Volume 280 Biographies 67: Lang Tan, Peng Chun, Sa Bu Su, Ma La

列傳六十七

Biographies 67

郎坦朋春薩布素瑪拉

Lang Tan, Peng Chun, Sa Bu Su, and Ma La

郎坦，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正白旗人，內大臣吳拜子。年十四，授三等侍衛。順治六年，進二等。從端重親王博洛討叛將薑瓖，次渾源，圍城。賊渡濠來犯，郎坦射其酋，貫心，殪，遂敗賊。師還，進一等。八年，以吳拜附和內大臣洛什等獲罪，並奪郎坦官。尋復之。康熙二年，代吳拜管佐領，遷護軍參領。從定西將軍圖海討李自成餘黨李來亨等於茅麓山，深入賊巢，獲所置官十一。四年，襲一等精奇尼哈番。十二年，京師有陳三道者，設壇以邪教惑眾，命郎坦與諸侍衛捕治。十三年，命行邊，獲逋盜張飛腿等。擢正白旗蒙古副都統，調本旗滿洲。

Lang Tan, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Plain White Banner and the son of Grand Secretary Wu Bai. At fourteen he received appointment as a third-class imperial bodyguard. In Shunzhi 6 (1649) he was promoted to second-class bodyguard. He followed Prince Duanzhong Bolo against the rebel general Jiang Xiang, encamped at Hunyuan, and laid siege to the city. When the rebels crossed the moat to attack, Lang Tan shot their leader through the heart and killed him on the spot, routing the enemy. After the campaign he was promoted to first-class bodyguard. In Shunzhi 8 (1651), when Wu Bai was condemned for siding with Grand Secretary Losi and others, Lang Tan was stripped of his post as well. His rank was soon restored. In Kangxi 2 (1663) he succeeded Wu Bai in command of an assistant banner company and was appointed deputy commandant of the guards. He joined General Tu Hai of the Pacification of the West against Li Zicheng's remaining followers Li Laiheng and others at Maolu Mountain, pushed deep into the rebel stronghold, and captured eleven officials the rebels had appointed. In Kangxi 4 (1665) he inherited the first-class hereditary rank of jingqini. In Kangxi 12 (1673), a man named Chen Sandao in the capital set up an altar and led people astray with a heterodox cult; Lang Tan was ordered, with other bodyguards, to arrest him. In Kangxi 13 (1674) he was sent on a frontier tour and captured the outlaw Zhang Feitui and his gang. He was promoted to deputy lieutenant-general of the Mongol Plain White Banner and then transferred to the Manchu wing of the same banner.

順治中，俄羅斯東部人犯黑龍江邊境，時稱為羅剎。九年，駐防寧古塔章京海塞遣捕牲翼長希福率兵與戰，師敗績。世祖命誅海塞，鞭希福百，仍駐寧古塔。十一年，固山額真明安達里率師討之，敗敵黑龍江。羅剎未大創，复侵入精奇里江諸處。上命大理寺卿明愛等諭令撤回，遷延不即去，據雅克薩城，於其旁耕種漁獵；又過牛滿、恆滾，侵擾索倫、赫哲、飛牙喀、奇勒爾諸部。

During the Shunzhi reign, Russians from the east raided the Heilongjiang frontier and were known at court as the Luosha. In Shunzhi 9 (1652), Hai Sai, military governor of the Ningguta garrison, sent Xifu, chief of a hunting-detail wing, against them; the Qing force was defeated. The Shunzhi Emperor ordered Hai Sai put to death, had Xifu flogged one hundred strokes, and left him in post at Ningguta. In Shunzhi 11 (1654), banner general Ming Andali led troops against them and defeated the enemy on the Heilongjiang. The Russians were not crippled and soon raided again along the Jingqiri River and neighboring areas. The emperor sent Chief Judge Ming Ai of the Court of Judicial Review and others to order them to withdraw; they lingered, refused to leave, seized the town of Albazin (Yaksa), and farmed, fished, and hunted nearby; they crossed the Amur tributaries Nioman and Henggun and raided the Solon, Hezhe, Feiyaka, Qileer, and other peoples.

二十一年秋，遣郎坦及副都統朋春等率兵往索倫。比行，諭曰：「羅剎犯我境，恃雅克薩城為巢穴，歷年已久，殺掠不已。爾等至達呼爾、索倫，遣人往諭以來捕鹿。因詳視陸路遠近，沿黑龍江行圍，迳薄雅克薩城，勘其形勢。度羅剎不敢出戰，如出戰，姑勿交鋒，但率剎引退。朕別有區畫。」賜御用裘服、弓矢以行。及冬，郎坦等還京師，疏言：「羅剎久踞雅克薩，恃有木城。若發兵三千，與紅衣砲二十，即可攻取。陸行自興安嶺以往，林木叢雜，冬雪堅冰，夏雨泥淖，惟輕裝可行。自雅克薩還至愛滹城，於黑龍江順流行船，僅須半月，逆流行船，約須三月，倍於陸行，期於運糧餉、軍器、輜重為便。現有大船四十、小船二十六，宜增造小船五十餘應用。」上諭曰：「郎坦等奏攻取羅剎甚易，朕亦以為然。第兵非善事，宜暫停攻取。調烏拉、寧古塔兵千五百人，並製造船艦，發紅衣砲、鳥槍教之演習。於愛琿、呼瑪爾二地建木城，與之對壘，相機舉行。所需軍糧，取諸科爾沁十旗及錫伯、烏拉官屯，約得一萬二千石，可支三年。愛琿城距索倫五宿可至，其間設一驛。俟我兵將至精奇里烏拉，令索倫供牛羊。如此，則羅剎不得納我逋逃，而彼之逋逃且絡繹來歸，自不能久存矣。」尋擢郎坦前鋒統領。

In the autumn of Kangxi 21 (1682) Lang Tan and Deputy Lieutenant-General Peng Chun were sent with troops into Solon territory. Before they marched, the emperor instructed them: "The Russians have violated our border, using Albazin as their base for many years, killing and looting without end. When you reach the Dahur and Solon lands, send envoys announcing that you have come to hunt deer. Use that pretext to map the land routes carefully, hunt along the Heilongjiang, approach Albazin directly, and reconnoiter its defenses. The Russians will probably not dare fight; if they do, do not engage for now—withdraw your force. I have my own larger design." He granted them imperial fur coats, bows, and arrows for the expedition. That winter Lang Tan and his party returned to the capital and reported: "The Russians have held Albazin for years behind a wooden palisade. Three thousand men and twenty red-barreled cannon would suffice to take it. The land route from the Greater Khingan is choked with forest; winter brings hard ice, summer deep mud—only light columns can move there. From Albazin down the Heilongjiang to Aihun takes only half a month by boat; upstream takes about three months—twice the march by land—but water is better for grain, arms, and stores. We now have forty large vessels and twenty-six small ones; fifty-odd more small boats should be built." The emperor replied: "Lang Tan says the Russians can be taken easily, and I agree. Yet war is never a good thing; hold off the assault for now. Transfer fifteen hundred men from Ula and Ningguta, build ships, issue red-barreled guns and muskets, and drill them. Build wooden forts at Aihun and Hurka to face them and strike when the moment is right. Grain can be drawn from the ten Khorchin banners and from Xibo and Ula government farms—about twelve thousand piculs, enough for three years. Aihun is five days' march from Solon country; establish a relay station between. When our army nears Jingqiri Ula, have the Solon furnish cattle and sheep. Then the Russians cannot shelter our deserters, while theirs will stream back to us—and they cannot hold out long." Soon afterward Lang Tan was made vanguard commander.

二十二年，命與黑龍江將軍薩布素會議，駐兵額蘇哩。事還，奏額蘇哩七月即經霜雪，宜乘春和，以寧古塔兵分為三班，更番戍守。上以更番戍守非久長策，不允。二十三年，甄別八旗管兵官，罷郎坦前鋒統領，以世職隨旗行走。二十四年，命都統朋春率師徵羅剎，郎坦以副都統銜隨徵。師薄雅克薩城，羅剎酋額里克舍請降，郎坦宣詔宥其罪，引眾徙去，毀木城。是冬羅剎復來，踞雅克薩築城。二十五年，命郎坦偕副都統班達爾沙攜紅衣砲，率藤牌兵百人，往會將軍薩布素進兵。上以郎坦諳悉地勢，即令參贊軍務。六月，薄其城，鑿壕築壘，賊出拒，擊敗之，斬額里克舍。尋，俄羅斯察罕汗上書請釋雅克薩圍，上許之，令郎坦撤軍，還駐寧古塔。尋擢正白旗蒙古都統。二十八年，上遣內大臣索額圖等與俄羅斯使人費耀多囉等會於尼布楚，立約定界，命郎坦與議，乃毀所築城徙去。

In Kangxi 22 (1683) he was ordered to consult with Heilongjiang General Sa Bu Su on garrisoning troops at Esuri. On his return he reported that Esuri sees frost and snow as early as the seventh month and proposed that Ningguta troops rotate in three shifts during the milder spring season. The emperor judged rotating garrisons no lasting solution and refused. In Kangxi 23 (1684), during a review of banner field officers, Lang Tan was dismissed as vanguard commander and served only on his hereditary rank within his banner. In Kangxi 24 (1685) Lieutenant-General Peng Chun was ordered to campaign against the Russians; Lang Tan joined as acting deputy lieutenant-general. When the army reached Albazin, Russian leader Alibaz surrendered; Lang Tan read the imperial pardon, evacuated the garrison, and tore down the wooden fort. That winter the Russians returned, reoccupied Albazin, and rebuilt the fort. In Kangxi 25 (1686) Lang Tan and Deputy Lieutenant-General Bandarsha, with red-barreled guns and a hundred rattan-shield troops, were sent to join General Sa Bu Su's advance. Knowing Lang Tan's familiarity with the country, the emperor made him a staff adviser on the campaign. In the sixth month they invested the town, dug trenches and breastworks; when the enemy sallied forth they were beaten back and Alibaz was killed. Soon the Russian tsar petitioned to lift the siege of Albazin; the emperor agreed, ordered Lang Tan to withdraw, and posted him again at Ningguta. He was soon promoted to lieutenant-general of the Mongol Plain White Banner. In Kangxi 28 (1689) Grand Secretary Songgotu met Russian envoys led by Fyodor at Nerchinsk to fix the border; Lang Tan joined the talks, after which the Russian posts were dismantled and the garrisons withdrawn.

二十九年，古北口外盜起，命郎坦偕侍衛赫濟爾亨等督兵捕剿，盡殲之。三十一年，噶爾丹侵喀爾喀部，擾及邊境，授郎坦安北將軍，率師駐大同。疏請出邊駐喀喇穆倫偵寇，詔暫駐歸化城。尋擢領侍衛內大臣，兼火器營總管，列議政大臣。三十二年，授昭武將軍，率師駐甘州。三十三年，移駐寧夏，與甘肅提督孫思克分道偵寇。上聞噶爾丹將逼圖拉，命郎坦移兵禦剿，以圖拉無警，引還。仍任領侍衛內大臣，列議政如故。三十四年，往盛京巡閱邊隘，還入塞，疾劇，遣太醫馳驛往視。尋卒，賜祭葬。

In Kangxi 29 (1690), when bandits appeared beyond Gubeikou Pass, Lang Tan and Bodyguard Hejierheng led troops against them and wiped them out. In Kangxi 31 (1692), when Galdan invaded the Khalkha and threatened the frontier, Lang Tan was made Pacifier of the North and encamped at Datong. He asked to advance to Karamuren on the frontier to scout the enemy; the court ordered him to hold at Guihua for the time being. He was soon made chief commandant of the imperial bodyguards and grand secretary, superintendent of the Firearms Brigade, and a grand councillor. In Kangxi 32 (1693) he was named Illustrious Martial General and took command at Ganzhou. In Kangxi 33 (1694) he shifted to Ningxia and, with Gansu commander Sun Sike, patrolled on separate routes. Hearing that Galdan was marching on Tüla, the emperor ordered Lang Tan forward; when Tüla proved secure he withdrew. He retained his posts as chief bodyguard commandant, grand secretary, and grand councillor. In Kangxi 34 (1695) he inspected frontier posts in the Shengjing region; falling seriously ill on his return, the court sent an imperial physician by relay post. He soon died and was granted state funeral honors.

朋春，棟鄂氏，滿洲正紅旗人，何和禮四世孫。何和禮子和碩圖，進爵三等公；子何爾本、哲爾本、蘇布遞襲，至袞布，以恩詔進一等。朋春，哲爾本子也，順治九年，襲封。康熙十五年，加太子太保，授正紅旗蒙古副都統，調本旗滿洲。

Peng Chun, of the Donggo clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Red Banner and a fourth-generation descendant of Hešeri. Hešeri's son Heshotu was raised to third-rank duke; his sons He'erben, Zhe'erben, and Subu inherited in turn, until Gunbu was promoted to first-rank duke by grace edict. Peng Chun was Zhe'erben's son and inherited the title in Shunzhi 9 (1652). In Kangxi 15 (1676) he received the additional title Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, became deputy lieutenant-general of the Mongol Plain Red Banner, and was transferred to its Manchu wing.

二十一年，偕郎坦率兵至黑龍江覘羅剎形勢，賜御用裘服、弓矢。與郎坦還奏，上命寧古塔將軍巴海、副都統薩布素，建木城於黑龍江、呼瑪爾，調取所部兵一千五百人往駐焉。又命尚書伊桑阿赴寧古塔督造戰船。尋擢朋春正紅旗滿洲副都統。二十四年，詔選八旗及安置山東、河南、山西三省福建投誠藤牌兵，付左都督何祐率赴盛京，命朋春統之，進剿羅剎，以副都統班達爾沙、副都統銜瑪拉、鑾儀使建義侯林興珠、護軍統領佟寶參贊軍務，祐、興珠皆鄭氏將來降者也。師既行，上遣侍衛關保至黑龍江傳諭曰：「兵凶戰危，朕以仁治天下，素不嗜殺。以我兵馬精強，器械堅利，羅剎勢不能敵，必獻地歸誠。爾時勿殺一人，俾還故土，宣朕柔遠至意。」五月，師薄雅克薩城，遣人諭降，不從。分水陸兵為兩路，列營夾攻，复移紅衣砲於前，積薪城下，示將焚焉。羅剎頭目額里克舍詣軍前乞降，乃宥其罪，釋還俘虜，額里克舍引六百餘人徙去，毀木城，以歸附巴什裡等四十五戶及被掠索倫、達呼爾百餘戶安插內地。

In Kangxi 21 (1682) he joined Lang Tan on the Heilongjiang reconnaissance against the Russians and received imperial fur coats, bows, and arrows. On their return the emperor ordered Ningguta General Bahai and Deputy Lieutenant-General Sa Bu Su to build wooden forts on the Heilongjiang and at Hurka and posted fifteen hundred of their troops there. Minister Yisang'a was also sent to Ningguta to supervise building warships. Peng Chun was soon made deputy lieutenant-general of the Manchu Plain Red Banner. In Kangxi 24 (1685) the court selected banner troops and Fujian rattan-shield men settled in Shandong, Henan, and Shanxi, placed them under Left Commander He You for transfer to Shengjing, and gave Peng Chun overall command against the Russians, with Bandarsha, Ma La (acting deputy lieutenant-general), Ceremonial Director Marquis Lin Xingzhu, and Guard Commandant Tong Bao as staff advisers—He You and Lin Xingzhu were former Zheng generals who had surrendered. After the army marched, Bodyguard Guanbao was sent to the Heilongjiang with orders: "War is perilous; I rule by benevolence and do not love bloodshed. Our troops are strong and our arms superior; the Russians cannot stand against us and will surely submit. When that happens, kill no one; send them home and proclaim my wish to cherish those afar." In the fifth month the army reached Albazin and sent envoys demanding surrender; the garrison refused. Land and river columns attacked from two sides; red-barreled guns were brought up and brush piled against the walls as if to burn the town. Russian leader Alibaz came out to surrender; the court pardoned them, freed prisoners, and Alibaz withdrew with six hundred-odd followers after destroying the fort; forty-five Bashili households that had submitted and more than a hundred Solon and Dahur families carried off by the Russians were resettled inland.

二十九年，厄魯特與喀爾喀構釁，命裕親王福全為撫遠大將軍，出邊剿噶爾丹，以朋春與都統蘇努參贊軍務。蘇努率左翼，朋春率右翼，至烏闌布通。噶爾丹依山列陣，朋春所部為泥淖所阻，蘇努督兵衝擊，大破之。噶爾丹偽乞和，夜自大磧山遁走。部議朋春坐奪官，上命寬之，降級留任。三十一年，命解職赴西路軍前管隊。三十五年，复授正紅旗蒙古都統。旋以費揚古為撫遠大將軍，朋春仍參贊軍務，出西路，破噶爾丹於昭莫多。師還，以本隊護軍驍騎十八人戰死未收其骸，下部議。以師有功，免罪，仍錄戰績，增註敕書。三十八年，因病解職。尋卒。子增壽，改襲三等公。

In Kangxi 29 (1690), when Oirat and Khalkha clashed, Prince Yu Fuquan was made Grand General for the Pacification of the Distant to campaign against Galdan, with Peng Chun and Lieutenant-General Sunu as staff advisers. Sunu commanded the left wing and Peng Chun the right at Ulan Butong. Galdan formed on the hills; Peng Chun's wing was bogged in mud, but Sunu led a charge that routed the enemy. Galdan pretended to sue for peace and fled by night over Great Shamo Mountain. The ministry recommended stripping Peng Chun of office; the emperor showed mercy, demoted him, and kept him in post. In Kangxi 31 (1692) he was relieved of rank and sent to the western army to command a detachment. In Kangxi 35 (1696) he was again made lieutenant-general of the Mongol Plain Red Banner. When Fiyanggū became Grand General for the Pacification of the Distant, Peng Chun again served on his staff on the western route and helped defeat Galdan at Jao Modo. On the return march, eighteen guard cavalry of his command had fallen without recovery of their bodies; the case went to the ministry. Because the campaign succeeded, he was pardoned, his battle honors recorded, and his patent of appointment amended. In Kangxi 38 (1699) he resigned on grounds of illness. He died soon after. His son Zengshou inherited as third-rank duke.

薩布素，富察氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。四世祖充順巴本，以勇力聞，世為岳克通鄂城長。太祖時，其後人哈木都率所部來歸，屯吉林，遂家焉。薩布素自領催授驍騎校，遷協領。康熙十六年，聖祖遣內大臣覺羅武默訥等瞻禮長白山，至吉林，欲得識路者導引。寧古塔將軍巴海令薩布素率兵二百，攜三月糧以從。水陸行，至長白山麓，成禮而還，事具武默訥傳。

Sa Bu Su, of the Fuca clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. His fourth-generation ancestor Chongshun Baben was famed for valor and for generations had been chief of Yueketong'e. Under Taizu, his descendant Hamudu submitted with his people, was settled at Jilin, and the family made its home there. Sa Bu Su rose from company command to vanguard captain and then assistant banner colonel. In Kangxi 16 (1677) the Kangxi Emperor sent Grand Secretary Aisin Gioro Wumuna and others to worship at Mount Changbai; at Jilin they needed a guide who knew the way. Ningguta General Bahai ordered Sa Bu Su to lead two hundred men with three months' rations as escort. They traveled by land and water to the foot of Mount Changbai, performed the rites, and returned; the full account appears in Wumuna's biography.

十七年，授薩布素寧古塔副都統。羅剎據雅克薩，二十一年，詔率兵偕郎坦等勘視雅克薩城形勢，並往視自額蘇哩至黑龍江及通寧古塔水陸道。尋郎坦還奏羅剎可圖狀，命建木城於黑龍江、呼瑪爾兩地，以巴海與薩布素統寧古塔兵千五百人往駐，造船備砲。二十二年，疏言：「黑龍江、呼瑪爾距雅克薩尚遠，若駐兵兩處，則勢分道阻，且過雅克薩有尼布楚等城。羅剎倘水陸運糧，增兵救援，更難為計。宜乘其積貯未備，速行征剿。俟造船畢，度七月初旬能抵雅克薩，即統兵直薄城下。」疏下王大臣議，如所請，上不許。尋命巴海留守吉林，以薩布素偕寧古塔副都統瓦禮祜率兵駐額蘇哩。額蘇哩在黑龍江、呼瑪爾之間，為進攻雅克薩要地，有田隴舊跡。薩布素因移達呼爾防兵五百人赴其地耕種，並請調寧古塔兵三千更番戍守。上念兵丁更戍勞苦，命在黑龍江建城，備攻具，設斥堠，計程置驛，運糧積貯，設將軍、副都統領之。擢薩布素為黑龍江將軍，招撫羅剎降人，授以官職，更令轉相招撫。

In Kangxi 17 (1678) he was appointed deputy lieutenant-general of Ningguta. With the Russians holding Albazin, in Kangxi 21 (1682) he was ordered to join Lang Tan in reconnoitering Albazin and the land and water routes from Esuri to the Heilongjiang and Ningguta. When Lang Tan reported that the Russians could be taken, the court ordered wooden forts on the Heilongjiang and at Hurka; Bahai and Sa Bu Su were to command fifteen hundred Ningguta troops there, build ships, and ready cannon. In Kangxi 22 (1683) he memorialized: "Aihun and Hurka are still far from Albazin; garrisoning both splits our force and blocks the roads, and beyond Albazin lie Nerchinsk and other Russian posts. If the Russians supply by river and road and reinforce, our position grows worse. We should attack before their stores are ready. When the fleet is ready, I expect to reach Albazin in early the seventh month and invest the town at once." The memorial went to the princes and ministers, who approved his plan; the emperor refused. Bahai was left to guard Jilin while Sa Bu Su and Ningguta Deputy Lieutenant-General Walihu garrisoned Esuri. Esuri lies between the Heilongjiang and Hurka on the road to Albazin and still shows old field traces. Sa Bu Su moved five hundred Dahur garrison troops there to farm and asked for three thousand Ningguta men in rotating shifts. Mindful of the hardship of rotation, the emperor ordered a fortress on the Heilongjiang with siege gear, outposts, relay stations, grain depots, and a general with deputy lieutenant-generals to command. Sa Bu Su was made Heilongjiang General, enrolled surrendered Russians in office, and ordered them to bring in others.

上命都統瓦山、侍郎果丕與薩布素議師期，薩布素請以來年四月水陸並進，攻雅克薩城，不克，則刈其田禾。上謂攻羅剎當期必克，倘謀事草率，將益肆猖狂。二十四年，以朋春等統兵進攻，薩布素會師，克雅克薩城，乃命薩布素移駐墨爾根，建城防禦。二十五年，疏言羅剎复踞雅克薩，請督修戰艦，俟冰泮進剿。上遣郎中滿丕往诇得實，乃命薩布素暫停墨爾根兵丁遷移家口，速修戰監，率寧古塔兵二千人往攻。又命郎坦、班達爾沙會師，抵雅克薩城。城西瀕江，薩布素令於城三面掘壕築壘為長圍，對江駐水師，未冰時泊舟東西岸，截尼布楚援兵，冰時藏舟上流汊港內；馬有疲羸者，分發墨爾根、黑龍江飼秣，計持久。上因荷蘭貢使以書諭俄羅斯察罕汗，答書請遣使畫界，先釋雅克薩圍，上允之，命撤圍。二十八年，俄羅斯使臣費耀多囉等至尼布楚，命內大臣索額圖等往會，令發黑龍江兵千五百人為衛。尋議以大興安嶺及格爾必齊河為界，毀雅克薩城，徙其人去。二十九年，薩布素入覲，賜賚優渥，命坐內大臣班。尋命總管索倫等部貢物，疏陳各部生計土俗採捕之事，擬為則例以上，上悉允行。

Lieutenant-General Washan and Vice Minister Guobi were sent to fix the campaign schedule with Sa Bu Su, who proposed a joint land-and-river advance in the fourth month of the coming year on Albazin, cutting the fields if the town held. The emperor said an attack on the Russians must be planned to succeed; rash action would only make them bolder. In Kangxi 24 (1685), when Peng Chun led the assault, Sa Bu Su joined him and took Albazin; Sa Bu Su was then posted to Mergen to build a defensive town. In Kangxi 25 (1686) he reported the Russians had reoccupied Albazin and asked to rebuild warships for a spring campaign when the ice broke. Director Manpi confirmed the report; Sa Bu Su was told to halt family relocations from Mergen, hurry warship repairs, and lead two thousand Ningguta troops against Albazin. Lang Tan and Bandarsha were ordered to join him at Albazin. The town's west face lay on the river; Sa Bu Su dug trenches and built breastworks on three sides in a long siege line, posted the fleet on the river, anchored boats on both banks before freeze-up to block Nerchinsk reinforcements, and hid them in upstream creeks in winter; tired horses were sent to Mergen and the Heilongjiang to be rested and fed, preparing for a long siege. A Dutch tribute envoy had written the Russian tsar; Russia replied asking to send envoys to fix the border and to lift the Albazin siege first; the emperor agreed and ordered the investment raised. In Kangxi 28 (1689), when Russian envoys led by Fyodor reached Nerchinsk, Grand Secretary Songgotu was sent to meet them with fifteen hundred Heilongjiang troops as guard. The border was set at the Greater Khingan and the Gorbitsa River; Albazin was demolished and its people removed. In Kangxi 29 (1690) Sa Bu Su came to court, received lavish gifts, and was seated in the grand secretary rank. He was then put in charge of Solon tribute, memorialized on tribal livelihoods and customs, drafted regulations, and the emperor approved them all.

三十一年，奏建齊齊哈爾及白都訥城，以科爾沁部獻進錫伯、卦爾察、達呼爾壯丁萬四千有奇分駐二城，編佐領，隸上三旗，並設防守尉、防禦等官。噶爾丹入犯，疏陳進兵事宜，略言：「興安嶺北形勝地，以索約爾濟山為最。已遣識路官兵自盛京、吉林、墨爾根審度至山遠近，分置驛站，其無水處，掘井以待。山之東北呼倫貝爾等處有警，與臣駐軍地近，即率墨爾根兵先進，吉林、盛京繼之；山之西烏勒輝等處有警，則盛京兵先進，臣率部下及吉林兵繼之：皆會於索約爾濟山。」上可其奏。三十五年，上親征噶爾丹，自獨石口出中路，大將軍費揚古自歸化城出西路，命薩布素扼其東路，督盛京、寧古塔、科爾沁兵，自索約爾濟山剋期進剿。四月，上次克魯倫河，噶爾丹西竄，為費揚古所敗。詔分薩布素所部兵五百人隸費揚古軍。三十六年，召至京師，尋命回任。

In Kangxi 31 (1692) he proposed building Qiqihar and Baidune; over fourteen thousand Xibo, Guarca, and Dahur men presented by Khorchin were split between the two posts, organized into companies under the Upper Three Banners, with garrison and defense officers appointed. When Galdan invaded he outlined the advance, saying: "Of strong points north of the Khingan Range, Suoyorji Mountain is the best. I have sent route-finders from Shengjing, Jilin, and Mergen to measure distances, set relay stations, and dig wells where water is lacking. If alarm comes from Hulun Buir northeast of the mountain, near my post, I shall lead Mergen troops first and Jilin and Shengjing follow; if from Ulehui west of the mountain, Shengjing goes first and I follow with my command and Jilin troops—all to meet at Suoyorji Mountain." The emperor approved. In Kangxi 35 (1696) the emperor campaigned in person from Dushikou on the center route while Grand General Fiyanggū marched from Guihua on the west; Sa Bu Su was to block the east with Shengjing, Ningguta, and Khorchin troops advancing from Suoyorji Mountain on schedule. In the fourth month the emperor halted at the Kerulen; Galdan fled west and was beaten by Fiyanggū. Five hundred of Sa Bu Su's men were assigned to Fiyanggū's command. In Kangxi 36 (1697) he was called to Beijing and soon sent back to his post.

初，邊境有墨爾哲勒屯長，累世輸貢。康熙初，屯長扎努喀布克托請率眾內移，寧古塔將軍巴海安輯於墨爾根，編四十佐領，號新滿洲。薩布素奏於墨爾根兩翼立學，設助教，選新滿洲及錫伯、索倫、達呼爾每佐領下幼童一，教習書義。是為黑龍江建學之始。三十七年，上幸吉林，褒其勤勞，予一等阿達哈哈番世職，並御用冠服，於眾前宣諭賜之。尋疏言黑龍江屯堡因災荒積欠米石，請俟年豐交倉。上以薩布素曾奏革任總督蔡毓榮經理十二堡，著有成效；嗣因官堡荒棄，請停止屯種，將壯丁改歸驛站，存貯倉米，支放無餘，致駐防兵餉匱乏，責令回奏。薩布素具疏引罪，請以齊齊哈爾、墨爾根駐防兵每年輪派五百人往錫伯等處耕種官田，穫穀運齊齊哈爾交倉。詔侍郎滿丕等往按，以薩布素將荒廢地妄報成效，並浮支穀石，應斬，命罷任，奪世職，在佐領上行走。尋授散秩大臣。

On the frontier there had long been Mo'erzhele village chiefs who paid tribute for generations. Early in Kangxi, chief Zanukabukto asked to move his people inward; Ningguta General Bahai settled them at Mergen in forty companies called the New Manchus. Sa Bu Su proposed schools at Mergen on both wings with assistant teachers and one boy per company from the New Manchus, Xibo, Solon, and Dahur to learn reading. This was the beginning of schools in the Heilongjiang region. In Kangxi 37 (1698) the emperor visited Jilin, praised his service, granted a first-class ada hahapan hereditary rank and imperial robes, and announced the gifts before the court. He soon reported that Heilongjiang garrison farms owed grain from famine years and asked to repay when harvests were good. The emperor recalled that Sa Bu Su had once urged removing Governor Cai Yurong from the twelve forts and that the change had worked well; later he had asked to abandon the farms, shift men to courier stations, and draw down the granaries until garrison rations ran short—the emperor ordered him to explain. Sa Bu Su confessed fault and proposed rotating five hundred Qiqihar and Mergen garrison troops yearly to farm government fields among the Xibo, shipping the harvest to Qiqihar granaries. Vice Minister Manpi investigated; Sa Bu Su was found to have falsely claimed results on abandoned land and overspent grain—for which death was warranted; he was dismissed, stripped of his hereditary rank, and reduced to assistant company command. He was soon made minister without portfolio.

三十九年，卒。乾隆間，敕修盛京通志，列名宦，且稱薩布素諳練明敏，得軍民心，其平羅剎及黑龍江興學，有文武幹濟才雲。

In Kangxi 39 (1700) he died. When the Shengjing gazetteer was revised in the Qianlong reign, he was listed among eminent officials and praised as experienced and sharp, beloved of troops and people, who pacified the Russians, founded Heilongjiang schools, and showed both civil and military talent.

瑪拉，那喇氏，滿洲鑲白旗人，尚書尼堪從子。尼堪卒，無子，瑪拉與叔阿穆爾圖、阿錫圖及弟兆資分襲尼堪世職，瑪拉襲三等阿達哈哈番。初任理籓院筆帖式。順治五年，英親王阿濟格徵叛將薑瓖，圍大同，令瑪拉調蒙古兵以從。累遷理籓院副理事官。康熙十四年，察哈爾布爾尼叛，聖祖命信郡王鄂扎帥師討之。瑪拉自陳久任理籓院習知蒙古狀，原赴軍前效力，遂命與員外郎色棱赴科爾沁諸部調選兵馬協剿。師還，擢通政使，遷禮部侍郎。十六年，擢工部尚書。偕內大臣喀岱往科爾沁諸外籓宣諭禁令。瑪拉初受任，上誡以工部積弊，宜殫心釐剔。十九年，坐不能清積弊，議降五秩，詔從寬留任。復以饗殿器用修造疏忽，奪尚書，仍留世職。

Ma La, of the Nara clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner and a nephew of Minister Nikan. When Nikan died childless, Ma La, his uncles Amurtu and Asitu, and his brother Zhaozi split Nikan's hereditary rank; Ma La inherited third-class ada hahapan. He began as a clerk in the Court of Colonial Affairs. In Shunzhi 5 (1648) Prince Ying Ajige besieged Datong against rebel Jiang Xiang and ordered Ma La to raise Mongol troops for the campaign. He rose to associate director of the Court of Colonial Affairs. In Kangxi 14 (1675), when Chahar Burni rebelled, the Kangxi Emperor ordered Prince Xin Ezha against him. Ma La volunteered that long service in the Court of Colonial Affairs had taught him Mongol affairs and asked to serve at the front; he and Department Director Seleng were sent to Khorchin to raise troops. After the campaign he became commissioner of the Office of Transmission and then vice minister of Rites. In Kangxi 16 (1677) he was made minister of Works. With Grand Secretary Kadai he proclaimed imperial prohibitions to the outer Khorchin banners. On taking office the emperor warned him that the Ministry of Works was riddled with abuse and must be reformed with all his energy. In Kangxi 19 (1680) he was faulted for failing to clear abuses; demotion by five ranks was proposed but the emperor kept him in post. Later, negligent repair of feast-hall vessels cost him the ministry but not his hereditary rank.

二十二年，上以俄羅斯數犯邊，擾及索倫、飛牙喀諸部，命集兵黑龍江，將進討，遣瑪拉往索倫儲軍實。尋疏言：「索倫總管博克所獲俄羅斯人及軍前招降者，皆迫於軍威，不宜久留索倫，應移之內地。」詔允行。復言：「雅克薩、尼布楚二城久為羅剎所據，臣密诇雅克薩惟耕種自給，尼布楚歲捕貂與喀爾喀貿易資養贍。請飭喀爾喀車臣汗禁所部與尼布楚貿易，並飭黑龍江將軍水陸並進，示將攻取雅克薩，因刈其田禾，則俄羅斯將不戰自困。」上然之，即以瑪拉所奏檄示喀爾喀。二十四年，遣都統朋春等帥師往黑龍江議進兵，授瑪拉副都統銜，參贊軍務。遣蒙古兵三十诇雅克薩城，生擒羅剎七人，得城中設備及乞援各部狀。是年夏，朋春等攻羅剎克之，逐其人。瑪拉在事有功。二十五年，黑龍江佐領鄂色以耕牛多斃，農器損壞，奏請儲備，命瑪拉往黑龍江督理農務。諭曰：「農事關軍餉，令嚴督合力播種。」值歲豐，收穫甚稔。二十七年，授護軍統領。

In Kangxi 22 (1683), with Russia raiding the border and harassing Solon and Feiyaka tribes, troops were massed on the Heilongjiang for an advance; Ma La was sent to Solon country to stock supplies. He soon memorialized: "Russians taken by Solon commander Boke and those who surrendered to our army were coerced by force and should not remain in Solon country; move them inland." The court agreed. He added: "Albazin and Nerchinsk have long been Russian; reconnaissance shows Albazin lives by farming alone, while Nerchinsk depends on sable trade with the Khalkha. I ask that the Khalkha Tsetsen Khan forbid trade with Nerchinsk, and that the Heilongjiang general advance by land and river, threaten Albazin, and cut their fields—the Russians will collapse without a battle." The emperor agreed and sent Ma La's memorial to the Khalkha. In Kangxi 24 (1685) Lieutenant-General Peng Chun was sent to the Heilongjiang to plan the advance; Ma La received acting deputy lieutenant-general rank as staff adviser. Thirty Mongol scouts reconnoitered Albazin, took seven Russians alive, and learned the town's defenses and appeals for aid. That summer Peng Chun took the Russian post and expelled the garrison. Ma La distinguished himself in the campaign. In Kangxi 25 (1686), when Heilongjiang Assistant Commander Ese reported dead oxen and broken tools and asked for reserves, Ma La was sent to supervise farming on the Heilongjiang. He was told: "Farming feeds the army—supervise sowing strictly and jointly." The year was abundant and the harvest excellent. In Kangxi 27 (1688) he was made commandant of the guards.

二十九年，噶爾丹侵掠喀爾喀，命瑪拉偕都統額赫納、前鋒統領碩鼐等率兵往討之，賜內廝馬以行。未幾，噶爾丹掠烏珠穆沁，命裕親王福全等分統大軍出塞擊之，噶爾丹敗遁。師旋，三十年，復來犯，至阿爾哈賚，無所掠而遁。時土謝圖汗、車臣汗率所部來歸，上幸塞外撫輯，瑪拉扈從。旋命偕都統瓦岱等率兵赴圖拉偵噶爾丹，抵克魯倫河，聞其遠竄，乃還。授西安將軍。

In Kangxi 29 (1690), when Galdan raided the Khalkha, Ma La joined Lieutenant-General Ehena and Vanguard Commander Shuonai against him and received an imperial horse for the march. Soon Galdan raided Ujimchin; Prince Yu Fuquan led the main army beyond the pass and drove him off. After the army withdrew, in Kangxi 30 (1691) he invaded again to Arhakhai, found nothing to loot, and fled. When the Tüsiyetü and Tsetsen khans submitted with their peoples, the emperor went beyond the pass to receive them and Ma La attended. He was then sent with Lieutenant-General Wadai to scout Galdan at Tüla, reached the Kerulen, heard Galdan had fled far off, and returned. He was appointed general of Xi'an.

三十二年，準噶爾和碩特部台吉巴圖爾額爾克濟農來降，上以其人未可信，命瑪拉徙入內地，毋令复逸。瑪拉疏言：「巴圖爾額爾克濟農率所屬二千餘口，窮乏來歸，揆其情狀，當不復逸。」遂遣官護送，併其子台吉雲木春來朝，優賚遣之。未幾，瑪拉卒於官，賜祭葬，諡敏恪。

In Kangxi 32 (1693) Dzungar Khoshut taiji Batur Erkejin surrendered; the emperor distrusted them and ordered Ma La to move them inland and prevent escape. Ma La reported: "Batur Erkejin brings more than two thousand followers who came in want and exhaustion; they are unlikely to flee again." Officials escorted them; his son taiji Yunmuchun came to court and both were generously rewarded and sent home. He soon died in office, was granted state funeral honors, and received the posthumous name Minke.

論曰：俄羅斯之為羅剎，譯言緩急異耳，非必東部別有是名也。初遣兵诇敵，郎坦主其事；取雅克薩城，朋春、薩布素迭為將，而郎坦與瑪拉實佐之。尼布楚盟定，開市庫倫，是為我國與他國定約互市之始。用兵當期必克，我苟草率，彼益猖狂，聖祖諭薩布素數言，得馭夷之要矣。

The commentators note: calling Russia Luosha reflects only a difference in how the name is rendered in speech, not a separate eastern name. The first reconnaissance in force was led by Lang Tan; the capture of Albazin fell to Peng Chun and Sa Bu Su in succession as commanders, with Lang Tan and Ma La as the real staff behind them. The Nerchinsk treaty and opening of trade at Khüree marked China's first treaty-bound trade with a foreign power. Campaigns must be planned to win; rash action only emboldens the enemy—the Kangxi Emperor's words to Sa Bu Su capture the essence of managing foreign powers.

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