Volume 264 Biographies 51: Hao Weine, Ren Kepu, Liu Hongru, Liu Jian, Zhang Tingshu

郝維訥，字敏公，直隸霸州人。父傑，明崇禎進士。順治初，授行人，遷戶部給事中。迭疏請開經筵，祀闕里，廢斥諸臣才堪錄用者量予自新，朝賀大典內監不得入班行禮，俱下部議行。累遷戶部侍郎。卒。

Hao Weine, whose courtesy name was Mingong, came from Bazhou in Zhili. His father Jie had passed the jinshi examination in the Chongzhen era of the Ming. At the beginning of the Shunzhi reign he was made a Bearer and later promoted to supervising secretary in the Ministry of Revenue. He sent repeated memorials asking that the emperor resume the lecture series, that sacrifices be offered at Qufu, that dismissed officials still fit for service be allowed to rehabilitate themselves as appropriate, and that eunuchs be barred from joining the ceremonial ranks at great court audiences; each proposal was sent to the appropriate ministry for deliberation and execution. He rose through repeated promotions to vice minister of revenue. He passed away.

維訥，順治四年進士，授刑部主事，再遷郎中。七年，出為福建督糧道僉事。師下漳南，糧運多阻，維訥督米二萬石浮海達泉州以濟軍。巨盜張自盛犯延、卲，徙維訥權延建卲道，設方略，用間散其黨，自盛就擒。尋署按察使，謝苞苴，絕羨耗。舉卓異，復用孫承澤、成克鞏薦，十一年，召授通政司右參議。累遷大理寺卿。十三年，擢戶部侍郎，調吏部。十六年，丁父憂。服闋，起戶部侍郎，復調吏部。

Weine took his jinshi degree in the fourth year of Shunzhi, entered the Ministry of Punishments as a clerk, and was promoted twice to bureau director. In the seventh year he was posted abroad as junior vice commissioner on Fujian's grain-supervision circuit. When the army marched into southern Zhangzhou, grain shipments were largely cut off; Weine oversaw twenty thousand shi of rice, floated it by sea to Quanzhou, and supplied the troops. The great outlaw Zhang Zisheng harried Yanzhou and Shaowu; Weine was moved to act as commissioner of the Yan-Jian-Shao circuit, laid plans, sent agents to break up Zhang's following, and Zhang was taken. He soon served as acting provincial judge, refusing gifts and putting an end to embezzled surcharges. Marked out as outstanding, he was recommended again on the nominations of Sun Chengze and Cheng Kegong; in the eleventh year he was recalled to the capital and made right vice commissioner of the Communications Office. He rose by stages to president of the Court of Judicial Review. In the thirteenth year he was elevated to vice minister of revenue and then transferred to the Ministry of Personnel. In the sixteenth year he entered mourning for his father. When his mourning was over he was recalled as vice minister of revenue and once more transferred to the Ministry of Personnel.

康熙三年，典會試，尋擢左都御史。維訥以開國二十餘年，南徼初定，民困未蘇，疏言：「天下大弊在民窮財盡，連年川、湖、閩、廣、雲、貴無不增兵增餉，本省不支，他省協濟。臣觀川、湖等省尚多曠土，若選綠旗及降兵精銳者隸之營伍，給以牛種，所在屯田，則供應減而協濟可以永除，閭里無追呼之困。」又疏言：「巡按既裁，地方巡視責歸督撫。督撫任重事繁，出巡動逾旬月，恐誤公務，況騎從眾多，經過滋擾。至屬官貪廉，閭閻疾苦，諮訪耳目，仍寄司道。請嗣後事關重大者，仍親身巡察，餘概停止。」又疏言：「山西、山東等省偏旱，發帑賑濟，聖恩至為優渥，特窮鄉僻壤恐難遍及，惟蠲免錢糧，率土均霑實惠。但田有田賦，丁有丁差，前者被災地方，例多免糧不免丁；其有丁無田者，反不得與有田之戶同霑恩澤。請丁銀均如田糧分數蠲免。」又疏言：「貪吏罪至死者，遇赦免死，並免交吏部議處。此曹饕餮狼藉，未可令其復玷名器，貽害地方。雖新例赴部另補，貪殘所至，播虐惟均。請敕部定議，凡贓款審實者，遇赦免罪，仍當奪官。庶官箴可肅，民害可除。」皆下部議行。

In the third year of Kangxi he presided over the metropolitan examination and was soon promoted to left censor-in-chief. Weine reasoned that more than twenty years after the founding of the dynasty the southern marches had only just been settled and the people had not yet recovered from distress. He memorialized: "The gravest evil in the realm is that the people are impoverished and the treasury drained. Year after year in Sichuan, Huguang, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, and Guizhou there have been endless increases in troops and supplies; the home province could not bear the cost and other provinces were called on to help. I have seen that Sichuan, Huguang, and the like still hold much unused land. If the best of the Green Standard troops and surrendered soldiers were formed into companies, given oxen and seed, and set to garrison farming wherever they were posted, local supply would shrink, aid levies from other provinces could be ended for good, and villages would no longer suffer the torment of press-gangs." He also memorialized: "Since touring inspectors have been abolished, the responsibility for inspecting the provinces rests with governors-general and governors. Their duties are weighty and their business abundant; an inspection tour often lasts more than a month, official affairs may be neglected, and their large mounted retinues disturb every place they pass through. As for whether subordinates are greedy or honest and what hardships the people endure, inquiry and intelligence still depend on the circuit and prefectural commissioners. I ask that hereafter they inspect in person only what is truly grave and cease touring altogether in other cases." He also memorialized: "Shanxi, Shandong, and other provinces have suffered localized drought. Imperial relief from the treasury has been extraordinarily generous, yet remote hamlets may still be hard to reach; only remission of taxes and grain dues spreads the real benefit across the whole realm. Yet land bears land tax and persons bear poll tax; in disaster areas precedent usually remits grain but not poll dues; those liable for poll tax but owning no land cannot share the imperial favor equally with landholding households. I ask that poll silver be remitted in the same proportion as land grain." He also memorialized: "Corrupt officials whose crimes merit death, when pardoned, escape execution and are also spared referral to the Ministry of Personnel for disposition. Such men have gorged themselves and left ruin in their wake; they must not be allowed again to stain official rank and harm the regions they govern. Though the new rule sends them to the ministry for reassignment, wherever the greedy and cruel go they spread misery alike. I ask that the ministry be ordered to fix a rule: whenever embezzled sums are proved on investigation, even if a pardon remits the crime, office must still be taken away. Then official discipline may be restored and harm to the people ended. All these proposals were sent to the ministries for deliberation and execution.

五年，遷工部尚書，調刑、禮二部。八年，調戶部。疏請停督撫勘災，申禁圈取民地，並得旨允行。十一年，調吏部。時兵興開捐納，正途日壅，維訥為斟酌資格，按缺分選，銓法稱平。十八年，給事中姚締虞請寬免科道風聞言事之禁，下廷臣議，維訥謂：「言官奏事，原不禁其風聞。但風聞奏參審問全虛者，例有處分，否則慮有藉風聞挾私報怨者，請仍照定例行。」從之。

In the fifth year he was moved to minister of Works, then to the ministries of Punishments and Rites. During the eighth year he was transferred to the Ministry of Revenue. He memorialized to end governors' disaster inspections and to forbid the enclosure of commoners' land; both measures received imperial approval. During the eleventh year he was transferred to the Ministry of Personnel. War was underway and the sale of offices by contribution had opened, choking the regular route of promotion day by day; Weine weighed qualifications and assigned posts by vacancy type, and the appointment system was praised as even-handed. In the eighteenth year supervising secretary Yao Diyu asked that the ban on censors' reporting on hearsay be relaxed; the matter was sent to court officials for discussion. Weine said: "Censors were never forbidden to base memorials on hearsay in the first place. But when impeachment on hearsay is investigated and proves wholly false, there is precedent for punishment; otherwise some will use hearsay to settle private scores — I ask that the established rule still be followed." The emperor assented.

維訥領吏、戶二部最久，法制多經裁定。凡事持大體，遇會議、會推、朝審，委曲斟酌，期於至當。敷奏條暢，所見與眾偶有同異，開陳端緒，不留隱情，上深重之，往往從其言。十九年，遭母憂。服闋，詣京師，未補官，卒，諡恭定。

Weine headed the ministries of Personnel and Revenue longer than any other post, and many regulations were settled under his hand. In all affairs he held to the larger principle; at joint conferences, joint recommendations, and court reviews he weighed matters with care until he reached what was right. His memorials were clear and well ordered; when his view differed from the rest he laid out the beginning of the matter and held nothing back — the emperor valued him deeply and often followed his advice. In the nineteenth year he entered mourning for his mother. When his mourning was over he went to the capital, but before he could be reassigned to office he died; he was given the posthumous title Gongding.

任克溥，字海眉，山東聊城人。順治四年進士，授南陽府推官。卓異行取，十三年，授吏科給事中。疏言：「上勵精圖治，知親民之官莫過守令，特擇各府繁劇難治者，許三品以上各舉一人，破格任用。使保舉得當，一人賢則一郡安，人人賢則各省安，太平何難立致。乃為時未久，以貪庸劾罷者已有數人，前此保舉不能秉公慎選可知。乞敕部察處。」

Ren Kepu, whose courtesy name was Haimei, came from Liaocheng in Shandong. He took his jinshi degree in the fourth year of Shunzhi and was appointed magistrate of the judging office of Nanyang prefecture. Marked outstanding and selected for service at court, in the thirteenth year he was made supervising secretary of the Office of Personnel Affairs. He memorialized: "Your Majesty strives to govern with vigor and knows that among officials close to the people none surpass prefects and magistrates; you therefore singled out the busiest and hardest prefectures and allowed each official of third rank or above to nominate one man for extraordinary appointment. If the nominations were sound, one worthy man would bring one prefecture to peace, and if every man were worthy every province would be at peace — how hard could great tranquility be to achieve? Yet in a short time several men nominated in this way have already been impeached and dismissed for greed and incompetence — which shows that the earlier nominations were not made with impartial care. I beg that the ministry be ordered to investigate and take action."

十四年，轉刑科，疏言：「抗糧弊有三：宦戶、儒戶、衙蠹。宜分三項，各另造冊，申報總督、巡撫、巡按，宦欠者題參，衿欠者褫革，役欠者逮治。」复疏論順天鄉試給事中陸貽吉與同考官李振鄴、張我樸交通行賄鬻舉人，下吏部、都察院嚴鞫，貽吉、振鄴、我樸與居間博士蔡元禧，進士項紹芳，行賄舉人田耜、鄔作霖皆坐斬。命禮部覆試不及程者，褫奪流徙又二十五人，考官庶子曹本榮、中允宋之繩並坐降調。

In the fourteenth year he moved to the Office of Punishments and memorialized: "The abuses behind resistance to grain tax have three sources: official households, scholar households, and yamen parasites. They should be divided into three categories, each with its own register reported to the governor-general, governor, and touring inspector; official debtors should be impeached by memorial, gentry debtors stripped of rank, and runner debtors arrested and punished." He again memorialized charging that at the Shuntian provincial examination supervising secretary Lu Yiji and fellow examiners Li Zhenye and Zhang Wopu had taken bribes to sell candidacies; the Ministry of Personnel and the Censorate were ordered to interrogate them strictly; Lu Yiji, Li Zhenye, Zhang Wopu, the go-between Doctor of Letters Cai Yuanxi, jinshi Xiang Shaofang, and the bribing candidates Tian Si and Wu Zuolin were all sentenced to decapitation. Those who failed the Ministry of Rites re-examination for substandard essays had their honors stripped and were banished — twenty-five more men; chief examiner Cao Benrong and associate examiner Song Zhisheng were both demoted in rank.

十五年，充會試同考官，出闈，疏言：「伏讀上諭，令各衙門條奏興利除弊。時近兩月，僅見宗人府一疏，各衙門遲疑觀望。竊謂其病有二：一則因循既久，發論方新，恐無以贖往日曠官之咎；一則瞻望多端，指陳無隱，恐無以留後來遷就之門。臣子報國，止有朴忠，遇事直陳；稍一轉念，便持兩端，勢必摭拾瑣屑，剿說雷同，不能慷慨論列，又安望設誠致行？乞嚴飭不得浮泛塞責，並鑑別當否，示以勸懲。」又疏言：「近以各衙門胥役作姦犯科，詔令諸臣計議指摘。臣以為懲於弊後，不若杜於弊先，如吏部文選司推升原有定序，應先懸榜部門，序列姓名、資俸、薦紀、參罰，使共見共聞；考功司議處條例，亦畫一頒發，使不得輕重增減。至各官開缺，以科鈔為憑，向以發鈔後先轉移舞弊。如當逮問，先下刑部，與事止奪官、迳下吏部者遲速有異。應令即日鈔發，使不容操縱。」上以所奏切中時弊，下部詳議行。

In the fifteenth year he served as associate metropolitan examiner; when he left the examination compound he memorialized: "I have read Your Majesty's instruction ordering every yamen to memorialize on promoting benefit and removing harm. Nearly two months have passed and only one memorial from the Court of the Imperial Clan has appeared; every yamen hesitates and waits. I think there are two afflictions: one is that after long inertia, with fresh calls for reform, officials fear they cannot atone for past dereliction; the other is manifold hesitation — speak frankly without concealment and one fears leaving no door for later compromise. A subject serves the state only through plain loyalty and speaking straight in affairs; at the slightest second thought one wavers, and inevitably gathers trifles and repeats what others say, unable to argue boldly — how then can one hope to establish sincerity and carry it into action? I beg strict orders that none may answer with empty generalities, and that right and wrong be distinguished for encouragement and warning." He also memorialized: "Recently, because clerks in various yamens have committed crimes, an edict ordered officials to devise plans and point out abuses. I think punishment after abuse is inferior to stopping abuse beforehand — for example the Ministry of Personnel's bureau of appointments has a fixed order for promotions; the list should first be posted at the ministry gate with names, salary grades, recommendation records, and censure penalties for all to see and hear; regulations for the bureau of evaluation should also be issued uniformly so that none may lightly add to or subtract from them. When any post falls vacant, the credential is the basis; formerly, after credentials were issued, precedence was shifted by fraud. When interrogation is required, the Ministry of Punishments is notified first — depending on whether the matter ends with stripping of office or goes straight to the Ministry of Personnel, speed differs. Credentials should be issued the same day so that manipulation has no room." The emperor, finding that the memorial struck at the abuses of the time, ordered the ministry to deliberate in detail and carry it out.

轉禮科都給事中，疏言：「士為四民首，宜端習尚。請敕學臣，凡有請託私書，許揭送部科，差滿定為上考。並令舉優當訪學行著聞之士，懲劣則以抗糧為最重。」又疏言：「錢糧逋欠，非盡在民。臣前奏三款，部議分冊申報，得旨允行；而造冊奏報者，惟山西一省耳。諸省玩洩從事，不肯實心清理，徒以開荒增課，一時博優敘之榮，仍聽其逋欠而不之問，請飭部察覈；又紳衿抗糧，定有新條，蠹役尤應加嚴，並請敕部定例行。」十七年，遷太常寺少卿。十八年，遭父喪。

He was transferred to chief supervising secretary of the Office of Rites and memorialized: "Scholars stand at the head of the four classes of people; their customs should be rectified. I ask that education officials be ordered: whoever receives private letters of solicitation may expose them to the ministry and the censorate; at the end of term this shall count as top grade in evaluation. In recommending the worthy they must seek men known for learning and conduct; in punishing the unworthy, resistance to grain tax shall be deemed the gravest offense. He also memorialized: "Arrears in taxes and grain are not wholly the people's fault. My earlier memorial on the three categories, with separate registers to be reported as the ministry deliberated, received approval; yet only Shanxi province has compiled and reported registers. Other provinces treat the matter laxly and will not clean it up in earnest, content to win momentary merit for opening wasteland and raising assessments while still allowing arrears to go unquestioned — I ask that the ministry be ordered to inspect; and for gentry resistance to grain tax, new rules have been fixed; yamen parasites should be treated even more strictly — both I ask be referred to the ministry for an established rule." In the seventeenth year he was promoted to vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. In the eighteenth year he entered mourning for his father.

康熙三年，起補原官。六年，疏言：「朝廷欲薄賦，有司反加賦；朝廷欲省刑，有司反濫刑：皆由督撫不得其人。今方有詔令部院糾察，部院肯糾極貪大惡之督撫一人，天下為督撫者警；督撫肯糾極貪大惡之司道一人，天下為司道者警。督撫、司道廉潔，則有司不苦誅求，輕徭薄賦，政簡刑清，自寬然有餘地矣。」八年，應詔陳民生疾苦，言：「小民莫疾於加派，莫苦於火耗，已敕嚴禁矣。此外疾苦尚有數端：有司派殷戶催糧，糧單中多列逃亡絕戶，無可徵糧；且有糧冊無名，按時追比，致傾家以償者。郵傳供應，原有錢糧，或侵入私囊，僉民養馬應夫或充里長。使客往來，舟車飲食，責令設備。河漕附近，籍民應役，衣敝履決，力盡筋疲，而工食或至中飽。淺夫閘夫，賣富差貧，一名更至數十名，衙役捕系恫哧，民被累無窮。請敕督撫清釐懲禁。」上納其言，並特諭河工毋得累民。

During the third year of Kangxi he was recalled to his former post. In the sixth year he memorialized: "The court wishes to lighten assessments, but local officials instead raise them; the court wishes to reduce punishment, but local officials instead abuse it — all because the wrong men hold the posts of governor-general and governor. An edict has now ordered the ministries and courts to investigate; if the ministries and courts will impeach one governor-general or governor who is extremely greedy and wicked, every man who serves as governor-general or governor will take warning; if governors-general and governors will impeach one provincial commissioner who is extremely greedy and wicked, every man who serves as a provincial commissioner will take warning. When governors-general, governors, and commissioners are honest, subordinates do not suffer harsh exactions; light corvée and low assessments, simplified government and clear punishments, will naturally leave ample room." In the eighth year, responding to the edict calling for memorials on the people's hardships, he said: "The common people's greatest urgency is added levies, their greatest suffering is surcharges on silver — these have already been strictly forbidden by edict. Beyond these there are still several hardships: local officials assign wealthy households to press for grain; on tax lists many names are absconded or extinct households with no grain to levy; and sometimes names appear on grain registers though they are absent from the household rolls — grain is pressed on schedule and families are ruined paying. Postal relay supplies originally had allotted funds and grain; some embezzle them into private purses and press the people to keep horses, serve as couriers, or fill village head posts. When envoys come and go, boats, carts, food, and drink must be provided at local expense. Near the river transport routes, commoners are registered for labor — in tattered clothes and worn shoes, strength exhausted and sinews weary — while work rations may be embezzled in the middle. Shallow-water and lock couriers: the rich buy off heavy duty and the poor bear it; one registered name may become dozens; yamen runners arrest and intimidate — the people suffer without end. I ask that governors-general and governors be ordered to clear accounts and punish and forbid these abuses." The emperor accepted his counsel and specially instructed that river works must not burden the people.

尋遷右、左通政。十一年，疏言：「嘉魚知縣李世錫告湖廣巡撫林天擎索賄，以此知餽遺不絕，苞苴尚行，較世祖朝有司不敢餽遺督撫、不敢輕至省會風氣迥殊。督撫初受命，群餽裘馬、弓矢，而為督撫者亦飾觀瞻、趨奢侈，一時費累萬。上官後，為酬報取償地，遂苛索屬吏，貽累於民。請敕督撫赴官之先，屏絕餽送，勿鋪張行色，以儉養廉。督撫參罰科條甚密，部院亦當知督撫艱難繁重，依例處分，毋過為吹索，俾得專心吏治民生，無旁顧之憂。」先後諸疏並下部議行。

He was soon promoted to right and then left vice commissioner of the Communications Office. In the eleventh year he memorialized: "Jiayu magistrate Li Shixi reported that Huguang governor Lin Tianqing had demanded bribes — from this one knows that gifts never cease and graft still flourishes; compared with the Shizu reign, when local officials dared not send gifts to governors and dared not lightly visit the provincial capital, the climate is utterly different. When governors-general and governors first receive appointment, crowds gift them furs, horses, bows, and arrows — and the men who take such posts also dress for show and rush toward extravagance, so that expenses at once mount to tens of thousands. After taking office, to repay the gifts they had received they squeezed their subordinates for compensation and thus burdened the people. I ask that before governors-general and governors take up their posts they refuse all gifts, travel without ostentation, and cultivate integrity through frugality. The regulations for censuring governors-general and governors are very strict; the ministries and courts should also recognize how arduous their duties are, punish according to rule, and not press excessively, so that they may devote themselves to government and the people's livelihood without distraction." All these memorials in succession were sent to the ministries for deliberation and execution.

十二年，擢刑部侍郎。十八年，京察，以才力不及擬降調，命再議，改註不謹，遂奪官。三十八年，迎蹕臨清，復原銜。四十二年，南巡還蹕東昌，幸其所居園，賜松桂堂榜。以克溥年將九十，賜刑部尚書銜。是歲卒，賜祭葬。乾隆四十七年，高宗覽克溥條奏諸疏，善之，諭：「克溥逮事兩朝，抒誠建白，無愧直言謇諤之臣。」並命錄諸疏宣示。

During the twelfth year he was promoted to vice minister of punishments. In the eighteenth year, at the capital evaluation, he was rated for demotion on grounds of insufficient talent; ordered to reconsider, the notation was changed to "not careful," and he was dismissed from office. In the thirty-eighth year, when he welcomed the imperial procession at Linqing, his former rank was restored. In the forty-second year, when the southern tour returned and halted at Dongchang, the emperor visited the garden where Kepu lived and bestowed the plaque Songgui Hall. Because Kepu was nearing ninety, he was granted the nominal rank of minister of punishments. That year he died and was granted sacrificial rites and burial honors. In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong, the Gaozong emperor read Kepu's various detailed memorials, approved them, and said: "Kepu served two reigns, spoke his mind with sincerity, and is worthy to be called a forthright remonstrating minister." He also ordered the memorials copied and promulgated.

劉鴻儒，字魯一，直隸遷安人。順治三年進士，授兵科給事中。疏言：「開國之始，首重安民，宜輕賦徭，革積弊。伏讀恩詔，賦制悉依萬曆初年，及觀順治二年徵數，並不減少，且復增重，請敕有司核實。州縣六房書吏，初房各二人，今則增至七、八十人，並請敕有司核簡。」上命指實，鴻儒復言：「臣籍遷安，明季丁銀，下下二錢，下中四錢，上地一畝七分有奇。民苦輸將，猶多逋賦。今蒙恩詔蠲免，而二年徵數，二錢者增至三錢六分，四錢者增至七錢二分，上地每畝增至八分有奇。一邑如此，他邑可知。乞敕清查蠲免。」下部確察。四年，調戶部。五年，坐糾鉅鹿知縣勞有學失實，左遷上林苑蕃育署署丞。十年，命復故官。十三年，補兵科，疏言：「畿輔近地，劫掠時聞。請嚴責成，謹防捕。」下部如所請。

Liu Hongru, whose courtesy name was Luyi, came from Qian'an in Zhili. He took his jinshi degree in the third year of Shunzhi and was made supervising secretary of the Office of War. He memorialized: "At the founding of the state, settling the people comes first; taxes and corvée should be lightened and long-standing abuses reformed. I have read the gracious edict that the tax system should wholly follow the early Wanli standard, yet the levies of the second year of Shunzhi have not been reduced and have even been increased — I ask that local officials be ordered to verify the facts. In prefectures and counties the six bureaus originally had two clerks each; now they have grown to seventy or eighty — I also ask that local officials be ordered to verify and reduce them." The emperor ordered specific facts; Hongru again said: "I am registered in Qian'an. Under the Ming, poll silver was two qian for lowest-lower land, four qian for lower-middle land, and a little over seven fen per mu for upper land. The people suffered under the burden of payment and many taxes were still in arrears. Now, though we have received a gracious edict of remission, the second-year levies raised two qian to three qian six fen, four qian to seven qian two fen, and upper land per mu to a little over eight fen. If one county is like this, the others may be imagined. I beg that orders be given for investigation, clearing, and remission." The matter was referred to the ministry for thorough investigation. During the fourth year he was transferred to the Ministry of Revenue. During the fifth year he was demoted for impeaching Julu magistrate Lao Youxue on false grounds to assistant director of the Breeding Office in the Imperial Park. During the tenth year he was ordered restored to his former post. In the thirteenth year he was restored to the Office of War and memorialized: "In the metropolitan region and nearby districts, robbery is reported from time to time. I ask for strict accountability and careful prevention and arrest." The ministry acted as requested.

轉戶科，十五年，疏言：「開國以來，度支屢見不敷。汱冗員，增榷務，廣輸納，督積逋，講求開節，已無不盡。今南服削平，萬方底定，宜總計財賦之數，准其出入，定為經久不易之規。請通計一歲內畝賦、丁徭、鹽徵、津稅，各省輕齎、重運及贖鍰事例等項，汰其猥瑣無藝者，所存金粟若干數；然後計一歲內上方供應、官吏俸祿、兵馬糧料、朝祭禮儀、修築工役，以至師生廩餼、胥役代食，罷其不經無益者，所需金粟若干數：務使出入相合，定為會計之準。用財大端惟兵，生財本計惟土。欲紓國計，莫善於屯田，朝廷下民屯之令。設官置役，多糜廩祿，得不償失，不旋踵而請罷。稽古屯制，不在民而在兵，請敕各省駐兵處所，無論邊腹地方，察有荒土，令兵充種。正疆界，信賞罰，則趨事自力；豐種具，寬程效，則收穫自充。此唐初府兵之制也。自頃四川、貴州已入版圖，所得之地，必需駐守；若令處處興屯，則根本自固，戰守咸資。此又趙充國之於先零，杜預之於宛、葉，確然可循之遺策也。順天左右郡縣，拱翊王畿，根本要地，自令舊人圈住，深得居重馭輕之意。但畿輔之民，多失恆業，撥補他地，皆有係屬，豈能據為己有？今喜峰、冷口諸關外，大寧以南，彌望千里，咸稱膏壤，請令民原出關開墾者，許承為己業。沃土新闢，獲利必饒，先事有獲，趨者自眾。數年以後，漸次起科，成聚成邑，堪資保障。二者皆軍國大計，若設誠致行，久之兵食充足，國基賴以不拔矣。」下部議，以滇、黔未靖，兵餉無數，難以預定會計；設置兵屯，及畿輔民出邊墾種，敕所司詳勘。

He was transferred to the Office of Revenue; in the fifteenth year he memorialized: "Since the founding, revenue has repeatedly fallen short. Redundant posts have been cut, monopolies increased, contributions broadened, arrears pressed, and every means of increasing revenue and reducing expenditure has been tried. Now the south has been pacified and the realm settled; the total of fiscal revenue should be reckoned, income and outgo balanced, and a lasting rule established. I ask for a comprehensive reckoning within one year of land tax, poll corvée, salt levies, transit duties, light delivery and heavy transport from each province, and fines by precedent — cutting trivial and useless items and stating how much gold and grain remains; then reckon within one year imperial supplies, official salaries, army grain and fodder, court sacrifices and rites, construction labor, down to students' stipends and clerks' rations — abolishing what is irregular and useless and stating how much gold and grain is required: see that income and outgo match and fix this as the standard of accounts. The great outlet for expenditure is the army. the fundamental means of producing wealth is land. To relieve the state budget, nothing is better than garrison farming. the court issued orders for civilian colonies. Officials and runners were appointed, consuming much grain salary. the gain did not repay the cost, and before long abolition was requested. Examining ancient garrison-farming systems, they lay not with civilians but with soldiers — I ask that wherever troops are stationed in each province, whether frontier or interior, if vacant land is found, soldiers be ordered to farm it. Fix boundaries, keep rewards and punishments credible, while men will exert themselves; provide ample seed and tools, allow generous time for results, while harvests will supply themselves. This is the system of Tang garrison militia at the founding. Recently Sichuan and Guizhou have entered the map. the lands gained require garrisons; if garrison farming is established everywhere, the foundation will be secure of itself and both offense and defense will be supplied. This is also the sure precedent of Zhao Chongguo against the Xianlian and Du Yu at Wan and Ye. The counties around Shuntian guard the capital — a fundamental region. since the order for old settlers to enclose land, the principle of holding the heavy to control the light has been well applied. But the people of the metropolitan region have largely lost their regular livelihoods. land assigned elsewhere all has prior claims — how can they hold it as their own? Now beyond the passes of Xifeng, Lengkou, and others, south of Daning, fertile land stretches for a thousand li in every direction — I ask that commoners who originally went beyond the passes to open land be allowed to hold it as their own property. Newly opened fertile soil yields rich profit. when the first efforts succeed, many will rush to follow. After several years, taxes may be levied by stages. settlements and towns will form and serve for defense. Both are great plans for army and state. if carried out with sincerity, in time army provisions will be ample and the foundation of the realm will rest unshaken." The ministry deliberated that Yunnan and Guizhou were not yet pacified, military funds were countless, while accounts could not be fixed in advance; establishment of military colonies and metropolitan commoners going beyond the border to farm were ordered to the relevant offices for detailed survey.

十七年，遷順天府府丞，再遷左通政。十八年，遷太常寺卿。康熙三年，遷通政使。六年，擢兵部侍郎。十年，調戶部。十二年，遷左都御史。

During the seventeenth year he was transferred to vice prefect of Shuntian prefecture, then to left vice commissioner of the Communications Office. During the eighteenth year he was transferred to president of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. During the third year of Kangxi he was transferred to commissioner of the Communications Office. During the sixth year he was promoted to vice minister of war. During the tenth year he was transferred to the Ministry of Revenue. During the twelfth year he was transferred to left censor-in-chief.

官戶部時，甘肅巡撫華善因擅發倉粟賑災，戶部循例題參，並議罰償，鴻儒無異議；及官都御史，又疏論華善不應參處，嗣後封疆大臣有利民之政，不宜拘以文法。給事成性疏劾，下部議，坐鴻儒先未異議，後又指摘沽名，降二級調用。尋卒於家。

When he served in the Ministry of Revenue, Gansu governor Huashan, for issuing granary grain without authorization to relieve disaster, was impeached by memorial according to precedent and also ordered to pay compensation; Hongru raised no objection; when he became censor-in-chief he again memorialized that Huashan should not have been impeached, and that hereafter frontier officials with policies benefiting the people should not be bound by formal regulations. Supervising secretary Cheng Xing impeached him by memorial; referred to the ministry; Hongru was found guilty of first raising no objection and later criticizing for reputation's sake, and was demoted two ranks and reassigned. He soon died at home.

劉楗，字玉罍，直隸大城人。順治二年進士。是歲選新進士十人授給事中，楗除戶科。疏論山東巡撫楊聲遠劾青州道韓昭宣受賄釋叛賊十四人，僅令住俸勦賊，罰不蔽辜，昭宣坐奪官。四年，轉兵科右給事中。疏論江南巡按宋調元薦舉泰州游擊潘延吉，寇至棄城走，調元濫舉失當，亦坐奪官。是歲大計，楗用拾遺例，揭山東聊城知縣張守廉贓款，下所司勘議，守廉以失察吏役得贓，罰俸；楗誣糾，坐奪官。十年，吏科都給事中魏象樞請行大計拾遺，因論楗枉，得旨，吏役詐贓，知縣僅罰俸，言官反坐奪官，明有冤抑，令吏部察奏，命以原官起用。授兵科左給事中。

Liu Jian, whose courtesy name was Yulei, came from Dacheng in Zhili. He took his jinshi degree in the second year of Shunzhi. That year ten new jinshi were selected and appointed supervising secretaries. Jian was assigned to the Office of Revenue. He memorialized that Shandong governor Yang Shengyuan had impeached Qingzhou circuit intendant Han Zhaoxuan for taking bribes and releasing fourteen rebel bandits, yet only ordered suspension of salary while pursuing bandits — the punishment did not fit the crime — and Zhaoxuan was stripped of office. During the fourth year he transferred to right supervising secretary of the Office of War. He memorialized that Jiangnan touring inspector Song Diaoyuan had recommended Taizhou regional commander Pan Yanji, who abandoned the city and fled when bandits came — Diaoyuan's indiscriminate recommendation was improper and he too was stripped of office. That year at the grand evaluation Jian used the omission-report precedent to expose Shandong Liaocheng magistrate Zhang Shoulian's embezzled funds. referred for investigation. Shoulian was fined salary for failure to supervise clerks who took bribes; Jian was found to have impeached falsely and was stripped of office. In the tenth year chief supervising secretary of the Office of Personnel Wei Xiangshu requested omission reports at the grand evaluation and argued that Jian had been wronged. receiving an edict that clerks had fraudulently taken bribes while the magistrate was only fined salary yet the remonstrance official was stripped — clear injustice — the Ministry of Personnel was ordered to investigate and report. Jian was ordered reappointed to his former post. He was appointed left supervising secretary of the Office of War.

十一年，疏言：「近畿被水地，水落地可耕。方春農事急，請敕巡撫檄州縣發存留銀，借災民籽種，俟秋成責償。仍飭巡行鄉村勘覈，不使吏胥得緣以為利。」

During the eleventh year he memorialized: "In the metropolitan region, flooded land — when the water recedes the land can be farmed. Spring farming is urgent; I ask that the governor be ordered to instruct prefectures and counties to disburse retained silver, lend seed to disaster victims, and require repayment after the autumn harvest. Also order tours of villages for verification so that clerks may not profit by the occasion."

十二年，疏言：「鄭成功蹂躪漳、泉，窺伺省會。臣昔充福建考官，詢悉地勢。福清鎮東衛，明時駐兵防倭。倘復舊制，可以保障長樂，籓衛會城。宋、元設州海壇，明以倭患棄之。若設將鎮守，可與鎮東互為犄角。仙霞嶺為入福建門戶，與江西、浙江接壤，宜設官控制，招民以實其地，俾無隙可乘。成功數犯京口，泊舟平洋沙為巢穴。宜乘其未至，移兵駐鎮，使退無可據，必不敢深入內地。」疏入，敕鎮海將軍石廷柱等分別駐守。

During the twelfth year he memorialized: "Zheng Chenggong ravages Zhangzhou and Quanzhou and watches the provincial capital. I once served as examiner in Fujian and inquired into the terrain. At Fuqing, Zhendong garrison — in the Ming troops were stationed there against Japanese pirates. If the old system is restored, it can secure Changle and guard the provincial capital. Under Song and Yuan a prefecture was set at Haitan. the Ming abandoned it because of Japanese raids. If a general is posted to garrison it, it can form a pincer with Zhendong. Xianxia Ridge is the gateway into Fujian, bordering Jiangxi and Zhejiang. officials should be posted to control it and settlers recruited to fill the land so that no opening is left. Chenggong has repeatedly raided Jingkou and moors his boats at Pingyang Shoal as a nest. Troops should be moved to garrison there before he arrives, so that on retreat he has nothing to hold and will not dare penetrate the interior." When the memorial was received, an edict ordered Coastal Defense General Shi Tingzhu and others to garrison separately.

十三年，授山西河東道副使。十五年，轉河南鹽驛道參議。十六年，授湖廣按察使，就遷右布政。十八年，總督張長庚、巡撫楊茂勳疏薦楗廉幹，協濟滇、黔兵餉至八百餘萬，清逋賦墾地，除鼓鑄積弊。楗以母憂歸。康熙二年，起江西布政使。

During the thirteenth year he was appointed vice commissioner of the Hedong circuit in Shanxi. During the fifteenth year he transferred to commissioner of the salt and postal circuit in Henan. During the sixteenth year he was appointed provincial judge of Huguang and soon promoted to right provincial administration commissioner. In the eighteenth year Governor-General Zhang Changgeng and Governor Yang Maoxun memorialized recommending Jian as honest and capable. he assisted in supplying more than eight million in military funds for Yunnan and Guizhou, cleared tax arrears, opened wasteland, and removed long-standing abuses in coin casting. Jian returned home to mourn his mother. During the second year of Kangxi he was recalled as provincial administration commissioner of Jiangxi.

吳三桂亂作，措餉供兵，事辦而民不擾。十四年，授太常寺卿。十六年，遷大理寺卿。十七年，擢副都御史，疏言：「自吳三桂為亂，軍需旁午，大計暫停。今師所至，漸次蕩平。伏思兵後殘壞已極，正賴賢有司招徠安輯。若使不肖用事，何以澄吏治、奠民生、息盜賊？請令督撫速行舉劾，凡經薦舉者，改行易操，一體嚴察，不得偏徇。」下部如所請行。又疏言：「江西當亂後，民逃田墟，錢糧缺額不急予蠲免，逃者不歸，歸者復逃；荒者未墾，墾者仍荒。」上為特旨悉行蠲免。

After Wu Sangui's rebellion broke out, he arranged funds and supplied the army; affairs were handled and the people were not disturbed. During the fourteenth year he was appointed president of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. During the sixteenth year he was transferred to president of the Court of Judicial Review. In the seventeenth year he was promoted to vice censor-in-chief and memorialized: "Since Wu Sangui's rebellion, military needs have crowded in from every direction and the grand evaluation has been suspended. Now wherever the army goes, regions are gradually pacified. I reflect that after war ruin is at its extreme and we rely on worthy local officials to recruit settlers and restore peace. If unworthy men hold office, how can official discipline be clarified, the people's livelihood settled, while bandits stilled? I ask that governors-general and governors be ordered to proceed quickly with impeachment and recommendation; all who have been recommended, whether their conduct has changed or not, should be strictly examined alike without partiality." The ministry acted as requested. He also submitted a memorial: "After the rebellion in Jiangxi, the people fled and fields lay waste; if tax shortfalls are not promptly remitted, those who fled will not return and those who return will flee again; wasteland remains unopened and opened land falls waste again." The emperor issued a special edict granting full remission.

旋以病乞休，諭慰留，遣太醫視疾。擢吏部侍郎。未幾，复擢刑部尚書。十八年，病劇，始得請還裡。至家，卒，賜祭葬，諡端敏。

Soon after he requested retirement on grounds of illness. the emperor comforted him and kept him in office, sending an imperial physician to attend him. He was promoted to vice minister of personnel. Before long he was again promoted to minister of punishments. During the eighteenth year his illness grew severe and he was at last permitted to return home. Upon reaching home he died; sacrificial rites and burial honors were granted, and he was given the posthumous title Duanmin.

硃裴，字小晉，山西聞喜人。亦順治三年進士。知直隸易州，移河南禹州。裴治尚嚴，到官即捕殺盜渠。縣有諸生聘婦為盜掠，既復自歸。盜以奪婦訟生，婦以生貧且別娶，反為盜證。前政論生死，裴廉得實，為榜殺婦而出生於獄。擢刑部員外郎，遷廣東道御史，再遷禮科給事中。滿洲俗尚殉葬，裴疏請申禁，略言：「泥信幽明，未有如此之甚者。夫以主命責問奴僕，或畏威而不敢不從，或懷德而不忍不從，二者俱不可為訓。好生惡死，人之常情。捐軀輕生，非盛世所宜有。」疏入，報可。累遷工部侍郎。以疾乞休，歸。地震，傷於足，臥家九年，卒。

Zhu Pei, whose courtesy name was Xiaojin, came from Wenxi in Shanxi. He also took his jinshi degree in the third year of Shunzhi. He served as magistrate of Yizhou in Zhili and was transferred to Yuzhou in Henan. Pei governed with severity; upon taking office he at once captured and executed bandit chiefs. During the county a scholar's betrothed was seized by bandits but later returned of her own accord. The bandit sued the scholar for taking back the woman. the woman, citing the scholar's poverty and another marriage, testified for the bandit instead. The previous administration debated life and death. Pei investigated impartially and found the truth, had the woman executed by public notice and released the scholar from prison. He was promoted to vice director in the Ministry of Punishments, transferred to censor of the Guangdong circuit, while again to supervising secretary of the Office of Rites. Manchu custom favored following the dead in burial. Pei memorialized requesting strict prohibition, saying in part: "To be mired in belief in the nether world — never has there been anything so extreme. After the master's command compels servants, some obey from fear of authority and dare not refuse, others from gratitude and cannot bear to refuse — neither can serve as instruction. Love of life and hatred of death are the common feelings of mankind. To cast away the body and treat life lightly is not what a flourishing age should have." When the memorial was received, approval was reported. He rose through repeated promotions to vice minister of works. He requested retirement on grounds of illness and returned home. An earthquake injured his foot. he lay at home nine years and died.

張廷樞，字景峰，陝西韓城人。父顧行，康熙六年進士，官江安督糧道。廷樞，二十一年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。三十八年，以侍讀主江南鄉試。四十一年，以內閣學士督江南學政。四十四年，聖祖南巡，賜御書、冠服。四十五年，遷吏部侍郎，充經筵講官。

Zhang Tingshu, whose courtesy name was Jingfeng, came from Hancheng in Shaanxi. His father Gu Xing took his jinshi degree in the sixth year of Kangxi and served as grain-supervision commissioner of Jiang'an. Tingshu took his jinshi degree in the twenty-first year, was selected as Hanlin bachelor, and appointed compiler. During the thirty-eighth year, as reader-in-waiting, he presided over the Jiangnan provincial examination. During the forty-first year, as grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat, he supervised education in Jiangnan. In the forty-fourth year, when the Kangxi emperor made his southern tour, imperial calligraphy and court dress were bestowed. During the forty-fifth year he was transferred to vice minister of personnel and served as lecturer at the classics lecture.

湖廣容美土司田舜年揭其子昺如貪庸暴戾，昺如匿桑植土司向長庚所，不赴鞫。總督石文晟以聞，並劾舜年僭妄。命左都御史梅鋗、內閣學士二格會文晟按治。舜年詣武昌，文晟執之，病卒。鋗與文晟各具議疏陳，二格疏言佐證未集，未可即定議。詔廷樞偕大學士席哈納、侍郎蕭永藻覆勘，舜年各款俱虛，梅鋗以草率具奏，下部議奪官；文晟及湖北巡撫劉殿衡、偏沅巡撫趙申喬、提督俞益謨各降罰有差。

Huguang native-official Tian Shunian of Rongmei exposed his son Bingru as greedy, incompetent, and violent; Bingru hid with Xiang Changgeng, native-official of Sangzhi, and did not appear for interrogation. Governor-General Shi Wencheng reported this and also impeached Shunian for presumption. Left censor-in-chief Mei Juan and Grand Secretariat academician Erge were ordered to join Wencheng in investigation. Shunian went to Wuchang. Wencheng detained him and he died of illness. Mei Juan and Wencheng each memorialized with their views; Erge memorialized that corroboration was not yet assembled and a decision could not yet be fixed. An edict ordered Tingshu together with Grand Secretary Xi Hana and vice minister Xiao Yongzao to reinvestigate. every charge against Shunian proved false. Mei Juan was referred to the ministry for stripping office for hasty memorializing; Wencheng, Huguang governor Liu Dianheng, Pianyuan governor Zhao Shenqiao, while provincial commander Yu Yimo were each demoted or fined in varying degrees.

四十八年，進刑部尚書。民張三等盜倉米，步軍統領託合齊逮送刑部，滿尚書齊世武擬斬監候，廷樞持不可，擬充軍。下九卿議，廷樞改擬不當，當罰俸。上責廷樞偏執好勝，奪官。俄，託合齊得罪，五十一年，起廷樞工部尚書。江南總督噶禮、江蘇巡撫張伯行互訐，命尚書張鵬翮、總督赫壽按治，議奪伯行官。上復命廷樞與尚書穆和倫覆勘，如鵬翮等議。疏下九卿，上特命奪噶禮官，伯行復任。

During the forty-eighth year he was advanced to minister of punishments. Commoner Zhang San and others stole granary rice. Steppe Army commander Tuoheqi sent them to the Ministry of Punishments. Manchu minister Qi Shiwu proposed decapitation after imprisonment. Tingshu objected and proposed military exile. Referred to the Nine Ministers for discussion. Tingshu's revised proposal was deemed improper and he was fined salary. The emperor rebuked Tingshu for obstinacy and love of winning and stripped his office. Soon Tuoheqi fell from favor. in the fifty-first year Tingshu was recalled as minister of works. Jiangnan governor-general Gali and Jiangsu governor Zhang Boxing impeached each other. ministers Zhang Penghe and Governor-General Heshou were ordered to investigate. Boxing's office was proposed for stripping. The emperor again ordered Tingshu and minister Mu Helun to reinvestigate. they followed Penghe's recommendation. The memorial went to the Nine Ministers. the emperor specially ordered Gali stripped of office and Boxing restored.

五十二年，調刑部。五十六年，河南宜陽知縣張育徽加徵火耗虐民，盜渠亢珽結澠池盜李一臨據神垕寨為亂，並劫永寧知縣高式青入寨；閿鄉盜王更一亦藉知縣白澄豫徵錢糧，嘯聚圍縣城；巡撫張聖佐、總兵馮君侁不能平，又匿不以起釁所由入告。命廷樞與內閣學士勒什布按治，珽自縊；更一、一臨就擒，置之法；澄、育徽擬絞監候；聖佐、君侁奪官；並追咎原任巡撫李錫令屬吏加徵激變，論斬。蘭陽白蓮教首袁進等謀不軌，命廷樞並按，論罪如律。五十八年，南陽鎮兵為亂，辱知府沈淵，命廷樞偕內閣學士高其倬按治；浙江巡鹽御史哈爾金受商人賕，被劾，命廷樞偕內閣學士德音按治。並論如法。

During the fifty-second year he was transferred to the Ministry of Punishments. In the fifty-sixth year Yiyang magistrate Zhang Yuhui of Henan imposed surcharges on silver and oppressed the people. bandit chief Kang Ting joined Mianchi bandit Li Yilin in occupying Shenhou Stockade in rebellion and also seized Yongning magistrate Gao Shiqing into the stockade; Wenxiang bandit Wang Gengyi also relied on magistrate Bai Cheng's advance collection of taxes and grain, gathered followers, while besieged the county seat; Governor Zhang Shengduo and regional commander Feng Junqian could not pacify them and also concealed the origins of the disturbance in their reports. Tingshu and Grand Secretariat academician Leshibu were ordered to investigate. Ting hanged himself; Gengyi and Yilin were captured and punished by law; Cheng and Yuhui were proposed for strangulation after imprisonment; Shengduo and Junqian were stripped of office; and former governor Li Xiling was also held accountable for subordinates' added levies provoking rebellion and sentenced to decapitation. Lanyang White Lotus sect leader Yuan Jin and others plotted sedition. Tingshu was ordered to investigate jointly and sentence according to law. In the fifty-eighth year Nanyang garrison troops mutinied and insulted prefect Shen Yuan. Tingshu was ordered with Grand Secretariat academician Gao Qizhuo to investigate; Zhejiang salt-censor Haerjin took bribes from merchants and was impeached. Tingshu was ordered with Grand Secretariat academician Deyin to investigate. In both cases sentence followed the law.

廷樞還京師，疏言：「河南漕米自康熙十四年每石改折銀八錢解部，嗣因米賤，部議以一錢五分解部，餘交巡撫購米起運。巡撫分委州縣，州縣复派民買輸，甚為閭閻累。請交糧道購運，毋得派累民間。」下部議行。

After Tingshu returned to the capital he memorialized: "Henan tribute grain since the fourteenth year of Kangxi was converted to eight qian of silver per shi paid to the ministry; later because grain was cheap, the ministry ruled one qian five fen to the ministry and the rest to the governor to purchase grain for transport. The governor delegated to prefectures and counties, while prefectures and counties again pressed the people to buy and deliver — a great burden on neighborhoods. I ask that purchase and transport be entrusted to the grain circuit and not shifted onto the people." Referred to the ministry for deliberation and implementation.

世宗在籓邸，優徐采嗾傭者箠殺人，部議以傭抵。廷樞獨議罪在採，坐徙邊。世宗即位，褒廷樞抗直，复逮採論罪。雍正元年，以原任編修陳夢雷侍誠郡王得罪，命發黑龍江，廷樞循故事，方冬停遣，又出其子使治裝。尚書隆科多劾廷樞徇縱，命鐫五級，逐回籍。

When the Yongzheng emperor was at his princely residence, actor Xu Cai incited a hired man to beat someone to death; the ministry proposed the hired man bear the penalty. Tingshu alone held that guilt lay with Cai and sentenced him to exile on the frontier. When the Yongzheng emperor took the throne he praised Tingshu's forthright resistance and again arrested Cai for sentencing. In the first year of Yongzheng, former compiler Chen Menglei, who had served the Prince of Cheng and thereby offended, was ordered sent to Heilongjiang. Tingshu followed precedent — deportation halts in winter — and also released his son to prepare baggage. Minister Longkodo impeached Tingshu for favoritism and leniency. he was ordered demoted five ranks and expelled to his native place.

子縉，進士，官中允，亦以告病家居。六年，陝西巡撫西琳劾廷樞受河督趙世顯贓六千，抗追不納，縉居鄉不法。詔奪廷樞及縉官，令所司嚴訊。廷樞被逮，道卒。總督岳鍾琪議縉當斬，籍其家，詔特寬免，令縉在川、陝沿邊修城贖罪。乾隆時，复廷樞官，追諡文端。子綖，亦進士，官戶部主事。

His son Jin passed the jinshi, served as palace aide, while also retired home on grounds of illness. In the sixth year Shaanxi governor Xilin impeached Tingshu for receiving six thousand in bribes from river commissioner Zhao Shixian and resisting recovery without payment. Jin also behaved unlawfully at home. An edict stripped Tingshu and Jin of office and ordered strict interrogation. Tingshu was arrested and died on the road. Governor-General Yue Zhongqi proposed Jin be decapitated and his property confiscated. a special edict granted leniency and ordered Jin to atone by repairing walls along the Sichuan and Shaanxi border. During the Qianlong reign Tingshu's office was restored and the posthumous title Wenduan was conferred. His son Xuan also passed the jinshi and served as clerk in the Ministry of Revenue.

論曰：維訥論貪吏遇赦，不得遽复官；克溥言民生疾苦，戒加賦濫刑；鴻儒請定歲會之制；楗議兵後當復行計典；裴請禁殉葬：益於國，澤於民，言各有所當也。廷樞使車四出，惟張伯行事出上裁，他皆稱指。律嚴科場罪，所以重取士，乃草野私議輒以為過甚。克溥興丁酉順天之獄，卒以不謹罷，殆怨家所中歟？廷樞得罪，似亦有齮之者，詘而後申，足為謇直者勸矣。

The commentators say: Weine argued that corrupt officials who receive pardon must not immediately recover office; Kepu spoke of the people's hardships and warned against added levies and abusive punishment; Hongru requested fixing the system of annual accounts; Jian urged that after war the grand evaluation should be resumed; Pei requested prohibition of following the dead in burial — benefit to the state and grace to the people. each spoke to what was fitting. Tingshu sent investigating commissioners in all directions. only the Zhang Boxing affair was decided by the emperor's own judgment — the rest all followed instructions. The law is strict on examination-hall crimes to honor selection of scholars, yet private talk in the countryside often deems it excessive. Kepu stirred the Dingyou Shuntian examination case and in the end was dismissed for lack of care — was he perhaps struck down by enemies? Tingshu's fall from favor also seems to have had detractors. humbled and later vindicated, he is enough to encourage the forthright.

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