Volume 291 Biographies 78: Hai Wang, Mang Gu Li, Hang Yilu, Fu Ding, Chen Yi, Liu Shishu, Wang Guodong

列傳七十八

Biography 78

海望三和莽鵠立杭奕祿傅鼐陳儀劉師恕焦祈年李徽

Hai Wang, San He, Mang Hulu, Hang Yilu, Fu Nai, Chen Yi, Liu Shishu, Jiao Qinian, and Li Hui

王國棟許容蔡仕舢

Wang Guodong, Xu Rong, and Cai Shinan

海望，烏雅氏，滿洲正黃旗人。初授護軍校。雍正元年，擢內務府主事。累遷郎中，充崇文門監督。八年，擢總管內務府大臣，兼管戶部三庫，賜二品頂戴。九年，遷戶部侍郎，仍兼管內務府，授內大臣。十一年，命偕直隸總督李衛勘浙江海塘，與衛議奏在海寧尖、塔兩山間建石壩，使海潮外趨，並在仁和、海寧兩縣境改建大石塘。上命浙江總督程元章相度遵行。又奏請設專官總轄，令駐防將軍、副都統協同監修，及議敘在工人員工價以銀米兼發，並從之。十三年，振武將軍傅爾丹虐兵婪索事發，命海望赴北路軍營逮治。尋命辦理軍機事務。

Hai Wang, of the Uya clan, came from the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner. He began his career as a Guard Lieutenant. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign, he was raised to Director in the Imperial Household Department. He rose through successive posts to Bureau Director and served as Supervisor of Chongwen Gate. In the eighth year, he became Grand Minister of the Imperial Household Department, took concurrent charge of the Ministry of Revenue's three treasuries, and received the second-rank hat knob. In the ninth year, he was made Vice Minister of Revenue while retaining the Imperial Household Department, and was appointed a Grand Minister of the Interior. In the eleventh year, he was sent with Zhili governor-general Li Wei to inspect Zhejiang's sea walls. Together they memorialized for stone dams between Jian and Ta Hills at Haining to drive the tide seaward, and for major stone revetments across Renhe and Haining. The throne ordered Zhejiang governor-general Cheng Yuanzhang to survey the works and implement the plan. They further asked for a special overseer, garrison generals and vice commandants to help supervise construction, and worker wages paid in silver and grain alike—all of which was granted. In the thirteenth year, after Fu Erdan, the Zhenwu general, was exposed for brutalizing and extorting his troops, Hai Wang was dispatched to the northern army to take him into custody and try him. Soon afterward he was appointed to the Grand Council.

世宗疾大漸，召同受顧命。是時辦理軍機事務鄂爾泰、張廷玉、訥親、班第、索柱、豐盛額、莽鵠立、納延泰及海望凡九人。高宗即位，命尚書徐本入直。旋設總理事務處，命鄂爾泰、廷玉總理，本、訥親及海望協辦，班第、納延泰、索柱差委辦事。尋命海望署戶部尚書。海望還自軍前，奏言：「鄂爾坤發遣罪人種地無實效，且恐生事，當改發他處。」世宗謂：「鄂爾坤方駐兵，當可彈壓，海望奏非是。」高宗以海望奏下總理事務處議，議上，上諭曰：「海望奏，前奉皇考申飭。朕推皇考之意，蓋以發遣罪人，皆身獲重罪，今令軍前種地，乃所以保全之。其中若有冤抑，自應聲明具奏寬釋。如但以不善開墾，遂爾改發內地，此曹既獲重罪，又不肯急公趨事，轉得遂其僥倖之心；且如以兵代之，兵若以不能力田為辭，則將移內地之民耕邊塞之地乎？此事之斷不可行者。海望心地純良，但識見平常，所奏豈可盡以為是？議覆觀望游移，後當以此為戒。」

When Emperor Yongzheng's illness turned grave, he was called in as one of the testamentary ministers. The Grand Council at that time numbered nine: Ortai, Zhang Tingyu, Necin, Bandi, Suozhu, Fengshen'e, Mang Hulu, Nayantai, and Hai Wang. After Qianlong took the throne, he ordered Minister Xu Ben to join the council in regular attendance. The General Affairs Office was then set up under Ortai and Zhang Tingyu, with Xu Ben, Necin, and Hai Wang as assistants; Bandi, Nayantai, and Suozhu were detailed to carry out its business. Hai Wang was soon made acting Minister of Revenue. On his return from the army, Hai Wang reported that farming by exiles sent to Erkun had proved ineffective, might stir unrest, and ought to be moved elsewhere." Emperor Yongzheng had said: "Erkun is garrisoned and can hold them down—Hai Wang is mistaken." Emperor Qianlong sent the memorial to the General Affairs Office. When their reply came up, he instructed: "Hai Wang's memorial was once sharply rebuked by my late father. I read my father's meaning this way: these men had all committed serious crimes, yet service farming with the troops was meant to spare their lives. Anyone truly wronged should say so plainly in a memorial and ask to be pardoned. Yet if poor farming alone becomes grounds to send them back inland, men already condemned who will not labor zealously for the state will only indulge their hope of escape. And if troops take their place, what when soldiers plead they cannot farm—shall inland peasants be shifted to till the frontier instead? That course is utterly out of the question. Hai Wang is honest in heart but commonplace in judgment; not everything he urges should be accepted. His replies to council debate waver and hedge—let that be a lesson hereafter."

乾隆二年，泰陵工成，授拖沙喇哈番世職。尋罷總理事務處，復設辦理軍機處，海望仍為辦理軍機大臣。敘勞，復加拖沙喇哈番世職。四年，加太子少保。初，上命停捐例，廷臣議但留收穀捐監，俾各省積穀備荒。六年，御史趙青藜請並停之，復下廷臣議，請仍其舊。海望奏：「外省收捐繁難，原議各省捐貯穀數三千餘萬石，今報部者僅二百五十餘萬石，不足十之一。不若停各省捐穀，令在部交銀，轉撥各省買穀，俟倉貯充盈，請旨停止。」上命在部交銀，在外交穀，聽士民之便。諭謂：「地方積穀不厭其多，賑恤加恩，亦所時有，正未易言倉貯充盈也。」

In Qianlong 2, after the Tailing mausoleum was finished, he received the hereditary rank of Tashalahafan. The General Affairs Office was soon abolished and the Grand Council restored; Hai Wang stayed on as a council minister. His services were rewarded with a second Tashalahafan hereditary rank. In the fourth year he was given the title Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent. Earlier the throne had halted the sale of offices; ministers argued to keep only the grain-donation route to supervisory rank so provinces could build famine reserves. In the sixth year Censor Zhao Qingli urged abolishing that as well; ministers were consulted again and asked to leave the system unchanged. Hai Wang memorialized that provincial grain donations were hard to collect: the original plan called for more than thirty million piculs stored in the provinces, yet reports to the ministry showed barely 2.5 million—less than a tenth. He proposed ending provincial grain donations, taking silver at the ministry, and remitting it for provincial purchases, then seeking leave to halt once the granaries were truly full. The throne ruled: pay silver in the capital or grain in the provinces, whichever suited donors. He added that local reserves could never be too large, that relief and special grace were frequent, and that one could hardly speak of granaries already being full."

海望久充崇文門監督，御史胡定奏言：「崇文門徵稅，有掛錘、頂秤諸名，百斤作百四五十斤。稅額雖未增，實已加數倍。雜物自各門入，恣意需索，更數倍於稅額。外省各關，如杭州北新關，自南而北十餘裡，稽察乃有七處，留難苛索，百倍於物價。蓋由官吏務欲稅課浮於舊額，吏胥藉得恣睢無忌，請敕嚴禁。」上曰：「海望領崇文門稅務，侭收侭解，盡行入官，因而見其獨多。如定所奏，種種苛索，朕信其必無。外省關課，應令督撫嚴察。」海望旋調禮部尚書。

Hai Wang had long overseen Chongwen Gate. Censor Hu Ding reported that its collectors used tricks called "hanging weight" and "topping the scale," turning a hundred jin into one hundred forty or fifty. The statutory levy had not risen, yet the take had multiplied several times over. Miscellaneous goods admitted through other gates were squeezed for arbitrary fees many times the tax itself. Provincial customs were worse—for example Hangzhou's Beixin Pass, where over ten li of road had seven checkpoints, with delays and exactions reaching a hundredfold the goods' worth. Officials were pressing revenue above old quotas, and clerks used the chance to extort without restraint; he begged a stern imperial prohibition." The Emperor said: "Hai Wang ran Chongwen Gate taxes—whatever came in went straight to the treasury, so his totals look large. The abuses Ding describes, I am sure, did not occur under him. Provincial customs are for governors-general and governors to investigate strictly." Hai Wang was soon transferred to Minister of Rites.

十年，上以海望精力漸衰，罷辦理軍機。十四年，復調戶部尚書。十七年，以建築兩郊壇宇發帑過多，與侍郎三和等自行奏請嚴議，當奪官，上寬之。二十年，卒，遣散秩大臣博爾木查奠茶酒，賜祭葬，諡勤恪。

In the tenth year the Emperor judged Hai Wang's strength was failing and removed him from the Grand Council. In the fourteenth year he was transferred back to Minister of Revenue. In the seventeenth year, construction of the suburban altar compounds had drawn too heavily on the treasury; Hai Wang, Vice Minister Sanhe, and others jointly memorialized asking for strict discipline, an offense that normally meant dismissal—but the Emperor was merciful. He died in the twentieth year. The court sent Bor Mucha, a minister without fixed rank, to offer libations at the bier, granted state funeral rites, and posthumously named him Qinke, "Diligent and Respectful."

三和，納喇氏，滿洲鑲白旗人。初授護軍校，累遷一等侍衛。乾隆六年，授總管內務府大臣，遷戶部侍郎，調工部，復調還戶部。十四年，擢工部尚書。尋降授侍郎，調戶部，復調還工部。三十二年，授內大臣。三十八年，卒，賜祭葬，諡誠毅。

Sanhe, of the Nara clan, came from the Manchu Bordered White Banner. He began as a bodyguard captain and rose step by step to first-class imperial bodyguard. In Qianlong 6 he became Superintendent of the Imperial Household Department, then Vice Minister of Revenue, then Works, and finally back to Revenue again. In the fourteenth year he was made Minister of Works. Soon after he was demoted to vice minister, shifted to Revenue, then shifted back to Works. In the thirty-second year he was named a Grand Minister. He died in the thirty-eighth year; the court granted state funeral rites and posthumously named him Chengyi, "Sincere and Resolute."

莽鵠立，字樹本，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。曾祖富拉塔，居葉赫，天聰時來歸，隸蒙古正藍旗。祖莽吉圖，從睿親王伐明，徇山東，圍錦州，擊敗洪承疇援兵；入關逐李自成至慶都；又從下雲南。累擢正藍旗滿洲梅勒額真，授世職三等阿達哈哈番。

Mang Hulu, courtesy name Shuben, was of the Irgen Gioro clan and the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. His great-grandfather Fu Lata had lived at Yehe and submitted during the Tiancong reign, after which he was enrolled in the Mongol Plain Blue Banner. His grandfather Mang Jitu followed Prince Rui in the war against the Ming, swept Shandong, laid siege to Jinzhou, and routed Hong Chengchou's relief force; after the Manchus entered the pass he pursued Li Zicheng as far as Qingdu; and then took part in the subjugation of Yunnan. He rose repeatedly to meiren ejen of the Plain Blue Banner Manchus and received the hereditary rank of third-class adaha commandant.

莽鵠立，事聖祖，初授理籓院筆帖式。累遷員外郎，迭充右翼監督、滸墅關監督。世宗即位，命協辦理籓院侍郎，旋擢御史。莽鵠立精繪事，令恭繪聖祖御容。雍正元年，改入滿洲，以本族別編佐領，俾莽鵠立世管。

Mang Hulu entered service under the Kangxi Emperor, first as a clerk in the Court of Colonial Affairs. He advanced through the ranks to vice director and in turn supervised the Right Wing and the Husu customs barrier. At Yongzheng's accession he was ordered to assist as vice minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs and soon after was raised to censor. Mang Hulu excelled at painting and was commanded to render a reverent portrait of the Kangxi Emperor. In Yongzheng 1 he was re-registered as Manchu; a separate assistant commandant's company was carved out of his lineage for Mang Hulu's family to hold in perpetuity.

出巡長蘆鹽政，疏言：「長蘆諸商行鹽地，有額引不能銷者，有額外多銷者。請通融運銷，量增引目。」從之。二年，疏請元年積引寬限分銷，部議不允，再疏請，特許之。又疏言：「山東加增引目，州縣多寡不均。請減多增寡，以甦商困。」又疏言：「增復引目，視現辦商人按名均分。」上允之。三年，疏言：「山東灶丁，遵康熙五十二年恩詔，審丁不加賦。」下部議行。又疏請清察灶地，敕直隸、山東督撫遣員清丈。遷大理寺卿，再遷兵部侍郎，領鹽政如故。天津改衛為州，初議隸河間府。莽鵠立請改為直隸州，以武清、靜海、青縣屬焉。並丁入地議起，莽鵠立以山東灶丁丁多地少，請以其半入地，其半仍按丁徵賦。下部議，從之。四年，以御史顧琮巡視鹽政，仍命莽鵠立監理。尋調禮部，令與顧琮監造天津水師營房，工久未竣，上以責莽鵠立，調刑部，召還京。五年，復調禮部，仍署長蘆鹽政。

On tour as Changlu salt controller he memorialized: "Among the districts where Changlu merchants peddle salt, some cannot sell through their allotted certificates, while others sell far beyond quota. He asked that transport and sales be flexibly coordinated and certificate quotas increased in due measure. The throne approved it. In the second year he asked that unsold certificates from year one be given a longer deadline for staggered distribution; the ministry refused, but after a second memorial the Emperor granted it by special edict. He memorialized again: "The extra certificate quotas in Shandong are unevenly apportioned among prefectures and counties. He proposed cutting quotas where they were too large and raising them where they were too small, to ease the merchants' hardship. Another memorial read: "Any restored quota should be divided evenly, merchant by merchant, among those currently licensed to trade. The Emperor assented. In the third year he wrote: "Shandong salt-pan households, under Kangxi's grace edict of year fifty-two, ought to have their household registers reviewed without extra levy. The court referred it to the ministries for enactment. He also asked for a full audit of salt-pan lands; the throne ordered the Zhili and Shandong governors-general and governors to send officials to survey and register them. He was made president of the Court of Judicial Review, then vice minister of War, while retaining charge of the salt administration. When Tianjin was elevated from guard to prefecture, the first proposal made it a dependency of Hejian. Mang Hulu urged that it be made a directly controlled prefecture subordinate to the province, with Wuqing, Jinghai, and Qing attached to its jurisdiction. When the policy of merging household quotas into land tax came up for debate, Mang Hulu argued that Shandong salt households had too many men on too little land and asked that half the levy shift to land tax while half remain assessed per household. The proposal went to the ministries and was adopted. In the fourth year, when Censor Gu Cong was dispatched to inspect salt affairs, Mang Hulu was still ordered to oversee the office. He was soon moved to Rites and told to build the Tianjin naval barracks alongside Gu Cong; when the project dragged on the Emperor held Mang Hulu responsible, shifted him to Punishments, and summoned him back to Beijing. In the fifth year he returned to Rites while again acting as Changlu salt controller.

授甘肅巡撫。六年，師入西藏，諭莽鵠立赴西寧料理。西寧道劉之珍等誤軍興，總督岳鍾琪疏劾，上以責莽鵠立，解巡撫，召還京。署正藍旗滿洲副都統，兼管理籓院侍郎。七年，擢正藍旗蒙古都統。八年，命協同辦理直隸水利營田。十年，調鑲白旗滿洲都統。十三年，與都統襲英誠公豐盛額並命辦理軍機事務。高宗即位，改設總理事務處，莽鵠立與豐盛額罷直回本任。尋署工部尚書，又調正藍旗滿洲都統。乾隆元年，卒，賜祭葬，諡勤敏。

He was appointed governor of Gansu. In the sixth year, as troops marched into Tibet, he was told to go to Xining and manage logistics. Liu Zhizhen of the Xining circuit and others botched army supply; Governor-General Yue Zhongqi impeached them, and the Emperor faulted Mang Hulu as well, stripped him of the governorship, and recalled him to Beijing. He acted as vice commander of the Plain Blue Banner Manchus while concurrently managing vice-ministerial duties at the Court of Colonial Affairs. In the seventh year he was made commander of the Plain Blue Mongol Banner. In the eighth year he was ordered to help administer Zhili's water conservancy and garrison farming colonies. In the tenth year he was transferred to commander of the Bordered White Banner Manchus. In the thirteenth year he and Fengshen'e, commander and inheritor of the dukedom of Yingcheng, were both appointed to the Grand Council. At Qianlong's accession the General Affairs Office was reorganized; Mang Hulu and Fengshen'e left daily council duty and resumed their regular posts. He was soon made acting minister of works, then transferred to commander of the Plain Blue Manchu Banner. He died in the first year of Qianlong (1736); the court granted funeral sacrifices and gave him the posthumous name Qinmin, "Diligent and Keen."

杭奕祿，完顏氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人。初授中書。雍正元年，授額外員外郎。未幾，補御史，即遷光祿寺少卿。三年，遷光祿寺卿。上蠲蘇州、松江田賦四十五萬，杭奕祿疏言：「此為未有殊恩。有田納賦，既邀蠲免；無田而佃種人田者，納租業主，亦宜酌減，俾貧富均霑實惠。」上謂此奏甚公，下廷臣議，定業戶免額一錢，佃戶免租穀三升。上命如議速行。擢左副都御史，仍兼管光祿寺。

Hang Yilu, of the Wanyan clan, came from the Bordered Red Banner. He began as a secretariat draftsman. In Yongzheng's first year he received a supernumerary vice-directorship. Soon afterward he became a censor and was promptly promoted to vice director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. In the third year he was made director of the same court. When the throne remitted 450,000 taels of land tax for Suzhou and Songjiang, Hang Yilu memorialized: "This is a favor without precedent. Landowners who pay the land tax have already gained exemption; tenants who farm another's land and pay rent to the proprietor should also receive a measured reduction, so rich and poor alike may share the real benefit." The Emperor called the memorial admirably fair and sent it to the ministries; they set a one-mace quota cut for proprietor households and a three-sheng rent-grain cut for tenants. He ordered the measure implemented at once. He was raised to left vice censor-in-chief while keeping charge of the Court of Imperial Entertainments.

五年，命與內閣學士任蘭枝使安南宣諭。初，雲南總督高其倬奏安南國界有百二十里舊屬內地，應以賭咒河為界，安南國王黎維祹奏辯。上命雲貴總督鄂爾泰覆覈，予地八十里，以鉛廠山下小河內四十里為界，維祹復奏辯。上敕維祹毋以侵占內地為嫌，疑懼申辯。至是，復命杭奕祿等往諭意，未至，維祹上表謝罪。六年，命鄂爾泰以鉛廠山下地四十里予安南，別頒敕命杭奕祿等齎往宣諭。杭奕祿至鎮南關，維祹使出關迎。進次貂瑤營，維祹復使迎勞，請儀注，議行其國禮，五拜三叩。杭奕祿等持不可，乃請聽命。渡富良江至長安門，維祹跪迎。杭奕祿等捧敕入自中門，維祹率將吏等聽宣敕，敕曰：「朕前令守土各官清理疆界，未及於安南也。總督高其倬職任封疆，考志乘，訪輿論，知開化府與安南分界當在逢春里之賭咒河，乃奏聞設汛。王疏陳，復命總督鄂爾泰秉公辦理。鄂爾泰體朕懷遠之心，定界於鉛廠山下小河，縮地八十里。誠為仁至義盡，此皆地方大臣職分所當為。朕統馭寰區，凡屬臣服之邦，皆隸版籍。安南既列籓封，尺地莫非吾土，何必較論此區區四十里之地？若王以至情懇求，朕何難開恩賜與？祗以兩督臣定界時，王激切奏請，過於觖望，失事上之禮，朕亦無從施惠。頃鄂爾泰以王本章呈奏，詞意虔恭。王既知盡禮，朕自可加恩，將此地仍賜王世守，並遣大臣前往宣諭。王其知朕意！」宣畢，維祹行三跪九叩禮。杭奕祿等復宣諭恩德，維祹誓世世子孫永矢臣節。杭奕祿等使還，維祹送至長安門，餽贐杭奕祿等，不受。至鎮南關，維祹使齎謝表請轉奏。杭奕祿等還京師，疏聞，請宣付史館，允之。授刑部侍郎，署吏部尚書。

In the fifth year he and Grand Secretariat academician Ren Lanzhi were sent to Annan as imperial envoys. Earlier, Yunnan governor-general Gao Qizuo had argued that 120 li along the Annan frontier had once been imperial territory and that the border should run along the Duzhou River; King Le Weizuo of Annan replied in protest. The Emperor told Yunnan-Guizhou governor-general Ortai to reinvestigate; Ortai awarded eighty li and drew the line forty li inside the stream below Lead Mine Mountain—whereupon Weizuo protested again. The Emperor told Weizuo not to take alarm at the charge of encroachment and to stop defending himself out of fear. Now the court again dispatched Hang Yilu and his party to explain the imperial mind; before they arrived, Weizuo submitted a memorial of repentance. In the sixth year Ortai was ordered to yield the forty li below Lead Mine Mountain to Annan, and a separate edict was issued for Hang Yilu and his colleagues to carry abroad. At Zhennan Pass, Weizuo sent officials beyond the gate to receive him. Moving on to Diaoyao camp, Weizuo again sent a welcoming party and asked about ceremony; after debate they agreed on Annan court ritual—five bows and three kowtows. Hang Yilu and his colleagues objected and asked to await the throne's decision. They crossed the Fu River to Chang'an Gate, where Weizuo knelt to greet them. Hang Yilu and the others entered by the central gate bearing the edict; Weizuo gathered his commanders and officials to hear it read. The edict ran: "We earlier ordered frontier officials to survey borders, but Annan had not yet been included. Governor Gao Qizuo, charged with the frontier, studied gazetteers and local opinion and concluded that Kaihua prefecture and Annan should be divided at the Duzhou River in Fengchunli; he memorialized accordingly and proposed garrison posts. The king replied at length; We then ordered Governor Ortai to settle the matter impartially. Ortai, honoring Our wish to cherish distant peoples, drew the line at the stream below Lead Mine Mountain and ceded eighty li. This was benevolence and righteousness pushed to their limit—precisely what a frontier minister owes his sovereign. We rule the entire realm; every submitting state is recorded in Our registers. Annan already ranks among Our feudatories—every inch is imperial soil; why quarrel over a mere forty li? Had the king pleaded with sincere feeling, how difficult would it have been for Us to grant it in grace? But when the two governors drew the line, the king's urgent, repeated petitions pressed too hard and breached the deference owed a sovereign—so We could not show favor. Ortai has lately forwarded the king's new memorial, and its tone is reverent. Now that the king understands full propriety, We may extend grace, restore this land for his house to hold forever, and send great ministers to proclaim Our will. Let the king take Our meaning to heart! When the reading ended, Weizuo performed the three kneelings and nine kowtows. Hang Yilu and his party then proclaimed the throne's grace again; Weizuo swore that his line would forever keep faith as subjects. On their return, Weizuo escorted them to Chang'an Gate and offered parting gifts, which they refused. At Zhennan Pass he sent bearers with a memorial of thanks, asking that it be relayed to the throne. Back in Beijing, Hang Yilu and his colleagues reported by memorial and asked that the edict be entered in the Historiography Office; the request was approved. He was made vice minister of punishments and acting minister of personnel.

六年，湖南靖州諸生曾靜遣其徒張熙變姓名投書川陝總督岳鍾琪，略言清為金裔，鍾琪乃鄂王后，勸令復金、宋之仇，同謀舉事。鍾琪大駭，鞫熙，熙不肯言其實；乃置熙密室，陽與誓，將迎其師與謀，始得熙及靜姓名，奏聞。上命杭奕祿及副都統覺羅海蘭如湖南，會巡撫王國棟捕靜嚴鞫。靜言因讀呂留良評選時文論夷、夏語激烈，遣熙求得留良遺書，與留良子毅中，及其弟子嚴鴻逵，鴻逵弟子沈在寬等往還，沈溺其說，妄生異心。留良，浙江石門諸生，康熙初講學負盛名，時已前死。上命逮靜、熙、毅中、鴻逵、在寬等至京師。靜至，廷鞫，自承迂妄，為留良所誤，手書供辭，盛稱上恩德。上命編次為大義覺迷錄，令杭奕祿以靜至江寧、杭州、蘇州宣講。事畢，命並熙釋勿誅，戮留良屍，誅毅中並鴻逵、在寬等，戍留良諸子孫。高宗即位，乃命誅靜、熙。

That same year Zeng Jing, a licentiate from Jingzhou in Hunan, sent his student Zhang Xi—traveling under a false name—to Yue Zhongqi, governor-general of Sichuan and Shaanxi. The letter claimed the Qing were heirs of the Jin, that Zhongqi descended from the house of Prince E, and urged him to settle old scores with Jin and Song and join a rising. Zhongqi was appalled and questioned Xi, but Xi would not confess; so he shut Xi in a private room, feigned a pact, and promised to welcome Xi's teacher to plot—only then learning the names of Xi and Jing, which he reported to the throne. The Emperor sent Hang Yilu and vice commander Jueluo Hailan to Hunan to join Governor Wang Guodong in seizing Jing and examining him under torture. Jing said he had read Lü Liuliang's annotated examination essays, with their fierce Yi–Xia rhetoric, and sent Xi to obtain Liuliang's posthumous works; he exchanged letters with Liuliang's son Yizhong, his disciple Yan Hongkui, Hongkui's student Shen Zaikuan, and others, drowned himself in their teaching, and let a treasonous mind take root. Liuliang had been a Shimen licentiate in Zhejiang, renowned in early Kangxi for his teaching, but was already long dead. The Emperor ordered Jing, Xi, Yizhong, Hongkui, Zaikuan, and the rest arrested and brought to Beijing. When Jing arrived he was examined at court; he admitted his folly, blamed Liuliang for misleading him, wrote a confession in his own hand, and poured praise on the Emperor's grace. The Emperor had the case compiled as the Record of the Great Meaning for Awakening the Deluded and sent Hang Yilu to lecture on it in Jiangning, Hangzhou, and Suzhou—with Jing brought along. When the case was closed, the Emperor spared Zeng Jing and Zhang Xi, had Lü Liuliang's corpse dismembered and displayed, put Yi Zhong, Hong Kui, Zai Kuan, and the rest to death, and sent Lü's kin into exile. After Qianlong took the throne, he had Jing and Xi put to death.

七年，授杭奕祿鑲紅旗滿洲副都統。八年，命解部事，尋复補禮部侍郎，署前鋒統領。上命杭奕祿偕侍郎眾佛保宣諭準噶爾。九年，師徵準噶爾，上慮陝、甘民或以用兵為累，命杭奕祿與左都御史史貽直、署內務府總管鄭渾寶，率庶吉士、六部學習主事、國子監肄業拔貢生等宣諭化導。尋命杭奕祿協辦軍需。十年，命署西安將軍，授欽差大臣，察閱甘、涼及山西近邊營伍。十一年，諭責杭奕祿驕奢放縱，擾累兵民，奪官，在肅州荷校。

In the seventh year he was made vice commander of the Bordered Red Manchu Banner. In the eighth year he was relieved of his ministry post, then soon reappointed vice minister of Rites and acting vanguard commander. The Emperor sent Hang Yilu and Vice Minister Zhongfobao to announce the court's will to the Dzungars. In the ninth year, with troops marching on the Dzungars, the Emperor worried that Shaanxi and Gansu might feel the strain of war. He sent Hang Yilu, Left Censor-in-Chief Shi Yizhi, and acting grand steward Zheng Hunbao, together with Hanlin licentiates, ministry trainees, and Imperial Academy students selected for advancement, to explain policy and reassure the people. He was soon put in charge of assisting with army logistics. In the tenth year he acted as Xi'an general, received an imperial commission, and inspected troops in Ganzhou, Liangzhou, and Shanxi's frontier commands. In the eleventh year the throne denounced his arrogance and excess, his abuse of troops and civilians, stripped his rank, and had him pilloried at Suzhou.

乾隆元年，召至京師，授額外內閣學士，補工部侍郎，充世宗實錄副總裁。遣駐西藏辦事。四年，奏言：「西藏西南三千里外巴爾布國有三汗：一曰庫庫木，一曰顏布，一曰葉楞，雍正十一年嘗通貢。近三汗交惡，貝勒頗羅鼐宣諭罷兵，三汗聽命，使呈進部落戶口數，並貢金銀、絲緞、珊瑚、念珠諸物。」報聞。尋召還，調刑部。五年，擢左都御史，列議政大臣。十年，以老乞休，諭留之。十一年，上察其老憊，命致仕。十三年，卒。

In Qianlong 1 he was recalled to Beijing, made an extra Grand Secretariat academician and vice minister of Works, and named deputy compiler of the Yongzheng Veritable Records. He was sent to Tibet as resident commissioner. In the fourth year he reported: "Three thousand li southwest of Tibet lies Balbu, with three khans—Kukumu, Yanbu, and Yeleng—who had sent tribute in Yongzheng 11. Lately the three khans had quarreled; Beile Poluonai announced an imperial message bidding them stop fighting. They obeyed, submitted tribal household registers, and sent tribute of gold, silver, silk, coral, rosaries, and the like. The memorial was noted. He was soon recalled and moved to Punishments. In the fifth year he rose to left censor-in-chief and took a seat among the deliberative ministers. In the tenth year he asked to retire on grounds of age; the Emperor told him to stay. In the eleventh year, seeing how worn he had grown, the Emperor let him retire. He died in the thirteenth year.

傅鼐，字閣峰，富察氏，滿洲鑲白旗人。初授侍衛。雍正二年，授鑲黃旗漢軍副都統、兵部侍郎。三年，調盛京戶部侍郎。世宗在潛邸，夙知傅鼐好事，既即位，令隆科多察其為人。隆科多稱傅鼐安靜。傅鼐在上前嘗言隆科多子岳興阿甚怨其父，謂「我家受恩深，當將生平行事據實奏聞，若稍有隱飾，罪更不可逭」。及隆科多被譴追贓，岳興阿隱其父財產。上以與傅鼐言不符，疑傅鼐與隆科多交結，慮且敗，預為岳興阿地。會傅鼐任侍衛時，浙江糧道江國英被劾，為關說，得銀萬餘。事發，上命奪官，械系逮詣京師，下刑部按治。讞上，免死，發遣黑龍江。

Fu Nai, styled Gefeng, of the Fuca clan, came from the Manchu Bordered White Banner. He began as a palace guardsman. In Yongzheng 2 he became vice commander of the Bordered Yellow Chinese Martial Banner and vice minister of War. In the third year he was moved to Mukden as vice minister of Revenue. Yongzheng had known him as a busybody since his years in the princely mansion; on taking the throne he told Longkodo to look into the man. Longkodo reported that Fu Nai was steady and restrained. Fu Nai had once told the Emperor that Yue Xing'a deeply resented his father Longkodo, saying, "Our family owes the throne too much to hide anything. Report his whole career truthfully—any concealment will only make the crime worse." When Longkodo fell under censure and was ordered to make restitution, Yue Xing'a hid his father's assets. This contradicted Fu Nai's account; the Emperor suspected collusion with Longkodo, feared exposure, and paved the way for Yue Xing'a instead. While he was still a guardsman, Zhejiang grain intendant Jiang Guoying was impeached; Fu Nai pulled strings for him and took more than ten thousand taels. When the matter broke, the Emperor stripped his rank, had him shackled and brought to Beijing, and sent him to the Ministry of Punishments for trial. The verdict spared his life and sent him into exile at Heilongjiang.

九年，召還，赴大將軍馬爾賽軍營效力。尋予侍郎銜，授參贊大臣。十年，準噶爾台吉噶爾丹策零入寇，額駙策淩御之額爾德尼昭，噶爾丹策零大敗，自推河竄走。時馬爾賽駐拜里城，有兵萬三千。策淩檄速發兵斷噶爾丹策零歸路，馬爾賽不能用。傅鼐進曰：「賊敗亡之餘，可唾手取也！請發輕騎數千，俾率以戰，事成，功歸大將軍；事敗，原獨受其罪。」馬爾賽默然，再三言不應，至長跪以請，終不許。傅鼐憤甚，將所部出城逐敵。噶爾丹策零已遁走，得輜重、牛羊萬計。事聞，上誅馬爾賽，賚傅鼐花翎。

In the ninth year he was recalled to serve on General-in-Chief Ma'er Sai's staff. He was soon given vice-ministerial rank and made a participating grand minister. In the tenth year the Dzungar taiji Galdan Tseren raided in force; Ce Ling, the emperor's son-in-law, met him at Erdeneju, shattered his army, and drove him fleeing along the Tui River. Ma'er Sai then held Baili with thirteen thousand men. Ce Ling pressed him to march at once and cut off Galdan Tseren's retreat, but Ma'er Sai would not listen. Fu Nai stepped forward and said, "These are beaten fugitives—you could seize them between your fingers! Send me a few thousand light horse and let me lead them. If we win, let the credit go to the commander; if we lose, I alone will answer for it." Ma'er Sai said nothing. Fu Nai pleaded again and again; he finally knelt and begged—and was still refused. Enraged, Fu Nai took his own men out of the city in pursuit. Galdan Tseren was already gone, but they captured vast stores of baggage and tens of thousands of cattle. When word reached court, the Emperor had Ma'er Sai executed and granted Fu Nai the peacock plume.

平郡王福彭代為大將軍，傅鼐參贊如故。噶爾丹策零既大創，不敢深入，師亦未能遠征。上召策淩及大將軍查郎阿詣京師廷議，莊親王允祿及策淩等主進討，大學士張廷玉等言不若先撫之，不順則進討。兩議上，上問傅鼐，傅鼐贊撫議。降旨罷兵，遣傅鼐偕內閣學士阿克敦、副都統羅密諭噶爾丹策零。噶爾丹策零欲得阿爾泰山故地，傅鼐力折之。十三年，使還，予都統銜，食俸。

Prince Ping Fu Peng replaced Ma'er Sai as commander-in-chief, while Fu Nai kept his post as participating minister. Badly mauled, Galdan Tseren no longer dared push deep inland; the Qing forces, too, could not carry the war far. The Emperor called Ce Ling and Commander-in-Chief Cha Langa to Beijing for a council. Prince Zhuang Yunlu and Ce Ling favored pressing the attack; Zhang Tingyu and other grand secretaries argued for winning them over first and fighting only if they refused. Both views went up; the Emperor asked Fu Nai, and he sided with conciliation. The court ordered an end to fighting and sent Fu Nai with Grand Secretariat academician Akedun and vice commander Luomi to announce the decision to Galdan Tseren. Galdan Tseren demanded the old Altai territories; Fu Nai firmly refused. In the thirteenth year, on his return from the embassy, he received commander rank and a salary stipend.

高宗即位，命署兵部尚書，尋授刑部尚書，仍兼理兵部。乾隆元年，疏言：「刑罰世輕世重。我朝律例，頒布於順治三年，酌議於康熙十八年，重刊於雍正三年。臣伏讀世宗遺詔曰：'凡諸條例，或前本嚴而朕改從寬，此乃昔時部臣定議未協，朕與廷臣悉心斟酌而後更定，應照更定之例行；若前本寬而朕改從嚴，此以整飭人心風俗，暫行一時，此後遇事斟酌，若應照舊例者，仍照舊例行。 '臣思聖心惓惓於此，蓋必有所軫念而未及更正者也。皇上以世宗之心為心，每遇奏讞，斟酌詳慎。臣見大清律集解附例一書，現今不行之例猶載其中，恐刑官援引舛錯，吏胥因緣為奸。請簡熟悉律例大臣，詳加覈議。律文律注，當仍其舊。所載條例，有今已斟酌改定者，應從改定；有應斟酌而未逮者，悉照舊章：務歸於平允，逐條繕摺，恭請欽定纂輯頒布。」得旨允行。又疏言：「斷獄引用律例，宜審全文。若摘引律語，入人重罪，是為深文週內。律載：'官吏懷挾私仇，故勘平人致死者，斬監候。' 又載：'若因公事干連在官，事須問鞫，依法拷訊，邂逅致死者，勿論。 '律意本極平允。數年來，各督撫遇屬員誤將在官人犯拷訊致死，輒摘引'故勘平人'一語，擬斬監候。尚書張照又奏准：'如將笞杖人犯故意夾拷致死二命以上，及徒流人犯四命以上，俱以故勘平人論。' 不思既非懷挾私仇，於故勘之義何居？若謂在官之人本屬無罪，則必有誣告之人，應照律抵罪；若謂輕罪不應夾訊，命盜等案，當首從未分，安能預定為笞杖為徒流？若謂拷訊不依法，自有'決罰不如法'律在，致死二人、四人以上，當議以加等。請敕法司酌改平允。」下部議行。

When Qianlong took the throne, Fu Nai was made acting minister of war; he was soon appointed minister of punishments while continuing to oversee the war ministry. In Qianlong 1 (1736) he memorialized: "Punishments grow lighter or heavier from age to age. Our code was issued in Shunzhi 3, revised in Kangxi 18, and reprinted in Yongzheng 3. I have studied Shizong's testamentary edict, which runs: 'Where an earlier regulation was harsh and I softened it, the ministries of old had failed to agree; I and the court ministers weighed it carefully before changing it—follow the revised text; where an earlier text was lenient and I tightened it, that was to discipline hearts and customs for a season; afterward, weigh each case—where the old rule still fits, keep the old rule. The late Emperor's mind lingered on this point—there must have been provisions he meant to fix but never reached. Your Majesty holds Shizong's intent as his own; on every capital case you deliberate with painstaking care. In the Great Qing Code with Commentary and Attached Precedents, obsolete precedents still appear; judges may cite them wrongly, and clerks will find room for graft. I ask that skilled jurists be chosen to review the text thoroughly. The articles and their glosses should stand unchanged. Among the listed precedents, those already revised should follow the revision; those still awaiting deliberation should keep the old rule until weighed—aim for even justice, set out each item in a memorial, and seek Your Majesty's approval to compile and promulgate a corrected edition." The throne approved. He also wrote: "In sentencing, one must read a statute or precedent whole. To pluck a phrase from the code and hang a heavy crime on someone is to twist the law into a trap. The code says: 'An official who, nursing private hatred, deliberately frames an innocent commoner and causes his death, is sentenced to decapitation, execution suspended. It also says: 'If, in the course of official business, a person held for questioning dies under lawful torture by accident, no penalty applies. The statute's intent is perfectly evenhanded. For years, whenever a governor-general or governor found a subordinate who had tortured a detainee to death by mistake, he would quote 'deliberately investigates an innocent commoner' and recommend suspended decapitation. Minister Zhang Zhao had also won approval for a rule: 'If an officer deliberately racks to death two or more persons liable only to bamboo strokes, or four or more liable to penal servitude or exile, treat the case as deliberate framing of an innocent. Yet where is the private grudge that 'deliberate framing' requires? If the detainee was truly innocent, there must have been a false accuser to punish under the code; if one says light crimes should not be racked, in robbery and banditry cases principal and accessory are not yet sorted—how can one know in advance whether the penalty will be bamboo, servitude, or exile? If the torture was unlawful, the statute on 'punishment not according to law' already applies; when two or four or more die, increase the penalty by due degrees. I ask the Ministry of Punishments to revise the rule to something fair." The memorial was referred to the ministries for action.

是秋，以勒借商銀，回奏不實，奪官。尋命暫署兵部尚書。二年，授正藍旗滿洲都統。三年，坐違例發俸，發往軍台效力。尋卒。

That autumn he lost his rank for forcing merchants to lend silver and for lying about it in his report. He was soon made acting minister of war again. In the second year he was named commander of the Plain Blue Manchu Banner. In the third year he was punished for paying salaries contrary to rule and sent to serve at military courier stations. He died soon afterward.

陳儀，字子翽，順天文安人。康熙五十四年進士，改庶吉士，散館授編修。為古文辭，治經世學，大學士硃軾器之。雍正三年，直隸大水，諸河氾濫，壞田廬。世宗命怡親王允祥偕軾相度濬治。王求諳習畿輔水利者，軾以儀對。延見，諮治河所宜先，儀曰：「硃子言治河先低處。天津為古渤海逆河之會，百川之尾閭。今南北二運河、東西兩淀盛漲，爭趨三岔口，而強潮復來拒之，牴牾洄漩而不時下，下隘則上溢，其勢宜然。故欲治河，莫如先擴達海之口。欲擴海口，莫如先減入口之水。入口之水減，則達海之口寬。北永定，南子牙，中七十二沽，皆得沛然入三岔口而東注矣。」四年春，從王行視水利，教令章奏皆出儀手。軾以憂歸，王薦於朝，命以侍講署天津同知。轉侍讀，擢庶子，仍署同知如故。

Chen Yi, styled Zishuo, came from Wen'an in the Shuntian metropolitan district. He passed the metropolitan examination in Kangxi 54, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and on leaving the Academy became a compiler. He wrote classical prose and studied practical statecraft; Grand Secretary Zhu Shi took him seriously. In Yongzheng 3, Zhili was swept by flood; rivers burst their banks and wrecked fields and homes. The Emperor sent Prince Yi Yinxiang with Zhu Shi to survey the rivers and plan dredging. The prince asked for an expert on metropolitan waterworks; Zhu Shi recommended Chen Yi. Called in for audience, he was asked where river work should start. Chen Yi answered: "Zhu Xi taught that one must begin with the lowest ground. Tianjin is where the old Bohai tides met the land—the tail of a hundred rivers. Now the northern and southern Grand Canals and the eastern and western lakes all rise together and pour toward Sankou, while the sea tide pushes back. Water collides, eddies, and cannot drain; when the mouth is narrow, the upper reaches must flood—that is only natural. To govern the rivers, then, one must first widen the sea mouth. To widen the sea mouth, one must first cut the water entering upstream. Less water at the head means a wider passage to the sea. Then the Yongding in the north, the Ziya in the south, and the seventy-two gu between them could all rush freely through Sankou to the east." In the spring of the fourth year he toured the works with the prince; every instruction and memorial came from Chen Yi's hand. When Zhu Shi went home on mourning leave, the prince recommended him; the court named him acting Tianjin subprefect while he kept his lectureship. He rose to reader, then tutor, and still held the Tianjin post.

五年，王奏設水利營田四局，儀領天津局，兼督文安、大城堤工。二縣地卑下，積潦不消。是秋復大水，堤內外皆巨浸。儀購秫稭十餘萬束，立表下楗以御水。堤本民工，儀言於王，請發帑興修，招民就工代賑，堤得完固。南運河長屯堤地隸靜海，吏舞法，歲調發霸州、文安、大城民協修，百里裹糧，咸以為苦，儀為除其籍。畿輔大小諸河七十餘，疏故濬新，儀所勘定殆十六七雲。

In the fifth year the prince proposed four bureaus for waterworks and military colony farming; Chen Yi ran the Tianjin bureau and oversaw dikes in Wen'an and Dacheng. Both counties lie low; floodwater would not drain. Floods returned that autumn; water stood on both sides of the dikes. Chen Yi bought more than a hundred thousand bundles of sorghum stalks and drove piles with gauge marks to hold the flood. Dike work had relied on corvée; Chen Yi persuaded the prince to fund repairs from the treasury and hire laborers with relief grain—so the dikes were finished and held. The Changtun dike on the Southern Canal lay in Jinghai; corrupt clerks each year drafted men from Bazhou, Wen'an, and Dacheng to help repair a hundred li from home at their own expense. Chen Yi struck their names from the rolls. Of more than seventy rivers large and small in the capital region, he surveyed and settled perhaps sixteen or seventeen, dredging old channels and cutting new ones.

八年，擢侍講學士。時議設營田觀察使二員，分轄京東西，以督率州縣。命儀以僉都御史充京東營田觀察使，營田於天津。仿明汪應蛟遺制，築十字圍，三面開渠，與海河通。潮來渠滿，閉渠蓄水以供灌溉，白塘、葛沽間斥鹵盡變膏腴。豐潤、玉田地多沮洳，儀教之開渠築圩，皆成良田。十一年，大雨，山水暴發，沒田廬。儀疏聞，諭籌賑，即命儀董其事，凡賑三十四萬餘口。十二年，轉侍讀學士。尋罷觀察使，還京師。

In the eighth year he was promoted to Hanlin lecturer. The court then debated two surveillance commissioners for military colony farming, one for each side of the capital region, to drive the prefectures and counties. Chen Yi was named eastern commissioner with vice censor-in-chief rank and opened colonies at Tianjin. Following Ming Wang Yingjiao's method, he built cross-shaped polders and cut canals on three sides into the Hai River. When the tide rose the canals filled; closing them stored irrigation water, and the salt flats between Baitang and Gegu turned to fertile fields. In Fengrun and Yutian much land was bog; he taught them to dig canals and build dikes until the ground became good farmland. In the eleventh year heavy rains sent mountain floods over fields and homes. Chen Yi reported the disaster; ordered to organize relief, he took charge at once and fed more than three hundred forty thousand people. In the twelfth year he became Hanlin reader. Soon the commissionership was abolished and he returned to Beijing.

儀篤於內行，先世遺田數百畝，悉推以讓兄。既仕，分祿畀昆弟，週諸故舊。有故人子貧甚，囑門生為謀生業，事為人所訐，吏議當降調。乾隆二年，授鴻臚寺少卿。儀以老乞歸。七年，卒，年七十三。子玉友，雍正八年進士，官台灣知府。勤其官，有惠政。

Chen Yi was scrupulous in family duty; he gave his elder brother every mu of the few hundred his ancestors had left. Once in office he shared his salary with his brothers and helped old friends. A friend's son was desperately poor; he asked a student to find him work. Someone reported the favor, and the personnel office recommended demotion. In Qianlong 2 he was made vice minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. He asked to retire on grounds of age. He died in the seventh year, aged seventy-three. His son Yuyou, a metropolitan graduate of Yongzheng 8, became prefect of Taiwan. He served diligently and left a record of kindness.

劉師恕，字艾堂，江南寶應人。父國黻，康熙二十一年進士，改庶吉士，授戶科給事中，歷督捕理事官。在戶科，建言民田畝有大小，地有上中下，請具載簡明賦役全書，明示天下。在督捕，詳考則例刊布之。往時以逃人為根，以一累百十，以逃案為市。取所歷州縣官職名待劾，弊不勝詰，皆剔除之，乃裁併兵部。改授鴻臚寺卿。

Liu Shishu, styled Aitang, came from Baoying in Jiangnan. His father Guofu, a metropolitan graduate of Kangxi 21, entered the Hanlin, became a revenue supervising secretary, and later commissioner for bandit suppression. At Revenue he argued that peasant fields differed in mu size and in upper, middle, and lower grade; he asked that the concise Complete Book of Taxes and Corvée record all of this plainly for the empire. As bandit-suppression commissioner he studied the regulations in detail and had them printed. Once, a single fugitive could drag down scores of innocents; fugitive cases had become a racket. He listed every magistrate he had known for impeachment; the abuses could not survive scrutiny and were struck out, and the Ministry of War was cut down. He was moved to minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.

師恕，三十九年進士，選庶吉士，授檢討。累遷國子監祭酒。雍正元年，授貴州布政使。四年，遷通政使，轉左副都御史，擢工部侍郎。上以宜兆熊署直隸總督，調師恕禮部，協理總督事。五年，奏獲交河妖民孫守禮，嚴鞫治罪。上獎其遇事直達，不稍隱諱。師恕與兆熊議裁學政陋規，學政孫嘉淦言：「學政舊規，日得五十五兩，今減半即足用。」師恕言：「減至一兩亦不可行，當另奏撥解公費。」師恕與兆熊奏已與嘉淦會商裁革，嘉淦以實奏。上諭曰：「孫嘉淦非騷擾貪饕者比，爾等何不量至此？可仍循舊例而行。嘉淦，端士也，宜作成之。」初夏，保定諸府少雨，上以為憂。師恕等言：「今歲遇閏，此後得雨不遲。」上責其怠忽。尋奏裁驛站夫馬工料羨餘銀，上諭曰：「陋規自應裁，第當量情酌理為之，毋過刻，令後來地方諸事難於措辦也。」調吏部，仍留協理。大名諸生竇相可訴知府曾逢聖貪劣，布政使張適杖殺之，以獄斃報，兆熊、師恕匿不以聞。上命尚書福敏等按治得實，兆熊坐降調，上寬師恕，諭責其徇隱，命何世璂署直隸總督，仍令師恕協理。

Shishu passed the metropolitan examination in the thirty-ninth year, entered the Hanlin, and became a proofreader. He rose step by step to chancellor of the Imperial Academy. In Yongzheng 1 he was made governor of Guizhou. In the fourth year he became transmission commissioner, then left vice censor-in-chief, then vice minister of works. When Yi Zhaoxiong was acting governor-general of Zhili, Shishu was moved to Rites to help run the province. In the fifth year he reported the arrest of the Jiaohe sorcerer Sun Shouli, had him tortured, and punished him. The Emperor praised his habit of reporting straight, without concealment. Shishu and Yi Zhaoxiong debated abolishing the educational commissioner's customary fees. Commissioner Sun Jiagan said: "The old allowance was fifty-five taels a day; half would suffice." Shishu replied: "Cutting it to one tael would still not work; public funds must be supplied by separate appropriation." They memorialized that they had already consulted Jiagan and cut the fees; Jiagan told the truth in his own report. The Emperor rebuked them: "Sun Jiagan is no harassing glutton—how could you push him this far? Let the old custom stand. Jiagan is an upright man; cultivate him." Early that summer Baoding and neighboring prefectures saw little rain, and the Emperor grew anxious. Shishu and his colleagues said: "This is a leap year; rain will come in good time. The Emperor scolded them for complacency. They soon memorialized to cut surplus funds for courier stations, horses, and supplies. The Emperor wrote: "Abuses should be cut, but weigh each case—do not be so harsh that later officials cannot govern." He was moved to Personnel but kept on as co-administrator. Dou Xiangke, a Daming licentiate, accused Prefect Zeng Fengsheng of corruption; Financial Commissioner Zhang Shi beat him to death and reported a prison death. Yi Zhaoxiong and Shishu hid the truth. The Emperor sent Minister Fu Min to investigate; the facts stood. Yi Zhaoxiong was demoted; Shishu was spared but rebuked for concealment. He Shiji was named acting governor-general of Zhili, with Shishu still assisting.

七年，命師恕以內閣學士充福建觀風整俗使。八年，疏言：「海澄公舊以轄兵給印，後兵裁而印未繳。今海澄公黃應纘濫行印文，非所宜，當令繳銷。」並言外省世襲武職，年及二十，當令諮部引見，分京外學習。部議從之。十一年，師恕以病告，省觀風整俗使不復設。乾隆七年，寶應災，治賑，非貧民例不給。師恕族人諸生洞嗾不得賑者，閧堂罷市。上責師恕不能約束，奪官。南巡迎謁，賜侍讀學士銜。二十一年，卒。

In the seventh year he was named Grand Secretariat academician and Fujian commissioner for surveying customs and reforming morals. In the eighth year he memorialized: "The Lord of Haicheng once had his command troops issued official seals; when the troops were later reduced, the seal was never returned. Now Huang Yingxuan of Haicheng abuses that seal in official documents. That should not be allowed; he must be ordered to surrender it for cancellation." He also urged that provincial holders of hereditary military posts, once they reached twenty, be sent to the ministry for presentation at court and assigned to study either in the capital or in the provinces. The ministry approved his proposal. In the eleventh year Shishu took leave for illness, and the post of Commissioner for Observing Customs and Reforming Morals was not filled again. In Qianlong 7, when Baoying was stricken by disaster, he directed relief—but by rule only the truly poor received aid. Licentiates among Shishu's kin had incited those denied relief; they stormed his yamen and shut down the markets. The Emperor blamed Shishu for failing to keep order and stripped him of rank. On the southern tour Shishu came forward to welcome the throne and was given the title Reader of the Hanlin Academy. He died in the twenty-first year.

是時廣東、湖南皆置觀風整俗使。焦祈年，字穀貽，山東章丘人。雍正元年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。考選雲南道御史，擢順天府丞，權府尹，遷右通政。八年，命充廣東觀風整俗使，修建十府、二州書院，延通人為之師。濱海多盜，設策鉤捕，得劇盜百餘置諸法，盜差熄。奸民以符劄惑眾，擒治之，赦其株連者。西洋人置天主堂，使徙歸澳門。簡閱營伍，軍政以肅。擢光祿寺卿，召為順天府尹，旋調奉天。行次山海關，疾作，乞歸，卒於裡。

By then Guangdong and Hunan each had a Commissioner for Observing Customs and Reforming Morals. Jiao Qinian, styled Guyi, came from Zhangqiu in Shandong. He took his jinshi in Yongzheng 1, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and became a compiler. Chosen censor for the Yunnan circuit, he rose to vice director of Shuntian prefecture, served as acting prefect, then became right vice commissioner of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. In the eighth year he was made Guangdong Commissioner for Observing Customs and Reforming Morals. He founded academies in ten prefectures and two subprefectures and brought in scholars to teach. The coast swarmed with pirates; he laid traps, captured more than a hundred notorious offenders, and punished them under law until piracy largely died away. Rascals were deceiving crowds with talisman slips; he arrested and punished the ringleaders and pardoned those caught only by association. Westerners had built Catholic churches; he ordered them back to Macao. He inspected the garrisons and tightened military discipline. Promoted to director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, he was recalled to serve as Shuntian prefect and soon moved to Fengtian. On the road, at Shanhaiguan, he fell ill, asked to go home, and died there.

李徽，字元綸，山西崞縣人。康熙五十二年，鄉試舉第一。雍正元年進士，改庶吉士，散館刑部主事。尋复授檢討。考選浙江道御史。是時遣御史巡察順天直隸諸府，順天、永平、宣化為一員，保定、正定、河間為一員，順德、廣平、大名為一員，徽巡察順德、廣平、大名三府。曾靜、張熙事起，上慮湖南士民為所惑，議遣使循行訓迪。以大學士硃軾薦，遣徽勸諭化導。尋授僉都御史，充湖南觀風整俗使。徽在官四年，察吏安民，能稱其職。坐事，降授倉監督。高宗即位，命复官，遽卒。

Li Hui, styled Yuanlun, came from Guo County in Shanxi. In Kangxi 52 he ranked first in the provincial examinations. He took his jinshi in Yongzheng 1, entered the Hanlin, and on leaving the academy became a principal secretary in the Ministry of Punishments. Soon he was reappointed a compiler. He was chosen censor for the Zhejiang circuit. Censors were then touring Shuntian and the Zhili prefectures in groups of three—Shuntian, Yongping, and Xuanhua; Baoding, Zhengding, and Hejian; Shunde, Guangping, and Daming. Hui was assigned the last group. When the Zeng Jing and Zhang Xi case broke, the Emperor worried that Hunan's scholars and commoners might be swayed and considered sending someone to tour the province with guidance. On Grand Secretary Zhu Shi's recommendation, Hui was sent to exhort and guide the people. He was soon made vice censor-in-chief and Hunan Commissioner for Observing Customs and Reforming Morals. For four years he examined officials and steadied the people and acquitted himself well. After an offense he was demoted to superintendent of the granaries. When Qianlong took the throne his rank was restored, but he died almost at once.

廣西學政衛昌績請設觀風整俗使，御史陳宏謀繼請。上諭宏謀等曰：「廣西通籍者本少，乃已有狂悖如謝濟世、陸生柟者，風俗薄劣可見。爾等不能端本澂源，躬先表率，而望秉鐸司教之官，家喻戶曉，易俗移風，所謂逐末而忘其本也。」議寢未行。

Guangxi educational commissioner Wei Changji asked for such a commissioner; Censor Chen Hongmou pressed the request again. The Emperor told Hongmou and his colleagues: "Guangxi has always sent few men to the capital, yet you already have reckless figures like Xie Jishi and Lu Shengnan—its morals speak for themselves. You cannot set the root right and lead by example yourselves, yet expect every magistrate who holds the staff of office to preach in every household and shift the wind of custom—that is to chase the branch and forget the root." The proposal was shelved.

王國棟，字左吾，漢軍鑲紅旗人。康熙五十二年進士，改庶吉士，授檢討。累遷光祿寺卿。雍正初，查嗣庭、汪景祺坐文字謗訕見法。上謂浙江士習澆漓，四年，設浙江觀風整俗使，以授國棟。國棟至官，巡行宣諭，清逋賦，懲唆訟，飭營伍，嚴保甲，次第疏聞，上溫諭獎之。遷宗人府府丞。五年，上以浙江被水，米貴，命國棟同巡撫李衛發庫帑四萬，於杭州、嘉興、湖州三府修城、濬河、築堤，俾饑民就傭食力。國棟奏：「杭州至海寧塘河淤，當濬治。太湖堤閘及嘉興石塘多傾圮，當修理。冬春雨雪，工作多費，請俟九、十月水落興工。」上韙之。

Wang Guodong, styled Zuowu, was a Hanjun of the Bordered Red Banner. He took his jinshi in Kangxi 52, entered the Hanlin, and became a compiler. He rose step by step to director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. Early in Yongzheng's reign Cha Siting and Wang Jingqi were executed for seditious writings. The Emperor judged Zhejiang scholarship corrupt. In the fourth year he created the Zhejiang commissioner post and gave it to Guodong. On reaching office he toured the province proclaiming the throne's will, cleared tax arrears, punished litigation brokers, drilled the troops, tightened the baojia system, and reported each step by memorial. The Emperor praised him warmly. He was moved to vice director of the Court of the Imperial Clan. In the fifth year floods had driven up rice prices in Zhejiang. The Emperor ordered Guodong and Governor Li Wei to release forty thousand taels from the treasury for repairs at Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou—city walls, river dredging, dikes—so hungry men could earn their food by labor. Guodong reported: "The canal from Hangzhou to the Haichang seawall is choked with silt and must be dredged. Lake Tai's dikes and sluices and Jiaxing's stone seawalls have largely collapsed and need repair. Winter and spring rains will drive up costs; please wait until the ninth and tenth months, when the water drops, to start work." The Emperor approved.

尋擢湖南巡撫，以許容代為浙江觀風整俗使。上諭國棟曰：「初欲令爾在浙整飭數年，俾收成效。但湖南廢弛久，今以命爾，爾其勉之！」上命湖廣總督邁柱修兩省堤工。國棟疏言：「湘陰、巴陵、華容、安鄉、澧、武陵、龍陽、沅江、益陽九州縣環繞洞庭，居民築堤堵水而耕。地勢卑下，江漲反灌入湖，隄岸衝決，現有四百餘處。正飭刻期完築，務加高培厚，工程堅固。」僉都御史申大成奏貴州屯田，民間賤價頂種，易啟紛爭。請仿民田買賣，畝納稅五錢，給照為業，並推行各省。國棟疏言：「湖南屯田瘠薄，應分別差等，微價頂種，令完稅五錢，給照如時價平買。未過戶者，視屯糧石稅五錢，已過戶者二錢。龍陽、武陵、長靖諸屯賦重，按券值兩稅三分。」均下部議行。

He was soon made Hunan governor; Xu Rong replaced him as Zhejiang commissioner. The Emperor told Guodong: "I had meant to keep you in Zhejiang several years until the work showed real fruit. But Hunan has been neglected too long; I give you that province instead—do your utmost!" He ordered Huguang governor-general Mai Zhu to repair dikes in both provinces. Guodong wrote: "Nine prefectures and counties—Xiangyin, Baling, Huarong, Anxiang, Li, Wuling, Longyang, Yuanjiang, and Yiyang—ring Lake Dongting. Their people farm behind dikes that hold back the lake. The land lies low; when the Yangtze swells it pours back into the lake, the dikes give way, and more than four hundred breaches are open now. We are pressing to finish on schedule—raising the banks, thickening them, and making the work hold. Vice censor-in-chief Shen Dacheng reported on Guizhou garrison land: peasants were subleasing at cut-rate prices, which bred quarrels. He proposed treating sales like private farmland—five mace tax per mu, a license as title—and extending the rule to every province. Guodong replied: "Hunan's garrison fields are thin; grade them by quality, allow cheap sublease, collect the five-mace tax, and issue licenses at fair market price. Where title has not changed, take five mace per shi of garrison grain; where it has, two mace. For the heavily taxed garrisons of Longyang, Wuling, and Changjing, levy three mace per tael of deed value." All were sent to the ministries for approval and execution.

曾靜、張熙事起，上令侍郎杭奕祿至湖南會鞫。國棟聽靜自列，未窮究黨羽，允禩、允禟門下太監以罪徙廣西，流言於路，直隸、河南督撫俱疏上聞。國棟奏言：「湖南監送兵役未聞一語。」又茶陵民陳蒂西傳播流言，敕國棟按鞫，亦不得實證，坐是失上指，奪官，召還京。八年，命治刑部侍郎事，署山東巡撫。九年，河南祥符、封丘等縣水災，命往治賑。迭署江蘇、浙江巡撫。十年，仍還刑部。十二年，以議福建民藍厚正殺兄獄失當，吏議降調。十三年，復命署刑部侍郎。卒。

When the Zeng Jing and Zhang Xi case broke out, the Emperor sent Vice Minister Hang Yilu to Hunan to join the examination. Guodong let Jing list his own crimes but did not hunt down accomplices. Eunuchs from the households of the princes Yin Si and Yin Tang, banished to Guangxi for crimes, spread rumors along the road; the governors of Zhili and Henan all reported it. Guodong wrote: "In Hunan the escort guards were not heard to speak a word of it." A Chaling commoner, Chen Dixi, was also spreading talk; the Emperor ordered Guodong to investigate, but again found no proof. He fell from favor, lost his post, and was recalled to Beijing. In the eighth year he was put in charge of vice-ministerial business at Punishments and acted as Shandong governor. In the ninth year floods hit Xiangfu, Fengqiu, and other Henan counties; he was sent to manage relief. He acted in turn as governor of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. In the tenth year he returned to Punishments. In the twelfth year he mishandled deliberation in the case of Lan Houzheng, a Fujian man who had killed his elder brother; the personnel office recommended demotion. In the thirteenth year he was again made acting vice minister of Punishments. He died.

許容，河南虞城人。康熙五十年舉人，授陝西府谷知縣。內遷工部員外郎，考選廣西道御史。雍正元年，改會考府郎中，仍兼御史。出為直隸口北道，遷陝西按察使。劾河東巡鹽御史馬喀以積鹽變價入己，上奪馬喀官，命兼管河東巡鹽御史，按治。尋聞容刑逼商人，解容任，令總督岳鍾琪覆按。鍾琪言容無刑逼商人事，上擢浙江布政使。五年，代國棟為浙江觀風整俗使。尋偕廣東巡撫楊文乾清察福建倉庫。六年，遭母喪，給假治喪畢，命仍還浙江。旋擢甘肅巡撫，以蔡仕舢代為浙江觀風整俗使。容疏議更正律例，出贓過付人宜視完贓減二等，得贓者完贓減一等，倍完方減二等，連斃二命宜加等。上皆謂不當，責容愚妄。

Xu Rong came from Yucheng in Henan. In Kangxi 50 he passed the provincial exam and became magistrate of Fugu in Shaanxi. Called to the capital as an assistant director in Works, he was chosen censor for the Guangxi circuit. In Yongzheng 1 he became director of the Metropolitan Examination Office while keeping his censor's title. He went out as Zhili's Koubei intendant, then became Shaanxi judicial commissioner. He impeached Hedong salt-circuit censor Ma Ka for pocketing proceeds from selling stockpiled salt. The Emperor stripped Ma Ka and put Rong in charge of the circuit to investigate. Soon reports said Rong had tortured merchants under interrogation. The Emperor removed him and told Governor Yue Zhongqi to reinvestigate. Zhongqi found no torture; the Emperor promoted Rong to Zhejiang financial commissioner. In the fifth year he replaced Guodong as Zhejiang commissioner. He soon joined Guangdong governor Yang Wengan in auditing Fujian's granaries and treasuries. In the sixth year his mother died; after mourning leave he was ordered back to Zhejiang. He was soon made Gansu governor; Cai Shinan replaced him in Zhejiang. Rong proposed code changes: surrendering loot after the fact should count like full restitution with two degrees off the sentence; a receiver who made full restitution one degree off, double restitution two; consecutive homicides should add a degree. The Emperor rejected every point and called Rong foolish and reckless.

八年，師徵噶爾丹，上以容治軍需多推諉，命尚書查弼納赴陝西為之董理。及事竟，上諭容曰：「此次軍需，朕為挽將覆之轍，回已頹之波，救汝身家性命。較自御史五年內擢至巡撫之恩大矣！汝當知之。」上聞容追逋賦抵兵餉，限一年全完，民以大擾。諭曰：「朕念甘肅自軍興以來，輓運轉輸，資於民力，特將雍正八年額徵錢糧蠲免。容何得於蠲免之年行催徵之舉？令即停止。」九年，復以容查核錢糧過刻，諭毋累民。十二年，疏劾丁憂知府李綺虧空軍需，綺，衛兄也。上知容與衛有怨，戒容毋遷怒報復。容旋奏檄綺赴蘭州，虧空七千有奇，限半年回籍措繳。上諭曰：「所虧既有田房可抵，但當速遣回籍折變完補，何須勒限逼迫？」

In the eighth year, with troops raised against Galdan, the Emperor said Rong kept shirking supply duties and sent Minister Zhabina to Shaanxi to supervise. When the campaign ended, the Emperor told him: "This time on army supplies I pulled back a cart about to overturn and a wave already spent—I saved your life and your family's. That is a greater grace than raising you from censor to governor in five years! Know that well." The court heard he was pressing tax arrears into military funds with a one-year deadline, and the people were in uproar. An edict ran: "Since war began in Gansu, transport has rested on the people. I specially remitted the assessed grain tax of Yongzheng 8. How could Rong press collection in a year of remission? Stop it at once." In the ninth year his grain audit was again too harsh; he was told not to burden the people. In the twelfth year he impeached mourning-leave prefect Li Qi for a shortfall in military supplies; Qi was Wei's elder brother. Knowing Rong bore a grudge against Wei, the Emperor warned him not to settle scores. Rong soon ordered Qi to Lanzhou; the shortfall exceeded seven thousand taels, with half a year to return home and raise payment. The Emperor said: "He has land and houses to cover the debt. Send him home at once to sell and pay in full—why set a deadline and hound him?"

乾隆元年，固原、環二縣歉收，容請借給貧民三月口糧，大口日三合，小口日二合。高宗諭曰：「政莫先於愛民。甘肅用兵以來，百姓急公踴躍。今值歉收，當加恩賑恤。汝治事實心，而理財過刻。國家救濟貧民，非較量錙銖時也。」尋，專筦軍儲大臣劉於義奏請加賑兩月，上責容褊隘卑庸，命解任。於義及陝西總督查郎阿劾容匿災殃民，奪官逮詣京師論罪，赦免。二年，署山西布政使。三年，調江蘇，署巡撫。四年，遭父喪，去官。

In Qianlong 1, when Guyuan and Huan had poor harvests, Rong asked to lend the poor three months' grain—three he a day for adults, two for children. Qianlong wrote: "In government nothing comes before loving the people. Since the Gansu campaigns the people have served the state with zeal. Now that harvests have failed, add grace in relief. You are sincere in office, but too harsh in money matters. When the state feeds the poor, this is not the hour to count cash and ounces." Soon Liu Yuyi, minister in charge of army stores, asked for two more months of relief. The Emperor called Rong narrow, base, and mediocre and dismissed him. Yuyi and Shaanxi governor Zhalang'a accused him of concealing famine and harming the people; he was stripped, arrested, and brought to Beijing for trial, then pardoned. In the second year he acted as Shanxi financial commissioner. In the third year he moved to Jiangsu as acting governor. In the fourth year his father died and he left office.

五年，命署湖南巡撫。請終喪，不許。服闋，真除。八年，以劾糧道謝濟世狂縱營私失實，奪官，發順義城工效力。事互詳濟世傳。九年，復命署湖北巡撫。御史陳大玠等疏諍，謂容既以欺罔得罪，不當復用，上命罷之。十五年，上巡中岳，迎謁，復原銜。尋授內閣學士。以病乞歸，卒。

In the fifth year he was ordered to act as Hunan governor. He asked to finish mourning; the request was denied. When mourning ended he received a regular appointment. In the eighth year he impeached grain intendant Xie Jishi for recklessness and profiteering on charges that failed; he lost his post and was sent to labor on the Shunyi city works. The affair is told at length in Jishi's biography. In the ninth year he was again made acting Hubei governor. Censor Chen Dayu and others protested that a man convicted of deception should not be reused; the Emperor dismissed him. In the fifteenth year, on the tour of the Central Peak, Rong came to welcome the throne and his former rank was restored. He was soon made a Grand Secretariat academician. He asked leave for illness, went home, and died.

蔡仕舢，福建南安人。康熙三十二年舉人。五十八年，自刑部主事考選御史，出為浙江糧道。雍正六年，授僉都御史，充浙江觀風整俗使。七年，署巡撫。八年，坐事降調。上諭曰：「浙江風俗已漸改移，又有總督李衛善於訓導，不必再遣觀風整俗使。」仕舢旋卒。

Cai Shinan came from Nan'an in Fujian. He passed the provincial exam in Kangxi 32. In Kangxi 58 he rose from a Punishments secretary to censor by examination and went out as Zhejiang grain intendant. In Yongzheng 6 he became vice censor-in-chief and Zhejiang commissioner. In the seventh year he acted as governor. In the eighth year an offense brought demotion. The Emperor said: "Zhejiang customs have already shifted, and Governor Li Wei is skilled at guidance—there is no need for another commissioner." Shinan died soon after.

論曰：海望、莽鵠立皆逮事聖祖，雍正、乾隆間參與政事。海望聞世宗末命，在軍機處較久，雖建樹未宏，要為當時親信大臣。杭奕祿使安南，傅鼐諭噶爾丹策零，皆不辱君命，傅鼐尤知兵。儀領屯田，有惠於鄉州。師恕、國棟等使車問俗，與民為安靜。以皆世宗特置之官，特謹而書之。杭奕祿又與史貽直宣諭陝西，非專官，貽直相高宗，故不著於斯篇。

The historians remark: Hai Wang and Mang Hulu both served Kangxi and took part in government under Yongzheng and Qianlong. Hai Wang heard Yongzheng's deathbed command and served long on the Grand Council. His achievements were not vast, but he was among the emperor's trusted ministers. Hang Yilu went to Annan; Fu Nai addressed Galdan Tseren—neither disgraced his commission, and Fu Nai above all knew war. Chen Yi directed garrison agriculture and brought benefit to Xiangzhou. Shishu, Guodong, and the rest toured to study local custom and kept the people at peace. Because these were all offices Yongzheng created for special purposes, they are set down here with particular care. Hang Yilu also went with Shi Yizhi to proclaim the throne's will in Shaanxi—but that was not a dedicated post. Yizhi rose under Qianlong to ministerial rank and is therefore not included in this chapter.

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