Volume 239 Biographies 26: Shen Wenkui, Li Qifeng, Ma Guozhu, Ding Wensheng, Zhu Shichang

=沈文奎=沈文奎，浙江會稽人。少寄育外家王氏，因其姓。年二十，為明諸生，北遊遵化。天聰三年，太宗伐明，下遵化，文奎降。從貝勒豪格以歸，命值文館。漢軍旗制定，隸鑲白旗。六年六月，上自將伐察哈爾，因略宣府邊外。明文武大吏請盟，上還師。八月丁卯，召文奎及同值文館諸生孫應時、江雲深入宮賜饌，命策和議成否。文奎等皆言明政日紊，中原盜賊蜂起，民困於離亂。勸上宣布仁義，用賢養民，乘時吊伐。文奎等退，各具疏陳所見。

Shen Wenkui was a native of Kuaiji, Zhejiang. As a boy he was raised by his mother's family, the Wangs, and bore their surname. At twenty he qualified as a Ming licentiate and went north to Zunhua. In the third year of Tiancong (1629), Hong Taiji campaigned against the Ming, captured Zunhua, and Wenkui submitted. He returned with Prince Hoge and was assigned to the Literary Institute. After the Han banners were organized, he was placed in the Bordered White Banner. In the sixth month of the sixth year, the khan led an expedition against the Chahar and swept the country beyond Xuanfu. Ming officials civil and military sued for peace, and the khan withdrew his forces. On a dingmao day in the eighth month, Wenkui and fellow institute scholars Sun Yingshi and Jiang Yunshen were called to court, entertained at a banquet, and asked whether a negotiated peace was feasible. Wenkui and the others agreed that Ming rule was collapsing, rebels were rising across the heartland, and the people were worn down by chaos and displacement. They urged him to proclaim humane rule, appoint able men, care for the people, and seize the moment for a punitive campaign in the name of relieving distress. After withdrawing, Wenkui and the others each memorialized the throne with their views.

文奎疏言：「先帝用兵之初，勢若破竹，蓋以執北關之釁，名正言順。其後多疑好殺，百姓離心，皆曰利我子女玉帛耳。上寬仁大度，推心置人。今師次宣、大，長驅而入，誰復敢當？乃以片言之故，卷甲休兵。大信已著，宜乘時遣使，略遜其辭，以踐張家口之約。夫不利人之危，仁也；不乘人之亂，勇也；不失舊約，信也：一舉而三美歸焉。或謂南朝首吝王封，次論地土人民，和必不成。臣謂和否不在南朝，在上意定不定耳。且和而成，我坐收其利，以待天時；和而不成，或薊鎮，或宣、大，或山海，乘時深入，誕告於眾曰：'幽、燕本金故地，陵墓在房山，吾第复吾故疆耳。 '師行毋殺人，毋劫掠，則彼民必怨其君之不和，而信我無他志矣。大凌河降夷，上赦之刀斧之下，復加以恩育，其所以去者，皆父母妻子牽其念耳。文王王政，罪不及孥。執殺逃亡，已正國法。豈可因兄及弟，因父及子？以一降夷而使眾降夷自危，且使凡自大凌河降者人人坐疑，非上明白宣諭，上下暌違，終不能釋也。我國衣冠無制，貪而富者，即氓隸，冠裳埒王侯；清而貧者，即高官，服飾同僕從。乞上獨斷，定衣冠之制，使主權尊，民志定，賢愚僉奮，國日以強。」

Wenkui wrote: "When the late khan first took the field, his armies swept forward like bamboo split along the grain, for he held the Ming to blame for the incident at the northern passes—his cause was just and his title to act unimpeachable. Later he grew suspicious and bloodthirsty, and the people turned against him, saying his aim was only to seize their sons and daughters, silk, and treasure. Your Majesty is generous and open-handed, trusting others with a full heart. Your army now stands at Xuanfu and Datong; a straight advance—who could withstand it? Yet for a few words of negotiation you have sheathed your armies and stopped the campaign. Your good faith is already plain; send envoys at once, temper your tone a little, and honor the pact made at Zhangjiakou. To refuse profit from another's danger is benevolence; to forgo striking amid another's chaos is courage; and to keep the old agreement is trustworthiness—in a single gesture you gain all three virtues. Some say the Ming will first refuse a royal enfeoffment, then dispute land and subjects, so peace cannot succeed. I hold that peace does not depend on the Ming but on whether Your Majesty's own resolve is firm. If peace is made, we can reap the advantage at leisure and wait for Heaven's moment; if it fails, strike through Jizhen, Xuan-Datong, or Shanhaiguan when the moment is ripe, and proclaim to all: 'Youzhou and Yan are our Jin homeland; our ancestral tombs stand at Fangshan—we mean only to restore our old domain.' March without killing or looting, and their people will blame their ruler for rejecting peace and trust that we have no further ambitions. The tribesmen who surrendered at Dalinghe—you spared them from execution and treated them kindly; they fled only because parents, wives, and children held their hearts. Under King Wen's rule, punishment did not reach a man's family. To arrest and execute deserters is already to uphold the law. How can guilt pass from brother to brother, or from father to son? To punish one surrendered tribesman is to put all of them in fear and cast suspicion on every man who came over from Dalinghe; unless Your Majesty issues a clear proclamation, mistrust between court and subjects will never lift. Our realm has no fixed dress code: a greedy commoner who grows rich may dress like a prince; while an upright but poor high official may look no better than a servant. I beg Your Majesty to decree a proper dress code so that royal authority is honored, the people's minds are settled, all alike are stirred to effort, and the state grows stronger daily." (Wenkui's memorial closed.)

雲深疏言：「南朝未能決和，宜倍道徑取山海。山海既破，八城折入於我，再與畫界議好，和乃可定。」

Jiang Yunshen wrote: "Since the Ming cannot settle on peace, march at forced pace and seize Shanhaiguan directly. Once Shanhaiguan falls, the eight garrison towns will come over to us; then draw borders and negotiate peace on terms we can fix." (Jiang Yunshen's memorial closed.)

應時疏言：「用兵當先足民。年來國用不舒，今歲又被災，十室九空，宜乘時究方略，轉虛為盈，此宜急議者也。八門徵稅，正稅外有羨銀，稅一兩非增三四分不收，朘削窮民脂血，此宜嚴覈者也。六部公廨已畢工，人人當盡心力為上治事，否則不惟負上，抑且負此巨室，此宜申飭者也。大凌河新夷，固自取滅亡，然邊防嚴則逋逃何自越，此亦宜申飭者也。」

Sun Yingshi wrote: "Before waging war, the people must first be provided for. State finances have been strained for years, and fresh disasters have left nine homes in ten empty; study remedies now and turn deficit into surplus—this should be debated at once. At the eight gates collectors take surcharges on top of the regular levy, refusing a single tael unless three or four fen extra are added, bleeding the poor dry—this calls for strict audit. The Six Ministries' offices are finished; every official should serve the throne with full devotion, or he betrays both the sovereign and the state itself—this deserves a stern order. The new tribesmen from Dalinghe courted their own ruin, yet with strict frontier defense fugitives could not slip across—this too should be ordered." (Sun Yingshi's memorial closed.)

是歲近明邊蒙古部民逃入沙河堡，明兵索還。文奎、應時疏中曰「降夷」，曰「新夷」，蓋謂是也。

That year Mongol tribesmen along the Ming frontier fled into Shahe Fort, and Ming forces demanded them back. Wenkui and Yingshi's memorials speak of "surrendered tribesmen" and "new tribesmen"—they referred to this affair.

九月，文奎复疏言：「臣自入國後，見上封事者多矣，而無勸上勤學問者。上喜閱三國志，此一隅之見，偏而不全。帝王治平之道，奧在四書，跡詳史籍。宜選筆帖式通文義者，秀才老成者，分任移譯講解，日進四書二章，通鑑一章。上聽政之暇，日知月積，身體力行，操約而施博，行易而效捷。上無曰'此難能'，更無曰'乃公從馬上得之'，烏用此迂儒之常談，而付之一哂也。上用人亦宜詳審，臣第就書房言之。書房出納章奏，即南朝之通政司也。自達海卒，龍什罷，五榜式不通漢字，三漢官又無責成。秀才八九，閧然而來，群然而散。遇有章奏，彼此相諉，動淹旬月。上方求言，而令喉舌不通，是何異欲其入而閉之門乎？宜量才委用，或分任俾責有所專，或獨任俾事有所總。至筆帖式通文義者，惟恩國泰一人，宜再擇一二以助不逮。立簿籍，定期會，使大事不過五，小事不過十，分而任之。課勤惰，察能否，而從以賞罰，則政柄不搖，賢愚並勵矣。」

In the ninth month Wenkui memorialized again: "Since I entered your service I have seen many memorials, yet none urging Your Majesty to pursue learning. Your Majesty enjoys the Records of the Three Kingdoms—a partial view from one corner, not the whole. The art of imperial rule lies in the Four Books; its record is set out in the histories. Choose literate clerks and seasoned scholars to translate and lecture in turn, with two chapters of the Four Books and one chapter of the Comprehensive Mirror presented each day. In leisure from governing, let knowledge grow day by day; practice what you learn, hold to simplicity yet act broadly, and achieve results with ease and speed. Do not say 'that is too hard,' or 'I won the realm on horseback'—do not dismiss such counsel as pedantic talk fit only for a laugh. Your Majesty should also choose men with care; I speak here only of the Secretariat. The Secretariat handles memorials in and out—it is the counterpart of the Ming Office of Transmission. Since Dahai's death and Longshi's dismissal, the five bangshi cannot read Chinese, and the three Han officials have no clear accountability. Eight or nine licentiates bustle in together and scatter in a crowd. When memorials arrive they pass the blame, and business often stalls for a month or more. Your Majesty asks for advice yet blocks the channel of speech—how is that unlike inviting someone in and shutting the door? Assign men by ability—either divide duties so each has a clear charge, or put one man in charge so affairs have a head. Of clerks who understand literary Chinese, only En Guotai qualifies; choose one or two more to assist him. Keep registers, set regular meetings, allow five days for major business and ten for minor, and divide the work. Test diligence and slackness, judge ability, and reward or punish accordingly—then authority will hold firm and all will be stirred to effort." (Wenkui's memorial closed.)

七年七月，疏言：「圖事功者，以得人為先務。頃聞開科取士，誠開創急事也。然臣以為非掄才之完策，上宜發明諭，不拘族類，不限貴賤，不分新舊，有才能者許自薦，知人有才能者許保舉。自薦者擇有智識之臣，畀以掄選，而嚴挾私徇情之罰；保舉者不避父子兄弟，但令立狀記籍，異日考其功罪，與同賞罰，然後親加省試，量才錄用。有技能則超擢，無才行則責譴。奴隸工商，有善必取。顯官貴戚，有惡必懲。招以真心實意，歆以高爵厚祿，繩以嚴刑重罰。好榮惡辱，人情所同。雖不能拔十得五，於千百中得數人，而已足為用矣。」崇德元年，甄別文館諸臣，文奎列第二，賜人戶、牲畜，授內弘文院學士。七年八月，以醉乘馬犯鹵簿，論死，上宥之，仍命斷酒。

In the seventh month of the seventh year he wrote: "To achieve great things, finding the right men comes first. I hear examinations are to be opened to recruit scholars—a pressing need for a new dynasty. Yet I do not think examinations alone suffice; issue a clear edict: disregard clan, rank, and whether men are old subjects or new—let the able recommend themselves and let others sponsor talent they know. For self-recommendation, appoint discerning ministers to conduct selection and punish favoritism severely; for sponsorship do not exclude kin, but require written pledges on record; later judge sponsor and nominee together, then examine candidates yourself and appoint by merit. Promote the skilled beyond ordinary rank; rebuke and punish the incapable. From slaves, artisans, and merchants, take any man of merit. Among great officials and noble kin, punish every wrong. Summon men with sincerity, entice them with rank and rich stipends, and restrain them with stern punishment. All men alike love honor and hate shame. Even if you cannot pick five from ten, a few men out of thousands will suffice." In the first year of Chongde (1636), when institute scholars were ranked, Wenkui stood second, received households and livestock, and was made academician of the Inner Hongwen Academy. In the eighth month of the seventh year he was sentenced to death for riding while drunk into the imperial escort; the khan pardoned him but ordered him to give up wine.

順治元年，世祖定鼎，七月，命為右副都御史，巡撫保定。時畿南未定，保定、大名、真定所屬諸州縣，盜千百並起，焚掠為民害。文奎到官，駐真定，訓練所部兵，與巡按衛周胤謀捕治，盜渠趙崇陽等數百人降。有韓國璧者，為盜寧晉泊，拒官軍。文奎即用崇陽捕斬國璧，殲其徒。遂分部總兵王巇、守備劉文選等將兵逐賊。巇等討滅香爐、喬家二寨，戮其渠錢子亮、趙建英。文選等攻深州，戮其渠於小安；攻晉州，戮其渠馬數全。於是冀州郭世先、保定李庫、內黃李君相、順德袁三才數十渠魁，並就俘戮。散其脅從，錄驍勇置部下。畿南漸定。州縣吏徵賦仍明季舊習，優免多則蝕賦，攤派行則厲民，文奎疏請悉從正額；寧晉泊地肥而賦輕，豪右競佔，逋賦為州縣吏累，文奎疏請招民分耕納賦；二年正月，疏言畿南民重困，歲貢綿絲諸品，皆求諸他行省，請改折色；二月，又論諸衛所地納賦丁入保甲，皆當屬州縣吏：並見採擇。李聯芳、張成軒等為盜南皮、鹽山間，四月，遣都司楊澄、守備徐景山捕治，戮聯芳等九十三人。

In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), after the Shunzhi Emperor established the capital, he was appointed Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and governor of Baoding in the seventh month. The region south of the capital was still unsettled; in the prefectures under Baoding, Daming, and Zhending, bandits rose by the hundreds and thousands, burning and looting the people. Wenkui took office at Zhending, drilled his troops, and with censor Wei Zhouyin planned arrests; the bandit leader Zhao Chongyang and several hundred men surrendered. One Han Guobi had made himself bandit chief at Ningjin Marsh and fought the government forces. Wenkui sent Chongyang to capture and execute Guobi and destroy his band. He then dispatched Regional Commander Wang Xi, Garrison Commander Liu Wenxuan, and others to hunt down the bandits. Xi destroyed the stockades at Xianglu and Qiaojia and executed the chiefs Qian Ziliang and Zhao Jianying. Wenxuan attacked Shenzhou and executed its chief at Xiao'an; then attacked Jinzhou and executed its chief Ma Shuquan. Dozens of bandit chiefs—including Guo Shixian of Jizhou, Li Ku of Baoding, Li Junxiang of Neihuang, and Yuan Sancai of Shunde—were captured and killed. Their followers were dispersed; the brave were enrolled in his forces. The region south of the capital gradually grew calm. Local officials still collected taxes by late-Ming custom, eroding the quota through excessive exemptions or harrying the people through reassessment; Wenkui asked that only the regular levy be taken; Ningjin Marsh was fertile but lightly taxed; gentry seized it and arrears burdened local officials; Wenkui asked that settlers be recruited to farm it and pay tax; In the first month of the second year he reported that the people south of the capital were in deep distress; annual tribute of silk and other goods was procured from other provinces—he asked that it be commuted to silver; In the second month he argued that guard-post lands, tax quotas, corvée labor, and baojia registration should all fall under county officials—all were approved. Li Lianfang and Zhang Chengxuan led bandits between Nanpi and Yanshan; in the fourth month he sent Brigade Commander Yang Cheng and Garrison Commander Xu Jingshan against them and executed Lianfang and ninety-three others.

尋命加兵部右侍郎，總督陝西。五月，改命總督淮、揚漕運。淮、揚群盜，高進忠、魏用通、高升三人者為之魁，復有酆報國、司邦基挾明宗室新昌王，與相應為亂。文奎遣游擊裴應暘等擊斬用通，總兵王天寵亦擊破升，報國、邦基為其徒縛詣江寧以降；進忠走崇明，亦降。十二月，復令總兵孔希貴、蘇希樂逐盜如皋，得其渠於錫籓、劉一雄。三年八月，又與淮徐道張兆熊發兵擊斬邳州盜楊秉孝、王君實等。江、淮間始稍安。十月，疏請禁革蘇、松諸府徵漕積弊，悉去官戶、儒戶、濟農倉諸名，著為令。四年正月，以擅免荒田賦，又瀆請明陵祀典，奪職。

He was soon promoted to Right Vice Minister of War and appointed governor-general of Shaanxi. In the fifth month he was reassigned to oversee Huai-Yang grain transport. Bandits plagued Huai and Yang; Gao Jinzhong, Wei Yongtong, and Gao Sheng led them, while Feng Baoguo and Si Bangji backed the Ming clansman Prince of Xinchang in revolt. Wenkui sent Mobile Corps Commander Pei Yingyang to kill Yongtong; Regional Commander Wang Tianchong routed Sheng; Baoguo and Bangji were bound by their own men and sent to surrender at Jiangning; Jinzhong fled to Chongming and surrendered as well. In the twelfth month he sent Regional Commanders Kong Xigui and Su Xile to hunt bandits at Rugao and captured the chiefs Yu Xifan and Liu Yixiong. In the eighth month of the third year, with Circuit Intendant Zhang Zhaoxiong of Huai-Xu, he sent troops against the Pizhou bandits Yang Bingxiao, Wang Junshi, and others and killed them. The Yangtze-Huai region gradually grew calmer. In the tenth month he asked that abuses in grain transport levies in Suzhou, Songjiang, and other prefectures be banned, that labels such as official households, scholar households, and relief granaries be abolished, and that the reforms be codified as law. In the first month of the fourth year he was dismissed for exempting wasteland tax without authority and for an improper petition about rites at the Ming imperial tombs.

五年十二月，起為內弘文院學士。六年，充會試總裁。八年，大學士剛林、祁充格得罪，文奎以知睿親王多爾袞令改實錄不上言，當坐，上命免議。四月，復命以兵部侍郎、左副都御史，總督漕運，巡撫鳳陽。請復姓沈氏。七月，疏請慎選運官，清核舍餘，合選殷丁，清勾黃快，皆漕政大端，凡四事。十年，率師討膠州叛將海時行。十一年，遣兵捕硃週錤，清通、泰濱海逋寇。江北廬、鳳、淮、揚諸府災，文奎請蠲賦，戶部議未定，冬盡未啟徵。九月，文奎坐督運愆遲，左遷陝西督糧道。尋卒。

In the twelfth month of the fifth year he was recalled as academician of the Inner Hongwen Academy. In the sixth year he served as chief examiner of the civil service examinations. In the eighth year Grand Secretaries Ganglin and Qi Chongge were condemned; Wenkui had known of Prince Regent Dorgon's order to alter the Veritable Records without reporting it and should have been punished, but the emperor excused him. In the fourth month he was again appointed Vice Minister of War and Left Vice Censor-in-Chief, with charge of grain transport and the governorship of Fengyang. He asked to resume the surname Shen. In the seventh month he memorialized on four major points of transport policy: careful selection of transport officials, audit of surplus grain, recruitment of able laborers, and clearing of courier runners. In the tenth year he led an expedition against the Jiaozhou rebel Hai Shixing. In the eleventh year he sent troops to capture Zhu Zhoujin and clear coastal bandits in Tongzhou, Taizhou, and Binhai. When Luzhou, Fengyang, Huai'an, and Yangzhou north of the Yangtze suffered disaster, Wenkui asked for tax relief; the Ministry of Revenue had not yet ruled, and collection had not begun by winter's end. In the ninth month he was demoted to Shaanxi grain transport commissioner for delays in supervising transport. He died soon after.

與文奎同時以諸生直文館者，雲深、應時同被召對。又有李棲鳳、楊方興、高士俊、馬國柱、馬鳴佩、雷興輩，蓋皆文奎疏中所謂秀才八九者也。棲鳳、方興、國柱、鳴佩、興自有傳。雲深後不著。應時為啟心郎，以祝世昌請毋以俘婦為妓，為改疏稿，坐死。士俊嘗上疏謂：「上定例一丁予田五日，衣食於此出，力役於此出。民已苦不足，況以繩量田，名五日，實止二三日。將吏复佔沃地，役民以耕，宜禁革。民間貸金，當視金多寡定取息重輕，其有逾度者，宜坐罪。」日者，滿洲以計田，土俊用當時語也。士俊入關後，嘗為湖廣巡撫，收長沙，克衡州、常德，有勞。

Licentiates who served in the Literary Institute at the same time as Wenkui, including Yunshen and Yingshi, were also summoned to court. There were also Li Qifeng, Yang Fangxing, Gao Shijun, Ma Guozhu, Ma Mingpei, Lei Xing, and others—likely the "eight or nine licentiates" Wenkui mentioned in his memorial. Qifeng, Fangxing, Guozhu, Mingpei, and Xing have separate biographies. Yunshen later drops from the record. Yingshi served as qixinlang; when Zhu Shichang asked that captive women not be made courtesans, he changed the memorial draft and was executed. Shijun once wrote: "Your Majesty decreed that each adult male receive fields equivalent to five days' provision; from this come food, clothing, and labor service. The people already lack enough; when fields are measured by the cord, though called five days' worth, in practice only two or three days remain. Officers seize fertile land and force the people to farm it—this should be forbidden. Private loans should bear interest proportionate to the sum; those who charge excessive interest should be punished." The Manchus had lately used jitan to survey fields—Shijun used the term current at the time. After entering China proper, Shijun served as governor of Huguang, recovered Changsha, and took Hengzhou and Changde with distinction.

方上召文奎等策議和成否，亦諭吏民令建言。有胡貢明者，疏言：「我國與南朝未嘗無內外君臣之分。今既議和，當遣使修表，姑聽其區畫。如不欲為之下，遂圖大事，必如漢高祖而後可。」因謂鼓舞用人，養百姓，立法令，收人心，皆未若漢高祖。貢明先嘗上疏請更養人舊例，略言：「太祖時方草創，土地、人民、財用皆與諸貝勒均之。今尚沿此習，上名雖有國，實不啻正黃旗一貝勒耳。一人寸土，上與諸貝勒互不相容。十羊九牧，即有中原不可以為治。出師得財，當以三屬上，七分畀諸貝勒。得人聚而贖之，視其賢不賢，厚薄予奪，權得以自操，而人心亦歸於一。」至是又別疏申前說，並反覆言養豪傑當破格，如高祖之於「三傑」。上覽先疏，頗韙其語，謂後出師當用汝議；覽後疏，責其語冗。貢明復上疏抗辨。

When the khan summoned Wenkui and others to debate peace, he also ordered officials and commoners to submit advice. Hu Gongming memorialized: "Our state and the Ming have always recognized the distinction between subject and sovereign, inner and outer. If peace is sought, send envoys with formal memorials and for the moment accept their arrangements. If you refuse subordination and aim at greater things, you must act like Emperor Gaozu of Han." He held that in rousing men to service, caring for the people, making laws, and winning hearts, none yet matched Gaozu of Han. Gongming had earlier asked that old rules for supporting the people be revised, writing: "Under the Taizu Emperor, when the state was being founded, land, people, and wealth were shared equally among the princes. That practice continues; though Your Majesty bears the title of ruler, in effect you are little more than a Plain Yellow Banner prince. Every inch of land pits Your Majesty against the princes. Ten masters for nine servants—even with the Central Plain, government cannot succeed. Spoils of war should go three-tenths to Your Majesty and seven-tenths to the princes. Ransom captured men back, judge their merit, reward or withhold accordingly—then you hold power yourself and hearts unite." He now submitted another memorial repeating his argument, insisting that nurturing heroes requires exceptional treatment, as Gaozu treated the Three Outstanding Men." The khan read his earlier memorial and largely agreed, saying his plan would be used on the next campaign; but found the later memorial wordy and rebuked it. Gongming memorialized again in defense.

七年，又有扈應元者，疏詆漢官但求名利，語近戇，略如貢明。別疏陳七事，謂備荒宜儲糧；編丁宜卹老；築城建關宜不妨農業；出師宜選公正廉能吏，拊循新下郡邑；取士宜尚德行；求言宜置諫官；乘機取天下，在人心不在火器。上覽其疏，至論築城建關，疑勿善也，不竟閱。應元亦上疏抗辨。

In the seventh year Hu Yingyuan also memorialized, accusing Han officials of seeking only fame and profit in language nearly as blunt as Gongming's. In another memorial he listed seven points: for famine relief, store grain; in registering households, show compassion to the aged and weak; in building cities and passes, do not harm farming; on campaign, send upright officials to pacify newly submitted districts; in recruiting scholars, value character; in seeking advice, appoint remonstrating officials; winning the realm depends on hearts, not on firearms. Reading his memorial, the khan doubted the passage on building cities and passes and did not finish it. Yingyuan too memorialized in rebuttal.

貢明隸鑲紅旗，亦諸生；應元隸正白旗，自署「隱士」。

Gongming belonged to the Bordered Red Banner and was a licentiate; Yingyuan belonged to the Plain White Banner and called himself a recluse.

李棲鳳，字瑞梧，廣寧人，本貫陝西武威。父維新，仕明為四川總兵官。嘗官薊、遼，家焉。馬鳴佩字潤甫，遼陽人，本貫山東蓬萊。其先世嘗為遼東保義副將，因佔籍遼陽左衛。棲鳳、鳴佩皆以諸生來歸，事太宗，並值文館。崇德元年，甄別文館諸臣，棲鳳、鳴佩俱列二等，賜人戶、牲畜。漢軍旗制定，同隸鑲紅旗。世祖定鼎，授棲鳳山東東昌道，鳴佩山西冀南道。順治二年，收湖廣，移棲鳳上荊南道，鳴佩下湖南道。

Li Qifeng, courtesy name Ruiwu, was from Guangning; his ancestral home was Wuwei in Shaanxi. His father Weixin had been Ming regional commander of Sichuan. He had served in Ji and Liaodong and settled there. Ma Mingpei, courtesy name Runfu, was from Liaoyang; his ancestral home was Penglai in Shandong. His forebears had been deputy defender-general of Liaodong and were registered in the Liaoyang Left Guard. Qifeng and Mingpei both submitted as licentiates, served Hong Taiji, and were assigned to the Literary Institute. In the first year of Chongde both were ranked second among institute scholars and received households and livestock. When the Han banners were organized, both entered the Bordered Red Banner. When the Shunzhi Emperor established the capital, Qifeng was made intendant of Dongchang in Shandong and Mingpei of Jinan in Shanxi. In Shunzhi year 2, when Huguang was recovered, Qifeng was transferred to Upper Jingnan and Mingpei to Lower Hunan.

方棲鳳值文館，治事勤慎，達海等聞於上。上命司撰擬，移寫國書。達海卒，棲鳳言文館無專責，櫝貯官文書，人得竊視，慮有漏言。上召王文奎等諮和議成否，棲鳳上疏言：「臣侍文館幾七年，今上與南朝議和，謀及群臣。臣愚以為時政有可惜者二，當速圖者六。先帝勞心力、訓練勁旅以遺上，上當法先帝賞罰出獨斷，有功雖賤雖仇必賞，有罪雖貴雖親必罰。若不振奮鼓舞，必且習為洩洩，弛已成之業。此可惜者一也。上天姿英敏，誠大有為之君也。臣見諸臣章奏，輒曰'上寬仁大度'，此則諛耳。創國之君，不欲過刻，亦不欲過寬。用人聽言，審察其可否，中夜而思，如何使人畏，如何使人喜，而後可以驅使。倘信虛譽而毗於仁厚，必誤上英敏矣。此可惜者二也。民以食為天。今歲水且螟，米值驟昂。上宜速出師攻關外八城，八城為我有，豈復慮我民之枵腹耶？一失此機，民無食且流散，國亦稍稍衰矣。當速圖者一也。上舊得人民，兵農工役，物物皆備。惟頻歲役民築城，此毀彼建，不得休，民未必無怨。昨聞大凌河西夷復加誅戮，奈何先與之誓而後又殺之也？今宜罷非時之工，廣養人之惠。當速圖者二也。南朝東西支梧，奔命不遑，勢必且南遷。祖大壽與上嘗有盟約，當急遣使遊說，乘機進兵，遲則失時。當速圖者三也。君雖聖，必賴賢臣以調燮之。近雖有二三骨鯁之臣，位卑祿薄，信任未專。如永平道張春，在彼中號有謀略，上宜隆以禮遇，心雖金石，將為我鎔。我國雖邊鄙，未始無才，重賞之下，必有勇夫。當速圖者四也。諸臣多請制定衣冠，尚未允行。夫所謂衣冠，豈必如南朝紗帽圓領而後可？但能別尊卑，差貴賤，即是制度。國體威嚴視斯，人心系戀視斯，綱紀法度，風移俗易，莫不視斯。當速圖者五也。達海竭心力奉上，及其卒，斂乃無鞾，其廉若此，未聞上破格矜卹。總兵布三取遼陽首功，先帝賜敕免死，今以事奪官，且下之獄，不過以愚直得罪。功過貪廉，自古無全才，不可拘於一。當速圖者六也。」調為上荊南道參政。明年六月，遷湖廣右布政使。

While Qifeng served in the Literary Institute he worked diligently, and Dahai reported him to the throne. The khan ordered him to draft documents and copy state correspondence. After Dahai's death Qifeng warned that the institute had no clear charge; official papers lay in a chest where anyone might read them and leak secrets. When the khan summoned Shen Wenkui and others on peace, Qifeng wrote: "I have served the Literary Institute nearly seven years; Your Majesty now consults the ministers on peace with the Ming. I see two regrettable trends in policy and six matters needing urgent action. The late khan trained crack troops for Your Majesty; follow his example in rewards and punishments from your own judgment—reward merit though the man be base or an enemy, punish guilt though he be noble or kin. Without vigorous leadership they will grow slack and undo what has been achieved. This is the first regret. Heaven has given Your Majesty keen intelligence; you are truly a ruler of great promise. Ministers always call Your Majesty magnanimous—that is flattery. A founding ruler should be neither too harsh nor too lenient. In appointing men and hearing counsel, test what will work; ponder by night how to inspire fear and joy, and only then can you command men. Trust empty praise and lean toward indulgence, and you will waste Your Majesty's keen gifts. This is the second regret. The people live by grain. Floods and locusts have sent rice prices soaring. Strike swiftly at the eight garrison towns beyond the passes; once they are ours, our people will not go hungry. Miss this chance and the people will starve and flee, and the state will weaken. This is the first urgent matter. Your Majesty once held a full complement of soldiers, farmers, artisans, and laborers. Yet year after year the people are levied for wall-building, torn down here and raised there without rest—they cannot but resent it. I hear tribesmen west of Dalinghe were slaughtered again—why swear peace and then kill them? Halt untimely projects and extend kindness to the people. This is the second urgent matter. The Ming is torn between east and west and must soon move the capital south. Zu Dashou once pledged with Your Majesty; send envoys to win him and advance while you can—delay and the moment passes. This is the third urgent matter. Even a sage ruler needs worthy ministers to govern. Only two or three blunt ministers remain, low in rank and stipend and not fully trusted. Zhang Chun of Yongping is counted resourceful among them; honor him generously—even a heart of stone would melt for us. Our frontier state has talent; generous rewards will bring forth brave men. This is the fourth urgent matter. Many ministers have asked for dress regulations, but none have been approved. Must dress mean Southern-style gauze caps and round collars? Distinguishing noble from base is regulation enough. State dignity, popular loyalty, law, and custom all depend on it. This is the fifth urgent matter. Dahai gave his all to Your Majesty; at his death he left not even boots—so honest was he—yet I hear no exceptional mark of favor for his family. Regional Commander Bu San won first merit at Liaoyang and received an imperial edict sparing his life; now he is stripped of office and imprisoned for nothing more than blunt honesty. From antiquity no man combined every virtue; one fault should not undo a man. This is the sixth urgent matter." He was made vice commissioner of Upper Jingnan. The next year, in the sixth month, he was promoted to Right Provincial Commissioner of Huguang.

十月，命以右副都御史巡撫安徽。吳繼、程國柱等為寇休寧、婺源間，棲鳳檄總兵李仲興、許漢鼎等帥師捕治，獲所置總兵江烏、鄭恩祥，降張天麒、江周等千人。其黨趙正挾明瑞昌王誼貴攻宿松，棲鳳率總兵卜從善、冷允登御之洿池，斬千級，獲誼貴及正子捷應，弟允升。招撫江南大學士洪承疇上其事。旋坐屬縣濫徵賦不舉劾，左遷。

In the tenth month he was appointed Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and governor of Anhui. Wu Ji and Cheng Guozhu raided Xiuning and Wuyuan; Qifeng sent Regional Commanders Li Zhongxing and Xu Handing against them, capturing the rebel generals Jiang Wu and Zheng Enxiang and accepting the surrender of Zhang Tianlin, Jiang Zhou, and a thousand men. Zhao Zheng, backing the Ming Prince of Ruichang, attacked Susong; Qifeng met him at Wuchi with Regional Commanders Bu Congshan and Leng Yundeng, killed a thousand men, and captured the prince, Zheng's son Jieying, and brother Yunsheng. He reported the victory to the surrendered southern grand secretary Hong Chengchou. He was soon demoted for failing to impeach counties that levied excessive taxes.

六年，復自浙江嘉湖道參議授右僉都御史，巡撫廣西。明桂王由榔遣兵略廣東諸郡縣，尚可喜、耿繼茂軍駐廣州，棲鳳駐南雄，為具儲糈。七年，合兵克韶州，並破雷州、廉州諸寨。八年，明將曾志建侵韶州，棲鳳令南韶道林嗣琛、游擊張瑋等擊之，斬二千餘級。九年，遣副將先啟玉等攻欽州，獲叛將李成棟子元胤。十年，明將李定國自梧州侵肇慶，棲鳳遣兵敗之龍頂岡；尋分遣總兵徐成功、吳進功等復羅定州東安縣。捷聞，上手書「知方略」三字以賜。又遣副將陳武、李之珍徇高州，至沙江。敵循江岸列寨，師渡江縱擊，獲所置副將姚奇、中軍餘元璣等。克化州、吳川縣，焚其壘，殲敵。以功進兵部右侍郎。

In the sixth year he was recalled from Jiahu in Zhejiang as Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and governor of Guangxi. The Ming Prince of Gui sent troops into Guangdong; while Shang Kexi and Geng Jimao held Guangzhou, Qifeng at Nanxiong supplied grain. In the seventh year the allied forces took Shaozhou and broke the stockades at Leizhou and Lianzhou. In the eighth year Ming general Zeng Zhijian attacked Shaozhou; Qifeng sent Lin Sichen and Zhang Wei against him and killed more than two thousand men. In the ninth year he sent Deputy General Xian Qiyu against Qinzhou and captured the rebel Li Chengdong's son Yuan Yin. In the tenth year Ming general Li Dingguo invaded Zhaoqing from Wuzhou; Qifeng's troops defeated him at Longding Ridge; then sent Regional Commanders Xu Chenggong and Wu Jingong to recover Dong'an in Luoding. On report of victory the emperor wrote him three characters: "knows strategy." He sent Deputy Generals Chen Wu and Li Zhizhen toward Gaozhou as far as Shajiang. The enemy lined the river with stockades; his troops crossed, attacked, and captured deputy general Yao Qi and headquarters officer Yu Yuanji. They took Huazhou and Wuchuan, burned the enemy camps, and destroyed their force. For these services he was promoted to Right Vice Minister of War.

十五年三月，考滿，加兵部尚書。六月，命總督兩廣。時明桂王走雲南，其將陳奇策及明江夏王蘊鑰、德陽王儼錦等據上思州，旁掠諸縣，棲鳳令總兵栗養誌等討之，獲奇策等；又剿撫那錦、板強諸寨，定太平、思恩諸府。十七年，加太子少保。十八年九月，分設廣東、廣西兩總督，棲鳳督廣東。十二月，以老乞休。康熙三年正月，卒。

In the third month of the fifteenth year, at term review, he was made Minister of War. In the sixth month he was appointed governor-general of the two Guang. The Ming Prince of Gui had fled to Yunnan; his generals Chen Qice and Princes of Jiangxia and Deyang held Shangsi and raided the counties; Qifeng sent Regional Commander Su Yangzhi against them and captured Qice; he also pacified the Najin and Banqiang stockades and settled Taiping and Si'en. In the seventeenth year he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the ninth month of the eighteenth year separate governor-generals were set for Guangdong and Guangxi; Qifeng governed Guangdong. In the twelfth month he retired on account of age. He died in the first month of Kangxi year 3.

鳴佩，天聰三年，授工部啟心郎，仍直文館。六年，與同官羅綉錦疏論輸糧令，語詳繡錦傳。崇德八年，授半個前程。順治三年，自下湖南道參政授戶部侍郎銜，總督江南糧儲兼理錢法。疏言錢法首禁私鑄，犯必誅，並請設錢法道專其責；江南軍餉不足，請留關稅佐之：皆議行。八年，入為戶部侍郎。十年，改總督倉場侍郎。

In Tiancong year 3 Mingpei was made qixinlang in the Ministry of Works while continuing in the Literary Institute. In the sixth year he and Luo Xiujin memorialized on grain transport regulations, as recorded in Xiujin's biography. In Chongde year 8 he received half a senior clerk's stipend. In Shunzhi year 3, promoted from Lower Hunan, he was given Vice Minister of Revenue rank and made governor of Jiangnan grain stores with charge of coinage. He urged that private coining be forbidden on pain of death and that a coinage commissioner be appointed; military pay in Jiangnan was short and he asked to retain customs revenue to cover it—all approved. In the eighth year he entered the capital as Vice Minister of Revenue. In the tenth year he became granary governor as vice minister.

十一年二月，命以兵部左侍郎兼右副都御史，總督宣、大、山西，勸墾宣府、大同荒地三千餘頃。盜發平陽，鳴佩令副將許占魁等捕治，分兵扼隘，誅其渠張五等二百八十餘人，降其黨九十餘。

In the eleventh year, second month, he was made Left Vice Minister of War and Right Vice Censor-in-Chief, governor-general of Xuan-Datong and Shanxi, and encouraged reclamation of three thousand-plus qing in Xuanfu and Datong. When bandits rose in Pingyang he sent Deputy General Xu Zhankui to hold the passes, execute chief Zhang Wu and more than 280 men, and accept the surrender of 90 followers.

十月，加兵部尚書，移督江南、江西。時鄭成功為寇海上，陳其綸、汪龍等為明將，號為侯、伯，據郡縣，遙應成功。鳴佩檄總兵胡有升等攻其綸瑞金，破大柏山寨。其綸走寧都天心寨，寨民獲以獻；复獲龍九江，並擊破成功之徒胡寧等。未幾，明將張名振以舟師侵崇明，鳴佩亦以舟師御之，名振敗走，得其副將林正禮等；復周歷松江、崇明諸郡邑，視形勢，疏陳水陸攻守之策。會給事中張玉治言江寧提督當移駐蘇州，吳淞宜增兵，上令鳴佩覈議。鳴佩請令江寧提督分兵守劉河、福山，蘇松提督駐吳淞，不煩更增兵，但令與江寧提督互策守禦為犄角。得旨，如所議。十二月，名振兵复侵崇明，以舟師斷海港，官軍莫能渡，鳴佩密令民束草削★H9，佐軍焚敵舟，俘馘無算，名振夜引去。十三年正月，降所置總兵顧忠，副將黃忠、董禮等百餘人。顧忠故劇盜，號「綱倉顧三」，善水戰，至是降，敵益沮。复率參將吳守祖等出海，至浙江獨山破敵。分兵討吉安、贛州盜，敗之上坪；討徽州盜，剿花橋諸寨。閏五月，以目疾乞罷，進三等阿達哈哈番。康熙五年正月，卒。

In the tenth month he was promoted to Minister of War and transferred to Jiangnan and Jiangxi. Zheng Chenggong raided the coast; Ming generals Chen Qilun and Wang Long, styled marquises and earls, held counties and answered Chenggong. Mingpei sent Regional Commander Hu Yousheng against Qilun at Ruijin and broke the Dabai Mountain stockade. Qilun fled to Tianxin Stockade in Ningdu, where the inhabitants seized and handed him over; Wang Long was captured at Jiujiang and Chenggong's follower Hu Ning was defeated. Soon Ming general Zhang Mingzhen attacked Chongming by sea; Mingpei met him with ships, defeated him, and captured deputy general Lin Zhengli; he then toured Songjiang and Chongming, surveyed the terrain, and memorialized on land and sea defense. When Censor Zhang Yuzhi proposed moving the Jiangning commander to Suzhou and reinforcing Wusong, the emperor ordered Mingpei to review the plan. Mingpei proposed that the Jiangning commander garrison Liuhe and Fushan, the Suzhou-Songjiang commander remain at Wusong without extra troops, and the two coordinate as pincers. The emperor approved. In the twelfth month Mingzhen again blocked Chongming by sea; Mingpei had civilians bundle straw torches to burn enemy ships, inflicting heavy losses, and Mingzhen withdrew by night. In the thirteenth year, first month, rebel general Gu Zhong and deputy generals Huang Zhong, Dong Li, and more than a hundred others surrendered. Gu Zhong, a fierce pirate known as "Gangcang Gu the Third," excelled at naval fighting; his surrender further discouraged the enemy. He again put to sea with Regiment Commander Wu Shouzu, reached Dushan in Zhejiang, and defeated the enemy. He sent detachments against bandits in Ji'an and Ganzhou and defeated them at Shangping; and against Huizhou bandits he cleared the Huaqiao stockades. In the intercalary fifth month he retired for eye disease and was advanced to third-rank adaha fan. He died in the first month of Kangxi year 5.

鳴佩嘗薦梁化鳳有大將才，及成功入攻江寧，賴化鳳破敵。棲鳳、鳴佩子弟皆才。棲鳳弟棲凰漕運總督加太子太保，棲鶤、棲鸞總兵，棲鳴廣東提督；子鎮鼎，亦官廣東提督，加太子太保。鳴佩子雄鎮，自有傳。

Mingpei had recommended Liang Huafeng as a great general; when Chenggong attacked Jiangning, Liang Huafeng broke the enemy. The sons and brothers of Qifeng and Mingpei were all capable men. Qifeng's brother Qihuang was grain transport governor-general and Junior Grand Guardian; Qiyu and Qiluan were regional commanders; Qiming was Guangdong provincial commander; his son Zhending also became Guangdong provincial commander and Junior Grand Guardian. Mingpei's son Xiongzhen has a separate biography.

馬國柱，遼陽人。天聰間，以諸生直文館。六年，諸生胡貢明請更養人舊例，語附見沈文奎傳。國柱上疏，謂：「以家喻國，上猶祖父，諸貝勒猶子弟，而人則妻孥也。祖父重持家，子弟喜便嬖，好惡不同，不能迫而從也。我國正直者多貧賤，貪佞者多富貴。正詘而邪申，欲國之興得乎？宜採貢明議，無分新舊人，悉養於上。如疑八家分人而贍為先帝舊例，試思先帝時雖曰分贍，而厚薄予奪操之一人。今昔相較，果何如乎？況善繼志者謂之大孝。先帝至今日，亦當更舊習。苟益於國，何有於小嫌？且利於八家，而上獨擅焉，誠不可也；今養人乃勞事，雖專之，庸何傷？」

Ma Guozhu was from Liaoyang. In the Tiancong era he served in the Literary Institute as a licentiate. In the sixth year licentiate Hu Gongming asked to revise old rules for supporting the people, as noted in Shen Wenkui's biography. Guozhu wrote: "If the state is a family, Your Majesty is the grandfather, the princes are sons and brothers, and the people are wives and children. The grandfather must keep house, but sons and brothers love favorites; their tastes differ and cannot be forced into line. In our state upright men are poor while flatterers grow rich. When honesty is crushed and crookedness exalted, can the state prosper? Adopt Gongming's plan and support all people, old and new, under Your Majesty. If you think the eight houses' shared support was the late khan's rule, remember that even then one man decided who received much or little. Compare then and now—what has changed? True filial piety is to improve on the founder's work. From the late khan to now, old habits should change. If it serves the state, why cling to small grievances? Your Majesty cannot monopolize what profits the eight houses alone; supporting the people is hard work—even if you keep that charge yourself, what harm is done?" (Guozhu's memorial closed.)

先是，國柱與高鴻中、鮑承先、寧完我、範文程等合疏請置言官，是疏併申言之；而諸上書言時事者，扈應元、徐明遠、許世昌、仇震疏中往往及是。應元事見沈文奎傳。明遠，明兵部吏，自永平降，隸鑲黃旗。疏並請禁交結，定法度，立管屯將吏考課黜陟之制，禁管台將吏掊克士卒，禁八門監榷不得用重秤，豁流亡戶籍，錄閒冗吏，革鬻良人為妓。世昌，正紅旗牛錄章京。疏並請定先帝諡號，建中書府。震，明武進士、都督僉事。疏自署「俘臣」，並請譯書史，申法律，簡賢才，與明通和。

Earlier Guozhu had joined Gao Hongzhong, Bao Chenxian, Ning Wanwo, Fan Wencheng, and others in asking for remonstrating officials; this memorial repeated that plea; and memorialists on current affairs—Hu Yingyuan, Xu Mingyuan, Xu Shichang, and Qiu Zhen—often said the same in their petitions. Yingyuan is treated in Shen Wenkui's biography. Mingyuan had been a Ming Ministry of War clerk; he surrendered at Yongping and entered the Bordered Yellow Banner. He also asked to ban faction, fix laws, assess garrison and farming officers, stop extortion of soldiers, forbid heavy scales at the eight gates, restore fugitives to the registers, record redundant clerks, and end the sale of decent people as courtesans. Shichang was a niru captain of the Plain Red Banner. He also asked for the late khan's posthumous title and a central secretariat. Zhen had been a Ming military jinshi and Vice Commissioner-in-chief. He signed his memorial "captive minister" and asked for translation of histories, clearer laws, selection of talent, and peace with the Ming.

八年，太宗命禮部設科取士，中式為舉人，國柱與焉。直文館如故。崇德初，始置都察院。三年，授國柱理事官。漢軍旗制定，隸正白旗。順治元年，從入關，授左僉都御史。師已定大同、代州，七月，命國柱以右副都御史巡撫山西，道昌平，出居庸關，至代州任事。師自忻州克太原，國柱進駐太原。師行，任策應。汾州、平陽、潞安、澤州諸府以次底定。李自成將李過、高一功走保綏德，國柱疏請分兵東西夾擊，使賊首尾不相應，上韙其議。二年，遣游擊楊捷擊斬陽曲盜閻汝龍，別將討嵐縣盜高九英，降四十餘寨。交城盜樑自雨、河曲盜李俊與九英犄角，國柱復分兵捕治。國柱撫山西年餘，捕誅自成餘孽伏民間者，安集撫循，民漸復業。客軍數往來，苦供億繁，國柱悉心措置，民不知兵。十月，擢兼兵部侍郎，總督宣、大。

In the eighth year Hong Taiji ordered civil examinations; Guozhu passed as a provincial graduate. He continued in the Literary Institute. At the start of Chongde the Censorate was established. In the third year Guozhu was made a supervising censor. When the Han banners were organized he entered the Plain White Banner. In Shunzhi year 1 he entered China with the armies and was made Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. After Datong and Daizhou were taken, in the seventh month he was appointed Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and governor of Shanxi; he went through Changping and Juyong Pass to Daizhou. When the army took Taiyuan from Xinzhou, Guozhu moved his headquarters to Taiyuan. As the army advanced he coordinated support. Fenzhou, Pingyang, Lu'an, and Zezhou were secured in turn. Li Zicheng's generals Li Guo and Gao Yigong held Suide; Guozhu asked for a pincer attack from east and west so the rebels could not coordinate; the emperor approved. In the second year he sent Mobile Corps Commander Yang Jie to kill Yangqu bandit Yan Rulong; another commander subdued Lanxian bandit Gao Jiuying and took the surrender of more than forty stockades. Jiaocheng bandits Liang Ziyu and Hequ bandit Li Jun backed Jiuying; Guozhu sent divided forces against them. After more than a year in Shanxi he rooted out Li Zicheng's hidden followers, resettled the people, and farming gradually resumed. Passing armies had burdened the people; Guozhu managed supplies so skillfully that civilians scarcely felt the troops. In the tenth month he was promoted to Vice Minister of War and governor-general of Xuan-Datong.

四年七月，加兵部尚書，移督江南、江西、河南三行省。五年正月，安慶亂者馮洪圖陷巢縣，掠無為州，國柱令按察使土國寶從侍郎鄂屯帥師討之，獲洪圖及其黨蔣懋修、鍾武等。江西總兵金聲桓叛，其將潘永禧犯徽州，國柱遣滿洲駐防官兵擊破之，复祁門、黟二縣。上命征南大將軍譚泰帥師討聲桓，克九江、南康、饒州等府。明尚書餘應桂據都昌，出沒鄱陽湖，國柱令副將楊捷等從譚泰攻克都昌，獲應桂；复擊敗其將鄧應龍等於武寧。十月，廣東叛將李成棟自南雄侵贛州，國柱遣將與江西巡撫劉武元合兵擊殺之。

In the seventh month of the fourth year he became Minister of War and governor of Jiangnan, Jiangxi, and Henan. In the fifth year, first month, Anqing rebel Feng Hongtu seized Chaoxian and looted Wuwei; Guozhu sent Surveillance Commissioner Tu Guobao with Vice Minister Etun, captured Hongtu, Jiang Maoxiu, Zhong Wu, and others. When Jiangxi commander Jin Shengheng rebelled, his general Pan Yongxi attacked Huizhou; Guozhu's Manchu garrison troops defeated him and recovered Qimen and Yi. The emperor sent Grand General Tan Tai south; he took Jiujiang, Nanchang, Raozhou, and other prefectures. Ming minister Yu Yinggui held Duchang and raided Poyang Lake; Guozhu sent Deputy General Yang Jie with Tan Tai to take Duchang and capture Yinggui; then defeated his generals Deng Yinglong and others at Wuning. In the tenth month Guangdong rebel Li Chengdong invaded Ganzhou from Nanxiong; Guozhu's generals joined Jiangxi Governor Liu Wuyuan and killed him.

六年，有王定安者，為亂於湖廣，陷羅田，結英山盜陳元等掠霍山，國柱遣中軍副將硃運亨等擊之，戰於三尖山，元等引去；又令總兵卜從善剿白雲、梅家、英窠諸寨。明石城王統錡率五千餘人自金紫寨赴援，倚山列陣，從善與戰，俘馘甚眾，獲所置總兵孔文燦、副將方學達等。國柱复率師會江寧昂邦章京巴山、提督張大猷討六安盜，圍將軍寨，擊斬其渠張福寰，降所置總兵王俊、副將霍維倫等。安徽境諸弄兵者，往往依山結寨相望，至是始盡。

In the sixth year Wang Ding'an rebelled in Huguang, took Luotian, and with Yingshan bandit Chen Yuan raided Huoshan; Zhu Yunheng drove them off at Sanjian Mountain; he sent Regional Commander Bu Congshan against the Baiyun, Meijia, and Yingwo stockades. The Ming Prince of Shicheng Tongqi brought five thousand men from Jinzi Stockade; Congshan defeated them, killed many, and captured rebel generals Kong Wencan and Fang Xueda. Guozhu joined Zhang Dayou and Bashan against Lu'an bandits, besieged Jiangjun Stockade, killed chief Zhang Fuhuan, and accepted the surrender of Wang Jun and Huo Weilun. Anhui's mountain stockades were finally cleared.

明魯王以海在舟山，其將吳凱據大蘭山為聲援，上命國柱策剿撫。國柱知寧波諸生方聖時與以海臣嚴我公友，使為遊說，我公遂降，國柱護送京師。上遣齎敕招凱，國柱复寓書焉，凱與其將顧奇勳、姜君獻、陳德芝等降。七年，加太子少保。

The Ming Prince of Lu Zhu Yihai held Zhoushan; his general Wu Kai held Mount Dalan; the emperor ordered Guozhu to pacify or suppress them. Guozhu sent Ningbo scholar Fang Shengshi, a friend of Yihai's minister Yan Wogong, to negotiate; Wogong surrendered and was escorted to the capital. The court summoned Kai; Guozhu wrote as well, and Kai and his generals Gu Qixun, Jiang Junxian, and Chen Dezhi surrendered. In the seventh year he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

九年七月，有張自盛者，為亂於福建，闌入江西境，保大覺岩，國柱檄提督劉光弼擊斬所置總兵李全等，遂獲自盛。十一年正月，明將張名振攻崇明、劉河、吳淞，國柱募水師，遣總兵王璟、副將張恩達分將之，敗之於靖江，复敗之於泰興，毀其舟，名振引去。二月，有賴龍者，為亂於湖廣，號「紅頭賊」，自桂東侵江西境，國柱與湖廣總督祖澤遠合兵攻桂東，得龍，亂乃定，復加太子太保。旋致仕。國柱初至江南，駐防兵與民不相習，國柱善為撫戢，令行禁止，兵民相安。康熙三年二月，卒。

In the ninth month of the seventh year Zhang Zisheng rebelled in Fujian, entered Jiangxi, and held Dajue Rock; Liu Guangbi killed rebel general Li Quan and captured Zisheng. In the eleventh year, first month, Zhang Mingzhen attacked Chongming, Liuhe, and Wusong; Guozhu raised a fleet under Wang Jing and Zhang Enda, defeated him at Jingjiang and Taixing, destroyed his ships, and drove him off. In the second month Lai Long, the "Red-Head Bandit," invaded Jiangxi from Guidong; with Zu Zeyuan, Guozhu took Guidong, captured Long, and was promoted to Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He soon retired. When Guozhu first reached Jiangnan, garrison troops and civilians were strangers to each other; he soothed both sides so that orders were obeyed and soldiers and people lived at peace. He died in the second month of Kangxi year 3.

天聰八年，舉人凡十六人，漢人習漢書者，齊國儒、硃燦然、羅綉錦、梁正大、雷興、馬國柱、金柱、王來用，得八人。國柱及繡錦、興、來用入關後，皆至督撫，而國柱、繡錦、興又同值文館。

In Tiancong year 8 sixteen men passed the provincial examination; eight Han scholars of the classics passed, including Guozhu, Xiujin, and Xing. Guozhu, Xiujin, Xing, and Laiyong all rose to governorships after entering China; Guozhu, Xiujin, and Xing had served together in the Literary Institute.

繡錦，亦遼陽人，以諸生來歸。天聰五年，與馬鳴佩同授工部啟心郎。六年，上以大凌河新附人眾，計國中無問官民，計口儲糧，有餘悉輸官，視市值記籍，徐為之償；有餘糧不輸者，許家人告發。繡錦、鳴佩疏言：「民有餘糧，孰肯輸之官？縱令首告，有仇則訐，無仇則隱，所得必少。且民不敢以糧入市，新人糧不足及舊人之無糧者，皆無所於糴。不若出令，無問滿、漢、蒙古官生軍民，人輸糧一斗。有糧者固易辦，無糧者人出銀二三錢，糴以輸官，亦無大損；其有餘糧原輸官者，獎以升賞：此兩便之術也。」崇德元年五月，授內國史院學士。纂太祖實錄成，得優賚。漢軍旗制定，隸鑲藍旗。七年，兼牛錄額真。

Xiujin, also from Liaoyang, had submitted as a licentiate. In Tiancong year 5 he and Ma Mingpei were made qixinlang in the Ministry of Works. In the sixth year, with many new subjects from Dalinghe, the court ordered every household to store grain by head count, deliver surplus to government stores at market value for gradual repayment; families could report those who withheld surplus grain. Xiujin and Mingpei wrote: "Who will voluntarily deliver surplus grain to the government? Encouraging informers yields little—enemies accuse, friends conceal. People will not bring grain to market; newcomers and the poor will have nothing to buy. Better order every Manchu, Han, Mongol, official, student, soldier, and commoner to deliver one dou. Those with grain can comply; those without can pay two or three qian of silver to buy grain—little hardship; reward those who voluntarily delivered surplus grain: that benefits everyone." In Chongde year 1, fifth month, he was made academician of the Inner Historiography Academy. When the Taizu Veritable Records were completed he received special rewards. He entered the Bordered Blue Banner when the Han banners were organized. In the seventh year he also served as niru commander.

順治元年，從入關，七月，命以右副都御史，巡撫河南。時李自成西走，其黨掠衛輝、懷慶間，而原武、新鄉諸縣盜競起。繡錦至官，與總兵官祖可法等謀防禦。疏言：「自成之眾二萬餘，攻懷慶甚急。明尚書張縉彥等擁兵河上，副將郭光輔、參將郝尚週不應徵調，叛而為寇。明兵在南，流寇在西，請發兵靖亂。」上已令豫親王多鐸為定國大將軍，帥師南征，令取道河南捕治群寇。繡錦亦遣衛輝參將趙士忠等攻破婁兒寺盜寨，擒其渠。繡錦請以河北荒地萬餘畝令守兵屯墾，得旨俞允。

In Shunzhi year 1 he entered China; in the seventh month he was appointed Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and governor of Henan. Li Zicheng had fled west; his followers raided Weihui and Huaiqing while bandits rose in Yuanyang, Xinxiang, and elsewhere. Xiujin took office and planned defense with Regional Commander Zu Kefa. He reported that Li Zicheng's force of twenty thousand was pressing Huaiqing hard. Ming minister Zhang Jinyan holds the river line while Guo Guangfu and Hao Shangzhou have defied orders and turned bandit. Ming armies are in the south and bandits in the west—send troops to pacify them." Prince Regent Dodo had already been ordered south as Great General Who Pacifies the State, via Henan to suppress the bandits; Xiujin sent Weihui commander Zhao Shizhong against the Lou'er Temple bandits and captured their chief. He asked that ten thousand-plus mu of Hebei wasteland be farmed by garrison troops; the court approved.

二年十一月，擢兼兵部右侍郎，總督湖廣、四川。湖南諸州縣尚為明守，自成從子錦擁眾降於明，侵湖北。繡錦至荊州，錦率眾來攻。順承郡王勒克德渾自江寧來援，錦敗走。勒克德渾師還，錦又至，繡錦帥師御之，錦复敗走。有胡公緒者，據天門八百洲，四出焚掠，戕署鹽道周世慶，繡錦遣中軍副將唐國臣、署總兵楊文富等分道討之，獲公緒，毀其巢。三年六月，遣總兵官徐勇擊破麻城山寨，獲其渠梅增、周文江；岳州署總兵官高蛟龍等擊斬滿大壯，獲龍見明等。九月，明總督何騰蛟寇岳州，繡錦遣將御之，多所斬獲。十月，遣總兵鄭四維等定夷陵、枝江、宜都三州縣。

In the second year, eleventh month, he was promoted to Right Vice Minister of War and governor-general of Huguang and Sichuan. Hunan still held out for the Ming; Li Zicheng's nephew Jin led a large force that submitted to the Ming and invaded Hubei. When Xiujin reached Jingzhou, Jin attacked. Prince Leke Dehun came from Jiangning to relieve him; Jin was defeated and fled. When Leke Dehun withdrew, Jin returned; Xiujin defeated him again. Hu Gongxu held Tianmen's eight hundred isles, raided widely, and killed salt intendant Zhou Shiqing; Tang Guochen and Yang Wenfu destroyed his lair and captured him. In the third year, sixth month, Xu Yong broke the Macheng mountain stockade and captured chiefs Mei Zeng and Zhou Wenjiang; Yuezhou acting commander Gao Jiaolong killed Man Dazhuang and captured Long Jianming. In the ninth month Ming governor He Tengjiao attacked Yuezhou; Xiujin's generals defeated him with heavy losses. In the tenth month Zheng Siwei settled Yiling, Zhijiang, and Yidu.

四年，定南大將軍恭順王孔有德等略湖廣，取長沙、衡州、寶慶、辰州諸府。繡錦條奏增設鎮協，下部議行。王光泰以鄖陽叛，上命侍郎喀喀木帥師討之，繡錦與合兵克鄖陽，光泰走四川。五年，金聲桓以江西叛，湖南騷動，常德、武岡、辰、沅諸府州復入於明。繡錦疏留喀喀木駐荊州，而分遣總兵徐勇、馬蛟麟等分守要隘，屢敗明將馬進忠等。上復命鄭親王濟爾哈朗共率師徇湖南，漸收諸郡縣。繡錦疏請移降卒腹地，毋使師還後復為餘孽煽誘，上嘉納其言。九年七月，卒，贈兵部尚書。

In the fourth year Prince Who Pacifies the South Kong Youde took Changsha, Hengzhou, Baoqing, Chenzhou, and other prefectures. Xiujin memorialized for added garrisons; the ministries approved. Wang Guangtai rebelled at Yunyang; Kakamu and Xiujin took the city and Guangtai fled to Sichuan. In the fifth year Jin Shengheng rebelled in Jiangxi; Hunan was shaken and Changde, Wugang, Chen, and Yuan returned to the Ming. Xiujin kept Kakamu at Jingzhou and sent Xu Yong and Ma Jiaolin to hold the passes, repeatedly defeating Ming general Ma Jinzhong. Prince Jirhalang was again ordered into Hunan and gradually recovered the prefectures. Xiujin asked that surrendered troops be resettled inland lest they rebel after the army withdrew; the emperor approved. He died in the ninth month of the seventh year and was posthumously made Minister of War.

弟繪錦，自通政司理事官再遷，終貴州巡撫。

His brother Huixin rose from the Office of Transmission to governor of Guizhou.

興，亦遼東人。太祖時，以諸生選直文館。事太宗，授秘書院副理事官。崇德間，遷都察院理事官。漢軍旗制定，隸正黃旗。順治元年十月，命以右副都御史巡撫天津。李聯芳、張成軒為亂滄州、南皮間，興與總兵官婁光先帥師討之。成軒等將遁出海，師已扼海口，乃驚潰，投水死者強半。興復遣兵捕治，斬渠宥脅，盜盡散。疏言大沽海口為神京門戶，請置戰船為備，下所司議行。二年四月，移巡撫陝西。陝西方被兵，民多流亡，興招徠撫綏，疏述其狀。上旌以冠服、裘馬。三年，肅親王豪格帥師自陝西徇四川，師未至，有孫守法者，為亂於興安；賀珍又以漢中叛。興移潼關兵戍商州，密檄漢羌道胡全才為備，待師至，悉戡定。興疏請隴州置兵，臨洮、鞏昌留屯軍防邊，皆報可。四年四月，以疾乞罷。十年八月，復起巡撫河南。未上，卒，贈兵部侍郎。

Xing was also from Liaodong. Under the Taizu Emperor he was chosen as a licentiate for the Literary Institute. Serving Hong Taiji, he became vice supervising official of the Secretariat Academy. In the Chongde era he became a Censorate supervising official. He entered the Plain Yellow Banner when the Han banners were organized. In Shunzhi year 1, tenth month, he was appointed Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and governor of Tianjin. Li Lianfang and Zhang Chengxuan raided Cangzhou and Nanpi; Xing and Lou Guangxian campaigned against them. Chengxuan tried to flee by sea but the harbor was blocked; his men panicked and more than half drowned. Xing sent troops again, executed the chiefs, spared followers, and dispersed the band. He asked for warships to guard the Dagu estuary, the capital's gateway; the order was approved. In the second year, second month, he was transferred to governor of Shaanxi. War-ravaged Shaanxi had many refugees; Xing recruited and comforted them and reported their condition. The emperor rewarded him with ceremonial dress and horses. In the third year Prince Su Hoge marched from Shaanxi into Sichuan; before he arrived, Sun Shoufa rebelled in Xing'an; He Zhen rebelled at Hanzhong. Xing shifted Tongguan troops to Shangzhou and ordered Han-Qiang intendant Hu Quancai to prepare; when the army came, both rebellions were crushed. He asked for troops at Longzhou and farming garrisons at Lintao and Gongchang; all were approved. In the fourth year, fourth month, he retired for illness. In the tenth year, eighth month, he was recalled as governor of Henan. He died before taking office and was posthumously made Vice Minister of War.

來用，亦隸鑲藍旗。授工部啟心郎。順治初，再遷山西布政使。三年，師略四川，三月，授來用戶部右侍郎，總督山西、川、陝糧餉，駐西安。疏言陝西兵後民困，請蠲荒徵熟。山西銅缺，鑄錢多，定值過低，商不前，請酌增。四年，疏言漢南遘賀珍亂，蹂躪荒殘，請恩賑，並敕部儲備肅親王還師餉糈。五年，疏言河西回亂，運河阻，諸軍南討，請發湖廣漕供餉。又言漢中屯軍歲餉數十萬，請專設餉司。皆如所請。六年，疏言兵出鎮，贍其孥如所食糈。司兵者請自離伍日起，司餉者請自到軍日起，持異議，請定例畫一。部議以應徵日起，中途逃亡，不得濫與。八年正月，御史聶玠劾來用專倚中軍王楨，自隳職業，部議左遷，援赦免。七月，裁缺。九年，命巡撫順天。十年，移駐河間。十一年，以定南王孔有德喪歸，其屬吏或格詔書不出迎，坐左遷。十四年，改授河南大樑道。尋卒。

Laiyong also belonged to the Bordered Blue Banner. He was made qixinlang in the Ministry of Works. Early in Shunzhi he rose to Provincial Commissioner of Shanxi. In the third year, as armies advanced on Sichuan, he was made Right Vice Minister of Revenue and grain governor for Shanxi, Sichuan, and Shhanxi at Xi'an. He reported Shaanxi's postwar distress and asked to tax only cultivated land, not wasteland. Shanxi lacked copper, too much coin was cast at too low a rate, and trade stalled—he asked for adjustment. In the fourth year he reported southern Shaanxi ravaged by He Zhen and asked for relief and stores for Prince Su's returning army. In the fifth year he reported Muslim unrest in Hexi, blockage of the Grand Canal, and asked for Huguang grain for southern campaigns. He also said Hanzhong garrisons needed hundreds of thousands in annual pay and asked for a dedicated pay office. All were approved. In the sixth year he asked that when troops garrisoned the frontier, their families receive the same grain ration as the soldiers. The military office wanted rations from the day men left the rolls; the pay office from the day they reached camp—he asked for one rule. The ministry ruled from mobilization day; deserters en route would not receive rations. In the eighth year, first month, Censor Nie Jie impeached Laiyong for relying on headquarters officer Wang Zhen; demotion was proposed but amnesty excused it. In the seventh month his post was cut in retrenchment. In the ninth year he was appointed governor of Shuntian. In the tenth year he moved his headquarters to Hejian. In the eleventh year some of Prince Who Pacifies the South Kong Youde's subordinates refused to receive him on his return from mourning; Laiyong was demoted. In the fourteenth year he was reassigned to Henan's Daliang Circuit. He died soon after.

=丁文盛=丁文盛，廣寧人。初為明諸生。天命六年，歸太祖。天聰間，授兵部啟心郎。七年正月，偕同官趙福星疏言：「師行戒毋擾民，子女玉帛，秋毫無犯，但發倉庫以佐軍興。攻關東八城，當先其易者，後其難者。舍寧、錦、前衛，但得其他小城，因糧以度師，進攻山海。舊制編民為兵，十丁而取一。當令諸甲喇及領屯將吏，慎選年事盛強、身家相稱者，毋許以他人代。永平砲兵衣食不足，宜擇其技精者授千總，督演習，食糈視鑄砲之工。哈喇沁降者置遼河外，慮且逃亡，宜移屯腹地。」

Ding Wensheng was from Guangning. He had been a Ming licentiate. In Tianming year 6 he submitted to the Taizu Emperor. In the Tiancong era he was made qixinlang in the Ministry of War. In the seventh year, first month, he and Zhao Fuxing wrote: "On campaign do not disturb the people; take nothing in women, children, silk, or treasure, but draw from storehouses to supply the army. Attack the eight eastern pass cities in order of ease, not difficulty. Leave Ningyuan, Jinzhou, and the forward guard; seize the lesser towns, live off their grain, then strike Shanhaiguan. The old rule drafted one man in ten. Each banner and farming officer should choose able men of proper standing, not substitutes. Yongping gunners lack food and clothing; appoint the best as chiliarchs to drill them and pay them like cannon founders. Khalkha surrendered beyond the Liao may flee; move them inland." (Their memorial closed.)

及孔有德。耿仲明來降，五月，文盛、福星上疏請水陸並進，攻山海，取旅順；並言：「毛帥來歸，令金、漢官吏出羊、雞、鵝、米、肉以贍其兵。臣慮新人未必肥，而舊人已不勝瘠。復使市馬，力尤不能舉。若用八門稅，一二月已足。」孔有德等，毛文龍部曲，文龍嘗使冒其姓，故是時猶稱毛帥。及旅順既下，七月，文盛、福星復請城旅順，加意防守。考績，授世職牛錄章京。

When Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming submitted, in the fifth month Wensheng and Fuxing asked for a combined land and sea attack on Shanhaiguan and Lushun; they also said: "If Commander Mao submits, have Manchu and Han officials supply his troops with sheep, fowl, rice, and meat. New subjects may not be well fed while old subjects are already thin. Forcing them to buy horses is beyond their strength. The eight-gate taxes would suffice in a month or two." Kong Youde and the others had been Mao Wenlong's men; Wenlong had let them use his surname, so they were still called Commander Mao. After Lushun fell, in the seventh month Wensheng and Fuxing asked that Lushun be fortified and strongly garrisoned. At merit review he received the hereditary office of niru captain.

順治初，從入關，授山東登萊兵備道參政。二年六月，授右僉都御史，巡撫山東。濰縣盜張廣為亂，以數千人攻萊州，文盛令游擊馮武鄉等討之，戰三埠，再戰紅山口，斬廣黨尼思齊、趙明春。廣走平度，游擊楊遇明逐之，及於徐裡甿，射廣殪，殲其徒。明季馬政弛，驛馬缺，求諸民，文盛疏請以餘存驛站銀市馬。明季增牙稅及他雜稅，文盛疏請罷。臨清、東昌、平山諸衛置兵五千人，虛額逾半，文盛疏請減，留二千人，節餉令州縣募壯丁逐捕盜賊。別疏又請教有司清刑獄，禁獄卒毋虐囚。皆下部議行。三年，盜發茌平、高唐諸縣，文盛請兵，上遣副都統覺善率師捕治。四年，文盛被彈事不勝任，左遷河南按察使，稍遷福建布政使。七年，卒。

At the start of Shunzhi he entered China and was made vice commissioner of Shandong's Deng-Lai military circuit. In the second year, sixth month, he was appointed Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and governor of Shandong. Weixian bandit Zhang Guang led thousands against Laizhou; Feng Wuxiang defeated him at Sanbu and Hongshankou and killed Ni Siqi and Zhao Mingchun. Guang fled to Pingdu; Yang Yuming pursued him to Xulimeng, shot him dead, and destroyed his band. Late-Ming horse administration had collapsed; Wensheng asked to buy post horses with surplus station silver. He also asked to abolish late-Ming tooth taxes and miscellaneous levies. Linqing, Dongchang, and Pingshan guards listed five thousand troops, half phantom slots; he cut them to two thousand and had counties recruit men to hunt bandits. He also asked officials to clear criminal cases and forbid jailers to torture prisoners. All were approved by the ministries. In the third year bandits rose in Chiping and Gaotang; the emperor sent Vice Commander Jueshan against them. In the fourth year he was impeached as incompetent, demoted to Henan surveillance commissioner, and later made Fujian provincial commissioner. He died in the seventh year.

文盛子思孔，字景行。順治九年進士，選庶吉士。四遷，授陝西漢羌道副使，康熙二年，巡撫賈漢复劾思孔追胥役蝕糧草逾限，左遷河南開封府同知。思孔詣通政使自列胥役蝕糧草，獄瘐家罄。事上巡撫，巡撫久乃入告未嘗逾限，下總督白如梅勘實。复授直隸通薊道。直隸未設布政、按察兩司，八年，巡撫金世德請增置保定守道領錢穀，以授思孔。再遷江南布政使。時吳三桂亂方定，師行江西、湖廣，思孔主餽運，應期不愆。禁旅還自福建，庀役具舟，科量悉當。修蘇州府學，置育嬰堂、養濟院，諸政皆舉。二十一年，遇大計，總督於成龍以思孔督賦未中程，不得舉卓異，特疏薦廉能，上命準卓異。二十二年，擢偏沅巡撫。偏沅所領七郡，溪山環互，民、僚雜處，反側初定，餘孽每煽亂，思孔撫其渠，群盜漸散。复岳麓書院，御書旌楣。

Wensheng's son Sicong, courtesy name Jingxing. A Shunzhi year 9 jinshi, he became a Hanlin bachelor. After four promotions he became vice commissioner of Shaanxi's Han-Qiang Circuit; in Kangxi year 2 Governor Jia Hanfu impeached him for runner extortion and fodder embezzlement, and he was demoted to Kaifeng vice prefect. Sicong told the Office of Transmission that runners had embezzled fodder and ruined his family. The governor eventually reported no overrun; Governor-General Bai Rumei verified it. He was restored to Zhili's Tong-Ji Circuit. Zhili lacked provincial commissioners; in year 8 Governor Jin Shide created a Baoding intendant for revenue and appointed Sicong. He was promoted to Jiangnan provincial commissioner. After Wu Sangui's rebellion, armies marched through Jiangxi and Huguang; Sicong supplied them on time. When banner troops returned from Fujian he furnished boats and measured cargoes correctly. He restored Suzhou's prefectural school, founded foundling halls and poorhouses, and governed thoroughly. In year 21, at the great assessment, Yu Chenglong said Sicong missed the revenue target but specially recommended him as incorrupt and capable; the emperor approved outstanding merit. In year 22 he was promoted to governor of Bian-Yuan. Bian-Yuan's seven prefectures mixed Han and Liao in rugged country; Sicong pacified chiefs and bandits gradually dispersed. He restored Yuelu Academy and received an imperial inscription for its gate.

二十七年，移撫河南，方上，而有夏逢龍之亂，复移撫湖北。逢龍私自署置千總胡耀乾，參將李廷秀，馬兵周凱、萬金鎰皆號總兵，守備林德號副將。上命振武將軍瓦岱帥師討之，趣思孔詣荊州主餉。思孔以武昌倉庫皆陷賊，諸軍餉乏，乃發河南庫帑，護詣襄陽，諸軍資以濟，疏報稱旨。七月，瓦岱師至，蹙賊黃州，誅逢龍，而耀乾等尚據武昌拒命。思孔至漢口，具舟渡江，單騎叩漢陽門，呼耀乾出見，耀乾等遂降。思孔入武昌，數耀乾等罪而誅之，並戮所置巡撫傅爾學、布政婁方順、驛道金奇功，凡八人，武昌遂定。九月，復設湖廣總督，以命思孔。陳龍越八者，逢龍之徒也，二十八年五月，謀為變，期夜半。思孔晡始聞，執陳龍越八戮於市，他悉不問。設水師，分戍武昌、荊州、岳州、常德。嘗歲饑，便宜發帑市米江西，平值以糴。

In year 27 he was transferred to Henan; before arriving, Xia Fenglong rebelled and he was sent to Hubei. Fenglong had styled Hu Yaogan, Li Tingxiu, Zhou Kai, and Wan Jinyi as regional commanders and Lin De as deputy general. The emperor ordered General Wadai against him and urged Sicong to Jingzhou to manage supplies. With Wuchang's stores in rebel hands, Sicong drew on Henan's treasury, escorted grain to Xiangyang, and saved the armies; the emperor approved. In the seventh month Wadai pressed the rebels at Huangzhou and killed Fenglong, but Yaogan still held Wuchang. Sicong reached Hankou, crossed alone on horseback to the Hanyang Gate, summoned Yaogan, and secured his surrender. In Wuchang he condemned and executed Yaogan, rebel governor Fu Erxue, commissioner Lou Fangshun, intendant Jin Qigong, and eight others; Wuchang was secured. In the ninth month Huguang governor-general was restored and Sicong was appointed. Chen Long and eight others, Fenglong's followers, plotted revolt at midnight in year 28, fifth month. Sicong learned late in the day, seized Chen Long and eight others, executed them publicly, and questioned no one else. He established a navy and garrisoned Wuchang, Jingzhou, Yuezhou, and Changde. In famine he issued treasury funds to buy Jiangxi rice and sold it at fair price.

三十三年四月，移督雲、貴。八月，卒。

In year 33, fourth month, he was transferred to Yunnan and Guizhou. He died in the eighth month.

=祝世昌=祝世昌，遼陽人。先世在明初授遼陽定邊前衛世襲指揮，十數傳至世昌，為鎮江城游擊。天命六年，太祖克遼陽，世昌率三百餘人來降，仍授游擊，統其眾。命董築瀋陽、遼陽、海州三城，事竟，授瀋陽城守昂邦章京。

Zhu Shichang was from Liaoyang. His ancestors had held hereditary command of Liaoyang's Dingbian Forward Guard for generations; Shichang became mobile corps commander of Zhenjiang. In Tianming year 6, when the Taizu Emperor took Liaoyang, Shichang surrendered with three hundred men and remained mobile corps commander over them. He supervised construction of Shenyang, Liaoyang, and Haizhou; when finished he was made angbang zhangjing of Shenyang.

天聰五年，從征大凌河。六年，太宗閱烏真超哈兵，賚諸將，世昌與焉。尋遷禮部承政，授世職參將。七年七月，克旅順。世昌疏請大舉伐明，謂：「攻城當專用紅衣砲，國中新舊三十餘具，瀋陽留四具，城守已足，餘悉載軍中。砲多則糜藥亦多，藥局製藥，硝丁淋硝慮不足於用。旅順新獲硝磺，宜以其半送瀋陽製藥。師行克城邑，當得練達謹慎之吏，不求小利，不貪財賄，乃能戢民心、保疆圉，宜預選令從軍備任使。用兵當兼奇正，輕兵先發，奪人畜，掠儲峙，然後整軍挾紅衣砲自大道徐進。」上尋遣貝勒阿巴泰等將二千人略山海關外，未深入，引還。

In Tiancong year 5 he campaigned against Dalinghe. In the sixth year Hong Taiji reviewed musket troops and rewarded the generals, including Shichang. He became Minister of Rites and received the hereditary rank of regimental commander. In the seventh month of the seventh year Lushun was taken. Shichang asked for a major Ming campaign, writing: "Siege requires red-barrel cannon; keep four at Shenyang and send the rest with the army. Many guns need much powder; the powder works may not keep up. Send half the saltpeter and sulfur taken at Lushun to Shenyang for powder. Choose prudent officials who do not seek petty gain to govern captured towns and preserve the frontier. Combine orthodox and surprise tactics: light troops seize livestock and stores, then the main army with red-barrel guns advances on the highway." The khan soon sent Prince Abatai with two thousand men to raid beyond Shanhaiguan without penetrating deeply.

崇德七年，疏請禁俘良家婦鬻入樂戶，上諭都察院承政張存仁、祖可法曰：「世昌豈不知朕禁樂戶？而為此疏，不過徇漢人，藉此要譽耳。朕度世昌身在我國，心猶鄉明。世昌果忠於明，明以元功臣田、劉、張三姓之裔隸樂戶，世昌何不聞有言乎？朕視滿、蒙、漢若一體，爾等同心輔國。譬諸五味，貴調劑得宜。若各相庇護，是猶咸苦酸辛不得其和。爾等徇世昌而不舉劾，咎在爾等。曾子曰：'吾日三省吾身。 '爾等能如曾之省身，則何過之有？」旋命固山額真石廷柱、馬光遠與諸漢官會鞫，坐世昌死。其弟世廕同居，知其事，啟心郎孫應時為改疏稿，皆死。禮部承政甲喇章京姜新、甲喇章京馬光先見疏稿稱善，當奪職坐罰。上命誅應時，而貸世昌、世廕，徙邊外席北。新解承政，與光先皆貰罪。

In Chongde year 7 he asked to forbid selling captive women of good families to music households; the khan told censors Zhang Cunren and Zu Kefa: "Does Shichang not know I forbid music households? He writes this only to curry favor with Han subjects and win praise. Though he lives in our state, his heart still inclines to the Ming. If he were loyal to the Ming, why did he never protest when the Ming enslaved Yuan meritorious families Tian, Liu, and Zhang as music households? I treat Manchu, Mongol, and Han as one; serve the state with one heart. Like the five flavors, all depend on proper blending. If each protects his own, flavors cannot harmonize. You favor Shichang and do not impeach—the fault is yours. Zengzi said: 'Each day I examine myself three times. If you examined yourselves as Zeng did, what fault would remain?" He ordered gusa commanders Shi Tingzhu and Ma Guangyuan to try Shichang with Han officials; Shichang was sentenced to death. His brother Shiyin knew; Sun Yingshi had altered the draft—all were sentenced to death. Jiang Xin and Ma Guangxian had praised the draft and should have been stripped and fined. The khan executed Yingshi but spared Shichang and Shiyin, exiling them to Xibei beyond the frontier. Jiang Xin was removed from office; he and Guangxian were fined.

順治二年，召還，隸漢軍鑲紅旗。四年七月，授右副都御史，巡撫山西。時盜發盂、五台、永寧、靜樂諸縣，世昌遣兵捕治。五年十二月，上遣英親王阿濟格等戍大同備邊，總兵官姜瓖疑見誅，遂叛。世昌檄諸縣兵還守省城，瓖遣兵陷朔州、岢嵐，攻代州急，世昌帥師赴援，疏請發禁旅出居庸取大同，分兵出紫荊關，至代州濟師。上命阿濟格等討瓖，別遣敬謹親王尼堪等帥師鎮太原。六年正月，瓖將姚舉等掠平原驛，戕冀寧道王昌齡，下忻州。固山額真庫魯克、達爾漢、阿賴等破舉眾石嶺關，舉棄忻州走。既，复襲陷寧武，萬鍊踞偏關，劉遷破繁峙、靜樂及交城東關。世昌疏趣援，尼堪師至，出攻寧武，踰月未下，移師向大同。瓖黨以其間攻陷保德、交城、石樓、永和諸縣，世昌復請發禁旅守太原、曲沃。李建泰以大學士罷歸，謀應瓖叛，世昌得其手書以聞。會瓖為其將楊振威所殺，以大同降，師討定汾、絳、潞安、永寧、寧鄉諸州縣。建泰與瓖將李大猷等入太平，師從之，建泰等亦降。是歲平陽盜虞允、韓昭宣為亂，攻陷州縣，應瓖，陝西總督孟喬芳將兵擊破之，世昌以聞。山西底定。七年，卒，諡僖靖。

In Shunzhi year 2 he was recalled and placed in the Han Bordered Red Banner. In the fourth year, seventh month, he was appointed Right Vice Censor-in-Chief and governor of Shanxi. Bandits rose in Yu, Wutai, Yongning, Jingle, and other counties; Shichang sent troops against them. In the fifth year, twelfth month, Prince Ying Ajige was sent to garrison Datong; Regional Commander Jiang Xiang, fearing execution, rebelled. Shichang recalled county troops to defend Taiyuan; Xiang took Shuozhou and Kelan and pressed Daizhou; Shichang marched to relieve the city and asked for banner troops through Juyong against Datong and through Zijing Pass to reinforce Daizhou. The emperor ordered Ajige against Xiang and sent Prince Jinggiyan Nikan to hold Taiyuan. In the sixth year, first month, Xiang's generals Yao Ju and others raided Pingyuan Post, killed intendant Wang Changling, and attacked Xinzhou. Gusa commanders Kuluk, Darhan, and Alai routed Ju at Shiling Pass; Ju fled Xinzhou. Soon they took Ningwu again; Wan Lian held Pianguan and Liu Qian seized Fanzhi, Jingle, and Jiaocheng's east gate. Shichang urged relief; Nikan besieged Ningwu for a month without success and marched toward Datong. Xiang's men meanwhile took Baode, Jiaocheng, Shilou, Yonghe, and other counties; Shichang again asked for banner troops at Taiyuan and Quwo. Grand Secretary Li Jiantai, returning home after dismissal, plotted with Xiang; Shichang seized his letter and reported it. Xiang was then killed by his general Yang Zhenwei, who surrendered Datong; the army pacified Fen, Jiang, Lu'an, Yongning, Ningxiang, and other districts. Jiantai and Xiang's general Li Dayou entered Taiping; when the army arrived, they too surrendered. That year Pingyang bandits Yu Yun and Han Zhaoxuan rebelled, seized counties, and aided Xiang; Shaanxi governor-general Meng Qiaofang defeated them, as Shichang reported. Shanxi was pacified. He died in the seventh year and was posthumously titled Xijing.

天聰間，有徐明遠者，疏陳時事，因言：「軍中得良家婦，上悉令歸故夫。此誠如天之仁，禹、湯、文、武殆莫能過。臣竊見遵化、永平俘得良家婦，其主貪利，輒鬻入樂戶，得無損上仁聲？且樂戶既多，吏民遊冶，損財物，耗精血，於國無益。買良為賤，古著於令甲，今豈可任其所為而不之禁乎？」明遠蓋自永平降者，事互見張存仁傳。世昌繼以為言，乃得罪。

In the Tiancong era Xu Mingyuan wrote on current affairs: "When women of good families are taken in the army, Your Majesty orders them returned to their husbands. This is truly heaven-like benevolence—greater than Yu, Tang, Wen, or Wu. Yet in Zunhua and Yongping, masters sell captive women of good families to music households for profit—does that not tarnish your benevolent name? Many music households lead officials and people into dissipation, wasting wealth and strength without benefit to the state. Buying decent people into servitude was forbidden in ancient law—how can it be left unchecked now?" Mingyuan had surrendered from Yongping; the affair is also noted in Zhang Cunren's biography. Shichang spoke similarly later and was punished for it.

=【論】=論曰：順治初，諸督撫多自文館出。蓋國方新造，用滿臣與民閡，用漢臣又與政地閡，惟文館諸臣本為漢人，而侍直既久，情事相浹，政令皆習聞，為最宜也。文盛、世昌未嘗直文館，而自太祖朝已來附，抒讜效忱，遂與文奎、棲鳳、國柱輩分領疆圻，各著聲績。天聰間諸言時政者，並以類附見。當時章奏，流傳蓋鮮，經綸草昧，毋俾終湮也。

The commentators say: In early Shunzhi most governors came from the Literary Institute. The new dynasty could not rely on Manchu ministers alone, who stood apart from the people, nor on Han ministers alone, who stood apart from power; institute scholars, Han yet long in attendance, knew the business of government and were best suited to rule. Wensheng and Shichang never served in the institute, yet had submitted since the Taizu Emperor's day, offered loyal counsel, and with Wenkui, Qifeng, and Guozhu governed the frontiers with distinction. Memorialists on current affairs in the Tiancong era are appended here by category. Few memorials of that time survive; in those founding years of statecraft, let them not be lost.

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