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列傳三十九
Biographies 39
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=甘文焜=甘文焜，字炳如，漢軍正藍旗人，其先自豐城徙瀋陽。 父應魁，從入關，官至石匣副將。
Gan Wenkun, whose style was Bingru, belonged to the Han military company of the Plain Blue Banner. His forebears had relocated from Fengcheng to Shenyang. His father Yingkui entered China with the conquering armies and eventually became deputy commander at Shixia.
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文焜善騎射，喜讀書，尤慕古忠孝事。 以官學生授兵部筆帖式，累遷禮部啟心郎，屢奉使稱旨。 康熙初，授大理寺少卿，遷順天府府尹。 崇文門榷稅不平，疏劾之。 廷議令兼攝，文焜曰：「言之而居之，是利之也。」 固辭。 六年，授直隸巡撫，奏复巡歷舊制。 單車按部，適保定、真定所屬諸縣患水災，疏請蠲歲賦。 總督白秉真以賑費浩繁，請聽官民輸銀米。 文焜斥廉俸以助。 議敘，加工部侍郎。
Wenkun excelled at horsemanship and archery, loved books, and was especially drawn to stories of loyalty and filial devotion from antiquity. Starting as an academy student, he became a clerk in the Board of War and rose through the ranks to Qixinlang in the Board of Rites, earning repeated commendation on diplomatic assignments. Early in the Kangxi reign he was appointed vice-president of the Court of Judicial Review and later became prefect of Shuntian. Finding the transit duties at Chongwen Gate unjust, he submitted a memorial impeaching those responsible. When the court proposed that he take charge of the post himself, Wenkun said, "To denounce the abuse and then hold the office would be to profit from it." He firmly refused. In the sixth year he became governor of Zhili and memorialized to revive the former practice of provincial inspection tours. Touring his jurisdiction in a simple carriage, he found counties under Baoding and Zhending stricken by flood and memorialized for remission of the annual land tax. Governor-General Bai Bingzhen, citing the enormous cost of relief, asked that officials and commoners be allowed to contribute silver and grain. Wenkun donated his entire official salary to the relief effort. In recognition of his service he was granted the additional title of vice-president of the Board of Works.
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七年，遷雲貴總督，駐貴陽。 時吳三桂鎮雲南，欲藉邊釁固兵權，詭報土番康東入寇，紿文焜移師，又陰嗾凱里諸苗乘其後。 文焜策康東無能為，凱里近肘腋，不制將滋蔓，先督兵搗其巢，斬苗酋阿戎。 既平，約雲南會剿康東。 三桂慮詐洩，謂康東已遠遁，繇是益憚之。 文焜巡歷雲、貴各府州皆遍。 十年，遭母憂，上命在任守制。 文焜又遣兵擊殺臻剖苗酋阿福。 疏乞歸葬，許給假治喪。 三桂請以雲南巡撫兼督篆，令督標兵悉詣雲南受節度，而以利啗之，冀為己用。
In the seventh year he was appointed governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou and took up residence at Guiyang. Wu Sangui then held Yunnan and sought border troubles to tighten his grip on the army. He fabricated a report that the Kangdong tribes had raided, lured Wenkun into moving his forces, and secretly stirred the Kaili Miao to attack from behind. Wenkun reckoned Kangdong posed little threat, but Kaili lay at his very flank and would spread if left alone. He marched first against their stronghold and beheaded the Miao chief Arong. After the victory he arranged a joint campaign with Yunnan against Kangdong. Sangui, fearing exposure of his ruse, claimed Kangdong had already fled into the distance—and from that point feared Wenkun all the more. Wenkun made inspection tours through every prefecture and department in Yunnan and Guizhou. In the tenth year his mother died; the emperor permitted him to observe mourning without leaving his post. Wenkun again sent troops against the Zhenpo Miao and killed their chief Afu. He memorialized asking leave to return home for the burial, and was granted a leave of absence for the funeral. Sangui asked that Wenkun also hold the Yunnan governorship, ordered all troops of the governor-general's command to Yunnan under his direction, and tried to buy him off, hoping to turn him to his cause.
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十二年，文焜還本官，適撤籓議起。 三桂反，殺巡撫硃國治，遣其黨偪貴陽。 文焜聞變，使族弟文炯齎奏入告，牒貴州提督李本深率兵扼盤江。 本深已懷貳，先以書覘文焜意。 文焜手書報之，期效張巡、南霽雲誓死守，而本深不之顧。 本標兵已受三桂餌，紛潰弗聽調。 文焜度貴陽不可守，令妾盛率婦女七人自經死，獨攜第四子國城赴鎮遠，思召湖北兵扼險隘，使賊不北出。 十二月丙申朔，癸卯至鎮遠，守將江義已受偽命，拒弗納。 文焜渡河至吉祥寺，義遣兵圍之。 文焜望闕再拜，拔佩刀將自殺，國城大呼請先死，奪其刀以刎而還之，屍乃踣，血濺文焜衣。 文焜曰：「是兒勇過我！」 遂自殺，年四十有二。 從者筆帖式和善雅圖殉。
In the twelfth year Wenkun returned to his post just as the court began debating the abolition of the feudatory princedoms. Sangui rose in rebellion, killed the Yunnan governor Zhu Guozhi, and sent his followers to threaten Guiyang. When he heard of the revolt, Wenkun sent his cousin Wenkong with a memorial to the capital and ordered Guizhou commander Li Benshen to hold the Pan River line with his troops. Benshen was already disloyal and first wrote to sound out Wenkun's intentions. Wenkun answered in his own hand, vowing to follow Zhang Xun and Nan Jiyun in holding the city to the death—but Benshen ignored him. Benshen's troops had already accepted Sangui's bribes and broke ranks, refusing to obey. Seeing Guiyang could not be held, Wenkun had his concubine Sheng lead seven women of the household to hang themselves, then set out alone with his fourth son Guocheng for Zhenyuan, hoping to rally Hubei troops at the mountain passes and block the rebels' advance north. On the first day of the twelfth month (day bingshen) he reached Zhenyuan on day guimao, but the garrison commander Jiang Yi had already accepted a rebel commission and refused him entry. Wenkun crossed the river to Jixiang Temple, where Yi sent troops to surround him. Wenkun bowed twice toward the capital, drew his sword to take his own life. Guocheng cried that he should die first, seized the blade, cut his own throat, and handed the sword back; as his body fell, blood spattered Wenkun's robes. Wenkun said, "That boy was braver than I!" He then took his own life. He was forty-two. His clerk Heshanyatu died with him.
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亂平，貴州巡撫楊雍建以文焜治績及死事狀上聞，予優恤。 遣其長子宣化同知國均迎喪還京師，使內大臣佟國維迎奠盧溝橋，贈兵部尚書，諡忠果。 建祠貴陽，上賜「勁節」二字顏其額。 子七，國璧尤知名。
After the rebellion was suppressed, Guizhou governor Yang Yongjian reported Wenkun's record in office and his death in service, and the court granted generous posthumous honors. His eldest son Guojun, sub-prefect of Xuanhua, was sent to bring the coffin to Beijing; Inner Minister Tong Guowei received it at Lugou Bridge. Wenkun was posthumously made Minister of War with the posthumous name Zhongguo (Loyal and Resolute). A shrine was erected at Guiyang, and the emperor inscribed its tablet with the words "Steadfast Integrity." He had seven sons; Guobi was especially renowned.
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國璧，字東屏，以任子授陝州知州，改蘇州同知，擢山西平陽、浙江寧波知府，名循吏。 聖祖南巡，幸杭州，御書硃子詩及「永貞」額以賜。 諭曰：「汝父盡節，朕未嘗忘，此為汝母書也。」 累遷雲南巡撫。 坐事罷。 雍正間，起為正黃旗漢軍都統。 乾隆三年，授綏遠城右翼副都統。 复罷。 十二年，卒。
Guobi, styled Dongping, entered office by hereditary privilege as prefect of Shaanzhou, became sub-prefect of Suzhou, and rose to prefect of Pingyang in Shanxi and Ningbo in Zhejiang, earning a reputation as a model official. During the Kangxi Emperor's southern tour, when he visited Hangzhou, he personally wrote out a poem of Zhu Xi and bestowed the plaque "Ever Faithful." He told him, "Your father died loyal to the throne, and I have never forgotten. This inscription is for your mother." He rose through successive promotions to governor of Yunnan. He was dismissed after an offense. Under Yongzheng he was recalled to serve as commander of the Han company of the Plain Yellow Banner. In the third year of the Qianlong reign he was appointed deputy lieutenant-general of the Right Wing at Suiyuan. He was dismissed again. He died in the twelfth year.
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=范承謨=范承謨，字覲公，漢軍鑲黃旗人，文程次子。 順治九年進士，選庶吉士，授弘文院編修。 累遷秘書院學士。 康熙七年，授浙江巡撫。 時去開國未久，民流亡未復業，浙東寧波、金華等六府荒田尤多。 總督趙廷臣請除賦額，上命承謨履勘。 承謨遍歷諸府，請免荒田及水沖田地賦凡三十一萬五千五百馀畝。 杭州、嘉興、湖州、紹興四府被水，民飢，承謨出布政使庫銀八萬，糴米湖廣平糶，最貧者得附老弱例，肩鹽給朝夕，全活甚眾。 並疏請「漕米改折，石銀一兩。 明年麥熟，補徵白糧，以三年帶徵。 災重者如例蠲免」。 得旨允行。 十年，以疾請解職，召還。 總督劉兆麒、提督塞白理疏言浙民請留承謨一百五十馀牒，給事中姜希轍、柯聳，御史何元英等亦言：「承謨受事三載，愛民如子，不通請謁饋遺。 劾罷貪墨，廉治巨猾，剔除加耗、陋規、私派諸弊。 浙民愛戴，深於飢渴。」 上命承謨留任。 十一年，承謨复疏言湖、嘉兩府白糧加耗，多寡不一，請每石加四斗五升為限； 又奏蠲溫、台二衛康熙九年以前逋賦及石門、平陽未完輕齎月糧：皆下戶部議行。
Fan Chengmo, whose style was Jingong, belonged to the Han military company of the Bordered Yellow Banner and was the second son of Fan Wencheng. He passed the jinshi examination in the ninth year of Shunzhi, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and was appointed compiler in the Hongwen Academy. He rose through successive promotions to academician of the Secretariat. In the seventh year of Kangxi he was appointed governor of Zhejiang. The dynasty was still young, refugees had not yet returned to their farms, and in eastern Zhejiang the six prefectures including Ningbo and Jinhua held especially large tracts of abandoned land. Governor-General Zhao Tingchen petitioned to reduce tax quotas, and the emperor ordered Chengmo to survey the land in person. Chengmo toured every prefecture and petitioned to exempt more than 315,500 mou of wasteland and flood-damaged fields from taxation. When flood struck Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, and Shaoxing, Chengmo drew 80,000 taels from the provincial treasury, bought grain in Huguang, and sold it at fair prices. The poorest were allowed, under the relief rule for the aged and infirm, to carry salt for their daily bread, and a great many lives were saved. He also memorialized: "Convert grain tribute payments to silver at one tael per shi. When the wheat harvest comes next year, collect the white-grain quota in arrears over three years. Where the disaster is severe, grant remission as usual." The emperor approved, and the measures were implemented. In the tenth year he asked to resign on account of illness and was recalled to the capital. Governor-General Liu Zhaoqi and commander Saibaili reported that the people of Zhejiang had submitted more than 150 petitions begging Chengmo to stay. Censors Jiang Xizhe, Ke Song, He Yuanying, and others wrote: "Chengmo has served three years, loving the people as his own children, and refuses all lobbying and gifts. He impeached corrupt officials, punished powerful wrongdoers, and rooted out surcharges, irregular fees, and unauthorized levies. The people of Zhejiang cherish him as they would food and water in famine." The emperor ordered Chengmo to remain in office. In the eleventh year Chengmo memorialized again that surcharges on white grain in Huzhou and Jiaxing varied widely, and asked that they be capped at four dou and five sheng per shi; he also asked remission of tax arrears before Kangxi 9 for the Wenzhou and Taizhou garrisons and unpaid transport grain for Shimen and Pingyang—all referred to the Board of Revenue for approval.
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十月，擢福建總督，疏辭未允，請入覲。 十二年七月，至京師，入對。 承謨疾未癒，命御醫診視，賜藥餌。 疾稍差，趣赴官，賜冠服、鞍馬。 福建總督初駐漳州，至是以將撤籓，命移駐福州。 吳三桂反，承謨察精忠有異志，時方議裁兵，承謨疏請緩行。 又報巡歷邊海，欲置身外郡，便徵調防禦。 事未行而精忠叛，陽言海寇至，約承謨計事。 巡撫劉秉政附精忠，趣同行。 承謨知有變，左右請擐甲從，承謨曰：「眾寡不敵，備無益也。」 遂往。 精忠之徒露刃相脅，承謨挺身前，罵不絕口。 精忠拘之土室，加以桎梏，絕粒十日，不得死。 精忠遣秉政說降，承謨奮足蹴之僕，叱左右掖之出，曰：「賊就僇當不遠，我先褫其魄！」 為賊困逾二年，日冠賜冠，衣辭母時衣，遇朔望，奉時憲書一帙懸之，北鄉再拜。 所居室迫隘，號曰蒙谷。 為詩文，以桴炭畫壁上。
In the tenth month he was promoted to governor-general of Fujian. His refusal was not accepted, and he asked to appear before the throne. In the seventh month of the twelfth year he reached Beijing and was received in audience. Chengmo had not yet recovered; the emperor sent imperial physicians and bestowed medicines. When he improved slightly, he was urged to take up his post and was given court dress and a saddle horse. The Fujian governor-general had originally been based at Zhangzhou; now, with the feudatories about to be abolished, he was ordered to move his headquarters to Fuzhou. When Wu Sangui rebelled, Chengmo saw that Geng Jingzhong harbored rebellious intent. As the court debated troop reductions, Chengmo memorialized asking that the cuts be postponed. He also reported plans to tour the coast and station himself in an outlying prefecture where he could more easily mobilize for defense. Before he could act, Jingzhong rebelled, falsely claiming pirates had appeared, and summoned Chengmo to consult with him. Governor Liu Bingzheng had joined Jingzhong and pressed Chengmo to accompany them. Chengmo knew something was wrong. His attendants urged him to wear armor, but he said, "We are badly outnumbered; armor would do no good." He went anyway. Jingzhong's men drew their blades to threaten him; Chengmo stepped forward and cursed them without stopping. Jingzhong locked him in an earthen cell in fetters and starved him for ten days, yet he would not die. Jingzhong sent Bingzheng to urge him to submit. Chengmo kicked him to the ground and ordered his men to drag him out, crying, "The rebels will soon face execution—I will break their spirits first!" Imprisoned by the rebels for more than two years, he daily wore the court cap and robes the emperor had bestowed, still dressed in the clothes he had worn when taking leave of his mother. On the first and fifteenth of each month he hung up the official calendar and bowed twice toward the north. His cell was cramped; he called it the Dark Valley. He wrote poetry and prose on the walls in charcoal from a pine torch.
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時有部曲張福建者，手刃奪門入，連斬數賊，力竭死。 蒙古人嘛尼為偽散騎郎，精忠遣守承謨，感承謨忠義，謀令出走。 事泄，精忠將磔之，大言曰：「吾寧與忠臣同死，不原與逆賊同生！」
One of his retainers, Zhang Fujian, fought his way through the gate with a blade, cut down several rebels in succession, and died when his strength gave out. A Mongol named Mani held a false commission as Gentleman Cavalier and was assigned to guard Chengmo. Moved by Chengmo's loyalty, he plotted to help him escape. When the plot was discovered, Jingzhong was about to dismember him. He cried out, "I would rather die with a loyal minister than live with rebel traitors!"
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十五年，師克仙霞關，精忠將降，冀飾詞免死，懼承謨暴其罪。 九月己酉朔，甲子夜半，精忠遣黨偪承謨就縊。 幕客嵇永仁、王龍光、沈天成，從弟承譜，下至隸卒，同死者五十三人。 語互詳忠義傳。 舊役王道隆奉遣他出，還至延平，聞變，自刎死。 賊焚承謨屍，棄之野，泰宁騎兵許鼎夜負遺骸藏之。 十六年，喪還京師。 上遣內大臣侍衛迎奠，贈兵部尚書、太子少保，諡忠貞，御書碑文賜其家。 十九年，精忠伏誅。 赴市曹日，承謨子時崇臠其肉祭墓。 福建民請建祠祀之，御書「忠貞炳日」扁於楣。 承謨所為畫壁集，上親制序。
In the fifteenth year imperial forces took Xianxia Pass. Jingzhong was about to surrender and hoped to excuse his crimes and save his life, fearing Chengmo would expose them. On the first day of the ninth month (day jiyou), at midnight on day jiazi, Jingzhong sent his men to force Chengmo to hang himself. His secretaries Ji Yongren, Wang Longguang, and Shen Tiancheng, his cousin Chengpu, and servants down to the lowest runners—fifty-three died with him. Their stories are told at length in the biographies of loyal martyrs. An old servant, Wang Daolong, had been sent away on business. When he returned to Yanping and heard what had happened, he cut his own throat. The rebels burned Chengmo's body and left it in the open country. A Taining cavalryman named Xu Ding carried off the remains by night and hid them. In the sixteenth year his coffin was brought back to Beijing. The emperor sent an Inner Minister and guards to receive the coffin. Chengmo was posthumously made Minister of War and Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, with the posthumous name Zhongzhen (Loyal and Steadfast), and the emperor wrote an epitaph for his family. In the nineteenth year Jingzhong was executed. On the day Jingzhong was led to execution, Chengmo's son Shichong cut flesh from his body as an offering at his father's tomb. The people of Fujian petitioned for a shrine in his honor, and the emperor inscribed its lintel with the words "Loyal and Steadfast, Bright as the Sun." The emperor personally wrote a preface for Chengmo's collected writings from the prison walls.
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時崇，字自牧。 以難廕出知遼陽州，遷直隸順德知府，有惠政。 累遷福建按察使。 陛辭日，上顧謂群臣曰：「此開國名臣孫，殉難忠臣子也！」 四十七年，擢廣東巡撫，兼鹽政。 越二年，擢福建浙江總督。 五十四年，入為左都御史。 明年，授兵部尚書。 命出塞築莫代察罕廋爾、鄂爾齋圖杲爾台站凡四十有七所。 又明年，還朝。 尋卒。 閩人思其德，附祀承謨祠。
Shichong, whose style was Zimu. By privilege granted for his father's martyrdom he became prefect of Liaoyang, later served as prefect of Shunde in Zhili, and earned a reputation for benevolent rule. He rose through successive promotions to provincial judicial commissioner of Fujian. On the day he took leave of the throne, the emperor turned to the assembled ministers and said, "Here is the grandson of a founding minister and the son of a loyal martyr!" In the forty-seventh year he was promoted to governor of Guangdong and given charge of the salt administration. Two years later he was appointed governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. In the fifty-fourth year he was recalled to serve as Left Censor-in-Chief. The following year he was appointed Minister of War. He was ordered beyond the frontier to establish forty-seven courier stations at Modai Chahan'ao'er and E'erzhai Tu'ao'er. The following year he returned to the capital. He died soon after. The people of Fujian, remembering his virtue, added him to the shrine honoring Chengmo.
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=馬雄鎮=馬雄鎮，字錫蕃，漢軍鑲紅旗人，鳴佩子。 以廕補工部副理事官，歷遷左僉都御史、國史院學士。 康熙八年，授山西巡撫。 未上，改廣西。 時群盜蝟起，構瑤、僮掠梧州、平樂二府，不數月討平之。 累疏請平鹺價，建學宮，定有司邊俸，省軍糧運費，並罷諸採買累民者，皆得旨允行。
Ma Xiongzhen, whose style was Xifan, belonged to the Han military company of the Bordered Red Banner and was the son of Mingpei. He entered office by hereditary privilege as a deputy director in the Board of Works and rose to Left Vice Censor and academician of the State Historiography Academy. In the eighth year of Kangxi he was appointed governor of Shanxi. Before he could take up the post he was transferred to Guangxi. Bandits were rising on every side, and Yao and Zhuang raiders plundered Wuzhou and Pingle. Within a few months he had suppressed them. He memorialized repeatedly to stabilize salt prices, build a Confucian school, fix frontier salaries for local officials, cut military grain transport costs, and abolish burdensome procurement levies—all approved and implemented.
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十二年，吳三桂反。 十三年，孫延齡以廣西叛應之，圍雄鎮廨，脅降。 時巡撫無標兵，雄鎮督家人拒守。 密令守備易友亮赴柳州趣提督馬雄來援，弗應。 雄鎮自經，為家人救免，以蠟丸馳疏請兵。 延齡诇知之，幽雄鎮，置家人別室。 三桂使招降，雄鎮不為屈。 會傅弘烈勸延齡反正，延齡躊躇未決，雄鎮得以間遣長子世濟齎疏詣京師，友亮導之出，客楊啟祥護行，至贛州，江西巡撫董衛國以聞。 上遣使護入京，至，授世濟四品京卿。 居數月，雄鎮又具疏陳粵西可復狀，付長孫國楨，俾與客硃昉鑿垣出。 既，又遣州人唐守道、唐正發潛負次子世永出，次第詣京師。 又為延齡知，係其孥於獄。 雄鎮憤自剄，復為賊所奪，幽之別室。
In the twelfth year Wu Sangui rebelled. In the thirteenth year Sun Yanling rebelled in Guangxi in support of Wu Sangui, besieged Xiongzhen's headquarters, and tried to force him to submit. The governor had no troops at his command; Xiongzhen led his household in the defense. He secretly ordered garrison commander Yi Youliang to hurry to Liuzhou and summon commander Ma Xiong to the rescue, but Ma Xiong did not respond. Xiongzhen tried to hang himself but was saved by his family. He sent an urgent wax-sealed memorial begging for reinforcements. Yanling learned of this through his spies, imprisoned Xiongzhen, and confined his family in separate quarters. Sangui sent envoys to win him over, but Xiongzhen would not submit. When Fu Honglie urged Yanling to defect back to the Qing, Yanling hesitated. Xiongzhen used the opening to send his eldest son Shiji with a memorial to Beijing. Youliang guided him out, Yang Qixiang escorted him, and at Ganzhou Jiangxi governor Dong Weiguo reported the matter to the court. The emperor sent an escort to bring him to Beijing, and on his arrival Shiji was appointed a fourth-rank metropolitan official. Several months later Xiongzhen prepared another memorial on how western Guangdong could be recovered and gave it to his grandson Guozhen, who with the guest Zhu Fang broke through the wall to escape. Later he sent Tang Shoudao and Tang Zhengfa to smuggle out his second son Shiyong, who also made his way to Beijing. When Yanling discovered this, he threw Xiongzhen's family into prison. In his fury Xiongzhen cut his own throat, but the rebels seized him again and locked him in a separate room.
15
十六年十月，三桂遣其從孫世琮殺延齡，擁雄鎮至賊壘，迫使降，雄鎮大呼曰：「吾義守封疆，不能寸斬汝以報國，死吾分也！」 賊戕其幼子世洪、世泰怵之，罵益厲，賊殺之，時年四十有四。 從者馬雲皋、唐進寶、諸兆元等九人同時死，妻李，妾顧、劉，女二人，世濟妻董、妾苗，並殉。 語互詳列女傳。 雄鎮屍暴四十馀日，友亮收其骸骨，藁葬焉。
In the tenth month of the sixteenth year Sangui sent his grandnephew Shizong to kill Yanling and dragged Xiongzhen to the rebel camp to force his surrender. Xiongzhen cried out, "It is my duty to guard this frontier. I cannot cut you down to serve the throne—death is what I owe!" The rebels killed his young sons Shihong and Shitai to break his spirit, but he only cursed them more fiercely, and they killed him. He was forty-four. Nine attendants including Ma Yungiao, Tang Jinbao, and Zhu Zhaoyuan died with him, as did his wife Li, concubines Gu and Liu, two daughters, and Shiji's wife Dong and concubine Miao. Their stories are told at length in the biographies of exemplary women. Xiongzhen's body lay exposed for more than forty days before Youliang gathered his bones and gave them a simple burial.
16
雄鎮被縶三年，日著書賦詩。 既死，客孫成、陳文煥乘間脫走，抵蒼梧，以所著擊笏樓遺稿及匯草辨疑歸世濟。 十七年，弘烈以雄鎮死狀入告，命議卹。 擢世濟大理寺少卿。 成以舉人授同知，文煥授知縣。 旋又授友亮、守道、正發、啟祥游擊、守備有差。 十八年，世濟如廣西迎雄鎮喪至京師，贈太子太傅、兵部尚書，諡文毅。 三桂既平，歲正，上宴群臣，特命世濟及陳啟泰子汝器至御座前賜酒。 世濟官至遭運總督，世永曆運使； 國楨官江南常鎮道，督餉入藏，卒於軍。
During three years of captivity, Xiongzhen wrote and composed poetry every day. After his death the guests Sun Cheng and Chen Wenhuan escaped to Cangwu and delivered to Shiji his surviving manuscripts, Jiba Lou and Huicao Bianyi. In the seventeenth year Honglie reported how Xiongzhen had died, and the court ordered deliberation on posthumous honors. Shiji was promoted to vice-president of the Court of Judicial Review. Cheng was appointed sub-prefect as a provincial graduate, and Wenhuan was made a county magistrate. Youliang, Shoudao, Zhengfa, and Qixiang were soon given ranks as colonel and garrison commander according to their merits. In the eighteenth year Shiji went to Guangxi to bring his father's coffin to Beijing. Xiongzhen was posthumously made Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent and Minister of War, with the posthumous name Wenyi. After Sangui's rebellion was crushed, at the New Year banquet the emperor summoned Shiji and Chen Qitai's son Ruqi before the throne to receive wine in special honor. Shiji rose to governor of Zhaoyun, and Shiyong became transport commissioner; Guozhen served as intendant of the Chang-Zhen circuit in Jiangnan, supervised grain shipments into Tibet, and died on campaign.
17
=傅弘烈=傅弘烈，字仲謀，江西進賢人。 明末，流寓廣西。 順治時，以總督王國光薦，授韶州同知，遷甘肅慶陽知府。
Fu Honglie, whose style was Zhongmou, came from Jinxian in Jiangxi. At the end of the Ming dynasty he took refuge in Guangxi. Under Shunzhi, on the recommendation of Governor Wang Guoguang, he became sub-prefect of Shaozhou and later prefect of Qingyang in Gansu.
18
吳三桂蓄逆謀久，康熙七年，弘烈密以告，逮治，坐誣，論斬。 九年，上特命減死戍梧州。 及三桂反，將軍孫延齡、提督馬雄以廣西叛應之。 弘烈欲集兵圖恢復，陽受三桂偽職，入思州、泗城、廣南、富川諸土司，歷交阯界，募義軍得五千人，遂移檄討賊，從尚可喜軍規肇慶。 三桂甚惎之，使馬雄如柳州害其家百口。 弘烈說延齡反正。 鎮南將軍覺羅舒恕軍贛州，弘烈密致書言延齡妻孔四貞，定南王有德女，未忘國恩，延齡可招撫。 又致書奉詔招撫督捕理事官麻勒吉，言王師速進南安，弘烈自韶州策應，則兩粵可定。 舒恕、麻勒吉先後以聞，上嘉其忠誠，授廣西巡撫、徵蠻滅寇將軍，俾增募義兵，便宜行事。
Wu Sangui had long plotted rebellion. In the seventh year of Kangxi, Honglie secretly reported him, was arrested, convicted of false accusation, and sentenced to death. In the ninth year the emperor commuted his sentence to exile at Wuzhou. When Sangui rebelled, General Sun Yanling and commander Ma Xiong joined the revolt in Guangxi. Honglie sought to raise troops to recover the province. He outwardly accepted a false commission from Sangui, traveled among the chieftaincies of Sizhou, Sicheng, Guangnan, and Fuchuan, crossed into Annam, and recruited five thousand volunteers. He then issued a proclamation against the rebels and joined Shang Kexi's army in a move on Zhaoqing. Sangui hated him bitterly and sent Ma Xiong to Liuzhou to slaughter his entire family of a hundred souls. Honglie urged Yanling to defect back to the Qing. Southern Pacification General Aisin Gioro Shushuo was stationed at Ganzhou. Honglie wrote secretly that Yanling's wife Kong Sizhen, daughter of Prince Dingnan Wu Youde, still remembered the dynasty's favor and that Yanling could be won back. He also wrote to Imperial Commissioner Malleji, urging that if imperial troops advanced quickly on Nan'an while Honglie coordinated from Shaozhou, both Guangdong and Guangxi could be recovered. Shushuo and Malleji reported his actions in turn. The emperor praised his loyalty, appointed him governor of Guangxi and General for Subduing Rebels and Destroying Bandits, and authorized him to recruit volunteers and act at his own discretion.
19
弘烈克梧州，下昭平、賀、鬱林、博白、北流、陸川、興業諸州縣，進复潯州，遣平樂知府劉曉齎疏上方略。 論功，加太子少保，並加曉參議道。 當是時，馬雄據柳州，三桂諸將分據平樂、南寧、橫州，勢洶洶。 弘烈雖屢捷，惟新軍缺砲馬，假於尚之信，弗應。 吳世琮既殺延齡，陷平樂，襲弘烈梧州，弘烈擊敗之。 十七年，與將軍莽依圖圍平樂，戰失利，弘烈與互訐。 詔謂弘烈兵未支俸餉，奮勇收復諸路。 莽依圖自平樂退賀縣，又言糧乏，再退梧州，使弘烈所复郡縣盡棄於賊，因飭莽依圖圖效。 弘烈督兵進，賊數万渡左江，弘烈戰敗。 賊陷藤縣，逼梧州。 十八年，之信軍至，弘烈分兵水陸，乘賊攻城時三面夾擊，賊潰走，遂下藤縣，克平樂，進复桂林。
Honglie captured Wuzhou and took Zhaoping, He, Yulin, Bobai, Beiliu, Luchuan, Xingye, and other districts. He advanced to recover Xunzhou and sent Pingle prefect Liu Xiao to the capital with a strategic memorial. For his achievements he was made Junior Guardian to the Heir Apparent, and Liu Xiao was promoted to participation commissioner. At that time Ma Xiong held Liuzhou while Sangui's generals occupied Pinglo, Nanning, and Hengzhou; rebel strength was formidable. Although Honglie won repeated victories, his new army lacked artillery and horses. He asked Shang Zhixin for help but received none. After Wu Shizong killed Yanling and seized Pinglo, he attacked Honglie at Wuzhou, but Honglie drove him off. In the seventeenth year he joined General Mangyitu in besieging Pinglo. The battle went badly, and Honglie and Mangyitu exchanged accusations. An edict noted that Honglie's troops fought bravely to recover lost territory though they received no government pay. Mangyitu withdrew from Pinglo to Hexian, then citing lack of supplies retreated again to Wuzhou, leaving all the districts Honglie had recovered to the rebels. The court ordered Mangyitu to show results. Honglie advanced with his troops, but tens of thousands of rebels crossed the Zuo River and defeated him. The rebels seized Tengxian and threatened Wuzhou. In the eighteenth year Zhixin's army arrived. Honglie divided his forces by land and water and, while the rebels were besieging the city, struck them on three sides. The rebels broke and fled. He retook Tengxian, captured Pinglo, and advanced to recover Guilin.
20
弘烈密疏言延齡舊部宜善為解散，又言之信怙惡反覆，當早為之所。 馬雄死，子承廕仍附三桂，受偽封懷寧公，詭言乞款附，弘烈許之，為疏聞。 詔授承廕昭義將軍統其眾。 弘烈規取雲、貴。 十九年二月，次柳州，承廕期弘烈會議，弘烈至，承廕以其眾叛，襲破其營，執送貴陽。 世璠誘以偽職，弘烈曰：「爾祖未反時，吾已劾奏，料汝家必為叛逆。 汝敢以此言污我邪？」 世琮百計說之，罵益厲。 十月辛丑，遇害。 十一月，征南將軍穆佔复貴陽，收遺骸，以死狀聞，贈太子太師、兵部尚書，諡忠毅。 二十二年，允廣西巡撫郝浴請，建雙忠祠於桂林，祀弘烈及馬雄鎮。
Honglie memorialized in secret that Yanling's former troops should be properly disbanded and that Zhixin, habitually treacherous, should be checked before he turned again. After Ma Xiong died, his son Chengyin remained with Sangui, took the false title Duke of Huaining, and pretended to seek surrender. Honglie accepted this and reported it to the court. The court appointed Chengyin General of Manifest Righteousness to command his troops. Honglie planned an advance into Yunnan and Guizhou. In the second month of the nineteenth year he halted at Liuzhou. Chengyin invited him to a conference, and when Honglie arrived Chengyin turned his troops against him, overran his camp, and sent him captive to Guiyang. Shifan tried to win him with a false commission. Honglie said, "Before your grandfather rebelled I had already impeached him. I knew your family would turn traitor. How dare you try to defile me with such an offer?" Shizong tried every argument to win him over, but Honglie only cursed him more fiercely. On day xinchou in the tenth month he was put to death. In the eleventh month Southern Expedition General Mu Zhan recovered Guiyang, gathered Honglie's remains, and reported his death. Honglie was posthumously made Grand Preceptor to the Heir Apparent and Minister of War, with the posthumous name Zhongyi. In the twenty-second year, at the request of Guangxi governor Hao Yu, a Twin Loyalty shrine was built at Guilin honoring Honglie and Ma Xiongzhen.
21
=【論】=論曰：方諸籓盛強，朝廷所置督撫，勢不足以相抗。 文焜雖與三桂分疆而治，所部貳於三桂久矣。 若承謨之於精忠，雄鎮之於延齡，皆同城逼處，惟以身殉，無他術也。 弘烈異軍特起，又與莽依圖相失，勢孤，遂困於承廕。 要其忠義激烈，作士氣，怵寇心，皆不為徒死者。 嗚呼，烈已！
The commentators say: When the feudatory princes were at the height of their power, the governors the court appointed were not strong enough to stand against them. Though Wenkun governed a separate territory from Sangui, his own troops had long since gone over to the rebel. Men such as Chengmo facing Jingzhong and Xiongzhen facing Yanling lived in the same cities as their enemies and had no recourse but to die for their loyalty. Honglie raised his own army and broke with Mangyitu. Isolated, he was finally undone by Chengyin. Yet their fierce loyalty inspired the army, struck fear into the rebels, and none of them died in vain. Alas—how fierce their devotion!