Volume 279 Biographies 66: Yang Fangxing, Zhu Zhixi, Jin Fu, Yu Chenglong, Zhang Penghe

列傳六十六

Biography 66

楊方興硃之錫崔維雅靳輔陳潢宋文運董訥熊一瀟

Yang Fangxing, Zhu Zhixi, Cui Weiya, Jin Fu, Chen Huang, Song Wenyun, Dong Ne, and Xiong Yixiao

於成龍孫在豐開音布張鵬翮

Yu Chenglong, Sun Zaifeng, Kaiyinbu, and Zhang Penghe

楊方興，字浡然，漢軍鑲白旗人。初為廣寧諸生。天命七年，太祖取廣寧，方興來歸。太宗命直內院，與修太祖實錄。崇德元年，試中舉人，授牛錄額真銜，擢內秘書院學士。性嗜酒，嘗醉後犯蹕，論死，上貰之，命斷酒。

Yang Fangxing, styled Boran, belonged to the Han Military Bordered White Banner. He had begun as a local scholar in Guangning. In the seventh year of Tianming (1622), after the Taizu captured Guangning, Fangxing defected to the Manchus. The Taizong assigned him to the Inner Court and had him help compile the Veritable Records of the Taizu. In the first year of Chongde (1636) he passed the provincial examination, received the rank of niru captain, and was promoted to academician of the Inner Secretariat. He was devoted to drink; once, drunk, he intruded upon the imperial procession—a capital offense—but the emperor spared him and forbade him wine.

順治元年，從入關。七月，授河道總督。李自成決河灌開封，其後屢決屢塞，賊勢浸張，土寇群起，兩岸防守久廢。伏秋汛發，北岸小宋口、曹家寨堤潰，河水漫曹、單、金鄉、魚台四縣，自蘭陽入運河，田產盡沒。方興至官，遣兵捕治土寇，掃穴擒渠，乃疏請修築。二年七月，河決流通集，分兩道入運河，運河受河水淀濁淤塞，下流徐、邳、淮、揚亦多衝決。方興以防護無功自劾，上諭以殫力河防，不必引咎。旋疏薦補管河道方大猷等。四年，流通集決口將合，河下注湍激，又決汶上入獨山湖。方興請修築通濟閘上下堤岸，並淮安東北蘇淤、馬羅等堤，又築江都、高郵諸石堤，流通集合口。進兵部尚書銜。

In the first year of Shunzhi (1644) he accompanied the dynasty south through the Pass. In the seventh month he was made Director-General of Rivers and Canals. Li Zicheng had breached the Yellow River to inundate Kaifeng; afterward the river burst and was sealed repeatedly, rebel power steadily grew, local bandits swarmed, and dikes on both banks had long gone unmaintained. At the height of the summer-autumn floods, the north-bank dikes at Xiaosongkou and Caojiazhai collapsed; the river inundated Cao, Shan, Jinxiang, and Yutai, poured from Lanyang into the Grand Canal, and crops were wiped out. On taking office Fangxing sent troops against the bandits, rooted out their lairs and seized their chiefs, then memorialized for dike works. In the seventh month of the second year (1645) the river burst at Liutongji and split into two courses into the Grand Canal; the canal choked on the Yellow River’s muddy flow, and downstream Xu, Pi, Huai, and Yang suffered many breaks as well. Fangxing submitted a self-impeachment for failing to hold the defenses; the emperor told him to throw all his energy into river control and not to blame himself. He soon memorialized recommending Fang Dayou and others to fill river-administration posts. In the fourth year (1647), as the Liutongji breach neared closure, the river’s plunge grew fierce and it broke anew at Wenshang into Dushan Lake. Fangxing asked to rebuild the dikes above and below Tongji Sluice, the Suyu and Maluo dikes northeast of Huai’an, the stone dikes at Jiangdu and Gaoyou, and the united mouth at Liutongji. He was given the concurrent rank of Minister of War.

七年，加太子少保。八月，河決荊隆口，南岸出單家寨，北岸出硃源寨。南岸先合，河全注北岸，張秋以下堤盡潰，自大清河東入海。方興用大猷議，於上游築長縷堤遏其勢，复築小長堤塞決口，期半年蕆事。九年，方興復乞休，不許。大猷擢江南按察使，方興請以新銜管河務。九年，荊隆口工竟，方興疏言：「清口，淮、黃交匯，黃強淮弱，歲需疏濬。請於清江、通濟二閘適中處修復福興閘，啟一閉二，以時蓄洩。」從之。

In the seventh year (1650) he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the eighth month the river burst at Jinglongkou—southward at Danjiazhai, northward at Zhuyuanzhai. The south channel sealed first; the entire current swung to the north bank, dikes below Zhangqiu gave way, and the river ran east to sea by the Daqing River. Adopting Dayou’s plan, Fangxing built a long upstream dike to check the flood and a shorter dike to plug the breach, aiming to finish in six months. In the ninth year (1652) Fangxing again asked to retire; the court refused. Dayou was promoted surveillance commissioner of Jiangnan; Fangxing asked that he oversee river work in his new capacity. That same year, when the Jinglongkou project was done, Fangxing wrote: “At Qingkou the Huai and Yellow meet; the Yellow dominates the Huai, and the channel must be dredged yearly. I ask that Fuxing Sluice be restored midway between Qingjiang and Tongji—one open, two closed—to regulate storage and release in season.” The emperor approved.

給事中許作梅，御史楊世學、陳棐交章請勘九河故道，導河北流入海。方興言：「河古今同患，而治河古今異宜。宋以前治河，但令赴海有路，可南亦可北。元、明迄我清，東南漕運，自清口迄董家口二百餘裡，藉河為轉輸，河可南必不可北。若欲尋禹舊跡，導河北行，無論漕運不通，恐決出之水東西奔盪，不可收拾。勢須別築數千里長堤，較之增卑培薄，難易顯然。且河挾沙以行，束之為一，則水急沙流；播之為九，則水緩沙壅。數年後河仍他徙，何以濟運？臣愚以為河不能無決，決而不築，司河者之罪；河不能無淤，淤而不濬，亦司河者之罪。若欲保其不決不淤，誰敢任之？請敕下廷議，定畫一之規，屏二三之說，俾有所遵守。」疏入，上嘉納焉。

Supervising secretary Xu Zuomei and censors Yang Shixue and Chen Fei jointly urged surveying the Nine Rivers’ old channels and sending the Yellow River north to the sea. Fangxing replied: “The river has always been a scourge, but the right remedy changes with the age. Before the Song, control meant only giving the river a path to the sea—south or north would do. From Yuan and Ming through our dynasty, southeastern grain transport for more than two hundred li from Qingkou to Dongjiakou depends on the river as a conveyor—the current may run south but must never turn north. To trace Yu’s ancient course and drive the river north would not only break the grain route; the flood would likely surge east and west beyond control. It would require building thousands of li of new dikes—a far harder task than raising low banks and thickening weak ones. Besides, the river moves laden with silt; confine it to one channel and the current runs fast and sand stays suspended; split it into nine and the water slows and sand piles up. In a few years the river would shift again—how would transport survive? I hold that breaches are inevitable; failure to repair them is the river officials’ fault; silt is inevitable too; failure to dredge is likewise their fault. But who would dare promise it would never breach or silt? I beg that the court settle one uniform policy, set aside rival schemes, and give us a rule to follow.” The memorial was submitted and the emperor warmly approved.

十年，河決大王廟，距硃源寨口不遠。給事中周體觀劾方興治河罔效，方興疏辨，因請罷斥，溫詔慰留。十一年，給事中林起龍复劾方興侵蝕工需，累民捐費至六十餘萬；並劾大猷等姦貪不法。上解方興任，命入都質對，起龍以誣譴，方興復任。既，直隸總督李廕祖复劾大猷貪婪誤工，方興亦劾大猷，上以其不先舉發，切責之。給事中董篤行又劾方興徇庇，降級留任。

In the tenth year (1653) the river burst at Dawangmiao, not far from the Zhuyuanzhai gap. Supervising secretary Zhou Tiguan charged Fangxing with futile river work; Fangxing defended himself and asked to be removed, but a gracious edict kept him in post. In the eleventh year (1654) supervising secretary Lin Qilong again accused Fangxing of skimming project funds and extorting over six hundred thousand taels from the people; and charged Dayou and others with corruption and lawlessness. The emperor suspended Fangxing and summoned him to the capital; Qilong was punished for slander, and Fangxing was reinstated. Later Zhili governor-general Li Yizu again impeached Dayou for greed and botched works; Fangxing joined the charge, but the emperor sharply rebuked him for not having exposed Dayou sooner. Supervising secretary Dong Duxing then charged Fangxing with shielding Dayou; Fangxing was demoted a grade but kept at his post.

十四年，乞休，上念其勞，以原官加太子太保致仕。方興還京師，所居僅蔽風雨，布衣蔬食，四壁蕭然。康熙四年，卒，賜祭葬。

In the fourteenth year (1657) he asked to retire; honoring his service, the court let him leave office as Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent at his former rank. Back in the capital Fangxing lived in a hut that barely kept out weather, dressed in coarse cloth, ate plainly, and owned almost nothing. He died in the fourth year of Kangxi (1665) and was granted state funeral rites.

硃之錫，字孟九，浙江義烏人。順治三年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。十一年七月，擢弘文院侍讀學士，四遷至吏部侍郎。十四年，楊方興乞休，上特擢之錫，以兵部尚書銜，總督河道，駐濟寧。十五年十月，河決山陽柴溝，建義、馬邏諸堤並溢。之錫馳赴清江浦築戧堤，塞決口。宿遷董家口為沙所淤，就舊渠迤東別開河四百丈通運道。十六年，條上治河諸事，言：「河南歲修夫役，近屢經奏減，宜存舊額。明製，淮工兼用民修，宜復舊例。揚屬運道與高、寶諸湖相通，淮屬運道為黃、淮交會，舊有各堤閘，宜擇要修葺。應用柳料，宜令瀕河州縣預為籌備。姦豪包佔夫役，賣富僉貧，工需各物，私弊百出，宜責司、道、府、廳查報，徇隱者以溺職論。額設水夫，陰雨不赴工，所扣工食，謂之曠盡，宜令管河廳道嚴覈。河員升調降用，宜令候代始行離任。河員有專責，不宜別有差委。歲終察覈舉劾，並宜復舊例。」皆下部議行。之錫丁母憂，命在任守制，疏請歸葬，優詔給假治喪。十七年，還任。以捐金賑淮、揚、徐三府災，加太子少保。

Zhu Zhixi, styled Mengjiu, was from Yiwu in Zhejiang. He took his jinshi in the third year of Shunzhi (1646), entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and became a compiler. In the seventh month of the eleventh year (1654) he became reader of the Hongwen Academy and rose through four promotions to vice minister of Personnel. In the fourteenth year (1657), when Yang Fangxing retired, the emperor specially promoted Zhixi to river director-general with Minister of War rank, based at Jining. In the tenth month of the fifteenth year (1658) the river burst at Chaigou in Shanyang and dikes at Jianyi, Maluo, and elsewhere failed together. Zhixi rushed to Qingjiangpu, built spur dikes, and closed the breach. Dongjiakou in Suqian had silted shut; he cut a new four-hundred-zhang channel east of the old course to restore the transport line. In the sixteenth year (1659) he listed river-policy measures: “Henan’s annual repair corvée has been cut repeatedly by memorial; the old quotas should stand. Under the Ming, Huai works used civilian labor too; that practice should return. Yang’s transport line links the Gaoyou and Baoying lakes; Huai’s line is where Yellow and Huai meet—key dikes and sluices there should be repaired. Willow materials should be stockpiled in advance by riparian counties. Local bullies monopolize corvée, shifting burdens from rich to poor; project supplies breed endless private abuses—circuit, prefectural, and county officials must investigate and report; concealment should count as dereliction. Registered boatmen who skip work in rain have rations docked as ‘total absence’; river offices and circuit officials must audit this strictly. River officials promoted, transferred, or demoted should not leave until their successors arrive. River officers have sole charge and should receive no other assignments. Year-end review with recommendations and impeachments should likewise be restored.” All items were sent to the ministries for action. When Zhixi mourned his mother he was ordered to observe filial rites in post; he asked leave to bury her at home and received a gracious edict granting funeral leave. In the seventeenth year (1660) he resumed office. For donating relief funds to flood victims in Huai, Yang, and Xu, he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

康熙元年，河決原武、祥符、蘭陽縣境，東溢曹縣，復決石香爐村。之錫檄濟寧道方兆及董曹縣役，而赴河南督塞西閻寨、單家寨、時利驛、蔡家樓、策家寨諸決口。四年二月，疏言：「南旺為運河之脊，北至臨清，南至台莊，四十餘閘，全賴啟閉得宜。瀕河春常少雨，伏秋雨多，東省久旱，山泉小者多枯，大者已弱。若官船經閘，應閉者強之使開，洩水下注，則重運之在上者阻；應開者強之使閉，留水待船，則重運之在下者又阻。乞飭各遵例禁。」得旨，非奉極要差遣，擅行啟閉者，準參奏。八月，疏言：「部議停差北河、中河、南河、南旺、夏鎮、通惠諸分司，歸併地方官。臣維河勢變幻，工料紛繁，天時不齊，非水則旱，或綢繆幾先，或補葺事後，或張皇於風雨倉遽之際，或調劑於左右方圓之間。北河所轄三千餘裡，其間三十餘閘；中河所轄黃、運兩河，董口尤運道咽喉，清黃交接，濁流易灌；南河所轄在淮、黃、江、湖之間，相距窵遠；南旺、泉源三百餘處，近者或出道隅，遠者偏藏僻壤；夏鎮地屬兩省，鑿石通漕，形勢陡絕，節宣閘座，尤費經營；通惠浮沙易淺，峻水易衝，塞決之役，歲歲有之。若云歸併府佐，則職微權輕，上下掣肘。至於地方監司，責以終年累月奔馳駐守，揆之事勢，萬萬不能。分司與各道界壤迥不相同，應合而分：一閘座也，上流以為應閉，下流以為應開；一額夫也，在此則欲求多，在彼又復患少。不但紛競日多，必致牽制誤事。應請仍循舊制。」得旨允行。五年二月，卒。

In the first year of Kangxi (1662) the river burst in Yuanwu, Xiangfu, and Lanyang, flooded east into Cao county, and broke again at Shixianglu Village. Zhixi ordered Jining intendant Fang Zhao and Cao county labor to manage local works while he went to Henan to oversee plugging Xiyanzhai, Danjiazhai, Shiliyi, Caijialou, Cejiazhai, and other breaches. In the second month of the fourth year (1665) he wrote: “Nanwang is the spine of the Grand Canal; from Linqing north to Taizhuang south lie more than forty sluices, all depending on correct operation. Springs along the line are usually dry; summer-autumn rains are heavy. Shandong’s long drought had dried most small springs and weakened the large ones. If grain boats pass a sluice that should stay closed and it is forced open, water drains downstream and upstream heavy transport is blocked; if a sluice that should open is forced shut to hold water, downstream heavy transport is blocked in turn. I beg strict enforcement of the regulations.” The emperor ruled that unauthorized sluice operation, except on the most urgent imperial business, was grounds for impeachment. In the eighth month he wrote: “The ministry proposes abolishing the North River, Middle River, South River, Nanwang, Xiazhen, and Tonghui sub-commissions and merging them with local officials. I find the river’s behavior unpredictable, materials and labor complex, seasons uneven—flood or drought by turns—requiring foresight, after-the-fact repair, emergency action in storms, and constant adjustment among competing needs. The North River commission oversees three thousand li and more than thirty sluices; the Middle River oversees Yellow and Transport; Dongkou is the transport throat where clear and muddy waters meet and silty flow easily backs up; the South River spans Huai, Yellow, Yangtze, and lakes over vast distances; Nanwang alone has three hundred-odd springs—some at roadsides, others hidden in remote ground; Xiazhen straddles two provinces; cutting rock for the grain route is steep work and sluice regulation there especially demanding; Tonghui silts easily, steep currents breach easily, and breach repair is annual work. Merging them into prefectural assistants would mean petty rank, weak authority, and constant interference. Expecting local surveillance commissioners to camp on site year-round is utterly impossible. Sub-commissions and circuit boundaries do not align; what should be unified is split: at one sluice upstream says close while downstream says open; for one labor quota, one side wants more men while the other complains of too few. Disputes would multiply daily and mutual obstruction would ruin the work. I ask that the old system be kept.” The emperor approved. He died in the second month of the fifth year (1666).

直隸山東河南總督硃昌祚疏言：「之錫治河十載，綢繆旱溢，則盡瘁昕宵；疏濬堤渠，則馳驅南北。受事之初，河庫貯銀十餘萬；頻年撙節，現今貯庫四十六萬有奇。覈其官守，可謂公忠。及至積勞攖疾，以河事孔亟，不敢請告。北往臨清，南至邳、宿，夙病日增，遂以不起。年止四十有四，未有子嗣。籥請恩卹，賜祭葬。」徐、兗、淮、揚間頌之錫惠政，相傳死為河神。十二年，河道總督王光裕請錫封號，部議不行。乾隆四十五年，高宗南巡視河工，始允大學士阿桂等請，封助順永寧侯，春秋祠祭。嗣加號曰「佑安」，民稱之曰硃大王。

Zhili-Shandong-Henan governor-general Zhu Changzuo wrote: “In ten years of river work Zhixi planned for drought and flood and wore himself out from dawn to night; in dredging dikes and channels he raced between north and south. When he took office the river treasury held more than one hundred thousand taels; Years of thrift had left more than four hundred and sixty thousand taels in the treasury. Judged by his conduct in office, he had been scrupulously loyal. When overwork brought on illness, the river crisis was so urgent that he dared not ask for leave. He traveled north to Linqing and south to Pi and Su; his chronic illness worsened daily, and he died. He was only forty-four and left no heir. Yue petitioned for posthumous honors, and state funeral rites were granted. Across Xu, Yan, Huai, and Yang people praised Zhixi’s benevolent rule, and legend held that after death he became a river god. In the twelfth year (1673) river director Wang Guangyu asked that Zhixi receive an ennobling title; the ministry refused. In the forty-fifth year of Qianlong (1780), on his southern tour to inspect river works, the Gaozong at last granted Grand Secretary Agui’s request and enfeoffed Zhixi as Marquis Who Assists Compliance and Brings Lasting Peace, with sacrifices each spring and autumn. A later title “Who Protects Peace” was added, and the people called him Lord Zhu.

崔維雅，字大醇，直隸大名人。順治三年舉人，授濬縣教諭，遷河南儀封知縣。儀封瀕河，歲苦氾濫，北岸三家莊當水沖，十四年，水勢北注，岸崩五里餘。維雅於上游故流疏使東行，北岸得安。復與塞封丘大王廟決口，之錫疏薦，擢開封南河同知。

Cui Weiya, styled Dachun, was from Daming in Zhili. He passed the provincial examination in the third year of Shunzhi (1646), became instructor of Jun county, and was transferred to magistrate of Yifeng in Henan. Yifeng lay on the river and flooded yearly; on the north bank Sanjiazhuang took the main current; in the fourteenth year (1657) the flood swung north and the bank gave way for more than five li. Weiya dredged an old upstream channel to turn the river east, securing the north bank. He also helped seal the Fengqiu Dawangmiao breach; Zhixi recommended him and he was promoted South River sub-prefect at Kaifeng.

康熙元年五月，曹縣石香爐村河決，士民求速塞，維雅持不可。工將成復潰，至冬乃塞，如維雅言。遷浙江寧波知府，光裕疏薦，擢河南河道副使。時沿河千餘裡，險工迭出，維雅常預為之備，得無事。陽武潭口寺堤直河衝，水勢迅急，下埽輒蟄。維雅預於上流疏引河，埽定，堤得固。虞城距河堤僅數里，堤沒入河，北岸引河沖刷不利。維雅預迎河溜挑濬，及秋水歸新河，舊河為平陸。桃源七里溝河屢塞屢決，光裕檄維雅往勘，維雅言引河淺狹，流緩沙停，激盪無力，宜令河頭加寬闊，使足翕受全河；又待河水突漲，乃使開放，建瓴直下。又言下游數十里已成平陸，而引河僅百丈，節短勢蹙，力不能刷淤，當接挑二百丈闊，損十之八而深半之。又言開放當在河頭西北，留近埽五丈勿開，則河流入口有倒瀉之勢，埽亦迎流下。光裕悉用其議。复遷河南按察使，湖南、廣西布政使，內召為大理寺卿。卒。

In the fifth month of the first year of Kangxi (1662) the river burst at Shixianglu in Cao county; locals demanded quick repair, but Weiya insisted it could not be rushed. The work nearly finished, then collapsed again; sealing succeeded only in winter, as Weiya had predicted. He became prefect of Ningbo in Zhejiang; Guangyu recommended him and he was made Henan river vice commissioner. Along more than a thousand li of river, dangerous works kept appearing; Weiya usually prepared in advance and kept disasters at bay. The Yangwu Tankousi dike faced the main current head-on; the rush was fierce and mat revetments below kept sinking. Weiya dredged and diverted the river upstream in advance; the mats held and the dike stood firm. Yucheng lay only a few li from the dike, which the river had swallowed; diverting the current on the north bank scoured poorly. Weiya met the current with advance dredging; when autumn water entered the new channel, the old bed became dry land. Taoyuan’s Qiligou River silted and burst repeatedly; Guangyu sent Weiya to survey it; Weiya said the diversion was shallow and narrow, the flow sluggish and sand settling, too weak to scour—the mouth should be widened to take the full river; then wait for a sudden flood before opening it, so the current would pour down like water from a tilted jar. He also noted that dozens of li downstream had become dry land while the diversion was only a hundred zhang—too short and cramped to scour silt; it should be extended two hundred zhang wide, narrowing width by four-fifths and halving depth. Opening should be at the northwest of the mouth, leaving five zhang by the revetment closed so the entry would back-scour and the revetment meet the downward rush. Guangyu adopted all his proposals. He became Henan surveillance commissioner, then Hunan and Guangxi administration commissioner, and was summoned to the capital as president of the Court of Judicial Review. He died.

維雅治河主疏導引河，使水有所歸，故屢有功而後不為患。當靳輔興大工時，維雅奏上所著河防芻議、兩河治略，並詆諆輔所行諸法，列二十四事難之。輔疏辨，謂維雅說不可行，寢其議。

Weiya’s river policy stressed dredging and diversion so water had an outlet; he often succeeded and left no lasting trouble. When Jin Fu launched his great river project, Weiya submitted his Draft Discussions on River Defense and General Plan for the Two Rivers, attacked Fu’s methods, and listed twenty-four objections. Fu rebutted that Weiya’s plan was unworkable, and the proposal was shelved.

靳輔，字紫垣，漢軍鑲黃旗人。順治九年，以官學生考授國史館編修，改內閣中書，遷兵部員外郎。康熙初，自郎中四遷內閣學士。十年，授安徽巡撫。疏請行溝田法，以十畝為一鞬，二十鞬為一溝。溝土累為道，道高溝低，澇則洩水，旱以灌田。會三籓亂起，不果行。部議裁驛站經費，輔疏請禁差員橫索、騷擾驛遞，歲終節存驛站、摃腳等項二十四萬有奇。上獎輔實心任事，加兵部尚書銜。

Jin Fu, styled Ziyuan, belonged to the Han Military Bordered Yellow Banner. In the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), as an Imperial Academy student he passed examination, became State Historiography compiler, then Grand Secretariat secretary, and rose to vice director of War. Early in Kangxi he rose through four promotions from director to Grand Secretariat academician. In the tenth year (1671) he was made governor of Anhui. He memorialized for the ditch-field system: ten mu per ridge unit, twenty ridge units per ditch. Ditch spoil formed ridges higher than the ditches—draining floods in wet years and irrigating in drought. The Three Feudatories rebellion broke out before it could be implemented. When the ministry proposed cutting post-station funds, Fu memorialized to stop traveling commissioners’ extortion and harassment of couriers; by year’s end he saved more than two hundred and forty thousand taels on stations, porter fees, and related costs. The emperor praised Fu’s conscientious service and gave him the concurrent rank of Minister of War.

十六年，授河道總督。時河道久不治，歸仁堤、王家營、邢家口、古溝、翟家壩等處先後潰溢，高家堰決三十餘處，淮水全入運河，黃水逆上至清水潭，浸淫四出。碭山以東兩岸決口數十處，下河七州縣淹為大澤，清口涸為陸地。輔到官，週度形勢，博採輿論，為八疏同日上之：首議疏下流，自清江浦至雲梯關，於河身兩旁離水三丈，各挑引河一道，俟黃、淮下注，新舊河合為一，即以所挑土築兩岸大堤，南始白洋河，北始清河縣，並東至雲梯關。雲梯關至海口百里，近海二十里，潮大土濕，不能施工；餘八十里亦宜量加疏濬，築堤以束之，限二百日畢工，日用夫十二萬三千有奇。次議治上流淤墊，洪澤湖下流自高家堰西至清口，為全淮會黃之所。當於小河兩旁離水二十丈，各挑引河一道，分頭沖洗。次議培修七里墩、武家墩、高家墩、高良澗至周橋閘臨湖殘缺堤岸，下築坦坡，使水至平漫而上，順縮而下，不至怒激崩衝。堤一尺、坦坡五尺，夯杵堅實，種草其上。次議塞黃、淮各處決口，例用埽，費鉅且不耐久；求築土禦水之法，宜密下排椿，多加板纜，用蒲包裹土，麻繩縛而填之，費省而工固。次議閉通濟閘壩，濬清口至清水潭運河二百三十里，以所挑之土傾東西兩堤之外，西隄築為坦坡，東堤加培堅厚，次議規畫經費，都計需銀二百十四萬八千有奇。宜令直隸、江南、浙江、山東、江西、湖北各州縣預徵康熙二十年錢糧十之一，約二百萬。工成後，令淮、揚被水田畝納三錢至一錢；運河經過，商貨米豆石納二分，他貨物斤四分；並開武生納監事例，如數補還。次議裁併冗員，明定職守，並嚴河工處分，諱決視諱盜；兼請調用官吏，工成，與原屬河廳官吏並得優敘。次議工竣後，設河兵守堤，裡設兵六名至二名，都計五千八百六十名。疏入，下廷議，以方軍興，复舉大工，役夫每日至十二萬餘，召募擾民，應先擇要修築。上命輔熟籌。

In the sixteenth year (1677) he was made Director-General of Rivers and Canals. The river had long gone untended; Guiren Dike, Wangjiaying, Xingjiakou, Gugou, Zhaijiaba, and other sites breached in turn; Gaojiayan failed in thirty places; the Huai poured wholly into the Grand Canal; Yellow River water backed up to Qingshuitan and spread everywhere. East of Dangshan both banks had dozens of breaches; seven lower-river prefectures and counties became a vast lake; Qingkou dried to land. On taking office Fu surveyed the terrain and gathered opinion, submitting eight memorials the same day: first, dredge the lower reach from Qingjiangpu to Yuntiguan—dig one diversion channel three zhang from the water on each bank; when Yellow and Huai water descended, old and new channels would merge, and excavated earth would build great dikes from Baiyang River in the south and Qinghe county in the north east to Yuntiguan. From Yuntiguan to the sea was a hundred li; within twenty li of the coast tides were strong and soil too wet for work; the remaining eighty li should be dredged and diked as needed, finished in two hundred days with more than one hundred twenty-three thousand workers daily. Next he proposed treating upstream silt: Hongze Lake’s lower reach from Gaojiayan west to Qingkou is where the entire Huai meets the Yellow. At the lesser channel, twenty zhang from the water on each side, dig one diversion to scour separately. Next he proposed repairing broken lakeside dikes from Qilidun, Wujiadun, Gaojiadun, and Gaoliangjian to Zhouqiao Sluice, building gentle slopes below so water would spread evenly and withdraw smoothly without violent erosion. One chi of dike to five chi of slope, rammed solid and planted with grass. Next he proposed sealing Yellow and Huai breaches; the usual mat revetments were costly and short-lived; he sought an earthen method: drive piles closely, add planks and cables, wrap earth in rush mats bound with hemp rope—cheaper and sturdier. Next he proposed closing the Tongji dam, dredging the two hundred thirty li from Qingkou to Qingshuitan, dumping spoil outside both dikes with a gentle slope on the west and a thickened east bank; total cost would exceed 2.148 million taels. Zhili, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Shandong, Jiangxi, and Hubei should advance one-tenth of the Kangxi twentieth-year land tax—about two million taels. After completion, flooded fields in Huai and Yang would pay three to one qian per mu; along the canal, rice and beans would pay two fen per shi, other goods four fen per jin; and military students could buy supervision status to make up the sum. Next he proposed cutting redundant posts, clarifying duties, and punishing river officials who concealed breaches as they would bandits; he also asked to transfer officials; on completion both transferred men and original river-office staff would receive favorable evaluation. Finally, after completion, post river soldiers along the dikes—two to six per li, five thousand eight hundred sixty in all. The memorial went to court; with war underway and more than one hundred twenty thousand daily laborers disturbing the people, the court ruled that essential repairs should come first. The emperor ordered Fu to plan carefully.

十七年，輔疏言：「以驢運土，可減募夫之半；初擬二百日畢工，今改為四百日，又可減募夫之半。」河工故事，大堤謂之「遙堤」，堤內復為堤逼水，謂之「縷堤」，兩堤間為橫堤，謂之「格堤」。輔疏請就原估土方加築縷堤，有餘量增格堤，南自白洋河，北自清河，上至徐州，視此興築。餘並如前議。疏入，復下廷議，允行。

In the seventeenth year (1678) Fu wrote: “Donkey transport of earth can halve hired labor; the original two-hundred-day schedule is now four hundred days, halving labor again.” In river-work usage the main dike is the “distant dike”; an inner dike pressing the water is the “continuous dike”; cross dikes between them are “check dikes.” Fu asked to add continuous dikes within the original earthwork estimate and check dikes where surplus allowed, from Baiyang River south and Qinghe north up to Xuzhou. The rest followed his earlier plan. The memorial went to court again and was approved.

上諭以治河大事，當動正項錢糧。輔疏言：「前議黃河兩岸分築遙、縷二隄，勘有舊堤貼近河身，擬作為縷堤，其外更築遙堤。前議用驢運土，今議改車運。前議離堤三十丈內不許取土，今因宿遷、桃源等縣人弱工多，改令二十丈外取土。前議河身兩旁各挑引河一道，今以工費浩繁，除清河北岸淺工必須挑濬。餘俱用鐵掃帚濬深河底。」下部議，從之。

The emperor ruled that major river work must use regular budget funds. Fu wrote: “The earlier plan was separate distant and continuous dikes on both Yellow River banks; survey found old dikes near the channel to serve as continuous dikes, with new distant dikes outside. Donkey transport is now changed to cart transport. Earth could not be taken within thirty zhang of the dike; because Suqian, Taoyuan, and other counties had weak labor pools, earth may now be taken beyond twenty zhang. Each bank was to get one diversion channel; costs are now too vast—only shallow north-bank Qing River work must be dredged. Elsewhere iron harrows will deepen the riverbed.” The ministries approved.

是歲吳三桂死，上趣諸將帥進兵，輔欲節帑佐軍，又以興工後需費溢出原估，均頗改前議，先開清口引河四道，塞高家堰、王家岡、武家墩諸決口，築堤束水。如所議施行。顧下流未大治，伏秋盛漲，水溢出堤上，復決碭山石將軍廟、蕭縣九里溝。輔乃議設減水壩，於蕭、碭、宿遷、桃源、清河諸縣河南北兩岸為壩十三，壩七洞，水盛藉以宣洩。輔复察清口淮、黃交會，黃漲侵灌運河，乃自新莊閘西南開新河至太平壩；又自文華寺開新河至七里閘，复折向西南，亦至太平壩；改以七里閘為運口，由武家墩爛泥淺轉入黃河。運口距黃、淮交會處約十里，自此無淤墊之患。疏報，並議行。輔勘清水潭決口屢塞屢衝，乃棄深就淺，築東西長堤二道，並挑新河八百四十丈，疏積水。山陽、高郵等七州縣民田，至是皆出水可耕。

That year Wu Sangui died and the emperor pressed the generals forward; Fu sought to save funds for the army and, as costs exceeded estimates, revised his plan—first opening four Qingkou diversion channels, sealing Gaojiayan, Wangjiagang, Wujiadun, and other breaches, and building dikes to confine the water. Work proceeded as approved. But the lower reach was still untamed; at the summer-autumn flood peak water topped the dikes and broke again at Dangshan’s Shijiangjun Temple and Xiao county’s Jiuligou. Fu then proposed thirteen flood-relief dams with seven openings on both banks in Xiao, Dang, Suqian, Taoyuan, Qinghe, and other counties to discharge excess water. Fu found that at Qingkou rising Yellow water was backing into the canal; he cut a new channel southwest from Xinzhuang Sluice to Taiping Dam; and another from Wenhua Temple to Qili Sluice, then southwest again to Taiping Dam; making Qili Sluice the transport mouth and routing grain traffic through Wujiadun’s Lannini Shoal into the Yellow River. The transport mouth lay about ten li from the Yellow-Huai junction, ending silting problems. He reported by memorial and the plan was approved. At Qingshuitan, where breaches were sealed and reopened repeatedly, Fu abandoned the deep channel for a shallow one, built east and west long dikes, and cut an eight-hundred-forty-zhang new river to drain standing water. Farmland in Shanyang, Gaoyou, and five other prefectures and counties emerged and could be planted again.

十八年，輔疏報，並請名新河曰永安河，報聞。翟家壩淮河決口成支河九道，輔飭淮揚道副使劉國靖等督堵塞，至是工竟，輔詣勘疏報，並言：「山陽、寶應、高郵、江都四州縣瀦水諸湖，逐漸涸出。臣今廣為招墾，俾增賦足民，上下均利。」屯田之議自此起。

In the eighteenth year (1679) Fu reported and asked that the new channel be named the Yong’an River; the court assented. At Zhaijiaba the Huai breach had formed nine branch channels; Fu ordered Huai-Yang vice commissioner Liu Guojing and others to plug them; when the work was done Fu inspected and reported: “The flooded lakes of Shanyang, Baoying, Gaoyou, and Jiangdu are gradually drying. I now propose broad reclamation so revenue may rise, the people be provided for, and court and subjects alike benefit.” The proposal for military colonies dates from this.

漕船自七里閘出口，行駱馬湖達窯灣。夏秋盛漲，冬春水涸，重運多阻。輔議濬湖旁皁河故道，上接泇河通運。疏入，下廷議，上問諸臣意若何，左都御史魏象樞曰：「輔請大修黃河，上發帑二百五十一萬，計一勞永逸。前奏堤壩已築十之七，今又欲別開河道，所謂一勞永逸者安在？臣等慮漕運有阻，故議從其請。」上曰：「象樞言良是。河雖開，必上流浩瀚，方免淤滯。今雨少水涸，恐未必有濟。即已成諸工，亦以旱易修，豈得恃為永固耶？」十九年五月，輔丁憂，命在任守制。秋，河復決，輔疏請處分，上趣輔修築。二十年三月，輔疏言：「臣前請大修黃河，限三年水歸故道。今限滿，水未歸故道，請處分。」下部議，當奪官，上命戴罪督修。

Grain boats left through Qili Sluice, crossed Luoma Lake, and reached Yaowan. Summer-autumn floods and winter-spring low water often blocked heavy transport. Fu proposed dredging the old Zao River course beside the lake to link the Si River with the transport route. The memorial went to court; the emperor asked the ministers’ views; left censor-in-chief Wei Xiangshu said: “Fu asked for major Yellow River repairs; the emperor allocated 2.51 million taels for a permanent solution. He reported dikes and dams seven-tenths complete; now he wants another new channel—where is the permanent solution? We feared for grain transport and so approved his request. The emperor said: “Xiangshu is right. Even with a new channel open, the upper reach must run full and wide to avoid silting. With so little rain and the water so low, I doubt it will help. Even finished works are easy to maintain in a drought—how can we treat them as permanently secure? In the fifth month of year nineteen (1680), Fu went into mourning for his father but was ordered to remain in office while observing filial rites. That autumn the river breached again; Fu submitted a memorial asking to be punished, but the emperor ordered him to press on with repairs. In the third month of year twenty (1681), Fu wrote: "Your subject had pledged a major Yellow River repair with the water back in the old channel within three years. The term has expired and the water has not returned; I request punishment. The ministries recommended stripping his rank; the emperor ordered him to continue supervising repairs while bearing guilt.

二十一年五月，上遣尚書伊桑阿、侍郎宋文運、給事中王曰溫、御史伊喇喀勘工。候補布政使崔維雅奏上所著書，議盡罷輔所行減水壩諸法，大興工，日役夫四十萬，築堤以十二丈為率。上命從伊桑阿等往與輔議之。伊桑阿等遍勘諸工，至徐州，令輔與維雅議，輔疏言：「河道全局已成十八九。蕭家渡雖有決口，而海口大辟，下流疏通，腹心之害已除。斷不宜有所更張，隳成功，釀後患。」伊桑阿等還京師，下廷議，工部尚書薩穆哈等請以蕭家渡決口責輔賠修，上以賠修非輔所能任，未允；又議維雅條奏，伊桑阿請召輔詢之。十一月，輔入對，言蕭家渡工來歲正月當竟，維雅所議日用夫四十萬、築堤以十二丈為率，皆不可行。維雅議乃寢。上命塞決口，仍動正項錢糧。二十二年四月，輔疏報蕭家渡合龍，河歸故道，大溜直下，七里溝等四十餘處險汛日加，並天妃壩、王公堤及運河閘座，均應修築。別疏請飭河南巡撫修築開封、歸德兩府境河堤，防上流疏失。上均如所請。十二月，命复輔官。

In the fifth month of year twenty-one (1682), the emperor dispatched Ministers Yisang'a and Song Wenyun, Secretariat Secretary Wang Riwan, and Censor Yilake to inspect the works. Acting Provincial Commissioner Cui Weiya submitted his treatise, urging that Fu's flood-relief dams and related methods be scrapped entirely, that massive works employ four hundred thousand men a day, and that dikes be built to a standard height of twelve zhang. The emperor ordered them to travel with Yisang'a's party and confer with Fu. Yisang'a's party inspected the works up and down the line; at Xuzhou they had Fu meet with Weiya. Fu wrote: "The river system as a whole is already eight or nine tenths complete. Xiaojiadu still has a breach, but the estuary has been widened and the lower reach cleared—the core danger is gone. We must not change course now, wreck what has been achieved, and invite new disasters. Back in the capital, the case went to court. Minister of Works Samuha and others wanted Fu to pay for repairing the Xiaojiadu breach; the emperor held that compensation was beyond Fu's means and did not approve; they also debated Cui Weiya's detailed proposals; Yisang'a asked that Fu be summoned for questioning. In the eleventh month Fu appeared before the throne and said Xiaojiadu would be closed by the first month of the coming year; Weiya's plan for four hundred thousand men a day and twelve-zhang dikes was unworkable on every count. Cui Weiya's plan was set aside. The emperor ordered the breach plugged and authorized regular appropriations. In the fourth month of year twenty-two (1683), Fu reported that Xiaojiadu was closed, the river was back in its old channel, and the main current ran straight; more than forty dangerous points such as Qiligou were worsening daily; Tianfei Dam, Wanggong Dike, and canal sluices all needed work. In a separate memorial he urged the Henan governor to repair dikes in Kaifeng and Guide, lest the upper reach be left unattended. The emperor approved every request. In the twelfth month Fu's rank was restored.

二十三年十月，上南巡，閱河北岸諸工，諭輔曰：「蕭家渡堤壩當培薄增卑，隨時修築。減水壩原用以洩水，遇泛溢橫流，安知今日減水壩不為他年之決口？且減水旁流，浸灌民田，朕心深不忍。當籌畫措置。」上見堤夫作苦，駐轡慰勞久之，諭輔戒官役侵蝕工食。復視天妃閘，諭輔宜改草壩，並另設七里、太平二閘殺水勢。舟過高郵，見田廬在水中，惻然愍念。遣尚書伊桑阿、薩穆哈察視海口。還蹕，复閱高家堰，至清口，閱黃河南岸諸工，諭輔運口當添建閘座，防黃水倒灌；復召輔入行宮慰諭，書閱河堤詩賜之。

In the tenth month of year twenty-three (1684), on his southern tour the emperor inspected the north-bank works and told Fu: "At Xiaojiadu, thicken what is thin, raise what is low, and keep the dikes in repair. Relief dams were meant to spill excess water—but in a great flood water runs everywhere; who can say today's relief dam will not be tomorrow's breach? And when relief water spreads into the fields, my heart cannot bear it. Find a remedy. Seeing the laborers' hardship, he halted his carriage a long while to comfort them and warned Fu to stop officials from skimming workers' rations. He inspected Tianfei Sluice again and told Fu to replace the earthen dam and add Qili and Taiping sluices to tame the current. Passing Gaoyou he saw farms and homes awash and was moved to pity. He sent Ministers Yisang'a and Samuha to survey the sea mouth. On the return journey he revisited Gaojiayan and Qingkou, inspected the south-bank Yellow River works, and told Fu to add sluices at the transport mouth against Yellow backflow; he summoned Fu again to the traveling palace to encourage him and presented a poem composed on inspecting the river dikes.

輔以上念減水淹民，因議於宿遷、桃源、清河三縣黃河北岸堤內開新河，謂之中河。於清河西仲家莊建閘，引攔馬河減水壩所洩水入中河。漕船初出清口浮於河，至張莊運口，中河成，得自清口截流，迳渡北岸，度仲家莊閘，免黃河一百八十里之險。伊桑阿等還奏，議疏濬車路、串場諸河至白駒、丁溪、草堰諸口，引高郵等處減水壩所洩水入海。上命安徽按察使於成龍董其事，仍受輔節制，奏事由輔疏報。

Mindful of the emperor's concern that relief dams were drowning farmland, Fu proposed cutting a new channel inside the north-bank dikes of Suqian, Taoyuan, and Qinghe—the "Middle River." At Zhongjiazhuang, west of the Qing River, he built a sluice to take spill from the Luoma River relief dams into the Middle River. Grain boats had first to float downriver from Qingkou to Zhangzhuang; once the Middle River was open they could cross from Qingkou to the north bank, pass Zhongjiazhuang Sluice, and skip one hundred eighty li of Yellow River peril. Yisang'a's party returned and proposed dredging Chelu, Chuan'chang, and related channels to Baixu, Dingxi, and Caoyan, carrying spill from Gaoyou and other relief dams to the sea. The emperor put Anhui Provincial Judge Yu Chenglong in charge, still under Fu's authority, with reports routed through Fu.

二十四年正月，輔疏請徐州迤上毛城鋪、王家山諸處增建減水閘，下廷議。上諭減水閘益河工無益百姓，不可不熟計，命遣官與輔詳議，若分水不致多損民田，即令興工。九月，輔疏報赴河南勘黃河兩岸，請築考城、儀封、封丘、滎澤堤埽，下部議行。成龍議疏海口洩積水，輔謂下河地卑於海五尺，疏海口引潮內侵，害滋大；議自高郵東車邏鎮築堤，歷興化白駒場，束所洩水入海，堤內涸出田畝，丈量還民，餘招民屯墾，取田價償工費。疏聞，上謂取田價恐累民，未即許。

In the first month of year twenty-four (1685), Fu asked to add relief sluices at Maochengpu, Wangjiashan, and other sites above Xuzhou; the proposal went to court. The emperor said relief sluices help the river, not the people, and must be weighed carefully; officials were sent to confer with Fu—if diversion would not ruin too much farmland, work could begin. In the ninth month Fu reported a survey of both Henan banks and asked for dikes at Kaocheng, Yifeng, Fengqiu, and Yingze; the ministries approved. Chenglong wanted the sea mouth dredged to drain standing water; Fu argued the lower river lies five chi below sea level and dredging would pull the tide inland and make things worse; he proposed a dike east from Gaoyou's Cheluo town through Xinghua's Baixu salt field to the sea to pen the spill; reclaimed land inside would be surveyed and returned to owners, the rest colonized, with land sales covering costs. The emperor feared charging for reclaimed land would burden the people and withheld approval.

尋召輔、成龍馳驛詣京師廷議，成龍議開海口故道，輔仍主築長堤高一丈五尺，束水敵海潮。大學士、九卿從輔議，通政使參議成其範、給事中王又旦、御史錢鎯從成龍議，議不決。上命宣問下河諸州縣人官京師者，侍讀寶應喬萊等乃言：「從成龍議，工易成，百姓有利無害；從輔議，工難成，百姓田廬墳墓多傷損，且堤高一丈五尺，束水至一丈，高於民居，伏秋潰決，為害不可勝言。」上頗右成龍，遣尚書薩穆哈、學士穆稱額詣淮安會漕督徐旭齡、巡撫湯斌詳勘。二十五年正月，薩穆哈等還奏，謂民間皆言濬海口無益。尋授成龍直隸巡撫，罷濬海口議。四月，召斌為尚書，入對，上复舉其事以問，斌言濬海口必有益於民。上責薩穆哈、穆稱額還京時不以實奏，奪官。召大學士九卿及萊等定議濬海口，發帑二十萬，命侍郎孫在豐董其役。

Fu and Chenglong were soon rushed to Beijing for a court debate: Chenglong for reopening the old sea mouth, Fu for a long dike one zhang five chi high to hold the water against the tide. Grand Secretaries and the Nine Ministers backed Fu; Privy Councilor Cheng Qifan, Secretariat Secretary Wang Youdan, and Censor Qian Peng backed Chenglong; the court could not decide. The emperor questioned lower-river officials in the capital; Reader Qiao Lai of Bao'an and others said: "Chenglong's plan is easier to finish and helps the people without harm; Fu's plan is hard to finish and will wreck fields, homes, and graves; a dike one zhang five chi high holding a foot of water above the houses would, if it burst in flood season, bring disaster beyond telling. The emperor leaned toward Chenglong and sent Samuha and Academician Much'a'e to Huai'an with Grain Transport Director Xu Xuling and Governor Tang Bin for a full survey. In the first month of year twenty-five (1686), Samuha's party returned reporting that common opinion held estuary dredging useless. Chenglong was soon made Zhili governor and the estuary dredging plan was dropped. In the fourth month Tang Bin was summoned to court as minister; asked again, he insisted estuary dredging would help the people. The emperor rebuked Samuha and Much'a'e for false reporting on their return and stripped their ranks. He convened the Grand Secretaries, Nine Ministers, and Lai's group, approved estuary dredging, allocated two hundred thousand taels, and put Vice Minister Sun Zaifeng in charge.

工部劾輔治河已九年，無成功。上曰：「河務甚難，而輔易視之。若遽議處，後任者益難為力，今姑寬之，仍責令督修。」二十六年，輔疏言：「運堤減水以下河為壑，東即大海，濬海口似可紓水患；惟泰州安豐、東台、鹽城諸縣地勢甚卑，形如釜底，若止就此挑濬，徒增其深。淮流甚漲，高家堰洩水洶湧而來，仍不能救民田之淹沒。臣以為杜患於流，不若杜患於源。高家堰堤外直東為下河，東北為清口，當自翟家壩起至高家堰築重堤萬六千丈，束減水北出清口，則洪澤湖不復東淹下河。下河十餘萬頃皆成沃產，而高、寶諸湖涸出田畝，可招民屯墾，以裕河庫。」上使以輔疏示成龍，成龍仍言下河宜開，重堤不宜築。上遣尚書佛倫，侍郎熊一瀟，給事中達奇納、趙吉士與總督董訥，總漕慕天顏會勘。佛倫等皆欲用輔議，天顏、在豐與相左。佛倫等還奏，下廷議，會太皇太后崩，議未上。

The Board of Works impeached Fu: nine years on the river without success. The emperor said: "River work is desperately hard, yet Fu has treated it lightly. Punish him now and his successor will have it harder still; for the moment I will be lenient and still hold him to the work. In year twenty-six (1687), Fu wrote: "Relief from the transport dikes pours into the lower river basin; east lies the sea—dredging the mouth seems to offer relief; but Anfeng, Dongtai, Yancheng, and other Taizhou counties lie in a bowl—dredge only there and you only dig the bowl deeper. When the Huai runs high, Gaojiayan spill thunders in—and still the fields drown. Better to stop the harm at its source than downstream. East of Gaojiayan lies the lower river; northeast lies Qingkou—from Zhaijiaba to Gaojiayan build sixteen thousand zhang of heavy dike to pen relief water and send it north through Qingkou, and Hongze Lake will cease to flood the lower river eastward. A hundred thousand mou of lower river would turn fertile; lake beds at Gaoyou, Bao'an, and elsewhere could be colonized to fill the river treasury. The emperor showed Fu's memorial to Chenglong; Chenglong still insisted the lower river must be opened and opposed the heavy dike. He sent Minister Folun, Vice Minister Xiong Yixiao, Secretaries Daqina and Zhao Jishi, Governor Dong Ne, and Transport Director Mu Tianyan to survey together. Folun's party favored Fu; Tianyan and Zaifeng dissented. Folun returned and the case went to court—but the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang died and the memorial never reached the throne.

二十七年春，給事中劉楷，御史郭琇、陸祖修交章論輔，琇辭連輔幕客陳潢，祖修請罷輔，至以舜殛鯀為比；天顏、在豐亦疏論屯田累民，及輔阻撓開濬下河狀。琇旋劾大學士明珠等，語复及輔。輔入覲，亦疏訐成龍、天顏、在豐等朋比謀陷害。上曰：「輔為總河，挑河築堤，漕運無誤，不可謂無功；但屯田、下河二事，亦難逃罪。近因被劾，論其過者甚多。人窮則呼天，輔若不陳辨朕前，復何所控告耶？」三月，上御乾清門，召輔與成龍、琇等廷辨，輔、成龍各持所見不相下。琇言輔屯田害民，輔言屬吏奉行不善致民怨，因引咎，坐罷，以王新命代，佛倫、訥、在豐、達奇納皆左遷，天顏、吉士並奪官，陳潢亦坐譴。

In the spring of year twenty-seven (1688), Secretariat Secretary Liu Kai and Censors Guo Xiu and Lu Zuxiu attacked Fu in turn; Xiu implicated his adviser Chen Huang; Zuxiu demanded dismissal, likening Fu to Gun punished by Shun; Tianyan and Zaifeng added memorials on colonization harming the people and Fu blocking lower-river dredging. Xiu soon impeached Grand Secretary Mingzhu as well, again dragging in Fu. Fu appeared at court and countered that Chenglong, Tianyan, and Zaifeng were in league to destroy him. The emperor said: "As river chief Fu has dredged and diked; transport has not failed—he is not without merit; yet on colonization and the lower river he is hardly blameless. Impeached as he is, accusers are many. Desperate men cry to Heaven—if Fu will not speak before me, to whom can he appeal? In the third month the emperor held court at the Gate of Heavenly Purity with Fu, Chenglong, and Xiu; Fu and Chenglong would not budge. Xiu charged that Fu's colonization hurt the people; Fu blamed bad execution by subordinates, accepted guilt, and was dismissed—Wang Xinming took his post; Folun, Ne, Zaifeng, and Daqina were demoted; Tianyan and Jishi were stripped; Chen Huang was punished too.

時中河工初竣，上遣學士開音布、侍衛馬武往勘，還奏中河商賈舟楫不絕。上諭廷臣曰：「前者於成龍奏河道為靳輔所壞，今開音布等還奏，數年未嘗衝決，漕運亦不誤。若謂輔治河全無所裨，微特輔不服，即朕亦不愜。」因遣尚書張玉書、圖納，左都御史馬齊，侍郎成其範、徐廷璽閱工，遍察輔所繕治，孰為當改，孰為不當改，詳勘具奏。玉書等還言河身漸次刷深，黃水汎溜入海，兩岸閘壩有應循舊者，有應移改者，多守輔舊規。

The Middle River had just been finished; Kaiyinbu and guard Ma Wu inspected it and reported merchant traffic steady on the new channel. He told the court: "Chenglong once said Jin Fu had ruined the channel; Kaiyinbu now reports years without a breach and transport on schedule. To say Fu's work accomplished nothing—Fu would not accept it, and neither do I. He sent Zhang Yushu, Tuna, Ma Qi, Cheng Qifan, and Xu Tingxi to review everything Fu had built and report what to keep and what to change. They returned reporting the channel deepening, Yellow water running to sea, and sluices mostly left on Fu's plan—some to be kept, a few moved.

十一月，上遣尚書蘇赫等閱通州運河，命輔偕往，請於沙河建閘蓄水，通州下流築堤束水，從之。二十八年正月，上南巡閱河，輔扈行。閱中河，上慮逼近黃河，水漲堤潰；輔對若加築遙堤即無患。還京師，諭獎輔所繕治河深堤固，命還舊秩。二十九年，漕運總督董訥以北運河水淺，擬盡引南旺河水北流；倉場侍郎開音布复疏請濬北運河。上諮輔，言南旺河水盡北流，南河必水淺，惟從北河兩旁下埽束水，自可濟運。上命偕開音布董理。

In the eleventh month Su He inspected the Tongzhou canal with Fu, who proposed a sluice on the Sha River to impound water and dikes below Tongzhou to confine it—approved. In the first month of year twenty-eight (1689), on a southern tour to inspect the river, Fu went with him. At the Middle River the emperor feared its proximity to the Yellow—if the river rose, the dike might fail; Fu said a distant dike would remove the risk. Back in Beijing he praised Fu's deep channel and solid dikes and restored his former rank. In year twenty-nine (1690), Transport Director Dong Ne, finding the north canal shallow, proposed diverting all Nanwang Lake water north; Granary Vice Minister Kaiyinbu again asked to dredge the north canal. Consulting Fu, he said sending all Nanwang water north would shallow the south canal; fascines along the north canal banks would suffice for transport. The emperor ordered Fu and Kaiyinbu to manage it together.

三十一年，王新命坐事罷，上曰：「朕聽政後，以三籓及河務、漕運為三大事，書宮中柱上。河務不得其人，必誤漕運。及輔未甚老而用之，亦得紓數年之慮。」令仍為河道總督，輔以衰弱辭，命順天府丞徐廷璽為協理。會陝西西安、鳳翔災，上命留江北漕糧二十萬石，自黃河運蒲州。輔疏言水道止可至孟津，親詣督運，上嘉之。輔疏請就高家堰運料小河培堤使高廣，中河加築遙堤，並增建四閘，堵塞張莊舊運口，皆前此繕治所未竟者。別疏請復陳潢官，並起用熊一瀟、達奇納、趙吉士。輔病劇，再疏乞解任，命內大臣明珠往視，傳諭調治。十一月，卒，賜祭葬，諡文襄。三十五年，允江南士民請，建祠河干。四十六年，追贈太子太保，予拜他喇布勒哈番世職。雍正五年，復加工部尚書。

In year thirty-one (1692), Wang Xinming was dismissed; the emperor said: "When I took power I wrote the Three Feudatories, river work, and grain transport on the palace pillars as the three great affairs. Without the right man on the river, transport will fail. Recall Fu while he is not too old and years of worry may ease. Fu was reappointed river chief; he pleaded infirmity; Shuntian Vice Director Xu Tingxi was named to assist. Disaster struck Xi'an and Fengxiang in Shaanxi; the emperor held back two hundred thousand shi of Jiangbei grain to ship up the Yellow River to Puzhou. Fu reported the waterway reached only to Mengjin and that he would supervise transport in person; the emperor praised him. He asked to raise Gaojiayan's material channel and dikes, add a distant dike on the Middle River, build four more sluices, and close the old Zhangzhuang mouth—all work left unfinished. He separately asked to restore Chen Huang and recall Xiong Yixiao, Daqina, and Zhao Jishi. Gravely ill, Fu again begged to resign; the emperor sent Mingzhu to visit and ordered him to rest and recover. He died in the eleventh month; the court granted funeral rites and the posthumous title Wenxiang. In year thirty-five (1696), at the plea of Jiangnan gentry and people, a shrine was raised on the riverbank for him. In year forty-six (1707) he was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and given a hereditary baitalahabulehaikan office. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727) he was again given the posthumous rank of Minister of Works.

子治豫，襲職。世宗以其侍父在官，知河務，命自副參領加工部侍郎銜，協理江南河工。

His son Zhi Yu succeeded to the hereditary post. The Yongzheng Emperor, finding that he had served at his father's side and understood river work, ordered him promoted from Associate Brigade Commander with the concurrent title of Vice Minister of Works to help manage Jiangnan river projects.

陳潢，字天一，浙江錢塘人。負才久不遇，過邯鄲呂祖祠，題詩壁間，語豪邁。輔見而異焉，踪跡得之，引為幕客，甚相得。凡輔所建白，多自潢發之。康熙二十三年，上巡河，問輔：「孰為汝佐？」以潢對。二十六年，輔疏言潢十年佐治勤勞，下部議，授潢僉事道銜。二十七年，郭琇劾輔，辭連潢。輔罷，潢削職銜，逮京師，未入獄，以病卒。輔復起，疏請復潢官，部議以潢已卒，寢其奏。

Chen Huang, styled Tianyi, came from Qiantang in Zhejiang. Gifted yet long unemployed, he passed the Lüzu Temple at Handan and wrote a poem on its wall in a voice proud and expansive. Jin Fu read it and was struck; he traced Huang down, brought him onto his staff, and they suited each other exceedingly well. Nearly every proposal Fu put forward had its start in Huang. In Kangxi year twenty-three (1684), the emperor inspected the river works and asked Fu, "Who is your right hand?" Fu named Huang. In year twenty-six (1687) Fu reported Huang's ten years of tireless assistance; the ministries reviewed the case and Huang received the rank of Secretariat Participant. In year twenty-seven (1688) Guo Xiu attacked Fu, and his charges dragged in Huang as well. Fu fell from office; Huang lost his rank, was brought to Beijing, and died of illness before he ever saw a jail. When Fu returned to power he asked that Huang's rank be restored; the ministries held that Huang was already dead and let the petition die.

潢佐治河，主順河性而利導之，有所患必推其致患之由；工主覈實，料主豫備，而估計不當過省，省則速敗，所費較所省尤大；慎固堤防，主潘季馴束水刷沙之說，尤以減水壩為要務；有潰決，先固兩旁，不使日擴，乃修復故道，而疏引河以注之；河流今昔形勢不同，無一勞永逸之策，在時時謹小慎微，而尤重在河員之久任。張靄生採潢所論，次為治河述言十二篇。高宗以靄生河圖能得真源，命採其書入四庫，與輔治河奏績並列。

In river work Huang held that one must follow the river's nature and steer it to advantage; whenever trouble arose he traced it to its source; projects required on-site verification, supplies advance provisioning, and budgets must not be pared too thin—parsimony fails fast, and the repair costs more than the savings; dikes had to be strengthened with care; he followed Pan Jixun's teaching that confined water scours silt, and above all treated flood-relief dams as vital; when a breach opened, he first shored both sides so it would not widen day by day, then reopened the old course and cut feeder channels to draw water in; rivers change shape from age to age—no policy lasts forever; success lay in unceasing small vigilance, and most of all in keeping river officers long in post. Zhang Aisheng gathered Huang's views and arranged them into twelve chapters entitled Discourses on River Control. The Qianlong Emperor, judging Aisheng's river maps true to their sources, ordered the work into the Siku Quanshu, ranking it with Fu's record of river victories.

宋文運，字開之，直隸南宮人。順治六年進士，授山東滋陽知縣，行取刑部主事。再遷吏部郎中，掌選政，清直守正。以魏象樞薦，擢鴻臚寺少卿，累擢刑部侍郎。命佐伊桑阿行河，上特諭之曰：「爾有所見，當堅持詳議，毋以伊桑阿為尚書而阿其意也。」以病乞休，加太子少保，致仕。卒，諡端愨。久之，上猶謂文選司事要，文運操守聲名，無能及之者。

Song Wenyun, styled Kaizhi, was from Nangong in Zhili. A jinshi of Shunzhi year six (1649), he became magistrate of Ziyang in Shandong and was then tapped as a principal clerk in the Ministry of Punishments. Twice promoted to Director in the Ministry of Personnel, he held the power of appointments with clean, upright integrity. Wei Xiangshu recommended him; he rose to Vice Minister of the Court of State Ceremonial and eventually to Vice Minister of Punishments. Sent to assist Yisang'a on river inspection, he received a special order: "Hold to your own views and argue them through; do not yield to Yisang'a simply because he is a minister." He retired on grounds of illness, was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and left office. He died and was given the posthumous title Duanque. Long after his death the emperor still said the Selection Bureau's business was vital, and that in integrity and fame no one matched Wenyun.

董訥，字茲重，山東平原人。康熙六年一甲三名進士，授編修。累擢至江南總督。為政持大體，有惠於民。左遷去，江南民為立生祠。二十八年，上南巡，民執香跪訥生祠前，求復官訥江南。上還蹕，笑謂訥曰：「汝官江南惠及民，民為汝建小廟。」旋以侍讀學士復出為漕運總督。卒。

Dong Ne, styled Zizhong, came from Pingyuan in Shandong. In Kangxi year six (1667) he took third place among the top jinshi and entered the Hanlin as a compiler. He rose step by step to Governor-General of Jiangnan. He governed for the broad design and did real good for the people. After his demotion and departure, the people of Jiangnan built him a living shrine. In year twenty-eight (1689), during the southern tour, people knelt with incense before Ne's shrine and begged that he be sent back to Jiangnan. On the return journey the emperor laughed and told Ne, "Your tenure in Jiangnan helped the people—they have built you a little temple." Soon he was sent out again as Grain Transport Governor with the rank of Hanlin Reader. He died.

熊一瀟，字蔚懷，江西南昌人。康熙三年進士，改庶吉士，授浙江道監察御史。請罷投誠武官改授文官例，並議裁併各關，皆下部議行。累官工部尚書，坐奪官。以輔遺疏薦，起太常寺卿，復至工部尚書。致仕，卒。孫學鵬，進士，官廣東巡撫。

Xiong Yixiao, styled Weihuai, was a native of Nanchang in Jiangxi. A jinshi of Kangxi year three (1664), he became a Hanlin bachelor and then Censor of the Zhejiang Circuit. He asked to end the practice of turning surrendered military officers into civil officials and proposed merging customs posts; both went to the ministries and were carried out. He rose to Minister of Works, then was dismissed and stripped of rank. On Fu's deathbed recommendation he was recalled as Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and again rose to Minister of Works. He retired and died. His grandson Sun Xuepeng, a jinshi, became Governor of Guangdong.

於成龍，字振甲，漢軍鑲黃旗人。康熙七年，自廕生授直隸樂亭知縣。八年，署灤州知州。以逸囚當降調，樂亭民列善政，兩叩閽籥留，下巡撫金世德勘實，得復任。十三年，以緝盜逾限未獲，又當降調，世德疏請留，上特許之。十八年，遷通州知州。

Yu Chenglong, styled Zhenjia, belonged to the Han Military Bordered Yellow Banner. In Kangxi year seven (1668), through hereditary privilege he was made magistrate of Leting in Zhili. In year eight (1669) he served as acting prefect of Luanzhou. When escaped prisoners cost him a demotion, the people of Leting catalogued his good rule and twice battered the palace gates to keep him; Governor Jin Shide verified the facts and he kept his post. In year thirteen (1674), failure to catch bandits within the deadline again called for demotion; Jin Shide memorialized to keep him, and the emperor granted an exception. In year eighteen (1679) he was moved to prefect of Tongzhou.

二十年，直隸巡撫於成龍遷兩江總督，疏薦可大用；會江寧府缺員，疏請敕廷臣推清操久著與相類者，上即以命成龍。二十三年，上南巡至江寧，嘉成龍廉潔，親書手捲賜之。超擢安徽按察使。上還京師，賜其父參領得水貂裘，並諭八旗諸大臣有子弟為外吏者，各貽書訓勉，視得水之教成龍。上以江南下河諸州縣久被水，敕議疏濬，命成龍分理，仍聽河道總督靳輔節制。輔請於上流築堤束水；成龍擬疏海口，濬下河水道，持異議。上遣尚書薩穆哈、學士穆稱額往諮於民，薩穆哈等還奏，言眾謂濬海無益，乃命緩興工。

In year twenty (1681), Yu Chenglong, now Governor of Zhili, was shifted to Governor-General of Liangjiang and memorialized that he was fit for greater trust; when Jiangning prefect fell vacant he asked the throne to name an official of long-proven integrity like himself—and the emperor appointed Yu Chenglong. In year twenty-three (1684), on the southern tour at Jiangning, the emperor praised Chenglong's integrity and wrote a handscroll with his own brush as a gift. He was abruptly promoted to Surveillance Commissioner of Anhui. Back in Beijing the emperor gave Chenglong's father, Colonel Yu Deshui, a robe of water marten, and told every Eight Banner minister with a son in provincial service to write home in admonition, holding up Deshui's rearing of Chenglong as the standard. With the lower-river counties of Jiangnan long drowned, the emperor ordered dredging discussed and set Chenglong to it, still under Director-General Jin Fu. Fu proposed upstream dikes to confine the current; Chenglong favored dredging the sea mouth and the lower-river channels, and the two men split. The emperor sent Minister Samuha and Academician Much'a'e to ask the people; they came back saying folk believed dredging the sea would not help, and construction was postponed.

二十五年二月，授成龍直隸巡撫。入對，上問：「治畿輔利弊應興革者宜何先？」成龍對：「弭盜為先。姦宄倚旗下為淵藪，有司莫敢誰何，臣當執法治之。」瀕行，賜白金千、表里二十端。上官，疏言：「弭盜當力行保甲，旗下莊屯不屬於州縣，本旗統領遠在京師，僅有撥什庫在屯，未能約束。應令旗人與民戶同編保甲，撥什庫、鄉長互相稽察，盜發，無問所劫為旗為民，協力救護。得盜，賞；藏盜、縱盜，罰。」又疏言：「燕山六衛，所轄遼闊，與州縣不相統屬，盜發止責汛弁捕治，而衛官置不問。請以衛地屬所近州縣同編保甲，並於通州、盧溝橋、黃村、沙河各設捕盜同知，守備以下分汛、墩、台及旗下莊屯，悉歸稽察。」並下部議行。先後捕治旗丁沈顛、太監張進升及大盜司九、張破樓子等，置於法。二十六年，上獎成龍廉能，加太子少保。幸霸州，成龍朝行在，賜白金千、馬俱黃鞍轡。湖廣巡撫張汧以貪被劾，命與副都御史開音布、山西巡撫馬齊往按，得實，論如律。

In the second month of year twenty-five (1686) Chenglong was made Governor of Zhili. At audience the emperor asked, "Governing the capital province—what should be reformed or advanced first?" Chenglong replied, "Put down banditry first. Criminals hide behind Banner privilege; magistrates dare not touch them—I mean to apply the law." As he left he received a thousand taels of silver and twenty bolts of silk. In his first memorial he wrote: "Banditry yields only to strict baojia; Banner estates lie outside county jurisdiction, their commanders sit in Beijing, and a few dispatched clerks in the fields cannot keep order. Register Banner families and commoners in the same baojia; let dispatched clerks and village heads watch each other; when robbery strikes, whether the victim wears the banner or not, neighbors must rally to help. Catch a thief—reward; hide or shelter one—punish." He added: "The six Yanshan guards span country that answers to no county; when thieves rise only river-defense deputies are told to hunt them, while guard officers look away. Attach guard lands to neighboring counties for shared baojia; station bandit-catching sub-prefects at Tongzhou, Lugou Bridge, Huangcun, and Shahe; and bring every post, beacon, and Banner estate under their watch." Both proposals went to the ministries and were adopted. He went on to seize the Bannerman Shen Dian, the eunuch Zhang Jinsheng, and master thieves such as Si Jiu and Zhang Polouzi, and punished them to the full extent of the law. In year twenty-six (1687) the emperor commended Chenglong's honesty and competence and made him Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. During a visit to Bazhou, Chenglong attended at the traveling palace and received a thousand taels of silver and horses caparisoned in yellow. When Huguang Governor Zhang Qian was impeached for corruption, Chenglong joined Vice Censor-in-Chief Kaiyinbu and Shanxi Governor Ma Qi on the investigation; guilt was established and Zhang was sentenced as the law required.

初，成龍分理下河，未興工而罷。上又以湯斌言，復命濬治，以侍郎孫在豐董其役。輔仍主重堤束水，並議開中河，疏攔馬河減水壩所洩水。上命學士禪布以疏示成龍，成龍力主濬下河，罷築重堤，並謂中河雖開無益。輔詣京師，疏言在豐及總漕慕天顏附和成龍，朋謀陷害。成龍自湖廣還，上命諸臣廷辨之。輔言濬海口慮倒灌，成龍言高家堰築堤，縱上流水不來，而秋雨時至，天長、六合諸水洩歸何處，故海口仍當濬。上罷輔，代以王新命。及中河工竟，遣學士開音布、侍衛馬武閱視，還奏天顏令漕船退出中河。上逮問天顏，天顏發成龍私書，囑毋附輔。下廷臣議，削太子少保，降調，命留任。二十九年，遷左都御史，兼鑲黃旗漢軍都統。

Earlier, when Chenglong had been put over the lower river, dredging never started before the project was shelved. On Tang Bin's advice the emperor ordered dredging resumed and put Vice Minister Sun Zaifeng in charge of the works. Fu still pressed for a heavy dike to confine the current, proposed opening the Middle River, and wanted to channel water from the Lanma River spillway dam. The emperor had Academician Tanbu show the plan to Chenglong; Chenglong still insisted on opening the lower river, opposed the heavy dike, and argued the Middle River would help nothing. Fu came to Beijing and charged that Zaifeng and Grain Transport Director Mu Tianyan were echoing Chenglong in a clique meant to ruin him. When Chenglong returned from Huguang the emperor ordered a full court debate. Fu warned that dredging the sea mouth risked tidal backflow; Chenglong answered that a heavy dike at Gaojiayan might block the main current, but autumn rains would still send the Tianchang, Luhe, and other streams pouring down—where would that water go? The sea mouth had to be opened. The emperor dismissed Fu and replaced him with Wang Xinming. After the Middle River was finished, Academician Kaiyinbu and Guard Ma Wu inspected the works and reported that Tianyan had ordered grain boats out of the new channel. The emperor questioned Tianyan, who produced a private letter from Chenglong telling him not to back Fu. The ministries deliberated; Chenglong lost his Junior Guardian rank and took a demotion, but was told to stay at his post. In year twenty-nine (1690) he became Left Censor-in-Chief and concurrently Commandant of the Han Military Bordered Yellow Banner.

三十一年，新命罷，輔復為河督，旋卒，上以命成龍。輔領帑購柳束，工部駁減，成龍覈無虛冒。輔築高家堰重堤，募夫遠方，預給銀安家，工中止，未扣抵。新命題銷，格部議，成龍復以請，上並與豁免。三十三年，召詣京師，疏言運河自通州至嶧縣，黃河自滎澤至碭山，堤卑薄者皆宜加築高厚，並高家堰諸處改石工，毛城鋪諸處疏引河，及清江浦迤下並江都、高郵諸堤工，策大舉修治。別疏請設道員以下各官，又計工費，請開捐例，減成核收；並推廣休革各員，上至布政使，皆得捐复。上召成龍入，問：「開捐例得無累民？」成龍言：「無累。」請益力，上廷折之，成龍乃請罪。上因問：「爾嘗短靳輔，謂減水壩不宜開，今果何如？」成龍曰：「臣彼時妄言，今亦視輔而行。」廷臣議成龍懷私妄奏，當奪官，上命留任。仍興舉簡要各工，乃請先將高家堰土堤改築石工。

In year thirty-one (1692) Xinming fell; Fu returned as river chief, died soon after, and the emperor gave the post to Chenglong. Fu had used treasury silver to buy willow bundles; the Ministry of Works slashed the figures; Chenglong audited the accounts and found no padding. Fu's heavy dike at Gaojiayan had hired distant laborers and paid them settling-in silver in advance; when the project halted those advances were never clawed back. Xinming had asked to write the debt off; the ministry refused; Chenglong pleaded again, and the emperor remitted the whole sum. In year thirty-three (1694) he was called to Beijing and urged that canal dikes from Tongzhou to Yixian and Yellow River dikes from Xingze to Dangshan be raised wherever thin, that Gaojiayan and other points be faced in stone, that diversion channels be opened at Maochengpu and the like, and that everything from Qingjiangpu down through Jiangdu and Gaoyou demanded a major repair. In another memorial he proposed new posts below the intendant level, tallied project costs, and asked to open a sale-of-rank quota with discounted verification and collection; and would let dismissed officials all the way up to provincial administration commissioner buy their way back into service. The emperor called Chenglong in and asked, "Will opening sale-of-rank offices not crush the common people?" Chenglong said, "It will not." He pressed his case; the emperor cut him down in open court, and Chenglong begged pardon. The emperor then asked, "You once attacked Jin Fu for opening spillway dams—what do you say now?" Chenglong said, "I spoke rashly then; now I follow Fu's lead as well." The ministers ruled that Chenglong had acted from private interest in a reckless memorial and should lose his rank; the emperor let him remain. He still pressed the essential projects in brief, and asked that Gaojiayan's earthen dike be faced in stone first.

三十四年，命复官。旋丁父憂，還京師，以董安國代。上親征噶爾丹，再出塞，命成龍以左都御史銜督餉，噶爾丹竄死，予拜他喇布勒哈番世職。三十七年，命以總督銜管直隸巡撫，請修永清、固安渾河堤，並加以濬治，上為改河名曰永定。旋疏請設南北岸分司。董安國罷，复授河道總督。三十八年，上南巡，臨閱高家堰、歸仁堤諸處，諭以增築疏濬諸事。尋以病乞假，命在任調治，遣醫往視。三十九年，卒，賜祭葬，諡襄勤。

In year thirty-four (1695) the emperor ordered his rank restored. Soon his father died; he returned to Beijing, and Dong Anguo took his place. The emperor marched in person against Galdan and again crossed the frontier; Chenglong was sent to supervise supplies as Left Censor-in-Chief; when Galdan died in flight, Chenglong was granted a hereditary tatara-bule-haifen. In year thirty-seven (1698) he was given a governor-general's rank to oversee Zhili, asked to repair and dredge the Hun River dikes at Yongqing and Gu'an, and the emperor renamed the river Yongding—"Ever Tranquil." He soon memorialized to set up separate north- and south-bank sub-offices. When Dong Anguo fell, Chenglong was again made river director. In year thirty-eight (1699) the emperor toured the south, inspected Gaojiayan and the Guiren dike in person, and ordered work to raise and dredge the works there. Soon illness drove him to ask leave; the emperor told him to recover in post and sent a physician. In year thirty-nine (1700) he died; the court granted funeral honors and gave him the posthumous name Xiangqin.

孫在豐，字屺瞻，浙江德清人。康熙九年一甲二名進士，授編修。直起居注，充日講官，進講屢稱旨。累遷工部侍郎，仍兼翰林院學士。二十六年，命率郎中鄂素等赴淮、揚濬海口，鑄監修下河工部印授之。在豐疏言開新不如循舊，築高不如就低，迤遠不如取近。施工以岡門鎮為最先，次白駒場，次丁溪場，次草堰。上悉從之，並以在豐請，令輔閉高家堰及高郵諸減水壩。輔仍主築堤束水。上令輔會總督董訥、總漕慕天顏及在豐集議，遂會疏用輔議。在豐監修海口岡門鎮、白駒工已畢，丁溪、草堰工俱停。上以諮成龍，成龍言：「上遣在豐監修下河，萬民歡頌。今岡門、白駒諸工將竣，而輔又以為無益，欲於高家堰等處築堤。在豐先經履勘，始行興工；若果無益，何待開濬年餘又會議請停？此實臣所不能解也。」二十七年，在豐疏劾輔阻撓下河，輔亦劾在豐與天顏結姻，附和成龍。下廷臣議，輔罷，成龍坐鐫秩，責在豐前後言不仇，降調。上命仍以翰林官用，俄授侍讀學士。二十八年，遷內閣學士。卒。

Sun Zaifeng, styled Qizhan, came from Deqing in Zhejiang. In 1670 he took second place among the top jinshi and entered the Hanlin as a compiler. He served in the Diary Office, lectured before the throne, and his explanations often won the emperor's praise. He rose to Vice Minister of Works while retaining his Hanlin academician rank. In year twenty-six (1687) he was sent with Director Esu and others to dredge the Huai-Yang estuary; the court cast a Ministry of Works seal for lower-river supervision and gave it to him. Zaifeng argued that new cuts were worse than the old channel, high dikes worse than low ground, and distant works worse than nearby ones. Work was to start at Gangmen Town, then Baiju, Dingxi, and Caoyan in that order. The emperor approved the whole plan, and at Zaifeng's request ordered Fu to shut the spillway dams at Gaojiayan and Gaoyou. Fu still pressed for dikes to confine the current. The emperor had Fu confer with Governor Dong Ne, Grain Transport Director Mu Tianyan, and Zaifeng; their joint memorial adopted Fu's plan. Zaifeng finished the estuary works at Gangmen Town and Baiju; the Dingxi and Caoyan projects were stopped. The emperor asked Chenglong, who said, "Your Majesty sent Zaifeng to supervise the lower river, and the people rejoiced. Gangmen and Baiju are nearly done, yet Fu again calls the dredging useless and wants dikes at Gaojiayan instead. Zaifeng had surveyed the ground himself before a single spade was turned; if the work were truly useless, why dredge for more than a year and only then meet to ask that it stop? That is what I cannot understand." In year twenty-seven (1688) Zaifeng impeached Fu for blocking the lower river; Fu impeached Zaifeng for marrying into Tianyan's family and siding with Chenglong. The ministries deliberated: Fu fell; Chenglong lost one rank; Zaifeng was faulted for contradicting himself and demoted. The emperor kept him in Hanlin service and soon made him Reader-in-Waiting. In year twenty-eight (1689) he became a Grand Secretariat academician. He died.

開音布，西林覺羅氏，滿洲正白旗人。自筆帖式授內閣中書，累遷至左副都御史。康熙二十六年，偕成龍按湖廣巡撫張汧，論罪如律。二十七年，擢戶部侍郎，命監理高郵、寶應下河工程。二十八年，上南巡，成龍扈行，命與侍郎徐廷璽閱視下河，還奏丁溪至白駒，水三道入海，上流馮家壩引河當仍開濬，餘工悉可停。乃召開音布還，授正白旗滿洲副都統。尋擢步軍統領，遷兵部尚書，授鑲白旗滿洲都統。三十八年，命專管步軍統領。四十一年，卒，諡肅敏。

Kaiyinbu, of the Xilin Gioro clan, belonged to the Manchu Bordered White Banner. He rose from clerk to Grand Secretariat secretary and eventually to Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. In 1687 he and Chenglong investigated Huguang Governor Zhang Qian and punished him according to law. In year twenty-seven (1688) he became Vice Minister of Revenue and was put in charge of the lower-river works at Gaoyou and Baoying. In year twenty-eight (1689), on the southern tour, Chenglong attended the emperor; Kaiyinbu and Vice Minister Xu Tingxi inspected the lower river and reported that from Dingxi to Baiju three channels reached the sea, that Fengjiaba's diversion upstream still needed dredging, and that the rest of the work could stop. Kaiyinbu was recalled and made Manchu vice commandant of the Bordered White Banner. He soon became Metropolitan Brigade commander, then Minister of War, and commandant of the Manchu Bordered White Banner. In year thirty-eight (1699) he was ordered to manage the Metropolitan Brigade alone. In year forty-one (1702) he died, with the posthumous name Sumin.

張鵬翮，字運青，四川遂寧人。康熙九年進士，選庶吉士。改刑部主事，累遷禮部郎中。十九年，授江南蘇州知府，丁母憂。除山東兗州知府，舉卓異，擢河東鹽運使，內遷通政司參議，轉兵部督捕副理事官。從內大臣索額圖等勘定俄羅斯界，還擢大理寺少卿。二十八年，授浙江巡撫。疏言紳民原畝捐穀四合，力不能者聽。旋以杭州、嘉興等府秋收歉薄，請暫免輸穀。上曰：「昨歲浙江被災，循例蠲賦，並豁免錢糧，豈可強令捐輸？鵬翮原題力不能者聽，自相矛盾。」下部議，奪官，上寬之。尋授兵部侍郎，督江南學政。三十六年，遷左都御史。三十七年，遷刑部尚書，授江南江西總督。三十八年，上南巡，命鵬翮扈從入京，賜朝服、鞍馬、弓矢。

Zhang Penghe, styled Yunqing, came from Suining in Sichuan. He took his jinshi in 1670 and entered the Hanlin as a bachelor. He moved to the Ministry of Punishments and rose to director in the Ministry of Rites. In year nineteen (1680) he became prefect of Suzhou in Jiangnan, then mourned his mother. After mourning he served as prefect of Yanzhou in Shandong, won an outstanding-merit citation, became Hedong salt commissioner, then moved to the Court of Transmission and the Ministry of War's pursuit office. He joined Grand Minister Songgotu and others in fixing the Russian border, then became vice president of the Court of Judicial Review. In year twenty-eight (1689) he became governor of Zhejiang. He proposed that gentry and commoners donate four he of grain per registered mu, with exemption for those who could not pay. When Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and other prefectures reported a poor autumn harvest, he asked to suspend the grain levy. The emperor said, "Zhejiang was stricken last year; land tax was remitted by precedent and money and grain dues waived—how can you force donations? Penghe's own memorial said the unable were excused—this contradicts itself." The ministries ruled he should lose his post; the emperor spared him. He soon became Vice Minister of War and Jiangnan education superintendent. In year thirty-six (1697) he became Left Censor-in-Chief. In year thirty-seven (1698) he became Minister of Punishments and governor-general of Jiangnan and Jiangxi. In year thirty-eight (1699), on the southern tour, Penghe was brought to Beijing in the imperial retinue and given court dress, a horse, bow, and arrows.

初，陝西巡撫布喀劾四川陝西總督吳赫等侵蝕貧民籽粒銀兩，命鵬翮與傅臘塔往按。還奏未稱旨，命鵬翮與傅臘塔復往陝西詳審。三十九年春，還奏布喀、吳赫及知州藺佳選、知縣張鳴遠等侵蝕挪用，各擬罪如律。上諭大學士曰：「鵬翮往陝西，朕留心訪察，一介不取，天下廉吏無出其右。」

Earlier, Shaanxi Governor Buka had charged Sichuan-Shaanxi Governor-General Wu He and others with embezzling poor people's seed-grain silver; Penghe and Fulate were sent to investigate. Their report displeased the emperor; Penghe and Fulate were sent back to Shaanxi for a fuller inquiry. In the spring of year thirty-nine (1700) they reported that Buka, Wu He, Prefect Lan Jiaxuan, Magistrate Zhang Mingyuan, and others had embezzled and misused funds; each was sentenced under law. The emperor told the grand secretaries, "When Penghe went to Shaanxi I made careful inquiry: he took not a single thing; among honest officials under heaven none ranks above him. ."

尋授河道總督，入辭，上諭令毀攔黃壩通下流，濬芒稻河、人字河湖入江。鵬翮到官，請撤協理徐廷璽及河工隨帶人員，並乞敕工部毋以不應查駁之事阻撓，並從之。尋疏言：「臣過雲梯關，見攔黃壩巍然如山，下流不暢，無怪上流之潰決。應拆攔黃壩，挑濬河身，與上流一律寬深。」又言清口淤墊，應於張福口開引河，引清水入運敵黃，建閘以時啟閉。又言人字河至芒稻山分二派，又名芒稻河，應濬使暢流；並濬鳳凰橋引河及雙橋、灣頭二河，皆匯芒稻河入江。俱下部議行。尋以攔黃壩既撤，河身開濬深通，暢流入海，疏請賜名大通口。上嘉鵬翮章奏詞簡意明，治事精詳，遣員外郎拖抗拖和、中書張古禮馳驛令鵬翮舉所規畫入奏。鵬翮疏陳開濬引河、運口，培修河岸堤壩諸事，並下部速議行。尋又疏陳河工諸弊，並請河員承挑引河，偶致淤墊，免其賠修；夫役勞苦，工成日請給印票免雜徭。上嘉其陳奏切要周備。尋又請於歸仁堤五堡建磯心石閘，並於三義壩舊中河築堤，改入新中河，合為一河，便糧艘通行。上謂所議甚當，並如所請。

He was soon made river director; at his farewell audience the emperor ordered him to tear down the Yellow-blocking dam to free the lower course and dredge the Mangdao River and the ren-shaped channel into the Yangzi. On taking office Penghe asked to remove co-supervisor Xu Tingxi and extra river staff, and begged an edict that the Ministry of Works not block him with petty audits; the emperor agreed. He soon wrote, "At Yunti Pass I found the Yellow-blocking dam piled like a mountain; the lower course was choked—no wonder the upper reaches kept breaking. The dam should come down, the channel be dredged, and the bed made as wide and deep as the upper reach." He also said Qingkou was silted shut, that a diversion should be cut at Zhangfukou to bring clear water into the canal against the Yellow River, with timed sluice gates. He also said the ren-shaped river split in two at Mangdao Hill—the Mangdao River—and should be dredged for a free current; and that the Fenghuang Bridge diversion and the Shuangqiao and Wantou channels should be dredged as well, all feeding the Mangdao into the Yangzi. All went to the ministries for approval and action. When the Yellow-blocking dam was gone and the channel dredged deep so water ran freely to the sea, he asked that the mouth be named Datong Estuary. The emperor praised Penghe's memorials as clear and his work as meticulous, and sent Director Tuokang Tuohe and Drafter Zhang Guli by express post to have him report his full plan. Penghe laid out dredging diversions and the canal mouth, bank repairs, and dike work; all were sent to the ministries for swift action. He soon exposed abuses in river administration and asked that officials who dug diversion channels not be forced to pay for accidental silting; and that worn-out laborers receive sealed passes on completion day exempting them from miscellaneous corvée. The emperor praised the memorials as timely and thorough. He soon asked for rock-core stone sluices at the five forts of the Guiren dike, and a dike at Sanyi Dam to shift the old Middle River into the new channel so grain boats could pass in one stream. The emperor called the plan sound and granted everything he asked.

上倚鵬翮治河，謂鵬翮得治河秘要，諭大學士曰：「鵬翮自到河工，日乘馬巡視堤岸，不憚勞苦。居官如鵬翮，更有何議？」鵬翮以修治事狀遣郎中王進楫入奏，上諭進楫歸語鵬翮，加意防守高家堰。鵬翮乃增築月堤及旁近諸堤壩。洪澤湖溢，泗州、盱眙被災，上詢修治策，鵬翮言：「泗州、盱眙屢被災，即開六壩亦不能免。」上怒曰：「塞六壩乃於成龍題請，不自鵬翮始。頃因泗州、盱眙災，令與阿山議修治，非欲開六壩救泗州、盱眙而令淮、揚罹水患也。鵬翮何昏憒乃爾！」四十一年，鵬翮疏請加築清河縣黃河南北岸戧堤，天妃閘改築運口，草壩建石壩，改卞家莊土堤為石堤，皆議行。又以桃源城西煙墩黃水大漲，請加築衛城月堤，並於邵家莊、顏家莊開引河，上慮部議遲延，特允之。四十二年，上南巡視河，制河臣箴、淮黃告成詩以賜，並書榜賚鵬翮父良。

The emperor relied on Penghe for river control, said he had mastered its secrets, and told the grand secretaries, "Since Penghe took the post he has ridden the dikes every day without flinching from hardship. With an official like Penghe, what more is there to debate?" Penghe sent Director Wang Jinji to report on repairs; the emperor told Jinji to tell Penghe to guard Gaojiayan with extra care. Penghe then raised crescent dikes and the neighboring embankments. When Hongze Lake spilled over and Sizhou and Xuyi were flooded, the emperor asked for a remedy; Penghe said, "Sizhou and Xuyi flood again and again—even opening the six spillway dams would not save them." The emperor snapped, "Closing the six dams was Chenglong's proposal—not Penghe's. I sent you and Ashan to discuss repairs for Sizhou and Xuyi—not to open the six dams and drown Huai and Yang to save those two towns. How can Penghe be so muddled!" In year forty-one (1702) Penghe asked to raise battle dikes on the Yellow River banks in Qinghe County, rebuild the canal mouth at Tianfei Sluice, face the grass dam in stone, and stone-face the dike at Bianjiazhuang; all were approved. When the Yellow River surged at Yandun west of Taoyuan, he asked for a crescent dike around the garrison city and diversions at Shaojiazhuang and Yanjiazhuang; fearing ministry delay, the emperor approved at once. In year forty-two (1703) the emperor toured the south to inspect the rivers, composed an Admonition for River Officials and a poem on the Huai and Yellow works completed, and gave them to Penghe; he also wrote an inscribed board for Penghe's father Liang.

山東泰安、沂州等州飢，上命截漕二萬石交鵬翮往賑。鵬翮令河員動常平倉穀二十八萬餘石散賑，疏請以山東各官俸工補還。上責鵬翮河員發倉穀邀譽，乃令山東各官補還，鵬翮謝罪，仍以「殫心宣力、清潔自持」，加太子太保。

Taian, Yizhou, and other Shandong prefectures faced famine; the emperor diverted twenty thousand shi of tribute grain to Penghe for relief. Penghe had river officials release more than 280,000 shi from ever-normal granaries for relief, then asked Shandong officials to repay it from salary and labor funds. The emperor rebuked Penghe for letting river officials raid the granaries for credit, yet still ordered Shandong officials to repay; Penghe apologized and was still made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent with the praise "devoted in service, pure in conduct."

河決時家馬頭，數年未堵塞。鵬翮以淮安道王謙言劾山安同知佟世祿冒帑誤工，奪官追償。世祿再叩閽，上令尚書徐潮按治，鵬翮、謙坐誣劾當譴，上特寬鵬翮。工部侍郎趙世芳又劾鵬翮浮銷十三萬有奇，請逮治。上曰：「河工錢糧原不限數，水大所需多，水小所需少。如謂鵬翮以十三萬入己，必無之事。河工恃用人，鵬翮用人不勝事，故至此耳。」因還世芳疏。上南巡，閱清口，見黃水倒灌，詰鵬翮，鵬翮不能對。上曰：「汝為王謙輩所欺，流於刻薄。大儒持身如光風霽月，況大臣為國，若徒自表廉潔，於事何益？」上舟渡河閱九里岡，嘉鵬翮修治如法，御製詩書扇以賜。及秋，淮、黃並漲，古溝、清水溝、韓家莊並溢，廷臣議奪官，上命仍留任。尋督塞諸處漫口。

The river had breached at Shijia Matou and remained open for years. On Huai'an intendant Wang Qianyan's report, Penghe impeached Shan'an assistant prefect Tong Shilu for embezzling funds and botching the work; Tong lost his post and was ordered to repay. Shilu petitioned at the palace gate again; Minister Xu Chao was sent to investigate; Penghe and Qian were liable for false impeachment, but the emperor spared Penghe. Works Vice Minister Zhao Shifang then charged Penghe with padding accounts by more than 130,000 taels and asked for his arrest. The emperor said, "River funds were never capped—high water demands more, low water less. To say Penghe pocketed 130,000 taels—that simply did not happen. River work lives or dies on the men you hire; Penghe's men could not carry the load—that is how it came to this." The emperor returned Shifang’s memorial. On his southern tour the emperor inspected Qingkou, saw the Yellow River backing in, questioned Penghe, and Penghe had no reply. The emperor said: “Wang Qian and his sort have misled you—you have grown harsh and petty. A great scholar’s bearing is open as sky after rain; how much more a minister serving the state—mere display of personal integrity helps the work not at all. He crossed by boat to inspect Jiuligang, praised Penghe’s repairs as sound practice, and gave him a fan inscribed with an imperial poem. That autumn Huai and Yellow waters rose together; Gugou, Qingshuigou, and Hanjiazhuang all failed; ministers urged dismissal, but the emperor kept him in office. He soon oversaw plugging breaches along the line.

四十五年，疏請開鮑家營引河，尋用通判徐光啟言，擬開引河出張福口，分洪澤湖異漲，即為高家堰保障，謂為溜淮套。鵬翮與總督阿山、總漕桑額合疏請上蒞視。四十六年，上南巡，閱所擬引河道，諭曰：「朕自清口至曹家廟，見地勢甚高，標竿錯雜。依此開河，不惟壞田產，抑且毀塚墓。鵬翮讀書人，乃為此殘忍事，讀書何為？」詰責鵬翮，鵬翮謝罪。上以議為河山所主，非鵬翮意，削太子太保，奪官，仍留任。四十七年，以黃、運、湖、河修防平穩，命复官，並免應追帑銀。尋遷刑部尚書。四十八年，調戶部。

In the forty-fifth year (1706) he asked to open a diversion at Baojiaying; soon adopting Sub-Prefect Xu Guangqi’s plan, he proposed a channel at Zhangfukou to split Hongze’s flood surges and shield Gaojiayan—the “Huai-diversion channel.” Penghe, Governor-General Ashan, and Transport Director Sange jointly asked the emperor to inspect in person. In the forty-sixth year (1707), on his southern tour, he inspected the proposed channel and said: “From Qingkou to Caojiamiao the ground is very high and the survey stakes are a mess. Cut a river here and you ruin not only fields but graves as well. Penghe is a scholar—yet he would do this cruel work; what was all his reading for? He rebuked Penghe, who apologized. The emperor blamed the plan on river officials, not Penghe’s intent; he stripped Senior Guardian rank and office but kept him at work. In the forty-seventh year (1708), with Yellow, canal, lake, and river defenses stable, his rank was restored and outstanding treasury claims waived. He was soon made Minister of Punishments. In the forty-eighth year (1709) he moved to the Board of Revenue.

五十一年，江南總督噶禮與巡撫張伯行互劾，命鵬翮與總漕赫壽往按。鵬翮等右噶禮，請罷伯行。五十二年，調吏部。伯行劾布政使牟欽元，赫壽時為總督，與異議。五十三年，命鵬翮與副都御史阿錫鼐往按，復請雪欽元，議伯行罪斬。事互詳伯行傳。尋丁父憂，以原官回籍守制，服闋還朝。

In the fifty-first year (1712) Governor-General Gali and Governor Zhang Boxing impeached each other; Penghe and Transport Director He Shou were sent to investigate. Penghe’s party favored Gali and asked to remove Boxing. In the fifty-second year (1713) he moved to the Board of Civil Appointments. Boxing impeached Administration Commissioner Mou Qinyuan; Governor-General He Shou dissented. In the fifty-third year (1714) Penghe and Vice Censor-in-Chief Axidai reinvestigated, again cleared Qinyuan, and recommended Boxing for execution. See Zhang Boxing’s biography for the full account. He soon mourned his father, returned home at his former rank, and came back to court when mourning ended.

六十年，汶水旱涸阻運，命往勘。請疏濬坎河、雞爪諸泉分注南旺，而於彭口築堤，障沙水入微山湖。河決開州，橫流至山東張秋，阻運，命往勘。請築南旺、馬場等湖堤，蓄水濟運；並陳引沁入運利害，謂地勢西北高於東南，若沁水從高直下，而河躡其後，害且叵測。

In the sixtieth year (1721) drought dried the Wen River and blocked transport; he was ordered to survey. He proposed dredging the Kan River and Jizhua springs into Nanwang and building a dike at Pengkou to keep sandy water out of Weishan Lake. The river burst at Kaizhou and flooded across to Zhangqiu in Shandong, blocking transport; he was sent to survey again. He asked to build dikes at Nanwang, Machang, and other lakes to store water for the transport route; and argued against diverting the Qin into the canal: the northwest lies higher than the southeast—if Qin water plunged downhill with the Yellow River pressing behind, the harm would be incalculable.

六十一年，世宗即位，加太子太傅。雍正元年，授武英殿大學士。河決馬營口，久未塞，命往勘。議並塞詹家店四口，濬治黃、沁合流處積沙，從之。三年，卒，加少保，命於定例外加祭，漢堂上官、科道皆會賜葬，諡文端。

In the sixty-first year (1722), when the Yongzheng Emperor acceded, he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the first year of Yongzheng (1723) he became Grand Secretary of the Hall of Military Glory. The river burst at Mayingkou and long remained open; he was sent to survey. He proposed sealing four breaches at Zhanjiadian and dredging silt where Yellow and Qin meet; the court approved. In the third year (1725) he died; he was made Junior Guardian, granted extraordinary funeral rites, and given the posthumous title Wenduan (“Cultured and Upright”).

論曰：明治河諸臣，推潘季馴為最，蓋借黃以濟運，又藉淮以刷黃，固非束水攻沙不可也。方興、之錫皆守其成法，而輔尤以是底績。輔八疏以濬下流為第一，節費不得已而議減水。成龍主治海口，及躬其任，仍不廢減水策。鵬翮承上指，大通口工成，入海道始暢。然終不能用輔初議，大舉濬治。世以開中河、培高家堰為輔功，孰知輔言固未盡用也。

The historians comment: Among Ming river ministers Pan Jixun stands highest—using the Yellow to serve transport and the Huai to scour the Yellow; confining water to attack sand was indispensable. Fangxing and Zhixi followed his established methods; Fu above all achieved lasting results that way. Fu’s eight memorials made dredging the lower reach the first priority; saving funds forced him to rely on relief dams. Chenglong chiefly favored opening the estuary; yet in office he never abandoned relief dams. Penghe followed the emperor’s lead; when the Datong Estuary project was done, the sea route at last ran clear. Yet Fu’s original plan for large-scale dredging was never fully carried out. Posterity credits the Middle River and Gaojiayan embankment to Fu—yet his larger vision was never fully adopted.

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