In the twelfth year Zhijun fell ill and asked to retire. The emperor refused and sent a painter to his residence to paint his portrait. In the thirteenth year the emperor addressed the ministers: "The bond between ruler and minister is one of mutual devotion from first to last. Hereafter you must not dwell on citing your years as grounds for retirement. Would you truly abandon me? And how could I bear to send you home? Last year Zhijun was gravely ill, and I sent someone to paint his likeness. He was so old that I feared we might never meet again, and my heart was full of longing. The men I have chosen I wish to keep at my side until our hair is white together. I cannot bear to let you go! Zhijun wept and thanked him. In the fifteenth year he was made Grand Academician of the Zhonghe Hall and concurrently Minister of Personnel. He helped collate the legal code. In the sixteenth year an edict ordered a stele erected to the Chonglie Emperor of the Ming, and Zhijun was commanded to write the text. He was soon made Grand Guardian and Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent and again asked leave to return home. In the seventeenth year he offered his resignation. A warm edict urgently recalled him. Before he could return, he was made Grand Mentor. In the eighteenth year he was again made Grand Academician of the Secretariat College. After returning home Zhijun repeatedly pleaded age as grounds for retirement. In the first year of Kangxi he was finally allowed to retire.

之俊家居，有為匿名帖榜其門以謗之者，之俊白總督郎廷佐窮治之，牽累不決。事聞，上不直所為，以律禁收審匿名帖，鐫廷佐二級，之俊削太傅銜。九年，卒，諡文通。

At home Zhijun found an anonymous libel posted on his gate. He reported it to Governor-General Lang Tingzuo for a thorough investigation, but the case dragged on inconclusively and many were implicated. When the affair reached the emperor, he disapproved. Citing the law forbidding prosecution on the basis of anonymous postings, he demoted Lang Tingzuo two ranks and stripped Zhijun of his Grand Mentor title. In the ninth year he died and was given the posthumous title Wentong.

謝升，山東德州人。明萬曆三十五年進士，官至建極殿大學士，兼吏部尚書，加少保兼太子太保。崇禎之季，明帝欲與我議和，升洩其語，罷歸里。李自成入京師，升與明御史趙繼鼎、盧世㴶逐自成所置吏，奉明宗室香河知縣師敔城守。尋奉表來歸，授師敔知州，命升以建極殿大學士管吏部尚書。升至京師，改命與諸大學士共理機務。順治二年，卒，贈太傅，諡清義。

Xie Sheng came from Dezhou in Shandong. He received his jinshi in the thirty-fifth year of Wanli and rose to Grand Academician of the Jianji Hall, concurrently Minister of Personnel, with the titles Junior Guardian and Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In Chongzhen's final years the Ming emperor sought peace with the Qing. Xie Sheng leaked the overture, was dismissed, and retired home. When Li Zicheng took Beijing, Xie Sheng, with the Ming censor Zhao Jiding and Lu Shijie, expelled Li's appointees and rallied behind the Ming clansman Shi Yi, magistrate of Xianghe, to hold the city. He soon submitted his allegiance. Shi Yi was made prefect, and Xie Sheng was ordered to serve as Grand Academician of the Jianji Hall in charge of the Ministry of Personnel. When Xie Sheng reached Beijing, his orders were changed: he was to manage state affairs jointly with the other grand academicians. In the second year of Shunzhi he died and was posthumously made Grand Mentor with the posthumous title Qingyi.

胡世安，四川井研人。明崇禎元年進士，官至少詹事。順治初，授原官。四遷禮部尚書。十五年，授武英殿大學士，兼兵部尚書。聖祖即位，與之俊同改秘書院大學士。以疾乞休，累加少師兼太子太師。康熙二年，卒。

Hu Shi'an came from Jingyan in Sichuan. He received his jinshi in the first year of Chongzhen and rose to Junior Mentor under the Ming. In the early Shunzhi reign he was restored to his former post. He was promoted four times to Minister of Rites. In the fifteenth year he was made Grand Academician of the Wuying Hall and concurrently Minister of War. When the Shenzu took the throne, he and Zhijun were both transferred to Grand Secretary of the Secretariat College. He asked to retire because of illness and was successively promoted to Junior Preceptor and Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. He died in the second year of Kangxi.

王永吉，字修之，江南高郵人。明天啟間進士，官至薊遼總督。順治二年，以順天巡撫宋權薦，授大理寺卿。四年，擢工部侍郎。永吉疏辭，上責其博虛名，特允之，並諭永不錄用。居數年，有詔起用廢員，复詣京師，吏部疏薦，八年，授戶部侍郎。條奏各衛所屯地分上、中、下三等，請撥上田給運丁；各項折色銀請仍令官收官解，本色物料動支折價採買；洲田丈量累民，請以蘆課併入州縣考成，五年一次丈量：皆見採擇。

Wang Yongji, whose style name was Xiuzhi, came from Gaoyou in Jiangnan. He received his jinshi under the Ming during the Tianqi reign and eventually served as Governor-General of Jizhou and Liaodong. In the second year of Shunzhi, on Song Quan's recommendation as Shuntian governor, he was made Chief Justice of the Court of Judicial Review. In the fourth year he was promoted to Vice Minister of Works. Yongji submitted a memorial declining the post. The emperor accused him of seeking hollow reputation, granted the request as an exception, and declared that he would never again be appointed to office. Several years later an edict called dismissed officials back into service. He went to the capital again, the Board of Civil Appointments recommended him, and in the eighth year he was appointed Vice Minister of Revenue. He submitted a detailed memorial proposing that garrison colony lands be graded upper, middle, and lower, with the best plots assigned to grain-transport laborers; that commuted silver payments continue to be collected and delivered by officials, while materials owed in kind be purchased with funds drawn from commuted payments; and that the burden of surveying sandbar fields be eased by folding the reed tax into county performance reviews and remeasuring only once every five years. All of these proposals were adopted.

永吉家居，究心黃河下游閼壅為害，嘗議修涇河閘，濬射陽湖。九年，疏言：「黃水自邳、宿下至清河口，淮、泗之水聚於洪澤湖，亦出清河口。二水交會，淮、泗弱勢，不能敵黃。折而南趨四百餘裡，出瓜洲、儀真方能達江。一線運河，收束甚緊，即有大小閘洞宣洩，海口不開，下流壅滯，以致河堤十年九決。海口在興化、泰州、鹽城境內，輒為附近居民填塞。乞敕河、漕重臣相度疏濬，復其故道。淮、泗消則黃河勢亦減。」

While at home Yongji studied the damage caused by blockages on the lower Yellow River and once proposed repairing the Jing River sluice and dredging Lake Sheyang. In the ninth year he memorialized: "The Yellow River runs from Pi and Su down to Qinghe Mouth. The Huai and Si rivers converge in Hongze Lake and likewise discharge at Qinghe Mouth. Where the two currents meet, the weaker Huai and Si cannot hold back the Yellow River. It turns south and runs more than four hundred li before it can reach the Yangtze only by way of Guazhou and Yizhen. The Grand Canal is a single narrow channel under heavy constraint. Even with large and small sluice gates to release water, if the river mouth stays closed the lower course backs up and the dikes break nine years in ten. The river mouth lies in Xinghua, Taizhou, and Yancheng, yet local residents repeatedly choke it off. I ask that senior officials responsible for river control and grain transport be ordered to survey the ground, dredge the channel, and restore its old course. If the Huai and Si are relieved, the force of the Yellow River will diminish as well."

時河以北諸省患水，而江以南又苦旱，屢詔蠲賑，而湖廣、四川、閩、廣諸鎮待餉甚急。永吉疏請下廷臣籌足餉救荒之策，上命永吉詳具以聞。永吉因言：「各省兵有罪革佔冒，馬亦有老病弱斃，十汰其二。以百萬之餉計之，歲可省二十萬。即以裁省之項，酌定直省災傷分數，則兵清而賦亦減。」上嘉納之。

At the time the provinces north of the river were afflicted by flood, while south of the Yangtze they suffered drought. Edicts repeatedly granted tax relief and famine aid, yet garrisons in Huguang, Sichuan, Fujian, and Guangdong were in urgent need of supplies. Yongji memorialized asking that court officials be summoned to devise ways to secure pay and relieve famine. The emperor ordered Yongji to submit a detailed proposal. Yongji then wrote: "In every province soldiers found guilty of fraudulent enrollment should be dismissed, and among the horses there are old, sick, weak, and dead animals as well; cut two out of every ten. On a pay budget of one million taels, two hundred thousand could be saved each year. Those savings could then be used to set disaster-relief percentages for the metropolitan provinces, clearing out the army while easing tax burdens as well." The emperor praised the proposal and approved it.

畿輔奸民，每藉投充旗下，橫行骫法。永吉疏陳其害，謂：「上乾國法，下失人心，請敕禁王大臣濫收人投旗，以息諸弊。」十年，擢兵部尚書。十一年，與刑部尚書覺羅巴哈納等分賑直隸八府。轉都察院左都御史，擢秘書院大學士。

Wicked men in the capital region routinely enrolled themselves under the banners and then acted with impunity, evading the law. Yongji memorialized on the harm, writing: "Above it violates the law of the state; below it alienates the people. I ask that princes and high ministers be forbidden to accept people into their banners indiscriminately, so that these abuses may cease." In the tenth year he was promoted to Minister of War. In the eleventh year he joined Minister of Justice Jueluo Bahana and others in distributing famine relief across the eight prefectures of Zhili. He was transferred to Left Censor-in-Chief of the Censorate and then promoted to Grand Secretary of the Secretariat College.

永吉在兵部，鞫德州諸生呂煌匿逃人行賄，讞未當，下王大臣詰問，永吉厲聲爭辨。事聞上，諭曰：「永吉破格超擢，當竭力為國，乃因詰問，輒至忿怒，豈欲效陳名夏故態耶？」左授倉場侍郎。十二年，仍授國史院大學士。尋加太子太保，領吏部尚書。

While serving at the Ministry of War, Yongji tried the Dezhou scholar Lü Huang for harboring fugitives and accepting bribes. When the verdict was judged improper and the case was referred to princes and high ministers for questioning, Yongji argued back in a loud voice. When the matter reached the emperor, he said: "Yongji was promoted beyond the usual limits and ought to serve the state with all his strength, yet at the first questioning he grew furious. Does he mean to repeat Chen Mingxia's old conduct?" He was demoted to Vice Minister of the Granary. In the twelfth year he was again appointed Grand Academician of the National History College. Soon afterward he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and placed in charge as Minister of Civil Appointments.

十四年夏，旱，疏請「下直省督、撫、按諸臣清釐庶獄，如有殊常枉屈，奏請上裁；贖徒以下，保釋寧家」。下所司議行。旋以地震具疏引咎，上复責其博虛名。十五年，以兄子樹德科場關節事發，左授太常寺少卿，遷左副都御史。十六年，卒。上以永吉勤勞素著，命予優恤，贈少保兼太子太保、吏部尚書，諡文通。

In the summer of the fourteenth year, during a drought, he memorialized asking "that governors-general, governors, and provincial surveillance commissioners across the provinces review ordinary cases; where there were exceptional injustices, they should report them for the emperor's decision; and redeemable convicts and lesser offenders be released on bail to return home." The proposal was referred to the responsible offices for deliberation and implementation. Soon afterward, citing the earthquake, he submitted a memorial accepting blame. The emperor again accused him of seeking hollow reputation. In the fifteenth year, after his nephew Shude was caught up in an examination collusion scandal, he was demoted to Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and then transferred to Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. He died in the sixteenth year. Because Yongji's long record of diligent service was well known, the emperor ordered generous posthumous honors, granting him Junior Guardian and Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and Minister of Civil Appointments, with the posthumous name Wentong.

黨崇雅，陝西寶雞人。明天啟五年進士，官至戶部侍郎。順治元年，以天津總督駱養性薦，授原官，調刑部。疏言：「舊制，大逆大盜，決不待時，餘俱監候秋後處決，未嘗一罹死刑，輒棄於市。請凡罪人照例區別，以昭欽卹。新制未定，並乞暫用明律。俟新例頒行，畫一遵守。」二年，复疏言：「流寇暴虐，今剿滅殆盡。恐寇黨株連，下民未獲寧止。請速頒恩赦。督、撫、司、道及府、州、縣各官，簡用務在得人，庶可廣皇仁，布實政。」並得旨允行。駱養性被訐貪婪通賊，辭連崇雅，讞不實，免議。給事中莊憲祖劾崇雅衰庸，崇雅疏乞罷，留之。五年，擢尚書。六年，加太子太保。八年，調戶部，加少保。十年，引疾告歸，命仍支原俸。旋召還。十一年，授國史院大學士。十二年，復以老乞休，加少傅兼太子太傅。入謝，上見其老，賜御服，諭曰：「卿今還裡，服朕賜衣，如見朕也！」臨行，復召見，賜茶，慰以溫語，命大學士車克送之。十三年，敕存問。康熙五年，卒。明福王時，定從賊案，崇雅與衛周祚、高爾儼皆與。

Dang Chongya came from Baoji in Shaanxi. He received his jinshi in the fifth year of Tianqi under the Ming and rose to Vice Minister of Revenue. In the first year of Shunzhi, on Luo Yangxing's recommendation as Tianjin governor-general, he was restored to his former rank and transferred to the Ministry of Justice. He memorialized: "Under the old system, those guilty of great treason or great robbery were executed without delay; all others were held in prison until autumn execution. No one was ever put to death and immediately exposed in the marketplace. I ask that offenders be distinguished according to precedent, so that imperial clemency may be made clear. Since the new code is not yet settled, I also ask that the Ming code be used for the time being. Once the new regulations are issued, they should be followed uniformly." In the second year he memorialized again: "The roving bandits were savage, but they have now been nearly wiped out. I fear that through guilt by association with the bandits the common people still cannot live in peace. I ask that an amnesty be issued at once. Governors-general, governors, provincial and circuit officials, and prefectural, departmental, and county officers should be carefully chosen so that the right men are found, thereby extending imperial benevolence and putting honest governance into practice." The emperor approved the proposals and they were carried out. Luo Yangxing was denounced for greed and collusion with bandits. The accusation implicated Chongya, but the case was judged unfounded and he was cleared. Supervising Secretary Zhuang Xianzu impeached Chongya as feeble and incompetent. Chongya memorialized asking to resign, but he was kept in office. In the fifth year he was promoted to ministerial rank. In the sixth year he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the eighth year he was transferred to the Ministry of Revenue and made Junior Guardian. In the tenth year he cited illness and asked to retire home. He was ordered to continue receiving his original salary. He was soon recalled. In the eleventh year he was appointed Grand Academician of the National History College. In the twelfth year he again asked to retire because of old age and was made Junior Mentor and Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent. When he came to give thanks, the emperor saw how old he was, granted him imperial robes, and said: "You are going home now. Wear the robe I give you, and it will be as though you see me!" As he was leaving, the emperor summoned him again, gave him tea, comforted him with kind words, and ordered Grand Secretary Che Ke to see him off. In the thirteenth year an edict was sent to inquire after him. He died in the fifth year of Kangxi. Under the Ming Prince of Fu, in the case finding officials guilty of following the rebels, Chongya, Wei Zhouzuo, and Gao Eryan were all implicated.

衛周祚，山西曲沃人。明崇禎進士，官戶部郎中。順治元年，授吏部郎中。再遷刑部侍郎，疏言：「各省逮捕土寇，坐輒數十人，請飾鞫訊得實，具獄詞解部。京師多訐訟，請嚴反坐罪。功臣犯法，請復收贖之令。」調吏部，疏言：「六部司屬，請每歲令堂官糾舉黜陟。」「疆圉新闢，招民百名，即授知縣，暫委各官，即予本職，乃一時權宜計。請試以文義，有不嫻者，招民改武職，暫委授佐雜。」皆下部議行。擢尚書，歷工、吏二部。十五年，授文淵閣大學士，兼刑部尚書，改國史院。以葬兄週胤乞假還。復起授保和殿大學士，兼戶部尚書。以疾乞休。康熙十四年，卒，諡文清。周祚居鄉謹厚，聖祖稱之。西巡，遣大臣酹其墓。

Wei Zhouzuo came from Quwo in Shanxi. He received his jinshi under Chongzhen and served as a director in the Ministry of Revenue. In the first year of Shunzhi he was appointed a director in the Ministry of Civil Appointments. After a further promotion he became Vice Minister of Justice and memorialized: "When provinces arrest local bandits, dozens are implicated in each case. I ask that interrogation be properly conducted until the facts are established and full records sent to the ministry. The capital is rife with false accusations; I ask that counter-charge penalties be strictly enforced. When meritorious officials break the law, I ask that the order allowing commutation by payment be restored." He was transferred to the Ministry of Civil Appointments and memorialized: "For subordinate officials in the Six Ministries, I ask that each year the department heads investigate them and recommend promotions and dismissals. In newly opened frontier territories, recruiting one hundred settlers and immediately appointing them county magistrates, or temporarily assigning them to various posts and immediately granting substantive rank, was only a temporary expedient. I ask that they be tested in literary and administrative competence. Those who are not proficient should, as recruited settlers, be transferred to military posts or temporarily assigned to assistant and miscellaneous ranks." All of these proposals were referred to the ministries for deliberation and implementation. He was promoted to ministerial rank and served in the Ministries of Works and Civil Appointments. In the fifteenth year he was made Grand Academician of the Wenyuan Pavilion and concurrently Minister of Justice, then transferred to the National History College. He asked for leave to return home and bury his elder brother Zhou Yin. He was recalled and appointed Grand Academician of the Baohe Hall and concurrently Minister of Revenue. He asked to retire because of illness. He died in the fourteenth year of Kangxi and was given the posthumous name Wenqing. Zhouzuo lived in his home district with careful integrity, and the Shenzu praised him for it. During his western tour the emperor sent a high minister to pour libation at his tomb.

週胤，明崇禎七年進士，官御史。順治初，授原官。官至兵部侍郎。

Zhou Yin received his jinshi in the seventh year of Chongzhen under the Ming and served as a censor. In the early Shunzhi reign he was restored to his former post. He eventually rose to Vice Minister of War.

高爾儼，直隸靜海人。明崇禎十二年進士，官編修。順治初，授秘書院侍講學士。遷侍郎，歷禮、吏二部，擢吏部尚書，加太子太保。九年，為御史吳達所論，乞罷。旋起補弘文院大學士。十二年，卒，贈少保，諡文端。

Gao Eryan came from Jinghai in Zhili. He received his jinshi in the twelfth year of Chongzhen under the Ming and served as a compiler. In the early Shunzhi reign he was appointed Lecturing Academician of the Secretariat College. He was promoted to vice minister, served in the Ministries of Rites and Civil Appointments, rose to Minister of Civil Appointments, and was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the ninth year Censor Wu Da impeached him and he asked to resign. He was soon recalled and appointed Grand Academician of the Hongwen College. He died in the twelfth year and was posthumously granted Junior Guardian, with the posthumous name Wenduan.

張端，山東掖縣人。父忻，明天啟五年進士，官至刑部尚書。端，明崇禎十六年進士，改庶吉士。李自成入京師，端從忻皆降。順治初，忻以養性薦，授天津巡撫。端亦以薦授弘文院檢討。三遷為禮部侍郎。十年，授國史院大學士。十一年，卒，贈太子太保，諡文安。忻以靜海土寇亂罷，後端卒。

Zhang Duan came from Ye County in Shandong. His father Xin received his jinshi in the fifth year of Tianqi under the Ming and rose to Minister of Justice. Zhang Duan received his jinshi in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen and was made a Hanlin bachelor. When Li Zicheng entered the capital, both Zhang Duan and his father Xin submitted. In the early Shunzhi period, Xin was recommended by Luo Yangxing and appointed Governor of Tianjin. Zhang Duan was also recommended and appointed Reviser of the Hongwen College. After three promotions he became Vice Minister of Rites. In the tenth year he was appointed Grand Academician of the National History College. In the eleventh year he died and was posthumously granted Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, with the posthumous title Wen'an. Xin was dismissed over bandit unrest in Jinghai; Zhang Duan died later.

養性，崇禎時官錦衣衛都指揮使，頗用事。大學士吳甡戍，周延儒死，皆有力。來降，授總督。尋坐事罷，仍加太子太傅、左都督，進太子太師。求自效，授浙江掌印都司。卒。

Luo Yangxing had served as Commander-in-Chief of the Embroidered Uniform Guard under Chongzhen and wielded considerable power. Grand Academician Wu Shen was banished and Zhou Yanru died—both outcomes owed much to his influence. He submitted to the Qing and was appointed Governor-General. He was soon dismissed for an offense but was still granted Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent and Left Commander-in-Chief, and advanced to Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. Seeking to prove his worth, he was appointed Seal-Holding Commander of Zhejiang. He died.

論曰：世祖既親政，銳意求治，諸臣在相位，宜有閎規碩畫足以輔新運者。如蔣赫德請懲貪蠹；權首請田賦循萬曆舊額，並罷祖軍、民壯；永吉議清兵額、卹災傷，痛陳投旗之害；之俊、崇雅鄭重斷獄：可謂能舉其大矣。若巴哈納以細事塞明問，以漸、宮以巍科虛特擢，及額色赫、車克輩，皆鮮所建白。要其謹身奉上，亦一代風氣所由始也。

The commentator writes: After the Shunzhi Emperor took personal rule, he was keen to seek good governance. Ministers in chief office ought to have offered grand designs sufficient to assist the new mandate. Jiang Hede asked to punish corrupt predators; Song Quan was first to ask that land tax follow the old Wanli quota and to abolish hereditary military households and civilian braves; Wang Yongji proposed clearing military quotas and relieving disaster victims, and forcefully set forth the harm of enrolling under the banners; Jin Zhijun and Dang Chongya were scrupulous in judging cases—they may be said to have grasped what mattered most. Bahana blocked the emperor's inquiries with petty matters; Fu Yijian and Lü Gong received hollow exceptional promotions on the strength of top examination ranks; and Esehe, Che Ke, and their like offered little by way of constructive proposals. Yet in essentials they were careful in conduct and devoted to the throne—and that too was where the temper of an age began.

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