1
=莫洛=莫洛，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲正紅旗人，世居呼納赫魯。 祖溫察，太祖時來歸。 莫洛初授刑部理事官，累遷工部郎中。 康熙六年，擢左副都御史。 七年，出為山西陝西總督。 陝西飢，平涼、臨洮、鞏昌、西安、延安、鳳翔、漢中、興安諸府州多逋賦，有司令現戶均輸，民苦之，奏請蠲免。 迭疏清釐加派、火耗諸弊。 八年，輔政大臣鼇拜獲譴，法司以莫洛附鼇拜，請逮問，詔以能任事，貸勿治，仍留任。 九年，計典，仍以前罪奪職。 陝西民籥留，甘肅巡撫劉鬥同，提督張勇、柏永馥等疏言莫洛清正，在官有善政，乞留以慰民望。 上諭曰：「簡用督撫，原以綏輯地方，愛養百姓。 莫洛既能得民，其免處分，供職如故。」 俄擢刑部尚書。
Mo Luo, of the Irgen Gioro clan, came from the Plain Red Banner Manchus; his family had long lived at Hunahuru. His ancestor Wenca submitted during the reign of Taizu (Nurhaci). Mo Luo began as a clerk in the Board of Punishments and rose through successive posts to director in the Board of Works. In Kangxi 6 (1667), he was promoted to Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. The following year he was appointed Governor-General of Shanxi and Shaanxi. When famine struck Shaanxi, many prefectures and departments—including Pingliang, Lintao, Gongchang, Xi'an, Yan'an, Fengxiang, Hanzhong, and Xing'an—had large tax arrears. Some officials ordered current households to share the burden equally, to the people's distress; Mo Luo memorialized asking that these levies be remitted. He sent repeated memorials to root out abuses such as extra assessments and meltage surcharges. In Kangxi 8 (1669), when the regent Oboi fell, the judiciary charged Mo Luo with having sided with Oboi and asked that he be arrested and tried. The throne ruled that, as he was capable in office, he should be pardoned and left in his post. At the triennial evaluation in Kangxi 9 (1670), he was again stripped of office for the earlier offense. The people of Shaanxi bade him stay with the farewell rite of detaining his carriage; Gansu Governor Liu Dou, together with Regional Commanders Zhang Yong and Bai Yongfu, memorialized that Mo Luo was upright and had governed well, asking that he be retained to satisfy popular expectation. The Emperor said: 'Governors-general and governors are chosen in the first place to bring peace to the regions and to care for the people. Since Mo Luo has won the people's trust, let the penalty be waived and let him serve on as before.' Soon after he was promoted to Minister of the Board of Punishments.
2
十三年，吳三桂等奏請撤籓，上敕廷臣議，皆主勿徙，惟莫洛與米思翰、明珠議撤。 三桂反，四川提督鄭蛟麟等叛應之。 二月，命莫洛經略陝西，拜武英殿大學士，仍管兵部，賜以敕印，既至，策遣諸軍徵四川。 時蛟麟兵據廣元百丈關，莫洛遣都統馬一寶、將軍席卜臣赴漢中，副都統科爾寬赴廣元，擊賊。 十月，蛟麟將何德成犯寧羌，為官軍所敗，還奔四川，莫洛因遣提督王輔臣駐其地。 踰月，蛟麟將彭時亨复據七盤、百丈諸關，劫略陽糧艘，截陸運棧道。
In Kangxi 13 (1674), when Wu Sangui and others asked that the princely fiefs be abolished, the Emperor ordered the court to debate the matter. Nearly all favored leaving the fiefs in place; only Mo Luo, Misihan, and Mingzhu argued for abolition. Wu Sangui rose in rebellion, and Sichuan Provincial Military Commissioner Zheng Jiaolin and others joined him. In the second month he was made commissioner for Shaanxi, appointed Grand Secretary of the Hall of Military Glory while continuing to head the Board of War, and given an imperial commission and seal. On reaching his post he drew up plans and sent the armies into Sichuan. Jiaolin's forces then held Baizhang Pass at Guangyuan. Mo Luo sent Commandant-in-Chief Ma Yibao and General Xibuchen to Hanzhong and Vice Commandant-in-Chief Ke'erkuang to Guangyuan to strike the rebels. In the tenth month Jiaolin's general He Decheng attacked Ningqiang, was beaten by government forces, and fled back into Sichuan. Mo Luo then sent Regional Commander Wang Fuchen to hold the area. Within a month Jiaolin's general Peng Shiheng had retaken Qipan, Baizhang, and other passes, raided grain convoys at Lueyang, and blocked the overland supply route.
3
廣元軍缺餉兩月矣，總兵王懷忠所部潰散，而輔臣亦陰懷異志。 輔臣故與莫洛有郄，奉檄使隨徵，益怏怏，藉口戎備寡，莫洛益以騎兵二千，少之； 又以馬疲瘠不任用搖軍心，軍無鬥志。 十二月，莫洛至寧羌，兩營相去二里許。 先是，上命莫洛統綠營步旅下四川，嗣慮巴蜀道險，令貝勒洞鄂率滿洲騎兵兼程繼進。 軍未至，是月庚寅朔，癸巳，輔臣煽所部噪餉，襲劫莫洛。 莫洛督兵擊卻之。 甫定，輔臣复率悍黨至，砲矢雨坌，莫洛被創，卒於軍。 卹典久未行，二十二年，命予祭葬，諡忠愍，授世職拜他喇布勒哈番兼拖沙喇哈番。 子常安，襲。
The Guangyuan army had gone two months without pay; Brigadier Wang Huaizhong's command had broken and fled; and Fuchen was already nursing secret disloyalty. Fuchen had old grievances against Mo Luo. Ordered to campaign under him, he grew still more sullen and complained that his forces were too weak. Mo Luo gave him two thousand more cavalry, which he still deemed insufficient; he also refused to use the lean, worn horses provided, unsettling the troops until the army lost all will to fight. In the twelfth month Mo Luo reached Ningqiang, his camp and Fuchen's standing about two li apart. Earlier the Emperor had ordered Mo Luo to lead Green Standard foot troops into Sichuan. Fearing the difficult Ba-Shu routes, he then ordered Prince Dong'e to follow at forced march with Manchu cavalry. Before those reinforcements arrived, on the third day of the month Fuchen stirred his men to riot over pay and launched a surprise attack on Mo Luo. Mo Luo led his troops and beat them off. Hardly had the first assault been repelled when Fuchen returned with hardened followers; shot and arrows fell like rain; Mo Luo was wounded and died in the field. Funeral honors were long delayed. In Kangxi 22 (1683) he was granted sacrificial burial, given the posthumous title Zhongmin (Loyal and Sorrowful), and awarded the combined hereditary ranks of Baturu Bannerman and Tosaha Bannerman. His son Chang'an inherited the title.
4
=陳福=陳福，字箕演，陝西榆林人。 國初師定陝西，福以武舉應募，從寧夏總兵劉芳名剿寇。 敘功，授守備。 又從都統李國翰下四川，遷遵義游擊。 康熙初，從總督李國英討李自成遺黨郝搖旗、李來亨等。 敘功，加右都督銜，擢成都副將，遷重慶總兵。 十二年，入覲，授寧夏總兵。
Chen Fu, style name Jiyan, came from Yulin in Shaanxi. In the dynasty's early campaigns to pacify Shaanxi, Fu enlisted as a military licentiate and served under Ningxia Brigadier Liu Fangming against bandits. For his service he was appointed garrison commander. He then followed Commandant-in-Chief Li Guohan into Sichuan and was made mobile battalion commander at Zunyi. Early in Kangxi he campaigned under Governor Li Guoying against Li Zicheng's remaining followers Hao Yaoqi, Li Laiheng, and the like. For merit he received the brevet rank of Right Censor-in-Chief, was promoted to deputy commander at Chengdu, and then to brigadier at Chongqing. In Kangxi 12 (1673) he attended court and was appointed brigadier at Ningxia.
5
吳三桂反，鄭蛟麟以四川叛應之，遣使誘福。 福家留重慶，弟奇官守備，妻子亦在賊中，賊以是劫福。 福執其使，具疏入告，遣其弟諸生壽齎詣京師。 上嘉福忠，授拜他喇布勒哈番，並官壽主事。 輔臣據平涼，福上戰守方略。 十四年，擢陝西提督，進三等阿思哈尼哈番，又官奇參將。 進規花馬池，惠安、安定、定邊諸城堡，以次皆下。 上擢壽鴻臚寺少卿。 福率副將泰必圖乘勝薄固原，圍之匝月。 輔臣遣其將來援，城賊亦突出，泰必圖戰死。 福引兵還靈州，斬逃將賈從哲、張元經以徇。
When Wu Sangui rebelled, Zheng Jiaolin rose in Sichuan in support and sent envoys to win Fu over. Fu's family had stayed behind at Chongqing; his brother Qi was a garrison commander, and his wife and children were in rebel hands. The rebels used them to pressure Fu. Fu seized the envoy, wrote a full report, and sent his younger brother Shou, a licentiate, to deliver it to the capital. The Emperor commended Fu's loyalty, granted him the rank of Baturu Bannerman, and appointed Shou a secretary in the Secretariat. When Fuchen held Pingliang, Fu submitted plans for attack and defense. In Kangxi 14 (1675) he was made Provincial Military Commissioner of Shaanxi and raised to third-rank Ashan-i Bannerman; his brother Qi was appointed deputy commander. He advanced on Huamachi and the fortresses at Hui'an, Anding, Dingbian, and elsewhere, taking them in succession. The Emperor promoted Shou to Vice Minister of the Court of State Ceremonial. Fu led Deputy Commander Taibitu in a victorious push against Guyuan and besieged the city for a full month. Fuchen sent generals to relieve the city, and the defenders sallied out as well; Taibitu was killed in action. Fu withdrew to Lingzhou and executed the deserters Jia Congzhe and Zhang Yuanjing as an example.
6
上命福佐貝勒洞鄂攻平涼。 福疏言固原有賊萬餘，若我兵徑趨平涼，慮賊斷我餉道，當先取固原，上韙之。 十二月，福督兵取固原。 天寒大雪，士卒苦遠役，且懲前敗，有戒心。 是月甲寅朔，乙亥，師次惠安，下令：「五鼓會食，集城下，後者斬。」 夜半時，參將熊虎等鼓譟入，刺福死。 上以趙良棟代，收虎及首謀把總劉德及營兵戕福者悉誅之，贈福三等公，以三等精奇尼哈番世襲，諡忠愍。 建祠寧夏。 擢奇天津總兵。 時福子世琳、世勳並陷賊，命以壽子世怡襲爵。
The Emperor ordered Fu to assist Prince Dong'e in the attack on Pingliang. Fu argued that Guyuan held more than ten thousand rebels and that, if the army marched straight on Pingliang, the enemy might cut their supply line; Guyuan should be taken first. The Emperor agreed. In the twelfth month Fu led the assault on Guyuan. Bitter cold and heavy snow afflicted the men on the long march; chastened by the earlier defeat, they were on edge. On the twenty-second day of the month the army encamped at Hui'an. He ordered: 'At the fifth watch take your meal and assemble below the wall. Anyone who comes late will be beheaded.' At midnight Deputy Commander Xiong Hu and others beat drums, raised a mutiny, rushed in, and stabbed Fu to death. The Emperor replaced him with Zhao Liangdong, seized Xiong Hu, the ringleader platoon commander Liu De, and all the soldiers who had killed Fu, and executed them. Fu was posthumously made a third-rank duke with a hereditary third-rank Jingni Bannerman title and given the posthumous name Zhongmin (Loyal and Sorrowful). A memorial shrine was erected for him at Ningxia. Qi was promoted to brigadier at Tianjin. Fu's sons Shilin and Shixun were both trapped behind rebel lines, so Shou's son Shiyi was ordered to inherit the title.
7
事定，壽棄官入四川求福妻子，得之遵義山中，將入都，上召世琳入見，問母子流離狀，深愍之，命襲爵，改籍寧夏。 旋授直隸三屯協副將。 累遷古北鎮總兵、鑾儀使。 世琳子益，益子大用，相繼襲爵。 益官至楚姚鎮總兵。 大用乾隆間官江南提督，所屬游擊楊天相，獲海盜，總督蘇凌阿讞以為誣，誅天相，大用亦被譴。 嘉慶初，予守備銜，休致。
After the rebellion ended, Shou resigned and went into Sichuan to find Fu's wife and children, discovering them in the hills of Zunyi. As they were about to reach the capital, the Emperor summoned Shilin, asked how mother and son had fared in exile, was deeply moved, ordered Shilin to inherit the title, and registered the family at Ningxia. He was soon appointed deputy commander of the Santun Brigade in Zhili. He rose through successive posts to brigadier at Gubeikou and Director of the Imperial Procession. Shilin's son Yi and Yi's son Dayong inherited the title in turn. Yi rose to brigadier at Chuyao. Under Qianlong, Dayong served as Provincial Military Commissioner of Jiangnan. His subordinate Yang Tianxiang captured pirates, but Governor Su Ling'a ruled the case a fabrication, had Tianxiang executed, and reprimanded Dayong as well. Early in Jiaqing he received the brevet rank of garrison commander and retired.
8
=王之鼎=王之鼎，字公定，漢軍正紅旗人。 父世選，仕明為參將。 歸太宗，授三等昂邦章京。 從世祖入關，徵江南有功，進二等。 卒，之鼎襲，進一等精奇尼哈番，署參領。 從貝勒屯齊徵湖南，擊走李定國、孫可望。 授正紅旗漢軍副都統。 駐防貴州。 康熙元年，授福建中路總兵，討鄭錦，克廈門、金門、古浪諸島。 三年，敗錦將黃盛、林茂、裴德等，拔銅山衛，進三等伯。 八年，召還，仍授本旗副都統。 十年，授江南提督。
Wang Zhiding, style name Gongding, came from the Han Plain Red Banner. His father Shixuan had served the Ming as a deputy commander. He submitted to Taizong (Hong Taiji) and was granted third-rank Angbang Zhangjing. He followed Shizu (the Shunzhi Emperor) through the Pass, earned merit in the Jiangnan campaigns, and was raised to second rank. On his death Zhiding inherited the title, was raised to first-rank Jingni Bannerman, and served as acting company commander. He campaigned in Hunan under Prince Tunqi and drove off Li Dingguo and Sun Kewang. He was appointed Vice Commander of the Han Plain Red Banner. He was posted on garrison duty in Guizhou. In Kangxi 1 (1662) he was made brigadier of Fujian's Middle Route, campaigned against Zheng Jing, and took Xiamen, Jinmen, Gulang, and other islands. In Kangxi 3 (1664) he defeated Jing's generals Huang Sheng, Lin Mao, and Pei De, took Tongshan Guard, and was raised to third-rank earl. In Kangxi 8 (1669) he was recalled and reappointed Vice Commander of his banner. In Kangxi 10 (1671) he was appointed Provincial Military Commissioner of Jiangnan.
9
十二年，授鎮海將軍，駐守京口。 吳三桂、耿精忠相繼反。 上命之鼎分兵防安慶，而以安南將軍華善帥師佐之。 之鼎調崇明沙船，江陰、瓜洲戰艦，扼津要，令綠旗水師駐黃浦操防，兼備水陸。 上命簡親王喇佈為揚威大將軍，駐江寧，之鼎贊軍事。 十七年，改福建水師提督，加定海將軍。 閩寇日蹙，而楚、蜀間軍事方亟，請移鎮要地自效。
In Kangxi 12 (1673) he was made Pacification-of-the-Sea General and stationed at Jingkou. Wu Sangui and Geng Jingzhong rose in rebellion one after another. The Emperor ordered Zhiding to detach forces to defend Anqing while General of Annan Hua Shan led troops to support him. Zhiding deployed Chongming sand junks and warships at Jiangyin and Guazhou to hold the key crossings, and stationed Green Standard naval forces at Huangpu for drill and defense, covering both land and sea. The Emperor appointed Prince Jian Labu Grand General for the Pacification of Insurrection, with headquarters at Jiangning; Zhiding assisted in military planning. In Kangxi 17 (1678) he was made Provincial Military Commissioner of the Fujian Naval Forces with the additional title of Pacification-of-Dinghai General. Rebels in Fujian were daily being cornered, but fighting in Huguang and Sichuan remained fierce; he asked to be transferred to a critical post where he could serve.
10
十八年，調四川提督。 十九年，到官，會寇犯永寧，遂率總兵李芳述等討之，戰屢勝。 六月，勇略將軍趙良棟將進剿雲、貴，調芳述守敘州，之鼎留鎮永寧。 九月，吳世璠遣將尤廷玉、胡國柱攻永寧，圍之數匝。 時城中糧盡已兩閱月，之鼎猶率兵挑戰，士氣倍奮。 嗣為賊诇知，築長圍以守。 至是月甲子，寇穴城入，總兵費雅達，副將楊三虎，游擊週尚功，守備李逢春、魯明芝、席豹督兵巷戰，皆死。 之鼎解印付家人，令間道走成都，率總兵楊魁、何成德、王永世、傅汝友，游擊陳先鳳、陳田、劉應科等出禦賊，身受重創。 賊湧至，之鼎自度不能免，拔劍自刎，未殊，與魁等俱被執，傳送貴陽。 賊黨夏國相等百計誘降，之鼎厲聲叱曰：「死則死耳，肯向鼠輩乞活耶？」 久之，賊知不可奪，遂遇害。 魁等皆不屈死。 事聞，贈之鼎太子少保，諡忠毅。 子毓賢，官至貴州布政使，毓秀襲爵。
In Kangxi 18 (1679) he was transferred to Provincial Military Commissioner of Sichuan. In Kangxi 19 (1680) he took up his post just as rebels attacked Yongning. He led Brigadier Li Fangshu and others against them and won battle after battle. In the sixth month Valiant Strategy General Zhao Liangdong was preparing to advance into Yunnan and Guizhou. Fangshu was moved to hold Xuzhou while Zhiding remained at Yongning. In the ninth month Wu Shifan sent generals You Tingyu and Hu Guozhu against Yongning and invested the city in tight rings. Grain in the city had been gone for two months, yet Zhiding still led sorties against the enemy, and the troops' spirit doubled. When the rebels learned of this through scouts, they built a long encirclement and settled in to wait. On that month's jiazi day the rebels tunneled into the city. Brigadier Fei Yada, Deputy Commander Yang Sanhu, Mobile Battalion Commander Zhou Shanggong, and Garrison Commanders Li Fengchun, Lu Mingzhi, and Xi Bao led street fighting and all fell. Zhiding handed his seal to his household and told them to escape by a hidden route to Chengdu. He led Brigadiers Yang Kui, He Chengde, Wang Yongshi, and Fu Ruyou and Mobile Battalion Commanders Chen Xianfeng, Chen Tian, and Liu Yingke out to face the enemy and was gravely wounded. Rebels swarmed in. Seeing no escape, Zhiding drew his sword and cut his throat but did not die outright. He and Kui and the others were captured and sent to Guiyang. Rebel leaders such as Xia Guoxiang tried every means to win him over. Zhiding shouted back: 'Death is death—would I beg my life from vermin like you?' In time the rebels saw he could not be turned and killed him. Kui and the others likewise refused to submit and were killed. When word reached the court, Zhiding was posthumously made Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent and given the posthumous title Zhongyi (Loyal and Resolute). His son Yuxian rose to Provincial Administration Commissioner of Guizhou; Yuxiu inherited the title.
11
=費雅達=費雅達，漢軍正白旗人。 自整儀尉累遷潼關副將。 王輔臣叛，廷議設漢中總兵討賊，以授費雅達，署都督僉事。 進取漢中，破賊彝門鎮，抵秦嶺，拔北木城，與王進寶會師奪武關。 敘功，加都督同知。 永寧之役，城陷身死，贈左都督、太子少傅，諡忠勇。 魁等皆予卹。
Fei Yada came from the Han Plain White Banner. He rose from Ceremonial Guard through successive posts to deputy commander at Tongguan. When Wang Fuchen rebelled, the court decided to create a Hanzhong brigadier to fight the rebels and gave the post to Fei Yada with the acting rank of Regional Vice Commander. He advanced on Hanzhong, broke the rebels at Yimen Town, reached the Qin Mountains, took Beimu Fort, and joined Wang Jinbao to recover Wuguan. For his service he was made Regional Vice Commander. At Yongning the city fell and he died in battle. He was posthumously made Left Regional Commander and Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent, with the posthumous title Zhongyong (Loyal and Valiant). Kui and the others likewise received funeral honors.
12
從三虎等戰死者，又有千總蔣得福、趙鳴鳳、王英傑； 從之鼎死者，又有從軍廕生潘濟世：並卹如例。
Those who fell fighting with Sanhu also included Battalion Commanders Jiang Defu, Zhao Mingfeng, and Wang Yingjie; among those who died with Zhiding was also the enfeoffed military student Pan Jishi; all received funeral honors according to precedent.
13
=李興元=李興元，字若始，漢軍鑲黃旗人。 以拔貢授直隸沙河知縣，報最，遷祁州。 歷江西吉安、直隸永平知府，晉陝西隴右道。 康熙十一年，授雲南按察使。 其明年，詔敕有司審理平西籓下逃兵。 時平西勳莊棋布，管莊者殺人奪貨，滋為民患。 訟牒命、盜兩案，兵居半。 又勒平民為餘丁； 不從，則曰：「是我逃兵也。」 稱貸重息，人或絲毫負，亦以「逃兵」誣之，有司亡誰何。 興元素持風力，諗知劉昆強項，令為審事官。 有犯者論如法，部民德之，而大忤三桂意。
Li Xingyuan, style name Ruoshi, came from the Han Bordered Yellow Banner. Selected through the tribute examination, he was appointed magistrate of Shahe in Zhili. Rated highest in his review, he was moved to Qizhou. He served as prefect of Ji'an in Jiangxi and Yongping in Zhili, then rose to Longyou Circuit Intendant in Shaanxi. In Kangxi 11 (1672) he was appointed Provincial Surveillance Commissioner of Yunnan. The following year an edict ordered officials to try deserters from Wu Sangui's Pacification of the West fief. Wu Sangui's merit estates were scattered across the province like chess pieces. Estate managers killed and plundered, becoming a growing scourge on the people. Murder and robbery cases filled the dockets, and soldiers accounted for half of them. They also forced commoners to register as surplus soldiers; and if anyone refused they would say, 'These are my deserters.' They lent at crushing interest, and even a trifling debt could be branded as 'desertion.' Officials dared not hold them accountable. Xingyuan was known for his firm character. Knowing Liu Kun to be tough-minded, he made him reviewing officer. Offenders were punished according to law, to the people's gratitude, but this deeply offended Wu Sangui.
14
三桂將叛，使冶者鑄印，昆诇知，白興元，興元啟巡撫硃國治，趣入告。 國治遲數日始發，為三桂邏卒所得，遂作亂。 召各官集議，以國治苛虐失民心，殺之； 迫授興元偽職，興元叱之曰：「汝內為國戚，外封親王，受恩重矣，何叛為？ 我為丈夫，義可殺不可辱，惟一死以報朝廷。」 三桂怒，杖而下之獄。 雲南知府高顯辰及昆皆不屈，旋以興元及昆戍騰越衛。 十八年，師克湖南，時三桂已死，其子世璠使刺殺興元。 師困滇城，興元二子廕秀、奇秀亦被殺。
As Wu Sangui prepared to rebel, he had seals cast. Kun discovered this through reconnaissance and told Xingyuan, who alerted Governor Zhu Guozhi and urged him to report at once to the capital. Guozhi delayed several days before dispatching the report. Sangui's couriers seized it, and rebellion followed. He summoned the officials and, claiming Guozhi's harsh rule had lost the people's hearts, had him killed; and tried to force a false office on Xingyuan. Xingyuan rebuked him: 'You are the Emperor's kin by marriage and enfeoffed as a prince—the grace shown you has been great. Why rebel? I am a man of honor. Righteousness allows death but not disgrace. I have only my death to offer the court.' Wu Sangui in anger had him beaten and thrown into prison. Yunnan Prefect Gao Xianchen and Kun likewise refused to submit. Soon Xingyuan and Kun were sent under guard to Tengyue. In Kangxi 18 (1679), as government forces took Hunan, Wu Sangui was already dead. His son Shifan sent assassins to kill Xingyuan. During the siege of Yunnan, Xingyuan's enfeoffed sons Xiuxiu and Qixiu were also killed.
15
事定，其三子萃秀詣軍所申訴，巡撫王繼文上其狀，贈太常寺卿。 萃秀官至安陸府知府。 昆當興元未死，出避民間。 事定，复補登州同知，遷常德知府。
After the rebellion ended, his third son Cuixiu appealed at army headquarters. Governor Wang Jiwen reported the case, and Xingyuan was posthumously made Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. Cuixiu rose to prefect of Anlu. Before Xingyuan died, Kun went into hiding among the people. After the rebellion he was reappointed acting subprefect of Dengzhou and later made prefect of Changde.
16
=陳啟泰=陳啟泰，字大來，漢軍鑲紅旗人。 順治四年，自貢生知直隸滑縣，有聲。 行取，擢御史。 奏言：「滿洲部院官凡遇親喪，宜離任守制，以廣孝治。」 從之。 十一年，出為蘇松糧道。 康熙三年，調福建漳南道。 八年，轉巡海道。 時山寇遍受耿精忠劄，勢洶洶。 啟泰嚴保甲，立團長，親督所司捕賊。 有乾禁令者，輒痛繩以法，姦宄屏息。
Chen Qitai, style name Dalai, came from the Han Bordered Red Banner. In Shunzhi 4 (1647) he passed the tribute examination and was appointed magistrate of Huaxian in Zhili, where he earned a fine reputation. Through special selection he was promoted to censor. He memorialized: 'When Manchu officials of the boards and departments suffer a parent's death, they should leave office to observe mourning, thereby extending the rule of filial piety.' The court approved. In Kangxi 11 (1672) he was made Grain Intendant of Suzhou and Songjiang. In Kangxi 3 (1664) he was transferred to Zhangnan Circuit in Fujian. In Kangxi 8 (1669) he was made Coastal Patrol Circuit Intendant. Mountain bandits throughout the region were taking commissions from Geng Jingzhong, and their power grew menacing. Qitai strictly enforced the baojia system, appointed group leaders, and personally supervised the capture of bandits. Violators were sternly punished by law until evildoers fell silent.
17
十三年，精忠叛，偽檄至漳州。 啟泰密與海澄公黃梧議拒守，會梧病，精忠复招鄭錦為助。 啟泰自度不能守，語妻劉曰：「義不偷生，忠不附賊，死吾事也。 然死而妻子為僇，吾何以瞑？」 劉請殉，家人皆原從死。 乃以巨盎置酒下藥，劉及侍妾婢僕飲者二十一人。 幼子方六歲，持觴拜而飲。 啟泰朝服坐堂皇，召僚屬與訣，引弓弦自絞死，僚屬為殯。 錦兵入，見置棺縱橫，皆垂淚。 事聞，贈通政使，賜葬祭。
In Kangxi 13 (1674) Jingzhong rebelled and a false proclamation reached Zhangzhou. Qitai secretly planned resistance with Duke of Haicheng Huang Wu, but Wu fell ill. Jingzhong then recruited Zheng Jing as ally. Seeing he could not hold the city, Qitai told his wife Liu: 'Righteousness forbids living in disgrace; loyalty forbids joining rebels. Death is my duty. But if I die and my wife and children are slaughtered, how can I rest?' Liu asked to die with him, and the whole household wished to follow. They set out a great basin of wine laced with poison. Liu and twenty-one servants and maids who drank included his six-year-old son, who took the cup, bowed, and drank. Qitai in court dress sat in the main hall, bade his subordinates farewell, and strangled himself with a bowstring. His subordinates prepared his burial. When Zheng Jing's troops entered, they saw rows of coffins and wept. When word reached the court, Qitai was posthumously made Commissioner of the Court of State Ceremonial and granted sacrificial burial.
18
啟泰子汝器，聞變，赴漳州迎喪，為鄭錦兵掠去。 逾二年乃脫還，詣京師，上念其父子忠義，加贈工部侍郎，授汝器右通政。 三十三年，复予啟泰諡忠毅。 建祠福州，御書「忠義流芳」為祠額。 汝器官至安徽巡撫。 方精忠叛時，諸郡望風納叛； 所不肯以城降者，啟泰死漳州，總兵吳萬福死福寧。
Qitai's son Ruqi, hearing of the disaster, went to Zhangzhou to meet the funeral train and was seized by Zheng Jing's troops. After more than two years he escaped and reached the capital. Mindful of the father and son's loyalty, the Emperor additionally posthumously made Qitai Vice Minister of the Board of Works and appointed Ruqi Right Vice Commissioner. In Kangxi 33 (1694) Qitai was again given the posthumous title Zhongyi (Loyal and Resolute). A shrine was built at Fuzhou, with the imperial inscription 'Loyalty and Righteousness Flow Forever.' Ruqi rose to Governor of Anhui. When Jingzhong rebelled, most prefectures surrendered at his approach; those who refused to surrender were Qitai at Zhangzhou and Brigadier Wu Wanfu at Funing.
19
萬福，漢軍鑲紅旗人。 初仕明為守備。 崇德七年，師圍松山，從副將夏承德來歸，授牛錄額真。 入關，從征李自成有功，累敘二等阿達哈哈番。 出為福寧總兵。 張煌言兵屢入，與總兵李長榮分路擊卻之，累進右都督，精忠叛，萬福嬰城固守，城破，死之，闔家被害。 幕客孫墢、百總潘騰鳳並殉。 事聞，贈萬福左都督、太子少保，諡忠愍。
Wanfu came from the Han Bordered Red Banner. He had first served the Ming as garrison commander. In Chongde 7 (1642), when the army besieged Songshan, he came over with Deputy Commander Xia Chengde and was made company commander. After crossing the Pass he earned merit against Li Zicheng and was repeatedly recorded for second-rank Adaha Bannerman. He was appointed brigadier at Funing. Zhang Huangyan's forces raided repeatedly; with Brigadier Li Changrong he beat them back along separate routes and rose to Right Regional Commander. When Jingzhong rebelled, Wanfu held Funing in a closed defense; when the city fell he died and his whole family perished. His secretary Sun Kan and company commander Pan Tengfeng died with him. When word reached the court, Wanfu was posthumously made Left Regional Commander and Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent, with the posthumous title Zhongmin (Loyal and Sorrowful).
20
=陳丹赤=陳丹赤，字獻之，福建侯官人。 順治十七年舉人，選授重慶推官，攝府事，兼署夔州府。 時張獻忠初滅，蜀東尚淪於賊，徵師四集，丹赤給餉不乏。 墾荒萊，緩刑禁，報最，遷刑部主事，再晉兵部郎中。 出為浙江按察司僉事、分巡溫處道，署按察使。
Chen Danchi, style name Xianzhi, came from Houguan in Fujian. In Shunzhi 17 (1660) he passed the provincial examination and was appointed reviewing officer at Chongqing, acting for the prefect and concurrently for Kuizhou. Zhang Xianzhong had just been destroyed, eastern Sichuan was still overrun, and expeditionary armies gathered on all sides, yet Danchi kept provisions flowing without fail. He opened wasteland, eased penal restrictions, earned the highest rating, was moved to secretary in the Board of Punishments, and then to director in the Board of War. He became Assistant Provincial Surveillance Commissioner of Zhejiang and Circuit Intendant of Wenzhou and Chuzhou, acting as Provincial Surveillance Commissioner.
21
康熙十三年，入覲，道山東。 會吳三桂反，詔入覲官悉還治所。 丹赤歸至東昌，聞耿精忠亦叛，亟間道還。 適平陽叛將司定猷構精忠兵偪瑞安，丹赤獨居城上，泣諭父老，誓與城存亡。 海寇硃飛熊乘間肆掠，鄉民爭入城，總兵祖弘勳慾不納。 丹赤曰：「城以人為固，人以食為命。 民輦粟入城，民即兵，食即餉。 亟宜納之，與共守。」 於是來者數万。 寇湧至，攻南門甚亟，副將楊春芳忽撤兵去，人心洶懼。 丹赤日馳牒乞援，晨夜徼循，以忠義厲士卒，皆感泣，願死守。
In Kangxi 13 (1674) he came to court for audience by way of Shandong. Wu Sangui rebelled just then, and an edict ordered all officials en route to audience to return to their posts. Danchi reached Dongchang, heard that Geng Jingzhong had rebelled too, and hurried back by a hidden route. Pingyang rebel Si Dingyou had joined Jingzhong's forces against Ruian. Danchi stood alone on the wall, weeping as he addressed the elders and swore to live or die with the city. Sea bandit Zhu Feixiong plundered amid the chaos. Villagers rushed into the city, but Brigadier Zu Hongxun wished to shut them out. Danchi said: 'A city stands firm through its people, and people live by food. When people bring grain into the city, the people become soldiers and food becomes pay. Admit them at once and defend together.' Tens of thousands then entered. Rebels surged against the south gate. Deputy Commander Yang Chunfang suddenly withdrew, and panic spread. Danchi sent daily pleas for relief, patrolled day and night, and stirred the troops with loyalty and righteousness until all wept and vowed to die defending the city.
22
弘勳將以溫州叛，陽遣游擊馬文始助守，實以诇丹赤，丹赤誓以身殉。 六月甲午朔，弘勳陳甲仗華蓋山，集文武官計事，欲以脅丹赤。 千總姚紹英知其謀，勸勿往，丹赤不顧，策馬去。 至則兵露刃夾階立，坐定，弘勳曰：「彼眾我寡，將若何？」 丹赤曰：「提標前鋒五千人已集，且民心效死，戰即不足，守自有餘。 吾此來商以舟濟師，顧乃計多寡邪？」 弘勳曰：「舟安在？」 丹赤語通判白鼇宸曰：「河干泊舟不少，皆鄉民所棄。 以濟援師，何患無舟？」 弘勳語塞，春芳厲聲言曰：「城中糧盡，縱有兵有舟，誰為我用？」 丹赤曰：「若言誤矣。 吾軍糧餉足供六閱月，且遠近鄉民輸粟入。 若乃為此言惑軍心邪？」 有自懷中出帛書者，精忠招弘勳獻城檄也，丹赤怒，碎而擲之地，曰：「此豈可污吾目？ 吾頭可斷，城不可得也！」 弘勳執其手，好語慰之，丹赤曰：「封疆之臣死封疆，不知其他。」 弘勳知不可奪，目千總高魁持斧擁丹赤出，罵益厲，執斧者斷其臂，大呼曰：「臣事畢矣！」 兵刃交下，遂遇害。 十六年，浙江巡撫陳秉直疏請卹，贈通政使，諡忠毅。 三十八年，上南巡，丹赤子一夔時為湖州知府，迎謁，上書額賜之。
Hongxun planned to surrender Wenzhou and pretended to send Mobile Battalion Commander Ma Wenshi to help defend while using him to spy on Danchi. Danchi swore to die for the cause. On the first day of the sixth month Hongxun arrayed arms at Huagai Mountain and gathered officials, intending to coerce Danchi. Battalion Commander Yao Shaoying learned of the plot and urged him not to go. Danchi ignored him and rode off. Soldiers with bared blades lined the steps. When seated, Hongxun said: 'They are many and we are few. What shall we do?' Danchi said: 'Five thousand vanguard troops have already assembled, and the people are ready to die in defense. If we cannot fight, we can still hold. I came to discuss ferrying troops by boat—yet you count heads?' Hongxun said: 'Where are the boats?' Danchi told Acting Prefect Bai Aichen: 'Many boats lie along the riverbank, abandoned by the villagers. Use them to ferry relief troops. What lack of boats?' Hongxun was speechless. Chunfang said harshly: 'Grain in the city is gone. Even with troops and boats, who would fight for us?' Danchi said: 'You are mistaken. Our grain and pay will last six months, and villagers near and far are still bringing grain in. Are you trying to shake the army's hearts?' Someone produced from his bosom Jingzhong's proclamation recruiting Hongxun to surrender the city. Danchi tore it to pieces and threw it down: 'How can this defile my eyes? My head may fall, but the city will not be taken!' Hongxun took his hand and spoke soothingly. Danchi said: 'A frontier official dies on the frontier. I know nothing else.' Hongxun saw he could not be turned. He signaled Battalion Commander Gao Kui, who with an axe escorted Danchi out. Danchi cursed all the louder. The axeman cut off his arm, and he cried: 'My duty as a minister is finished!' Blades fell on him and he was killed. In Kangxi 16 (1677) Zhejiang Governor Chen Bingzhi asked for funeral honors. Danchi was posthumously made Commissioner of the Court of State Ceremonial with the posthumous title Zhongyi (Loyal and Resolute). In Kangxi 38 (1699), during the southern tour, Danchi's son Yiqi, then prefect of Huzhou, came to pay respects and received an imperial inscription.
23
=馬閟=馬閟，字奉璋，陝西武功人。 順治十一年舉人，授山東昌樂知縣，有惠政。 康熙十三年，補永嘉。 明決有才，清覈圖籍，不數月而政成。 華蓋山集議，弘勳戕丹赤，閟躍而起曰：「國家豢若輩，反黨賊殺封疆大吏，吾恥與若輩俱生！」 遂罵不絕口，同時遇害。 事聞，贈布政司參政。 三十五年，敕建祠溫州，祀丹赤及閟，亦曰「雙忠」。 四十二年，上南巡，閟子逸姿官江南布政司參議督糧道，迎謁，疏引丹赤例求賜諡，上允之，諡忠勤，亦賜御書額如一夔。 丹赤役林莪、僕張亦寶，閟從子穎姿，皆從死。
Ma Bi, style name Fengzhang, came from Wugong in Shaanxi. In Shunzhi 11 (1654) he passed the provincial examination and was appointed magistrate of Changle in Shandong, where he governed with benevolence. In Kangxi 13 (1674) he was appointed to Yongjia. Clear and decisive, he audited the registers thoroughly and brought order within months. At the Huagai Mountain assembly, when Hongxun killed Danchi, Bi leaped up and cried: 'The state nurtured you, yet you join rebels and murder a frontier minister. I am ashamed to live among you!' He cursed without cease and was killed with the rest. When word reached the court, he was posthumously made Assistant Provincial Administration Commissioner. In Kangxi 35 (1696) an edict ordered a shrine at Wenzhou for Danchi and Bi, called 'Twin Loyalty.' In Kangxi 42 (1703), during the southern tour, Bi's son Yizi, then grain transport commissioner in Jiangnan, cited Danchi's precedent and received the posthumous title Zhongqin (Loyal and Diligent), with an imperial inscription like Yiqi's. Danchi's laborer Lin E, servant Zhang Yibao, and Bi's nephew Yingzi all died with them.
24
=葉映榴=葉映榴，字炳霞，江南上海人。 順治十八年進士，選庶吉士。 時方嚴治江南逋賦士紳，映榴在籍中，降國子監博士。 累遷禮部郎中。 出榷贛關，會吳三桂叛，贛南北路絕。 映榴與同官守險要，撫流民，境獲寧。 提學陝西巡撫鄂愷薦其才，康熙二十四年，授湖廣糧儲道。 清積逋，減耗羨，事有不便於民者，輒與大吏力爭。
Ye Yingliu, style name Bingxia, came from Shanghai in Jiangnan. In Shunzhi 18 (1661) he passed the palace examination and was selected as a Hanlin bachelor. The court was then strictly punishing Jiangnan gentry for tax arrears. Yingliu was on the list and was demoted to Erudite of the Imperial Academy. He rose through successive posts to director in the Board of Rites. He went to supervise the Ganzhou customs station. When Wu Sangui rebelled, routes north and south through Ganzhou were cut. Yingliu and his colleagues held the strategic passes, pacified refugees, and restored peace to the region. Shaanxi Education Commissioner and Governor E Kai recommended him. In Kangxi 24 (1685) he was appointed Grain Storage Intendant of Huguang. He cleared long-standing arrears, reduced meltage surcharges, and whenever a policy harmed the people he argued fiercely with the senior officials.
25
二十七年五月，廷議省湖廣總督，並裁督標兵。 楚兵素剽悍，有夏逢龍者，尤桀黠，能以小信義結其伍，隱附之。 檄既下，裁兵洶洶亡所歸。 總督徐國相還朝已登舟，眾圍訴索餉，不得，遂大譁。 時巡撫柯永昇初上官，映榴攝布政使才三日。 事急，映榴白永昇，請予兩月糧遣散，不許。 眾入巡撫署，露刃呼譟。 映榴复白永昇，請好言慰遣之。 永昇出，眾語不遜，永昇曰：「若輩欲反邪？」 眾曰：「反也奈何？」 刃傷永昇臂，奪其印，复刃傷足，僕，遂擁映榴至閱馬場。 永昇得間自經死。 逢龍自號「總統兵馬大元帥」，幟以白，迫布政使以下官受偽職，映榴紿以無殺掠，三日後徐議之。 乃令其妻陳奉母吳自水溝出，解印付其僕，乃手具遺疏。 是月丁酉，朝服升公座，罵賊，拔佩刀自刎死。
In the fifth month of Kangxi 27 (1688) the court debated abolishing the Huguang Governor-General and disbanding his personal troops. Huguang troops had always been fierce. Xia Fenglong was especially cunning and won followers with small acts of trust. Once the order went out, the disbanded soldiers were in uproar with nowhere to turn. Governor-General Xu Guoxiang had boarded his boat to return to court. The troops surrounded him demanding pay; denied, they raised a great clamor. Governor Ke Yongsheng had just taken office. Yingliu had been acting Provincial Administration Commissioner for only three days. Yingliu urgently asked Yongsheng to grant two months' grain to disperse the troops. Yongsheng refused. The troops entered the governor's yamen with bared blades, shouting and clamoring. Yingliu again urged Yongsheng to soothe them and send them away. Yongsheng came out. The troops were insolent. Yongsheng said: 'Do you mean to rebel?' They answered: 'If we rebel, what then?' They slashed Yongsheng's arm, seized his seal, wounded his foot and servants, and dragged Yingliu to the horse-review ground. Yongsheng found a moment and hanged himself. Fenglong styled himself 'Grand Marshal President of Troops and Horses,' raised white banners, and forced officials to accept false offices. Yingliu stalled him with promises of no killing or plunder and discussion in three days. He sent his wife Chen to escort his mother Wu out through Shuigou, gave his seal to a servant, and wrote his final memorial by hand. On dingyou of that month he ascended the official seat in court dress, cursed the rebels, and cut his throat with his girdle knife.
26
疏略曰：「臣一介豎儒，叨沐皇上高厚深恩，歷擢今職。 嘗以潔己奉公，自矢夙夜，但媿才具庸劣，未效寸長。 茲值裁兵夏逢龍倡亂，劫奪撫臣敕印，分兵圍臣衙門，露刃逼脅。 臣幼讀詩書，粗知節義，雖斧鑕在前，豈肯喪恥偷生？ 臣母年七十有六，在臣任所； 臣長子旉，遠在原籍； 其餘二子尚未成童，煢煢孤嫠，死將安歸？ 因遣妻女奉母潛逃。 臣如微服匿影，或可倖免以圖後效。 伏念臣守土之官也，城存與存，城亡與亡，義所當然。 今勉盡一死，以報國恩。 所恨事起倉猝，既不能先事綢繆，默消反側； 復不能臨期捍禦，獨守孤城。 上辜三十載之皇恩，下棄七旬餘之老母，君親兩負，死有餘慚。」 上覽疏，深愍傷之，召廷臣展讀，聞者皆感泣。 下部議卹，部議援陳丹赤例，贈通政使，特旨贈工部侍郎。 次年上南巡，旉迎謁，手書「忠節」二字賜之，遂以為諡。 立祠武昌，書「丹心炳冊」扁以賜。
The memorial read in part: 'Your servant is a mere rustic scholar who has received the Emperor's profound grace and risen to my present office. I have sought purity in office and pledged myself day and night, yet my talent is mediocre and I have achieved little. Now, as troops were disbanded, Xia Fenglong has rebelled, seized the governor's commission and seal, surrounded my yamen, and threatened me with bare blades. I read the classics in youth and know something of integrity. Though execution awaits, how could I live in shame? My mother is seventy-six and at my post; my eldest son Fu is far away in our native place; my other two sons are still children. Where shall these lonely widows and orphans turn? I therefore sent my wife and daughters to escort my mother away in secret. Had I changed clothes and hidden, I might have escaped to serve another day. But I am charged with guarding this soil. When the city stands I stand; when it falls I fall. That is righteousness. Now I give my death to repay the state's grace. I regret that events arose in haste and I could not plan ahead to quell unrest; nor, when the moment came, defend this city alone. I fail thirty years of imperial grace above and abandon a mother of more than seventy below. I have failed both sovereign and parent, and death itself brings shame enough.' When the Emperor read the memorial he was deeply moved. He summoned ministers to read it aloud, and all who heard wept. The ministry cited Chen Danchi's precedent and recommended Commissioner of the Court of State Ceremonial. A special edict made him Vice Minister of the Board of Works. The next year, during the southern tour, Fu came to pay respects. The Emperor wrote 'Loyal Integrity' and bestowed it as his posthumous title. A shrine was built at Wuchang, with the imperial inscription 'A Loyal Heart Illumines the Records.'
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雍正八年，錄忠臣後，授其子旉鳳陽知府； 芳蔚州知州，尋改員外郎； 孫鳳毛內閣中書。 與映榴同時死者，都司宣德仁，贈副將。
In Yongzheng 8 (1730), descendants of loyal ministers were honored. His son Fu was appointed prefect of Fengyang; Fang was made prefect of Weizhou, then secretary; grandson Fengmao was made secretary in the Grand Secretariat. Those who died with Yingliu included Regional Vice Commander Xuan Deren, posthumously made deputy commander.
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=【論】=論曰：功令褒死事，倉卒遇變與艱難效死者同，所以獎忠義也。 莫洛與福，先事宜知有變，師行有進無退，雖死不撓。 之鼎效忠於孤城，興元抗節於大憝。 若啟泰、丹赤、映榴，皆能死其官者。 啟泰以其家殉，與馬雄鎮比烈； 映榴遺疏款款，則又范承謨蒙谷自序之亞也。
The commentators say: Statutes praise death in office. Sudden death in crisis and death after hard service are rewarded alike, to encourage loyalty. Mo Luo and Fu should have foreseen trouble. On campaign one advances, never retreats—even in death they did not yield. Zhiding was loyal in a besieged city; Xingyuan held his integrity against a great rebel. Qitai, Danchi, and Yingliu all died at their posts. Qitai sacrificed his whole household, a fervor comparable to Ma Xiongzhen; Yingliu's earnest final memorial ranks next only to Fan Chengmo's preface at Menggu.