Volume 273 Biographies 60: Li Lvtai, Zhao Tingchen, Lang Tingzuo, Tong Feng Cai, Ma Leiji, Shi Weihan

列傳六十

Biographies 60

=李率泰=李率泰，字壽疇，漢軍正藍旗人，永芳子。初名延齡，年十二，入侍太祖，賜今名。年十六，以宗室女妻之。弱冠，從太宗徵察哈爾、朝鮮及明錦州，又從貝勒阿巴泰徵山東，並有功，洊擢梅勒額真。

Li Lvtai, courtesy name Shouzhou, was of the Hanjun Plain Blue Banner and the son of Yongfang. He was first called Yanling; at twelve he entered the Taizu's service and was granted his present name. At sixteen he was married to a woman of the imperial clan. Coming of age, he followed Taizong against the Chahar, Korea, and Ming Jinzhou, and later Prince Abatai into Shandong; each time he distinguished himself, and he rose repeatedly to Meirei Ejen.

順治元年，命以刑部參政兼任，率師駐防錦州。四月，從睿親王多爾袞入關，破李自成；又率兵徇山東、河南，斬自成將趙應元，降其眾萬人。二年，從豫親王多鐸破自成兵潼關。移師南征，克揚州，下江寧，分兵定蘇州、松江諸郡。江陰典史閻應元拒守，督兵攻破之。豫親王令駐防蘇州。會明將吳志葵、黃蜚等來犯，時城兵僅千餘，率泰使繞城張幟為援兵狀。志葵等斬關入，勁騎突起截擊，盡殲之。

In Shunzhi 1 he was ordered to hold a concurrent post as vice minister of the Board of Punishments and to lead troops garrisoning Jinzhou. In the fourth month he followed Prince Regent Dorgon through the passes and routed Li Zicheng; then led troops through Shandong and Henan, killed Zicheng's general Zhao Yingyuan, and accepted the surrender of ten thousand men. In Shunzhi 2 he followed Prince Dodo and shattered Zicheng's forces at Tong Pass. The army marched south, took Yangzhou, captured Jiangning, and sent detachments to secure Suzhou, Songjiang, and the surrounding prefectures. Yan Yingyuan, diantai of Jiangyin, held the city against him; he directed the assault and took it. Prince Dodo ordered him to garrison Suzhou. When Ming generals Wu Zhigui, Huang Fei, and others attacked, the city held barely a thousand troops; Lvtai had banners posted around the walls to look like relief forces. Zhigui and his men forced the gate and entered; then crack cavalry burst out and cut them off, wiping them out to the last man.

三年，從端重親王博洛平浙江、福建，敘功，授世職二等阿達哈哈番兼拖沙喇哈番。五年，鄭彩犯福建漳、泉諸郡，詔率泰與靖南將軍陳泰協剿，斬獲甚眾。复長樂、連江二縣。彩走，复擒斬所署總督顧世臣等，遂克興化。寇攻福州十四月，圍始解。民食盡，江西盜郭天才自杉關長驅至福州，載米麥江上，誘民出就食。率泰師次建寧，檄守吏嚴備，乃夜焚洪山橋遁。巡按御史周世科虐刑婪賄，率泰疏劾，置諸法。六年，從征大同叛將薑瓖，下保德州，擒瓖黨牛化麟等。敘功，復加拖沙喇哈番。

In Shunzhi 3 he followed Prince Duanzhong Bolo in pacifying Zhejiang and Fujian; for his service he received the hereditary ranks of second-class adaha gūsa and tashala gūsa. In Shunzhi 5 Zheng Cai raided the Zhang and Quan districts of Fujian; the court ordered Lvtai and Jingnan General Chen Tai to suppress him jointly, and they killed and captured in great numbers. They recovered Changle and Lianjiang. Cai fled; they captured and executed his appointed governor Gu Shichen and others, then took Xinghua. Rebels had besieged Fuzhou for fourteen months before the blockade was finally broken. With food exhausted, the Jiangxi bandit Guo Tiancai marched from Shan Pass to Fuzhou, loaded grain onto boats on the river, and lured people out to be fed. Lvtai halted at Jianning and ordered the local defenders to stand ready; Guo burned Hongshan Bridge that night and fled. Touring censor Zhou Shike tortured prisoners and took bribes; Lvtai impeached him by memorial, and he was punished under the law. In Shunzhi 6 he joined the campaign against the Datong rebel Jiang Xiang, took Baode, and captured Xiang's followers Niu Hualin and others. For his service he received an additional tashala gūsa rank.

初定官制，改參政為侍郎，率泰仍以刑部侍郎兼梅勒額真。八年，調吏部，拜弘文院大學士。條奏請懲貪酷官吏，給滿洲兵馬草料，酌量營造工程次第，上從之。未幾，與大學士陳泰坐誤增恩詔赦款，並罷任，降世職為拜他喇布勒哈番。九年，特進三等阿思哈尼哈番。

When the bureaucracy was first regularized, canjun posts became vice ministries; Lvtai remained vice minister of the Board of Punishments while also holding Meirei Ejen. In Shunzhi 8 he moved to the Board of Personnel and was made a Grand Secretary of the Hongwen Academy. He memorialized in detail for punishing corrupt and cruel officials, supplying fodder for Manchu troops and horses, and sequencing public works by priority; the emperor approved. Soon he and Grand Secretary Chen Tai were dismissed for wrongly expanding an amnesty edict; both lost office, and his hereditary rank was cut to baitalabuleha gūsa. In Shunzhi 9 he was specially promoted to third-class ashan-iha gūsa.

十年，用大學士洪承疇薦，授兩廣總督。時明桂王硃由榔居安隆，其將李定國擁兵廣西，土寇廖篤增等應之。十一年，率泰遣兵進剿，斬篤增於玉版巢。十二年，定國犯廣東，率泰御之，敗其將高文貴。會靖南將軍珠瑪喇率禁旅至，合兵夾擊，大破之。復高、雷二郡。

In Shunzhi 10, on Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou's recommendation, he was made governor-general of the Two Guangs. The Ming Prince of Gui, Zhu Youlang, was at Anlong; his general Li Dingguo held Guangxi with an army, and local bandits such as Liao Duzeng rallied to them. In Shunzhi 11 Lvtai sent troops against them and killed Duzeng at Yuban Nest. In Shunzhi 12 Dingguo invaded Guangdong; Lvtai met him and defeated his general Gao Wengui. Jingnan General Zhumala then arrived with the Forbidden Troops; the two armies struck from both sides and routed Dingguo utterly. They recovered Gao and Lei.

十三年，加太子太保，調閩浙總督。率泰有方略，善用兵，與士卒同甘苦。時鄭成功據台灣，數入寇。率泰疏請增設水師三千，造哨船百餘艘，招降海盜，散其羽翼。又言成功父芝龍不宜徙寧古塔，其地近海，恐乘間遁歸，為患滋大。世祖悉用其言。以破定國功，進世職一等。考滿，加少保。十五年，招撫成功將唐邦傑、林翀、葉祿等，降者數万人。十五年，成功攻溫州，陷平陽、瑞安，率泰調江寧滿洲兵助剿，成功敗走。是年，詔分閩浙總督為二：以都統趙國祚督浙江，駐溫州；而以率泰專督福建，駐福州。未幾，成功據南安嶺窺福州，其黨陳斌既降复叛，率眾據羅星塔。率泰檄兵燔其巨艦千餘，成功遁。斌复降，奏誅之。十六年，坐事奪世職，任總督如故。

In Shunzhi 13 he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and transferred to governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. Lvtai was resourceful and skilled in command, sharing hardship and comfort with his men. Zheng Chenggong held Taiwan and raided the coast again and again. Lvtai asked to add three thousand naval troops, build more than a hundred patrol craft, and win over pirates to strip Chenggong of his allies. He also argued that Chenggong's father Zhilong should not be sent to Ningguta: the place lay near the sea, and Zhilong might slip away and return to make matters worse. The Shizu Emperor adopted every point. For defeating Dingguo his hereditary rank was raised to first class. At the end of his term review he was made Junior Guardian. In Shunzhi 15 he won over Chenggong's generals Tang Bangjie, Lin Chong, Ye Lu, and others; tens of thousands surrendered. That same year Chenggong struck Wenzhou and took Pingyang and Ruian; Lvtai called up the Jiangning Manchu garrison, Chenggong was beaten, and fled. That year the court split the Fujian-Zhejiang post: dutong Zhao Guozuo took Zhejiang and was stationed at Wenzhou; Lvtai alone governed Fujian from Fuzhou. Soon Chenggong held Nan'an Ridge and menaced Fuzhou; his follower Chen Bin had surrendered, rebelled again, and seized Luoxing Pagoda with a force. Lvtai sent troops to burn more than a thousand of his great junks; Chenggong fled. Bin surrendered again; Lvtai memorialized for his execution. In Shunzhi 16 he lost his hereditary rank for an offense but kept the governorship.

康熙元年，率泰以漳州為福建門戶，奏增設水師二千。尋與靖南王耿繼茂擊走定海小埕諸寇，復與提督馬得功平萬安所，擊走成功將楊宣。是年成功死，其子錦拒命如故，部下漸攜貳。於是率泰复招降其將林俊奇、陳輝、何義、魏明等三百餘人，兵二千有奇。統建寧、延平、邵武三路士卒剿內地山寇，獲其渠王鐵佛，斬之。既，錦率其將周全斌以五百餘人自梁山內犯，率泰遣總兵王進加、參將折光秋夾擊，大破之；復與靖南王耿繼茂統舟師搗廈門，取浯嶼、金門二島，錦宵遁。三年，降其將林國梁，進兵八尺門，降其將翁求多；夜半渡海拔銅山，斬級三千有奇，其將黃廷等率兵民三萬餘人來降，獲敵艦、軍械無算。錦僅以數十艘遁入台灣。敘功，加秩正一品。

In Kangxi 1 Lvtai argued that Zhangzhou was Fujian's gateway and asked for two thousand more naval troops. Soon he and Prince Jingnan Geng Jimao drove bandits from Dinghai Xiaocheng; with Provincial Military Commissioner Ma Degong he pacified Wan'an Garrison and routed Chenggong's general Yang Xuan. That year Chenggong died; his son Jing still held out, and his followers began to waver. Lvtai then won over his generals Lin Junqi, Chen Hui, He Yi, Wei Ming, and more than three hundred others, along with somewhat over two thousand troops. He led troops from the Jianning, Yanping, and Shaowu circuits against interior mountain bandits, captured their chief Wang Tiefo, and executed him. Later Jing sent his general Zhou Quanbin with five hundred men inland from Liangshan; Lvtai sent Regional Commander Wang Jinjia and Assistant Regional Commander Zhe Guangqiu to hit them from both sides and routed them; then he and Prince Jingnan Geng Jimao led the fleet against Xiamen, took Wuyu and Jinmen, and Jing fled by night. In Kangxi 3 he took the surrender of Lin Guoliang, advanced to Bachi Gate, and won over Weng Qiuduo; at midnight his force crossed to Tongshan by land, killed more than three thousand, and Huang Ting and others brought over thirty thousand soldiers and civilians; enemy ships and arms were captured beyond count. Jing escaped to Taiwan with only a few dozen ships. For his service his rank was raised to first grade.

尋以病累疏乞休，詔輒慰留。五年，卒官。遺疏言：「海賊遠竄台灣，奉旨撤兵，與民休息。第將眾兵繁，撤之驟，易致驚疑；遲，又恐貽患。今當安反側之心，後須防難制之勢。紅毛夾板船雖已回國，然往來頻仍，異時恐生釁。至數年以來，令沿海居民遷移內地，失其故業。宜略寬界限，俾獲耕漁，庶甦殘喘。」上聞，優詔褒卹，贈兵部尚書，复世職，諡忠襄。

Soon illness drove him to ask repeatedly to retire; each time the throne refused and urged him to stay. In Kangxi 5 he died in office. His deathbed memorial read: "The sea rebels have fled to Taiwan; by imperial order the troops are to be withdrawn so the people may rest. But the armies are large; a sudden pullout may alarm them; delay, and trouble may linger. For now hearts must be steadied; later we must guard against what cannot easily be controlled. The Dutch fluyts have gone home, yet they still come and go often; trouble may arise in time. For years now coastal people have been moved inland and have lost their livelihoods. The boundary ought to be eased a little so they can farm and fish again and the survivors breathe easier." The emperor heard it and issued a gracious edict of praise and mourning gifts, posthumously made him Minister of War, restored his hereditary rank, and gave him the posthumous title Zhongxiang.

=趙廷臣=趙廷臣，字君鄰，漢軍鑲黃旗人。順治二年，自貢生授江蘇山陽知縣，遷江寧同知，有政聲。坐催徵逾限，免。十年，大學士洪承疇經略湖廣，薦廷臣清幹，題授下湖南道副使，屢平冤獄。十三年，調督糧道。

Zhao Tingchen, courtesy name Junlin, was of the Hanjun Bordered Yellow Banner. In Shunzhi 2 he entered office from the tribute student quota as magistrate of Shanyang in Jiangsu, became subprefect of Jiangning, and earned a name for good government. He was dismissed for collecting taxes past the deadline. In Shunzhi 10 Grand Secretary Hong Chengchou, coordinating Huguang, recommended Tingchen as upright and capable; he was appointed vice commissioner of the Lower Hunan Circuit and repeatedly cleared wrongful cases. In Shunzhi 13 he was made grain transport commissioner.

十五年，從定貴州，遂擢授巡撫。甫至官，察民間疾苦，定賦蠲賑，懲貪橫，禁吏卒驛騷。疏言：「貴州古稱鬼方，自城市外，四顧皆苗。其貴陽以東，苗為夥，而銅苗、九股為悍；其次為革老，曰羊黃，曰八番子，曰土人，曰侗人，曰蠻人，曰冉家蠻，皆黔東苗屬也。自貴陽以西，羅羅為夥，而黑羅為悍；其次曰仲家，曰米家，曰蔡家，曰龍家，曰白羅，皆黔西苗屬也。專事鬥殺，馭之甚難。臣以為教化無不可施之地。請自後應襲土官年十三以上者，令入學習禮，由儒學起送承襲。其族屬子弟原入學讀書者，亦許其仕進，則儒教日興而悍俗漸變。土官私襲，支係不明，爭奪易起，釀成變亂，令歲終錄其世次籍上布政司達部。有爭襲者，按籍立辨，豫杜釁端。」並下部議行。

In Shunzhi 15 he took part in pacifying Guizhou and was promoted to provincial governor. As soon as he took office he looked into popular hardship, set taxes and granted relief, punished the greedy and brutal, and stopped clerks and runners from harassing the post stations. He memorialized: "Guizhou was anciently called Guifang; beyond the cities, Miao are everywhere. East of Guiyang the Miao are numerous; the Tong Miao and Jiugu are the fiercest; then the Gelao, Yanghuang, Bafanzi, Turen, Dong, Man, and Ranjia Man—all eastern Guizhou Miao groups. West of Guiyang the Luoluo are numerous; the Heiluo are the fiercest; then the Zhongjia, Mijia, Caijia, Longjia, and Bailuo—all western Guizhou Miao groups. They live by feud and bloodshed; they are hard to govern. I believe civilization can reach anywhere. Let every native official heir aged thirteen or above study ritual in school and be forwarded by the county schools for succession. Let clansmen already in school also take office; then learning will spread and fierce customs will soften. Private succession breeds unclear lines and fights for office that turn into revolt; require yearly genealogical registers sent through the provincial administration commission to the ministry. Disputes can be settled from the registers and trouble stopped before it starts." The memorial was sent to the ministries for implementation.

十六年，擢雲貴總督。土寇馮天裕陷湄潭，犯甕安，調兵擊卻之。疏請改馬乃、曹滴諸土司為流官。又言：「貴州曩被寇，改衛為府，改所為縣，法令紛更，民苦重役，今應復舊制。雲南田土荒蕪，當招民開墾。衝路州縣，請以順治十七年秋糧貸為春種資。」並下部議行。吳三桂貢象五，世祖命免送京，廷臣因乞概停邊貢，允之。十八年，以平土酋龍吉兆功，加兵部尚書。是年調浙江。敘雲南墾荒勞，加太子少保。

In Shunzhi 16 he was made governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou. The native bandit Feng Tianyu took Meitan and raided Weng'an; he sent troops and drove him off. He asked to replace the Manai, Caodi, and other native offices with regular officials. He also wrote: "After earlier raids, Guizhou's guards became prefectures and battalions became counties; laws kept changing and the people bore heavy labor; the old system should be restored. Yunnan's fields lie fallow; settlers should be recruited to open them. For counties on the main routes, lend the Shunzhi 17 autumn tax as seed grain for spring planting." That too was sent to the ministries for implementation. Wu Sangui sent five elephants as tribute; the Shizu Emperor waived sending them to the capital; Tingchen then asked to stop border tribute altogether, and the request was granted. In Shunzhi 18, for pacifying the native chieftain Long Jizhao, he was made Minister of War. That year he was transferred to Zhejiang. For opening wasteland in Yunnan he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

康熙二年，疏言：「浙江逋賦不清，由徵解繁雜，請以一條鞭法令各州縣隨徵隨解，布政司察明註冊，至為簡易。」又疏言：「徵糧之法不一，苟能寓撫字於催科，即百姓受其福。急公好義，人情皆然。有司止以箠楚為能，民安得不重利借債，減價賣產？錢糧完，地方壞矣。苟能得廉有司，禁革火耗，天平不欺天，法馬不違法，又禁絕差擾，一酒一飯無不為民節省，民未有不交納恐後者。徵糧之能，在人不在法，然不得其人而循法行之，亦得半之道也。實徵冊籍立實在戶名，以杜詭卸；流水紅簿送本府印發，以防侵蝕；易知由單遍散窮山深谷，以絕橫索。臣於浙屬立法通行，催徵得法之吏，請敕部酌議，許題請獎勵。」又疏請移海島投誠官兵分插內地，杜其煽誘；定水師提鎮各營兵制，以備水戰。杭、嘉、湖三郡毗連太湖，易藏奸宄，請增造快號船，撥兵巡哨。詔並從之。時鄭成功死，廷臣招明魯王所署將軍阮美、都督鄭殷、侍郎蔡昌登等，皆率眾來降；惟張煌言散兵居定海山中，執而殺之。

In Kangxi 2 he wrote: "Zhejiang's tax arrears stay unclear because collection and forwarding are tangled; let the single-whip law require each county to collect and remit at once, with the provincial administration commission keeping clear registers—that would be simplest." He also wrote: "Grain-tax methods differ everywhere; if collectors can show care even while pressing payment, the people benefit. People will pay willingly when treated fairly—that is human nature. When officials know only the whip, people borrow at ruinous rates and sell land cheap. The treasury may be full while the countryside is ruined. With honest officials who end surcharges, keep honest scales and weights, and stop runner harassment—saving the people even a cup of wine or a meal—people will rush to pay. Good collection depends on people, not rules alone—but even following the rules without the right men gets you halfway. Registers should list real household names to stop shifting liability; running-account ledgers should be sealed at the prefecture to prevent embezzlement; payment notices should reach remote valleys so extortion ends. I have put these rules into practice in Zhejiang; let the ministry allow rewards for collectors who follow them." He also asked to resettle surrendered island troops inland in separate postings to stop them stirring trouble; and fix naval camp establishments for war at sea. Hang, Jia, and Hu border Lake Tai and hide trouble easily; build more fast patrol boats and assign cruising troops. The throne approved all of it. Chenggong had just died; Tingchen won over the Ming Prince of Lu's appointees General Ruan Mei, Commander Zheng Yin, Vice Minister Cai Changdeng, and others, who all came over with their men; only Zhang Huangyan, with scattered men in the Dinghai hills, was captured and executed.

四年，疏請崇節儉，維風俗。又言用人宜寬小眚，請敕部分別罣誤降革人員，量才錄用。又言民人鬻身旗下，宜令有司給與印契，並曉諭鄰里，後或逃歸，有容留者，乃可坐以窩逃。並議行。時錢滯不行，疏請令外省收銅開鑄，準寶泉、寶源兩局法式，去各省分鑄之名，以天下之錢供天下之用。上命复各省二十四監鑄錢。浙東初平，叛獄屢起，廷臣平情讞鞫，全活甚眾。時海濱尚多餘孽，聞廷臣寬大，多解甲來歸。六年，以病乞休，詔慰留之。八年，巡海自福建還，至奉化，病卒，諡清獻。

In Kangxi 4 he asked the court to promote frugality and shore up public morals. He also urged leniency for minor faults and asked the ministries to review wrongly demoted men and employ them by merit. He also said people sold into banner households should receive sealed contracts from local officials and notice to neighbors; only then could harboring a runaway be punished. All were approved for implementation. Cash was scarce; he asked outer provinces to gather copper and mint coin to Baoquan and Baoyuan standards, ending separate provincial mint names so one coin supply served the realm. The emperor instead restored the twenty-four provincial mints. Eastern Zhejiang had only just been pacified and rebel trials piled up; Tingchen judged fairly and spared many lives. Coastal holdouts heard of his leniency and many laid down arms and submitted. In Kangxi 6 he asked to retire for illness; the throne refused and urged him to stay. In Kangxi 8, returning from a coastal inspection in Fujian, he fell ill and died at Fenghua; posthumous title Qingxian.

廷臣為政寬靜而善折獄。有瞽者入屠者室，攫其{}中錢，屠者逐之，則曰：「欺吾瞽，奪吾錢。」廷臣令投錢水中，見浮脂，以錢還屠者。有殺人獄已誣服，廷臣察傷格，曰：「傷寸而刃尺，必冤也！」更求之，得真殺人者。旱，山中人言魃見，入人家輒失財物。廷臣曰：「盜也！」令吏捕治之。袁懋功，字九敘，順天香河人。順治二年進士，授禮科給事中。疏請慎簡學官，磨勘文體，釐定禮制。又以前明廢官援恩詔踵至，請敕吏部會都察院嚴覈才品。累擢戶部侍郎。十七年，世祖諭懋功才品敏練，授雲南巡撫。時雲南初定，懋功令降卒入籍歸農，墾無主之田。編保甲，以時稽察。奏減屯田糧額，請停派部員履勘田畝。撫雲南九載，政績大著。以父憂去。服除，起山東巡撫。康熙十年，濟南五十六州縣衛新墾地被淹，懋功疏請展限一年起科，部格不行，上特允之。調浙江，未行，卒，諡清獻。徐旭齡，字元文，浙江錢塘人。順治十二年進士，除刑部主事，再遷禮部郎中。康熙六年，授雲南道御史。裁缺，改湖廣道。迭疏請汰額外衙役，核州縣贖鍰，降調官百姓保留敕督撫核實，皆下部議行。命偕御史席特納巡視兩淮鹽政，疏陳積弊，請嚴禁斤重不得逾額，部議如所請勒石。又疏請停止豫徵鹽課，部議不允。遷太常寺少卿，累擢左僉都御史，請裁軍興以後增設道員。二十二年，授山東巡撫。二十三年，遷工部侍郎。復出為漕運總督，疏請釐三害，籌三便，革隨漕增、裁運耗二項，及民間幫貼盤費腳價，各省給軍款項，改由州縣迳發運丁，行月糧改入現運項下撥給，並合併漕船幫次，皆下九卿議行。二十六年，卒，亦諡清獻。

Tingchen ruled with calm leniency yet was a sharp judge. A blind man entered a butcher's shop and snatched money from the cash box; when the butcher chased him, he cried, "You bully a blind man and steal my money." Tingchen had the coins thrown into water; grease floated up, and he returned the money to the butcher. In a murder case the accused had already confessed; Tingchen examined the wounds and said, "An inch-wide wound from a foot-long blade—that cannot be right!" A new search found the real killer. During a drought, mountain folk said a drought demon was stealing from homes. Tingchen said, "Thieves!" He had officers arrest them. Yuan Maogong, courtesy name Jiuxu, was from Xianghe in Shuntian. A Shunzhi 2 jinshi, he became a supervising secretary in the Ministry of Rites section. He asked for careful selection of school officials, review of examination style, and clarification of ritual rules. Dismissed Ming officials kept arriving citing amnesty edicts; he asked the Board of Personnel and Censorate to scrutinize them strictly. He rose to vice minister of the Board of Revenue. In Shunzhi 17 the Shizu Emperor said Maogong was capable and made him provincial governor of Yunnan. Yunnan had just been pacified; Maogong registered surrendered troops as farmers and opened ownerless land. He organized baojia units and inspected them regularly. He cut military-colony grain quotas and stopped ministry survey teams from measuring fields in person. He governed Yunnan nine years with outstanding results. He left office to mourn his father. After mourning he was made provincial governor of Shandong. In Kangxi 10 newly opened fields in fifty-six Jinan jurisdictions were flooded; Maogong asked a one-year delay before taxing them; the ministry refused, but the emperor granted it. He was transferred to Zhejiang but died before taking up the post; posthumous title Qingxian. Xu Xuling, courtesy name Yuanwen, was from Qiantang in Zhejiang. A Shunzhi 12 jinshi, he became a principal clerk in the Board of Punishments and later director in the Ministry of Rites. In Kangxi 6 he became censor of the Yunnan Circuit. When his post was cut he moved to the Huguang Circuit. He repeatedly asked to cut supernumerary runners, audit redemption fines, and require governors to verify commoners retained for demoted officials—all were sent to the ministries. With Censor Xite'na he inspected Lianghuai salt, exposed long-standing abuses, and asked strict weight limits; the ministry agreed and had the rule carved in stone. He also asked to end advance salt-tax collection; the ministry refused. He became vice minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, rose to Left Vice Censor-in-Chief, and asked to abolish circuit posts added after the wars. In Kangxi 22 he was made provincial governor of Shandong. In Kangxi 23 he became vice minister of the Board of Works. He then became Grand Canal transport governor-general, proposing reforms to end three abuses and secure three benefits: ending transport surcharges and wastage cuts, private porterage fees, and provincial military payments to boatmen; having counties pay transport workers directly; folding monthly rations into current transport accounts; and merging boat squadrons—all went to the Nine Ministers. In Kangxi 26 he died; he too received the posthumous title Qingxian.

=郎廷佐=郎廷佐，字一柱，漢軍鑲黃旗人，世籍廣寧。父熙載，明諸生。太祖克廣寧，熙載來歸，授防禦，以軍功予世職游擊。崇德元年卒，長子廷輔嗣。廷佐，其次子也。自官學生授內院筆帖式，擢國史院侍讀。順治三年，從肅親王豪格徇四川，平張獻忠。六年，從英親王阿濟格討叛將薑瓖。遷秘書院學士。

Lang Tingzuo, courtesy name Yizhu, was of the Hanjun Bordered Yellow Banner, with hereditary registration at Guangning. His father Xizai was a Ming licentiate. When Taizu took Guangning, Xizai submitted, became defense commandant, and earned the hereditary rank of guerrilla. He died in Chongde 1; eldest son Tingfu succeeded. Tingzuo was the second son. From palace student he became an inner-court clerk, then reader in the National History Academy. In Shunzhi 3 he followed Prince Su Hoge into Sichuan and helped pacify Zhang Xianzhong. In Shunzhi 6 he followed Prince Ying Ajige against the rebel Jiang Xiang. He became an academician of the Secretariat Academy.

十一年，授江西巡撫。江西自明末洊遭兵亂，逋賦鉅萬。廷佐累疏請蠲緩蘇民困，詔允行。土寇洪國柱等掠饒州、廣信，遣兵剿平之。十二年，擢江南江西總督。江南逋賦至四百餘萬，廷佐覈賦籍，曰：「此非盡民困不能輸也，必有官吏侵蝕而詭稱民逋者。民困可矜，官吏弊不可不革。」乃籍之為三：曰官侵，曰吏蝕，曰民逋。責右布政使按籍督催，而令左布政使稽徵新賦，以除新舊牽混之弊。並疏請官吏徵賦未完者，令戴罪留任催徵，於是宿弊頓革。師行取估舶以濟，商民交困。廷佐疏請視江西例，發帑造船備用，上韙其言，命議行。

In Shunzhi 11 he was made provincial governor of Jiangxi. Jiangxi since late Ming had seen repeated warfare and tax arrears in the millions. Tingzuo repeatedly asked for remissions and relief; the throne approved. Native bandits Hong Guozhu and others raided Raozhou and Guangxin; he sent troops and suppressed them. In Shunzhi 12 he was made governor-general of Jiangnan and Jiangxi. Jiangnan's arrears topped four million taels; Tingzuo audited the registers and said, "This is not all popular hardship—officials must be embezzling and calling it popular arrears. Popular hardship deserves pity; official abuse must be reformed." He split the books into three categories: official embezzlement, clerk theft, and genuine popular arrears. The right commissioner pressed old arrears by category; the left audited new taxes—ending the mix of old and new. He also let officials who had not finished collection stay in post under discipline to finish the job; long-standing abuses collapsed at once. Armies requisitioned merchant ships for transport and merchants suffered. Tingzuo asked, as in Jiangxi, to build reserve ships with treasury funds; the emperor approved and ordered implementation.

十六年，巡閱江海，因密疏言：「鄭成功屯聚海島，將犯江南。江南汛兵無多，水師舟楫未備，請調發鄰省勁兵防禦。」事格不行。未幾，成功陷鎮江，襲瓜洲，遂窺江寧，城守單弱。會梅勒額真噶楚哈、瑪爾賽自貴州旋師，廷佐與駐防總管喀喀木邀入城共禦敵，挫其前鋒，得舟二十餘。成功兵大至，戰艦蔽江，廷佐登埤固守。提督管效忠、總兵梁化鳳等水陸夾擊，焚敵艦五百餘，擒斬無算，成功遁入海。捷聞，詔嘉獎。十八年，分江南江西總督為二，以廷佐專督江南。康熙四年，復舊制，仍兼江西。七年，以疾解任。致仕大學士金之俊家居，得匿名書帖，詆其曾降李自成，之俊訴廷佐，令有司窮治。上聞，慮株連無辜，責之俊違例妄訴，廷佐俟病痊起用，鐫二秩。

In Shunzhi 16, inspecting the coast, he sent a secret memorial: "Zheng Chenggong is massed on the islands and will strike Jiangnan. Jiangnan has few garrison troops and no ready fleet; send crack troops from neighboring provinces." The request was blocked. Soon Chenggong took Zhenjiang, raided Guazhou, and menaced Jiangning; the city's defenses were thin. Meirei Ejen Gachuha and Ma'ersai were returning from Guizhou; Tingzuo and Garrison Commander Kakemu brought them into the city, checked the vanguard, and captured twenty-odd boats. Chenggong's main force arrived and warships filled the river; Tingzuo held the walls. Provincial Military Commissioner Guan Xiaozhong and Regional Commander Liang Huafeng struck from land and sea, burned five hundred enemy ships, killed countless men, and Chenggong fled to sea. Victory was reported and the throne praised and rewarded him. In Shunzhi 18 the post was split; Tingzuo governed Jiangnan alone. In Kangxi 4 the old combined post was restored. In Kangxi 7 he left office for illness. Retired Grand Secretary Jin Zhijun received an anonymous letter accusing him of once surrendering to Li Zicheng; he complained to Tingzuo, who ordered a full investigation. The emperor feared innocent people would be swept up, rebuked Zhijun for a improper complaint, ordered Tingzuo held for reuse after recovery, and cut him two ranks.

十三年，耿精忠反，授廷佐福建總督。廷佐奏言：「臣孫為耿氏婿，臣與精忠有連。然誓不與賊俱生，原力疾前驅，殲除叛寇。」上嘉之，賜鞍馬、甲胄以寵其行。廷佐至浙江，從大將軍康親王杰書治軍，駐金華。疏陳精忠句結海寇，宜剿撫兼施。上曰：「海寇當撫，精忠當用剿，或用間。」廷佐頗有規畫，未及行，十五年，卒於軍，賜祭葬。江南、江西俱祀名宦。

In Kangxi 13 Geng Jingzhong rebelled; Tingzuo was made governor-general of Fujian. Tingzuo wrote: "My grandson married into the Geng clan; I am kin to Jingzhong. Yet I swear not to live while they do; though ill, I ask to lead the van and destroy the rebels." The emperor praised him and granted saddle horses and armor to send him off in honor. Tingzuo reached Zhejiang, joined the great general Prince Kang Jieshu in command, and encamped at Jinhua. He wrote that Jingzhong was allied with sea pirates and that force and leniency should be used together. The emperor said, "Pacify the sea pirates; strike Jingzhong—or use stratagem." Tingzuo had sound plans but died in camp in Kangxi 15 before carrying them out; the court granted funeral honors. He was enshrined among eminent officials in both Jiangnan and Jiangxi.

弟廷相，字鈞衡。初授欽天監筆帖式。累官四川左布政使。四川屢經兵燹，廷相蒞任，百廢俱興，民不知擾。康熙八年，授河南巡撫。廷佐卒，上即擢廷相為福建總督。會精忠降，餘黨紀朝佐、張八等尚抗拒，廷相剿撫兼用，旬月悉平。鄭錦及山寇硃寅屢犯郡縣，遣兵分剿，屢卻之，擒斬甚眾。十七年，錦窺漳州，據玉州等寨，分擾石碼、江東橋。廷相請援，詔康親王督兵協剿。時寇勢甚張，上責廷相庸懦不能殄賊，命解任。二十七年，卒。

His younger brother Tingxiang, courtesy name Junheng. He first served as a clerk in the Directorate of Astronomy. He rose to left provincial commissioner of Sichuan. Sichuan had been ravaged by war; when Tingxiang arrived, abandoned projects were revived and the people scarcely noticed the transition. In Kangxi 8 he was made provincial governor of Henan. When Tingzuo died, the throne at once made Tingxiang governor-general of Fujian. After Jingzhong surrendered, holdouts Ji Chaozuo, Zhang Ba, and others still fought on; Tingxiang combined force and leniency and within a month had pacified them all. Zheng Jing and the mountain bandit Zhu Yin raided county after county; he sent columns against them, beat them back repeatedly, and killed or captured a great number. In Kangxi 17 Jing menaced Zhangzhou, seized camps including Yuzhou, and raided Shima and Jiangdong Bridge. Tingxiang asked for help; the throne ordered Prince Kang to lead joint operations. The rebels were at their peak; the emperor blamed Tingxiang for timidity and failure to destroy them and removed him from office. He died in Kangxi 27.

郎永清，字定庵。初授禮部筆帖式。出知山西渾源州，招民開墾，豁逋賦萬餘。姜瓖黨高山等竄伏山谷間為盜，永清簡丁壯，親率搜捕，多斬獲。事平，擢江西贛州知府，平反冤獄，居官有聲。師討李定國，議牧馬贛州，民譁言兵且入城，爭竄避。永清度城外地為牧場，區畫八旗駐營，具芻茭，兵不入城，贛民安堵。師還，徵民夫數千挽舟，灘水湍激，永清慮民夫無食且逃，以大艦載米尾其後，軍行無滯。民德之，為立像祠焉。

Lang Yongqing, courtesy name Ding'an. He first served as a Ministry of Rites clerk. As magistrate of Hunyuan in Shanxi, he brought settlers to open land and remitted more than ten thousand taels in arrears. Jiang Xiang's followers Gaoshan and others hid in the hills as bandits; Yongqing picked militia, led the hunt himself, and took many. When order returned he became prefect of Ganzhou in Jiangxi, cleared wrongful cases, and won a strong reputation. The army marching against Li Dingguo proposed to pasture horses at Ganzhou; rumor spread that troops would enter the city and people fled in panic. Yongqing set aside pasture outside the walls, arranged Eight Banner camps and fodder, kept soldiers out of the city, and Ganzhou stayed calm. On the return march thousands of laborers towed boats through rapids; fearing hunger and desertion, Yongqing sent a grain ship to follow them and the army never stalled. Grateful citizens raised a statue in his honor.

從子廷佐巡撫江西，永清例迴避，調山西汾州。遷山東東昌道副使，轉湖廣下荊南道。李自成黨踞房、竹間，官軍分路會剿，餽餉俱取給鄖、襄，陸路挽運，議徵民夫數万。永清疏水道，仿古轉搬法，安塘遞運，軍得無匱。累遷湖南布政使。衡、永、寶三郡苦食粵鹽，灘險道遠，商民交病。永清申請改食淮鹽，民便之。康熙十二年，調河南。師討吳三桂，議養馬南陽，永清請移牧湖廣。河南協濟湖廣軍米十萬石，申巡撫題請改於江南、江西採運。在官十二年，課最。二十五年，擢山東巡撫。未幾，卒官，祀湖南名宦。永清子廷極、廷棟。

His nephew Tingzuo governed Jiangxi; Yongqing recused himself by rule and was moved to Fenzhou in Shanxi. He became vice commissioner of Shandong's Dongchang circuit, then of Huguang's lower Xianan circuit. Li Zicheng's followers held the Fang-Zhu hills; converging government columns drew supplies from Yun and Xiang by land haul, and officials proposed levying tens of thousands of laborers. Yongqing opened waterways and revived the old relay-transport system with depot chains, so the army never ran short. He rose to provincial commissioner of Hunan. Heng, Yong, and Bao prefectures relied on Guangdong salt; treacherous shoals and long hauls hurt merchants and people alike. Yongqing won approval to switch to Huai salt, to the people's relief. In Kangxi 12 he was transferred to Henan. Campaigning against Wu Sangui, the court proposed pasturing horses at Nanyang; Yongqing asked to shift the herds to Huguang. Henan owed Huguang a hundred thousand shi of army grain; he asked the governor to source it from Jiangnan and Jiangxi instead. After twelve years in office his performance ranked first. In Kangxi 25 he was made provincial governor of Shandong. Soon he died in office and was enshrined among Hunan's eminent officials. Yongqing's sons were Tingji and Tingdong.

廷極，字紫衡。初授江寧府同知，遷雲南順寧知府，有政聲。累擢江西巡撫。江西多山，州縣運糧盤兌，民間津貼夫船耗米五斗三升，載賦役全書，歲分給如法。戶部初議駁減，總督范承勳以請，得如故。至是戶部复議停給，並追前已給者，廷極累疏爭之。尋兼理兩江總督。五十一年，擢漕運總督。卒，諡溫勤。廷棟，字樸齋。官湖南按察使。

Tingji, courtesy name Ziheng. He began as vice prefect of Jiangning, became prefect of Shunning in Yunnan, and earned a name for good government. He rose to provincial governor of Jiangxi. Mountainous Jiangxi required grain transport for inspections; porters and boats were paid five dou three sheng wastage per rules in the corvée register, disbursed yearly as prescribed. The Board of Revenue first tried to cut the allowance; Governor-General Fan Chengxun intervened and it stayed as before. The Board then moved to stop payment and claw back past disbursements; Tingji memorialized repeatedly in protest. He soon took on the Liangjiang governor-generalship as well. In Kangxi 51 he was made governor-general of grain transport. He died; posthumous title Wennin. Tingdong, courtesy name Puzhai. He served as provincial surveillance commissioner of Hunan.

=佟鳳彩=佟鳳彩，字高岡，漢軍正藍旗人，養性從孫也。初授國史院副理事官。外改順天香河知縣，內擢山西道御史，出視河東鹽政。順治七年，巡按湖南。八年，外轉湖廣武昌道參議，遷廣西右布政使。時師徵雲南，道廣西，供億浩繁，鳳彩籌濟無匱。調江西左布政使。十七年，擢四川巡撫。四川經張獻忠亂，城邑殘破，勸官吏捐輸，修築成都府城，葺治學宮，濬都江大堰。以祖母憂去官。

Tong Fengcai, courtesy name Gaogang, was of the Hanjun Plain Blue Banner and a grand-nephew of Yangxing. He first served as associate director of the National History Academy. He became magistrate of Xianghe in Shuntian, then censor of the Shanxi circuit overseeing Hedong salt. In Shunzhi 7 he conducted an inspection tour of Hunan. In Shunzhi 8 he became participation commissioner of Huguang's Wuchang circuit, then right provincial commissioner of Guangxi. Armies marching on Yunnan crossed Guangxi with immense supply needs; Fengcai met them without fail. He was transferred to left provincial commissioner of Jiangxi. In Shunzhi 17 he was made provincial governor of Sichuan. After Zhang Xianzhong's devastation he urged officials to donate, rebuilt Chengdu's walls, restored the academy, and dredged the great Dujiang irrigation works. He left office to mourn his grandmother.

康熙六年，起貴州巡撫。疏言：「驛站累民，而貴州尤苦。層山峻嶺，俗言'地無三里平'。行一站，馬則蹄瘤脊爛，夫則足破肩穿。應於重安江、楊老堡、黃絲鋪、盤江坡、江西坡、輭轎坡等六處增置腰站，設夫馬如額。」復言：「黔省田土多奇零，國初隸版圖，州縣衛所等官不諳賦役，任意牒報。戶部以明季賦役全書發黔訂正，原報多者不復更改，少者照數增添。臣蒞任，酌定繇單規式，飭所司填給花戶，以杜私派。嗣各屬造報，此多彼縮，不能照則填給。且田地名色甚多，錢糧輕重不一。現飭所司清釐，更正賦役全書，以垂永久。」詔並允行。丁母憂。

In Kangxi 6 he was recalled as provincial governor of Guizhou. He wrote: "Relay stations burden the people, and Guizhou suffers worst. Steep mountains rise in tiers; folk say, 'nowhere three li of level ground.' One station's march leaves horses with hoof sores and broken backs and porters with split feet and torn shoulders. Waist relay stations should be added at six points—Chong'an River, Yanglaobao, Huangsipu, Panjiang Slope, Jiangxi Slope, and Ruanchaiao Slope—with porters and horses set at full quota." He added: "Guizhou land is mostly scattered plots; when the dynasty first annexed the province, local officials did not understand tax and corvée and reported figures at will. The Board sent the Ming corvée register to Guizhou for correction: inflated figures stood, but shortfalls were raised to the full assessment. On taking office I set a standard corvée ticket and ordered offices to issue them to registered households, to stop unauthorized levies. Later subordinates reported figures all over the map—some inflated, some shrunk—and tickets could no longer be issued by rule. Land categories are many and tax rates uneven. I am now ordering a full audit and correction of the corvée register for a lasting settlement." Both proposals were approved and ordered implemented. He went into mourning for his mother.

十一年，起河南巡撫。彰德舊有萬金渠，康熙七、八年水患三至，鳳彩奏請修濬，以弭民害。尋疏言：「豫省歲修黃河，用夫多或至萬餘，俱按畝起派，僱直年需三四十萬，小民重困。請改為官僱，按通省地畝等則派銀，刊明繇單。若遇意外大工，再具題請旨。」上以派銀僱夫仍屬累民，命並免之。十二年，鳳彩疏言：「均平里甲，直省通行。河南雖有里甲之名，其實多者每里或五六百頃，少者止一二百頃，或寥寥數頃。有司止知照例編差，裡小田少，難以承役，愈增苦累。今飭州縣按徵糧地畝冊，如一州縣有地一千頃，原分為十里者，每裡均分一百頃；一里之中各分十甲，每甲均分十頃。遇有差徭，按里甲分當，則豪強無計規避，貧弱不致偏枯。」又言：「豫省民間栽柳供河工採辦，歲需百餘萬束。自康熙七年以後，協濟江南河工已二百七十餘萬束。去歲陽武險工，無柳可用，將民間桃、李、梨、杏盡行斫伐，方事堵禦。是修防本省河工尚屬不敷，實難協濟外省。且黃河渡船裝柳止二三百束，至無船之地，官吏束手，若非亟圖變通，必至誤運。向例本省河工運柳，每束給銀五分，今遠運江南千里之外，止給銀四分五釐，民安得不賠累？乞敕河臣於江南僱船到豫，使民止備柳束輓運江乾。嗣後就江南鄰近無河患處，酌派協濟。留河南有餘不盡之柳，以備本省河患，庶百姓稍得蘇息，大工不致遲誤。」疏入，並下九卿科道議行。河南民稱均里甲、蠲夫柳為利民二大疏。

In Kangxi 11 he was recalled as provincial governor of Henan. Zhangde's ancient Wanjin Canal flooded three times in Kangxi 7–8; Fengcai asked to repair and dredge it and end the harm. Soon he wrote: "Henan's annual Yellow River repairs sometimes require more than ten thousand laborers, all levied by the mu; yearly wages run to three or four hundred thousand taels, and the people are crushed. I ask that the state hire labor directly, assess silver by province-wide land grades, and publish clear corvée tickets. If unforeseen major works arise, a separate memorial may seek instructions." The emperor held that silver assessments to hire labor still burdened the people and ordered the whole scheme waived. In Kangxi 12 Fengcai wrote: "Equalizing li and jia is standard in the metropolitan provinces. Henan keeps the names li and jia, but some li hold five or six hundred qing while others hold only one or two hundred—or a bare few. Officials assign corvée by rote; small li with little land cannot bear their share, and the burden grows worse. I now order counties to follow the tax land register: if a county has one thousand qing divided into ten li, each li should hold one hundred qing; each li is split into ten jia of ten qing apiece. When corvée falls due, li and jia share it equally—the powerful cannot dodge and the poor are not crushed alone." He also wrote: "Henan commoners plant willows for river works; yearly demand exceeds a million bundles. Since Kangxi 7 Henan has supplied Jiangnan river works with more than 2.7 million bundles. Last year at Yangwu's critical breach, with no willows left, officials felled every peach, plum, pear, and apricot tree before they could build defenses. Henan cannot even supply its own river works; it truly cannot keep aiding other provinces. Yellow River ferries carry only two or three hundred bundles; where there are no boats officials are helpless, and without reform deliveries will fail. Provincial river works pay five fen per bundle; hauling to Jiangnan a thousand li away pays only four fen five li—how can people not lose money? I ask that the river commissioner hire boats from Jiangnan to Henan so people need only cut bundles and haul them to the riverbank. Thereafter Jiangnan's safer nearby counties should share the burden as appropriate. Keep Henan's surplus willows for local emergencies so people may breathe easier and major works stay on schedule." Both memorials went to the Nine Ministers and censorate for deliberation and implementation. Henan folk called the lijia reform and the labor-and-willow relief his two great memorials for the people.

吳三桂反，河南當通衢，鳳彩悉心調度，民不知擾。十三年，以疾乞休，許之，士民赴闕籥留。左都御史姚文然疏言，鳳彩撫豫數載，民所愛戴，宜令力疾視事，命仍留任。十六年，卒官，諡勤僖。河南、四川、貴州並祀名宦。

When Wu Sangui rebelled Henan lay on the main thoroughfare; Fengcai coordinated supplies tirelessly and the people scarcely felt the strain. In Kangxi 13 he asked to retire for illness; the throne agreed, and gentry and commoners thronged the palace gate to beg him to stay. Left Censor-in-Chief Yao Wenran memorialized that Tong Fengcai had governed Henan for several years to the people's love, and ought to be told to carry on despite illness; the throne ordered him to stay in post. In Kangxi 16 he died in office and was given the posthumous title Qinxi, Diligent and Joyful. Shrines to him as a notable official were raised in Henan, Sichuan, and Guizhou alike.

=麻勒吉=麻勒吉，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正黃旗人。先世居蘇完，有達邦阿者，當太祖時來歸，麻勒吉其曾孫也。順治九年，滿、漢分榜，麻勒吉以繙譯舉人舉會試第一，殿試一甲第一，授修撰，世祖器之。十年，諭麻勒吉兼通滿、漢文，氣度老成，擢弘文院侍講學士。十一年，擢學士，充日講官，教習庶吉士，編纂太祖、太宗聖訓副總裁，經筵講官。

Ma Leiji, of the Guwalgiya clan, belonged to the Plain Yellow Banner of the Manchu Eight Banners. The family had lived in Suwan; an ancestor named Tabang'a came over in the Taizu era, and Ma Leiji was his great-grandson. In Shunzhi 9, when Manchu and Han candidates sat separate rolls, Ma Leiji—already a translation licentiate—topped both the metropolitan and palace examinations as head of the first class; made a Hanlin compiler, he won the Shizu emperor's high regard. In Shunzhi 10 the court noted his mastery of Manchu and Chinese and his seasoned bearing, and raised him to vice director of lecturers in the Hongwen Academy. In Shunzhi 11 he became an academician, daily lecturer, and instructor of expected Hanlin scholars, served as deputy chief compiler of the Taizu and Taizong Sacred Instructions, and lectured at the imperial classics colloquium.

明將孫可望詣經略洪承疇軍降，封義王，命麻勒吉為使，學士胡兆龍、奇徹伯副之，齎敕印授之，即偕詣京師。麻勒吉初與直隸總督張玄錫同官學士，使還，玄錫迎於順德，麻勒吉訶辱之，玄錫憤，自剄不殊。巡撫董天機以玄錫手書遺疏上聞，上遣學士折庫納、侍郎霍達往按。玄錫复疏言：「麻勒吉於迎候時面斥失儀，又責以前此南行不出迎，且云：'在南方洪經略日有饋遺，何等盡禮！ '奇徹伯又索臣騾駝。臣因賄賂幹禁，不與。」上責麻勒吉等逼迫大臣，任意妄行，下九卿會勘。玄錫，直隸清苑人，明庶吉士。順治初授原官，自檢討累遷至學士。上稱其勤敏，擢宣大總督，移督直隸、河南、山東。至是，以聽勘詣京師，居僧寺，自縊。九卿議麻勒吉等當奪官籍沒，上寬之，削加級、奪誥敕而已。

When the Ming general Sun Kewang surrendered to Commissioner-General Hong Chengchou and was ennobled Prince of Righteousness, Ma Leiji was sent as chief envoy with Academician Hu Zhaolong and Qichebo as deputies to deliver the patent and seal and escort him straight to the capital. Ma Leiji and Zhili Governor-General Zhang Xuanxi had once been fellow academicians; when Ma returned from his mission, Xuanxi met him at Shunde, only to be reviled and shamed—whereupon Xuanxi, in fury, slashed his own throat but survived. Governor Dong Tianji forwarded Xuanxi's handwritten death testament to the throne, and the emperor dispatched Academician Zhekenna and Vice Minister Huoda to look into the affair. Xuanxi memorialized again: "At the welcoming ceremony Ma Leiji publicly upbraided me out of all propriety, and also reproached me for not having gone out to greet him on his earlier southern mission, saying, 'When Field Marshal Hong was in the south, gifts arrived daily—what courtesy did he lack! Qichebo also demanded my mules and camels. I refused, for bribery is forbidden." The emperor censured Ma Leiji and his party for browbeating a senior minister and acting at will, and ordered the Nine Ministers to investigate jointly. Zhang Xuanxi was from Qingyuan in Zhili and had served as an expected Hanlin scholar under the Ming. In early Shunzhi he was restored to office and rose from proofreader through successive posts to academician. The throne praised his diligence and quickness of mind, made him Xuanda governor-general, and later transferred him to oversee Zhili, Henan, and Shandong. Now summoned to the capital to face inquiry, he took lodging in a monastery and hanged himself. The Nine Ministers recommended stripping Ma Leiji and his colleagues of office and property; the emperor was lenient and merely reduced their rank grades and seized their patents of ennoblement.

十六年，以雲南初定，發帑金三十萬，命麻勒吉偕尚書伊圖、左都御史能圖往賑，並按大將軍貝勒尚善縱兵擾民狀，麻勒吉為奏辨。尋安親王岳樂覆勘，尚善兵入永昌掠民婦事實，麻勒吉坐徇庇，奪官。十八年，命以原銜入直。上大漸，召麻勒吉與學士王熙撰擬遺詔，付內廷侍衛賈卜嘉進奏。上命麻勒吉懷詔草，俟上更衣畢，與賈卜嘉奏知皇太后，宣示諸王貝勒。是夕上崩，麻勒吉遵旨將事。旋授秘書院學士。

In Shunzhi 16, with Yunnan newly settled, the court released three hundred thousand taels and sent Ma Leiji with Minister Yitu and Left Censor-in-Chief Nitu to relieve distress and investigate Field Marshal Prince Shangshan for letting his troops prey on the people; Ma Leiji filed a memorial in Shangshan's defense. Prince An Yuele soon reinvestigated and confirmed that Shangshan's men had entered Yongchang and seized commoners' wives; Ma Leiji was found to have covered for him and was dismissed. In Shunzhi 18 he was ordered back into inner service at his former rank. As the emperor's illness deepened, he called Ma Leiji and Academician Wang Xi to draft the death testament and handed the draft to Inner Court guard Jia Bujia to present. The emperor told Ma Leiji to keep the draft on his person and, once the emperor had finished dressing, to join Jia Bujia in informing the Empress Dowager and proclaiming it to the princes and beile. That night the emperor died, and Ma Leiji carried out his orders to the letter. He was soon made an academician of the Secretariat Academy.

康熙五年，擢刑部侍郎。七年，授江南江西總督。時蘇州、松江頻遭水患，布政使慕天顏議濬吳淞江、劉河口，麻勒吉因與巡撫瑪祜疏請以各府漕折銀十四萬充工費。淮、揚被水坍沒田地，請永免歲賦。詔並允行。鎮江駐防兵訐將軍李顯貴、知府劉元輔侵冒錢糧，遣學士折爾肯等往按得實，麻勒吉坐不先舉發，並械系至京聽勘。給事中姚文然疏言麻勒吉罪狀未定，宜寬鎖系，上然之。尋命復任。十二年，大計，左遷兵部督捕理事官。

In Kangxi 5 he was promoted to vice minister of punishments. In Kangxi 7 he was made governor-general of Jiangnan and Jiangxi. Suzhou and Songjiang were then repeatedly flooded; Provincial Administration Commissioner Mu Tianyan proposed dredging the Wusong River and Liuhe estuary, and Ma Leiji joined Governor Maku in asking that 140,000 taels of grain-transport conversion silver from the prefectures fund the work. For Huaiyang fields washed away or submerged, they asked that the annual levy be waived in perpetuity. An edict approved both measures. Zhenjiang garrison troops accused General Li Xiangui and Prefect Liu Yuanfu of embezzling funds and grain; Academician Zhe'erken and others were sent to investigate and confirmed the charges; Ma Leiji was faulted for not having reported it first, and he and the accused were shackled and brought to the capital for inquiry. Supervising Secretary Yao Wenran argued that Ma Leiji's guilt was still unsettled and that he should not be kept in irons; the emperor agreed. He was soon ordered back to his post. At the grand assessment of Kangxi 12 he was demoted to vice director of military affairs for bandit suppression.

吳三桂反，定南王孔有德壻孫延齡及提督馬雄以廣西叛應之。十六年，命赴簡親王喇布軍，招撫延齡。比至桂林，延齡已為三桂所殺，其部將劉彥明等率眾降。十八年，詔麻勒吉赴廣西護諸軍，時雄已死，其子承廕降，授招義將軍，封伯爵。已，部兵以餉匱譁，麻勒吉上言：「承廕與黃明、葉秉忠皆賊帥歸誠，今承廕授高爵，而明、秉忠未授官，故陰嗾兵士為變。秉忠年老無異志，惟明強悍，為柳州官兵所懾服，若不調用他所，終恐為害。」乃授明總兵官。明復叛，詔麻勒吉與偏沅巡撫韓世琦會剿，尋報為苗人所殺。十九年，巡撫傅弘烈勦賊至柳州，承廕复叛，弘烈遇害，命麻勒吉兼攝巡撫事。時柳州再變，民多逃竄，田荒賦淆，麻勒吉招撫流亡，令歸故業，葺學宮，振興文教，頗著治績。二十一年，撤故定南王所部，分隸八旗漢軍，麻勒吉率以還京。

When Wu Sangui rose in rebellion, Prince of Dingnan Kong Youde's son-in-law Sun Yanling and Regional Commander Ma Xiong mutinied in Guangxi in his support. In Kangxi 16 he was sent to Prince Jian Labu's army to win Sun Yanling over. By the time he reached Guilin, Wu Sangui had already killed Yanling, and subordinate generals such as Liu Yanming brought their men over. In Kangxi 18 Ma Leiji was ordered to Guangxi to take charge of the armies; Ma Xiong was already dead, and his son Chengyin surrendered, was made General Who Entices Righteousness, and was ennobled a count. Soon the troops mutinied over unpaid rations; Ma Leiji reported: "Chengyin, Huang Ming, and Ye Bingzhong were all rebel chiefs who came over in good faith; Chengyin has been given a high title while Ming and Bingzhong have received no posts, and so they secretly stirred the soldiers to revolt. Bingzhong is old and loyal at heart; only Ming is fierce, and the Liuzhou garrison already fears him—unless he is posted elsewhere, he may yet do harm." On that advice Ming was made regional commander. Ming rebelled again; Ma Leiji and Pianyuan Governor Han Shiqi were ordered to join forces against him, and word soon came that he had been killed by Miao tribesmen. In Kangxi 19 Governor Fu Honglie pursued the rebels to Liuzhou; Chengyin rose again and Honglie was killed; Ma Leiji was ordered to act as governor as well. Liuzhou was in turmoil again: people had fled, fields lay idle, and tax rolls were in chaos; Ma Leiji coaxed exiles home, restored their livelihoods, rebuilt the academy, and revived learning—with marked success. In Kangxi 21 the old Prince of Dingnan's forces were broken up and assigned to the Han divisions of the Eight Banners, and Ma Leiji led them back to the capital.

二十三年，授步軍統領。二十八年，卒。三十七年，兵部奏黃明為貴州參將上官斌等所擒，麻勒吉追坐妄報。奪官。江南民為麻勒吉立碑雨花台紀績，祀名宦。

In Kangxi 23 he was made commander of the metropolitan infantry. He died in Kangxi 28. In Kangxi 37 the Ministry of War reported that Huang Ming had been captured by Guizhou Deputy General Shang Guanbin and others, and Ma Leiji was posthumously faulted for his earlier false report. His office was revoked. Jiangnan commoners raised a stele to him at Yuhuatai recording his deeds, and he was honored among notable officials.

阿席熙，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人。自兵部筆帖式四遷光祿寺卿。考滿，輔政大臣鼇拜等令解任，隨旗行走，复坐事奪官。聖祖親政，鑑其無罪，命以郎中用。七年，超擢陝西布政使。舉卓異，擢巡撫。康熙十二年，遷江南江西總督。耿精忠叛，窺江西，阿席熙發兵赴剿，並檄援浙江。未幾，精忠陷廣信、建昌、饒州，參將陳九傑等應之。阿席熙遣兵防徽州，賊陷績溪、婺源，擾及徽州，迭克之。簡親王喇布率師至江寧，以阿席熙參贊軍務。十七年，疏報江南清出隱漏田地一萬四千餘頃、山八百餘裡，加兵部尚書。尋坐瞻徇巡撫慕天顏奏銷浮冒，罷任。卒。阿席熙居官廉潔，江南士民德之，祀名宦。

Aixixi, of the Guwalgiya clan, belonged to the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchu Eight Banners. He rose in four steps from a Board of War clerk to director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. At the end of his term Regent Oboi and his colleagues dismissed him to banner duty, and he was later stripped of office again for another offense. When the Kangxi Emperor assumed personal rule and judged him innocent, he was restored as a bureau director. In Kangxi 7 he was abruptly promoted to Shaanxi provincial administration commissioner. Rated outstanding in evaluation, he was made governor. In Kangxi 12 he was transferred to governor-general of Jiangnan and Jiangxi. When Geng Jingzhong rebelled and threatened Jiangxi, Aixixi sent troops against him and also ordered reinforcements for Zhejiang. Soon Jingzhong took Guangxin, Jianchang, and Raozhou, and Deputy General Chen Jiujie and others went over to him. Aixixi sent troops to guard Huizhou; rebels seized Jixi and Wuyuan and pressed Huizhou itself, but he recovered the towns one after another. When Prince Jian Labu marched to Jiangning, Aixixi was assigned to assist in military affairs. In Kangxi 17 he reported clearing more than fourteen thousand qing of concealed fields and over eight hundred li of unregistered mountain land in Jiangnan, and was promoted to minister of war. He was soon dismissed for covering for Governor Mu Tianyan's inflated expense accounts. He died. Aixixi served with scrupulous integrity; Jiangnan gentry and commoners held him in esteem, and he was honored among notable officials.

瑪祜，哲柏氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人。順治九年繙譯進士。授佐領，兼刑部員外郎。遷欽天監監正。康熙八年，江寧巡撫缺，命議政大臣等會推滿洲郎中以上、學士以下通漢文有才能者備擢用，舉奏皆不當上意，特以命瑪祜。九年夏，淮安、揚州二府久雨，田廬多淹，詔發帑賑濟。瑪祜疏請蠲免桃源等縣積欠賦銀，及六、七兩年未完漕米，部議漕米無蠲免例，上特允其請，並蠲減蘇、松、常三府被災歲賦。

Maku, of the Zhebo clan, belonged to the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchu Eight Banners. He took his translation jinshi degree in Shunzhi 9. He was made an assistant commandant and concurrently a vice director in the Ministry of Punishments. He was transferred to director of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau. In Kangxi 8, with the Jiangning governorship vacant, the regents were told to nominate capable Manchu officials from bureau director up through academician who knew Chinese; none of their choices pleased the throne, and Maku was appointed by special order. In the summer of Kangxi 9, long rains flooded fields and homes across Huai'an and Yangzhou, and the court ordered treasury relief. Maku asked to write off accumulated tax silver in Taoyuan and other counties and unpaid grain transport from Kangxi 6 and 7; though the Board said grain transport had never been waived, the emperor granted his request and also cut disaster-year levies in Suzhou, Songjiang, and Changzhou.

十年，疏言：「蘇、松二府額賦最重，由明洪武初以張士誠竊據其地，遷怒於民，取豪戶收租籍，付有司定賦額，較宋多七倍、元多三倍，是以民力困竭，積逋遂多。自康熙元年至八年，民欠二百餘萬，催徵稍急，逃亡接踵，舊欠仍懸，新逋复積。請敕部覈減二府浮糧，以期歲賦清完。」疏下部議，以科則久定，報寢。時布政使慕天顏請濬吳淞江、劉河，瑪祜與總督麻勒吉請以漕折十四萬充費。給事中柯聳疏言，東南水利宜乘此興工，盡疏各支河。下瑪祜覆勘。瑪祜言各州縣支河皆已疏通，吳江縣長橋乃太湖洩水耍道，應令開濬。未幾，以京口將軍李顯貴等侵餉事覺，坐不先舉發，罣吏議，當左遷，命留任。十二年，黃、淮水漲，清水潭石堤決，高郵等十八州縣衛所被災，瑪祜奏請發帑賑濟。十五年，霪雨久不霽，以憂卒。遺疏極陳水災民困，無一語及私。詔褒惜，諡清恪。

In Kangxi 10 he memorialized: "Suzhou and Songjiang bear the heaviest tax quotas because, at the start of Hongwu, the Ming punished the region for Zhang Shicheng's occupation by seizing wealthy landlords' rent rolls and fixing new quotas—seven times Song levels and three times Yuan—until the people were drained and arrears piled up. From Kangxi 1 through 8 the people owed more than two million taels; the harder collectors pressed, the more fled, old debts remained unpaid, and new ones mounted. He asked the throne to order the Board to review and cut the two prefectures' inflated quotas so annual levies could finally be cleared." The memorial went to the Board, which shelved it on the ground that tax rates had long been settled. When Provincial Administration Commissioner Mu Tianyan proposed dredging the Wusong River and Liuhe, Maku and Governor-General Ma Leiji asked that 140,000 taels of grain-transport conversion silver pay for the work. Supervising Secretary Ke Song argued that the southeast waterworks should take this occasion to dredge every branch channel as well. The court sent Maku to reinvestigate. Maku reported that branch rivers throughout the prefectures were already clear, but Changqiao in Wujiang—the key outlet draining Taihu—still needed dredging. Soon the embezzlement of rations by Jingkou General Li Xiangui and others came to light; faulted for not having exposed it, Maku faced demotion but was allowed to keep his post. In Kangxi 12 floods on the Yellow and Huai burst the stone dike at Qingshuitan and devastated eighteen prefectures, counties, and garrisons including Gaoyou; Maku asked for treasury relief. In Kangxi 15, after weeks of unbroken rain, he died of grief. His death memorial spoke only of flood and suffering—not one word for himself. The throne mourned him with praise and gave him the posthumous title Qingke, Pure and Respectful.

=施維翰=施維翰，字及甫，江南華亭人。順治九年進士，授江西臨江推官，清漕弊，善折獄，姦頑斂跡。巡撫郎廷佐奏其治行，舉卓異，內擢兵部主事。改山東道御史，疏言：「察吏首重懲貪，尤宜先嚴大吏。各督撫按露章彈劾，宜及監司，勿僅以州縣塞責。」又言；「糾舉之法，密於文，疏於武。鎮帥擁重兵，有庸碌衰憊、緩急難恃者，有縱恣婪贓、肆虐軍民者，督撫按徇隱弗糾，事發同罪。」詔並議行。十七年，出按陝西。聖祖即位，裁巡按，維翰乞假歸。

Shi Weihan, styled Jifu, came from Huating in Jiangnan. A Shunzhi 9 jinshi, he served as river-defense judge of Linjiang in Jiangxi, cleaned up grain-transport abuses, judged cases with skill, and made rogues mend their ways. Governor Lang Tingzuo reported his record, rated him outstanding, and he was brought to the capital as a principal clerk in the Ministry of War. Made censor of the Shandong circuit, he memorialized: "In inspecting officials, punishing graft must come first—and senior officials above all. When governors-general, governors, and provincial censors impeach by open memorial, they should reach the surveillance commissioners—not stop at county and prefectural officials to satisfy form." He also said: "Impeachment is tight for civil officials and loose for military commanders. Regional commanders wield great armies—some are dull, worn out, and useless in a crisis; others plunder freely and terrorize soldiers and civilians alike. If governors and censors cover for them and fail to impeach, they share guilt when scandal breaks." An edict ordered both proposals adopted. In Shunzhi 17 he was sent to inspect Shaanxi. When the Kangxi Emperor took the throne and touring censors were abolished, Weihan asked leave to go home.

康熙三年，复授江南道御史，疏言：「直省錢糧，每委府佐協徵，所至鋪設供給，不免擾民。甚或縱容胥役，橫肆誅求。請概行禁止，以專責成、杜擾害。」下部飭禁。巡鹽河東，徵課如額。八年，疏劾偏沅巡撫周召南徇庇貪吏。十一年，疏劾福建總督劉鬥徇情題建故靖南王耿繼茂祠。召南、鬥並坐譴。十二年，內升，以四品服俸仍留御史任。疏言：「設登聞鼓，原以伸士民冤抑，故使科道共與其事。然每收訴狀，必待科道六十餘員集議，輒致稽延。請用滿、漢科道各一員司之，半年更易。」從之。

In Kangxi 3 he was again made censor of the Jiangnan circuit and memorialized: "Provincial tax collection is often delegated to prefectural deputies, whose retinues and provisioning wherever they go inevitably harass the people. Some even let clerks and runners run wild with extortion and arbitrary levies. He asked for a general ban to fix responsibility and end the abuse." The ministries were ordered to enforce the ban. Touring Hedong salt administration, he collected the full quota. In Kangxi 8 he impeached Pianyuan Governor Zhou Zhaonan for shielding corrupt officials. In Kangxi 11 he impeached Fujian Governor-General Liu Dou for favoritism in proposing a shrine to the late Prince Jingnan Geng Jimao. Both Zhaonan and Dou were reprimanded. In Kangxi 12 he was promoted within the censorate, given fourth-rank pay while keeping his post. He wrote: "The grievance drum was meant to give scholars and commoners a voice; censors were therefore assigned to hear petitions. Yet every petition waits for sixty-odd censors to meet, which only causes delay. Let one Manchu and one Han censor handle it, rotating every six months." The court agreed.

遷鴻臚寺少卿，累遷左副都御史。浙江巡撫陳秉直薦舉學道陳汝璞，為左都御史魏象樞所劾，秉直應降調，以加級抵銷。維翰言：「秉直與汝璞見聞最近，乃徇情妄舉，非尋常詿誤可比。請敕部定議，凡保舉非人坐降調者，不許抵銷。」上然之，因著為列。給事中李宗孔繼劾秉直，坐左遷。

He became vice minister of the Court of State Ceremonial and rose to Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. Zhejiang Governor Chen Bingzhi recommended Education Commissioner Chen Rupu; Left Censor-in-Chief Wei Xiangshu impeached the nomination; Bingzhi should have been demoted but offset it with a rank increase. Weihan argued: "Bingzhi knew Rupu well—this was favoritism, not an ordinary mistake. He asked the ministries to rule that wrongful recommendations punished by demotion may not be offset by rank increases." The emperor agreed and made it permanent law. Supervising Secretary Li Zongkong impeached Bingzhi again, and he was demoted.

十八年，授山東巡撫。會歲祲，民多流亡，維翰疏請賑恤，並截留漕米五萬石發濟南倉存貯，散給饑民。又疏言：「青、萊等府距臨清倉遠，辦解甚艱。請永行改折，以息轉輸。」民大悅服。二十一年，代李之芳為浙江總督。之芳按治軍士鼓譟，系累二百餘人。維翰至，即日定讞，多平反。二十二年冬，調福建，未上官，二十三年春，卒，諡清惠。

In Kangxi 18 he was made provincial governor of Shandong. When famine struck and people fled, Weihan asked for relief, detained fifty thousand shi of transport grain for the Jinan granary, and fed the hungry. He also wrote: "Qing, Lai, and other prefectures lie far from the Linqing granary, and delivery is arduous. He asked for permanent commutation to silver to end the long haul." The people were deeply grateful. In Kangxi 21 he replaced Li Zhifang as governor-general of Zhejiang. Zhifang had investigated a soldiers' mutiny and held more than two hundred men. Weihan arrived, settled the cases the same day, and reversed many convictions. In winter Kangxi 22 he was transferred to Fujian; before taking office he died in spring Kangxi 23; posthumous title Qinghui.

論曰：李率泰鎮福建，禦鄭成功父子，趙廷臣督浙江，執張煌言，有功於戡定。郎廷佐釐逋賦。佟鳳彩均里甲、蠲夫柳，為民袪害。麻勒吉初奉使迫張玄錫至死，聖祖諭斥其縱恣。然於江南有惠政，阿席熙、瑪祜清望尤過之。施維翰在台敢言，出持疆節，措置得大體。皆康熙初賢大吏也。愷悌君子，屏籓王國，厥績懋矣！

The historians write: Li Lvtai held Fujian against Zheng Chenggong and his son; Zhao Tingchen governed Zhejiang and captured Zhang Huangyan—both served the pacification. Lang Tingzuo sorted out tax arrears. Tong Fengcai reformed lijia and relieved labor and willow levies, lifting burdens from the people. Ma Leiji's early mission drove Zhang Xuanxi to suicide; the Shizu Emperor rebuked his arrogance. Yet he left benevolent rule in Jiangnan; Aixixi and Maku's reputations for integrity stood even higher. Shi Weihan spoke boldly as a censor; as a frontier governor his measures were sound in the large. All were worthy high officials of early Kangxi. Benevolent gentlemen, bulwarks of the realm—their achievements were great indeed!

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