Volume 293 Biographies 80: Li Fu, Cai Ting, Xie Jishi, Chen Xuehai

列傳八十

Biographies 80

李紱蔡珽謝濟世陳學海

Li Fu, Cai Ting, Xie Jishi, and Chen Xuehai

李紱，字巨來，江西臨川人。少孤貧，好學，讀書經目成誦。康熙四十八年，成進士，改庶吉士，散館授編修。累遷侍講學士。五十九年，擢內閣學士，尋遷左副都御史，仍兼學士。六十年，充會試副考官。出榜日，黃霧風霾，上語大學士等曰：「此榜或有亂臣賊子，否亦當有讀書積學之士不得中式，怨氣所致。」命磨勘試卷，劣者停殿試。又賜滿洲舉人留保、直隸舉人王蘭生進士。下第舉子群聚紱門，投瓦石喧閧。御史舒庫疏劾，下部議，責紱匿不奏，奪官，發永定河工效力。雍正元年，特命复官，署吏部侍郎，赴山東催漕。尋授兵部侍郎。上令截留湖南等省漕糧於天津收貯，旋又命估價出糶。

Li Fu, whose style name was Julai, came from Linchuan in Jiangxi. Orphaned young and poor, he loved study and could recite a text after a single reading. In the forty-eighth year of the Kangxi reign he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and after leaving the academy was appointed a compiler. He rose in due course to the post of lecturer in the Grand Secretariat. In the fifty-ninth year he was made a Grand Secretariat academician and soon after transferred to left vice censor-in-chief, retaining his academician rank as well. In the sixtieth year he served as associate examiner for the metropolitan civil service examination. On the day the results were posted, yellow fog and murky winds arose. The emperor told the grand secretaries and others, "This cohort may harbor traitors and villains—or else men of deep learning have been passed over, and their resentment has brought this on." He ordered the papers reviewed again, and those judged inferior were barred from the palace examination. He also conferred jinshi degrees on the Manchu provincial graduate Liubao and the Zhili provincial graduate Wang Lansheng. Candidates who had failed gathered at Fu's gate, hurling tiles and stones in a noisy riot. Censor Shuku impeached him in a memorial. After deliberation at the ministry, Fu was found to have concealed the affair and failed to report it; he was dismissed and sent to serve on the Yongding River project. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign he was specially restored to office as acting vice minister of personnel and sent to Shandong to expedite the grain transport. He was soon appointed vice minister of war. The emperor ordered grain transport from Hunan and other provinces held at Tianjin for storage, and soon afterward ordered it sold off at appraised prices.

二年四月，授廣西巡撫。奏言：「廣西賀縣大金、蕉木二山產礦砂，五十里外為廣東梅峒汛，又數里為宿塘寨，礦徒盤據，時時竊發。臣方擬嚴禁，聞總督孔毓珣條陳開採，因而中止。將來或恐滋事。」毓珣奏同時至，廷議寢其事。上命以諭毓珣者示紱，令協力禁止。紱疏陳練兵，列舉嚴賞罰、演陣法、習用槍砲、豫備帳房鑼鍋諸事，上嘉其留心武備。康熙中，巡撫陳元龍奏請開捐，都計收穀百十七萬石有奇，石折銀一兩一錢，而發州縣買穀石止三錢，不足以糴。至紱上官，尚虧四萬餘石，紱奏請限一月補足。會提督韓良輔條奏墾荒，下紱議，紱請以桂林、柳州、梧州、南寧四府收貯捐穀動支為開墾費。上曰：「朕觀紱意，不過借開墾以銷捐穀。當時陳元龍等首尾不清，朕知之甚詳。應令元龍等往廣西料理。」並諭紱詳察，毋隱諱瞻徇，自承虧空。尋紱奏察出督撫、司道、府廳分得羨餘銀八十二萬有奇，勒限分償，上嘉紱秉公執正。紱在吏部時，年羹堯子富等捐造營房，下部議敘，不肯從優，為羹堯所嫉；及上命天津截漕估糶盈餘銀五千交守道桑成鼎貯庫，紱至廣西，成鼎使齎以畀紱。紱具摺送直隸巡撫李維鈞會奏。維鈞匿不上，紱乃奏聞。先是，羹堯朝京師，入對，舉此訐紱，謂紱乾沒。上以問維鈞，維鈞言紱取數百金治裝，餘尚貯庫。紱奏至，上謂維鈞與羹堯比，欲陷紱。諭獎紱，命留充公用。

In the fourth month of the second year he was appointed governor of Guangxi. He reported, "In He County, Guangxi, the Dajin and Jiaomu mountains yield ore sand. Fifty li away lies the Meidong garrison of Guangdong, and a few li beyond that is Sutang Stockade, where miners have entrenched themselves and periodically stir up trouble. I was preparing to enforce a strict ban when I learned that Governor-General Kong Yuxun had memorialized proposing to open the mines, and I therefore held off. This may lead to trouble later on." Kong Yuxun's memorial arrived at the same time, and after court deliberation the matter was shelved. The emperor ordered that the instructions given to Kong Yuxun be shown to Fu and that the two cooperate in enforcing the ban. Fu memorialized on troop training, citing strict rewards and punishments, drill in battle formations, practice with firearms, and the provision of tents, gongs, and cooking pots, among other measures. The emperor commended his attention to military readiness. During the Kangxi reign, Governor Chen Yuanlong had memorialized to open the sale of offices; in all more than 1,170,000 shi of grain were collected, valued at 1 tael 1 mace of silver per shi, yet prefectures and counties were given only 3 mace per shi to purchase grain—far too little to buy it. When Fu took office, more than 40,000 shi were still outstanding. He memorialized asking for one month to make up the deficit. Meanwhile Regional Commander Han Liangfu memorialized on reclaiming wasteland, and the matter was referred to Fu. Fu proposed drawing on stored contribution grain from the prefectures of Guilin, Liuzhou, Wuzhou, and Nanning to fund the reclamation. The emperor said, "I see that Fu's aim is simply to use land reclamation to write off the contribution grain. Chen Yuanlong and the others handled the matter incoherently from start to finish—I know the details very well. Yuanlong and the others should be sent to Guangxi to sort it out." He also instructed Fu to investigate thoroughly, neither concealing facts nor showing favoritism, and not to shoulder the deficit himself. Fu soon reported that his investigation had uncovered more than 820,000 taels of surplus silver divided among governors, provincial commissioners, and prefectural officials, and he ordered them to repay within a fixed deadline. The emperor praised Fu for acting impartially and with integrity. While Fu served at the Ministry of Personnel, Nian Gengyao's son Fu and others had contributed funds to build barracks. When the ministry deliberated on rewards, Fu refused to grant them preferential treatment, and Nian Gengyao came to resent him; When the emperor ordered that 5,000 taels of surplus from the appraised sale of grain detained at Tianjin be placed in the custody of Circuit Intendant Sang Chengdian, Fu went to Guangxi and Chengdian had the sum delivered to him. Fu prepared a memorial and forwarded it to Zhili Governor Li Weijun for a joint report. Li Weijun withheld it and did not submit it, so Fu reported the matter directly to the throne. Earlier, when Nian Gengyao came to the capital for audience, he had cited this matter to denounce Fu, accusing him of embezzlement. The emperor questioned Li Weijun, who said Fu had taken several hundred taels for travel expenses while the rest remained in the treasury. When Fu's memorial arrived, the emperor concluded that Li Weijun was in league with Nian Gengyao and meant to frame Fu. He commended Fu and ordered the funds retained for public use.

三年六月，紱奏言：「太平、思恩府界流言安南內亂。有潘騰龍者，自言為莫姓後，其黨黃把勢、陳亂彈等煽誘為亂。嚴飭將吏捕治。」上諭曰：「封疆之內，宜整理振作。至於安邊柔遠，最忌貪利圖功，當慎之又慎！」九月，奏：「瑤、僮頑梗，修仁十排、天河三甿為尤甚，常出劫掠。臣遣吏入十排，捕得其渠。三甿阻萬山中，所種田在隘外。臣發兵守隘，斷其收穫。其渠今亦出自歸。」上獎其辦理得宜。

In the sixth month of the third year Fu reported, "Rumors of civil strife in Annam have spread along the border between Taiping and Si'en prefectures. A man named Pan Tenglong claims descent from the Mo clan, and his followers Huang Bashishi, Chen Luandan, and others are stirring people to revolt. I have strictly ordered the military and civil officers to arrest and punish them." The emperor replied, "Within our borders affairs should be put in order and vigor restored. In securing the borders and pacifying distant peoples, nothing is more dangerous than greed for profit or a thirst for glory—be doubly cautious!" In the ninth month he reported, "The Yao and Zhuang are obstinate; the Ten Pai of Xiuren and the Three Villages of Tianhe are the worst offenders and frequently raid neighboring areas. I sent officials into the Ten Pai and captured their leader. The Three Villages lie deep in rugged mountains, with their fields planted beyond the passes. I sent troops to hold the passes and cut off their harvest. Their leader has now come out and surrendered as well." The emperor commended his handling of the matter.

旋授直隸總督。四年，紱入覲。初，左都御史蔡珽薦起其故吏知縣黃振國授河南信陽知州，忤巡撫田文鏡。文鏡馭吏嚴，尤惡科目，劾振國貪劣。紱過河南，詰文鏡胡為有意蹂踐士人。入對，因極言文鏡貪虐，且謂文鏡所劾屬吏，如振國及邵言綸、汪諴皆枉，振國已死獄中。文鏡因紱語，先密疏聞，謂紱與振國同年袒護。紱疏辨，上不直紱，而振國實未死，逮至京師，上更謂紱妄語。良輔奏雲南、廣西所屬土司與貴州接壤者，皆改歸貴州安籠鎮節制，命紱往與雲貴總督高其倬會勘，疏請循舊制，從之。

He was soon appointed governor-general of Zhili. In the fourth year Fu came to court for audience. Earlier, Left Censor-in-Chief Cai Ting had recommended his former subordinate Magistrate Huang Zhenguo for appointment as prefect of Xinyang in Henan, which offended Governor Tian Wenjing. Wenjing ruled his subordinates harshly and especially despised men who had risen through the civil service examinations; he impeached Zhenguo for corruption and misconduct. When Fu passed through Henan he confronted Wenjing, asking why he deliberately abused men of learning. At audience he spoke at length of Wenjing's greed and cruelty, and said that subordinates Wenjing had impeached—among them Zhenguo, Shao Yanlun, and Wang Yan—had all been wronged, and that Zhenguo had already died in prison. Because of Fu's remarks, Wenjing sent a secret memorial first, claiming that Fu and Zhenguo were examination cohort-mates and that Fu was shielding him. Fu memorialized in his own defense, but the emperor did not take his side. Zhenguo had in fact not died; when he was brought to the capital, the emperor concluded that Fu had lied. Liangfu had memorialized that native chieftains under Yunnan and Guangxi bordering Guizhou should all be placed under the Anlong garrison of Guizhou. The emperor ordered Fu to go and conduct a joint survey with Yunnan-Guizhou Governor-General Gao Qizhuo. Fu memorialized asking to follow the old arrangements, and his request was approved.

紱還直隸，時上譴責諸弟允禩、允禟等，更允禟名塞思黑，幽諸西寧，复移置保定，命胡什禮監送。紱語胡什禮：「塞思黑至，當便宜行事。」胡什禮以聞，上以為不可，命諭紱，紱奏初無此語。塞思黑至保定，未幾，紱以病聞，尋遂死。是冬，御史謝濟世劾文鏡貪虐，仍及誣劾振國等。上奪濟世官，下大學士九卿會鞫，戍濟世阿爾泰軍前。上以濟世奏與紱語同，疑紱與為黨，召紱授工部侍郎。紱在廣西捕亂苗莫東旺置天河縣獄，獄未竟，紱移督直隸去。久之，蠻、僮集眾破獄，劫東旺去。五年春，良輔署廣西巡撫，奏聞。上以詰紱，下部察議。會都察院奏廣西州判程旦詣院訴土司羅文剛掠村落抗官兵，上責紱與繼任巡撫甘汝來逡巡貽害，命紱與汝來至廣西捕治，不獲，當重譴。紱至廣西，東旺聞而自歸，文剛亦捕得。直隸總督宜兆熊劾知府曾逢聖、知縣王遊虧空錢糧，上以逢聖、遊皆紱所薦，命詰紱。戶部議覆，紱在直隸奏報懷來倉圮，穀為小民竊食，當下直隸總督詳察。上曰：「穀至六千餘石，豈能竊食至盡？明系紱市恩，為縣吏脫罪。當責紱償補，以成其市恩。」兆熊又劾知縣李先枝私派累民，上以先枝亦紱所薦，責紱欺罔，奪官；下刑部、議政大臣等會鞫，紱罪凡二十一事，當斬。上諭曰：「紱既知悔過，情詞懇切，且其學問尚優，命免死，纂修八旗通志效力。」

Fu returned to Zhili. At that time the emperor was censuring his brothers Yinsi, Yintang, and others; he changed Yintang's name to Seshei, confined him at Xining, then moved him to Baoding and ordered Hushili to supervise the transfer. Fu told Hushili, "When Seshei arrives, act as circumstances require." Hushili reported this to the throne. The emperor found it unacceptable and ordered Fu informed. Fu memorialized that he had never said such a thing. Seshei arrived at Baoding; before long Fu reported that he was ill, and soon afterward he died. That winter, Censor Xie Jishi impeached Wenjing for greed and cruelty, again citing the wrongful impeachment of Zhenguo and the others. The emperor stripped Xie Jishi of office, referred the case to the grand secretaries and Nine Chief Ministers for joint trial, and banished him to serve before the army in Altai. Because Xie Jishi's memorial echoed Fu's earlier words, the emperor suspected Fu was in league with him and summoned Fu, appointing him vice minister of works. While in Guangxi Fu had captured the rebellious Miao leader Mo Dongwang and placed him in Tianhe County prison. The case was unfinished when Fu was transferred to govern Zhili. Long afterward, Man and Zhuang tribesmen gathered in force, broke open the prison, and carried Dongwang away. In the spring of the fifth year, Liangfu, acting as governor of Guangxi, reported the matter to the throne. The emperor questioned Fu and referred the matter to the ministry for investigation. Meanwhile the Censorate reported that Guangxi Assistant Prefect Cheng Dan had come to the court to complain that native chieftain Luo Wengang had raided villages and resisted government troops. The emperor blamed Fu and his successor Governor Gan Rulai for dithering that had allowed the harm, and ordered Fu and Rulai to go to Guangxi to capture and punish the offenders; if they failed, they would face severe punishment. When Fu reached Guangxi, Dongwang heard of his arrival and surrendered of his own accord, and Wengang was captured as well. Zhili Governor-General Yi Zhaoxiong impeached Prefect Zeng Fengsheng and Magistrate Wang You for deficits in tax grain. Because both men had been recommended by Fu, the emperor ordered Fu questioned. The Ministry of Revenue deliberated and replied that while in Zhili Fu had reported the collapse of the Huailai granary and claimed the grain had been stolen and eaten by commoners; the Zhili governor-general should be ordered to investigate in detail. The emperor said, "More than 6,000 shi of grain—how could commoners have stolen and eaten it all? Clearly Fu was currying favor and shielding the county officials from punishment. Fu should be made to make restitution himself, to complete his act of favor-seeking." Yi Zhaoxiong also impeached Magistrate Li Xianzhi for unauthorized levies that burdened the people. Because Li Xianzhi had also been recommended by Fu, the emperor charged Fu with deception and dismissed him; the case was referred to the Ministry of Punishments and the deliberating ministers for joint trial. Fu was found guilty on twenty-one counts, for which the penalty was death. The emperor ruled, "Fu has shown repentance and his words are earnest; moreover, his learning is still considerable. He is spared death and ordered to serve on the compilation of the Comprehensive Gazetteer of the Eight Banners."

七年，又以順承郡王錫保奏濟世在阿爾泰供言劾文鏡實受紱及珽指，下紱等刑部。會曾靜、張熙獄起，上召王大臣宣諭，並命紱入，諭曰：「朕在籓邸，初不知珽、紱姓名。有馬爾濟哈者，能醫。朕問：'更有能醫者否？ '以珽對。召珽來見，珽謂不當與諸王往來，辭不至，以是朕重之。年羹堯來京，亟稱珽，朕告以嘗招之不來，羹堯以語珽，珽复辭不至，以是朕益重之。及出為四川巡撫，詣熱河行在，始與相見，為朕言李紱。朕知紱自此始。既即位，延訪人才，起紱原官。旋自侍郎出撫廣西，至為直隸總督，徇私廢公，沽名邀譽，致吏治廢弛，人心玩愒。又如塞思黑自西大通調回，令暫住保定。未幾，紱奏言遘病，不數日即死。奸黨遂謂朕授意於紱，使之戕害。今紱在此，試問朕嘗授意否乎？塞思黑罪本無可赦，豈料其遽死？紱不將其病死明白於眾，致生疑議，紱能辭其過乎？田文鏡公忠，而紱與珽極力陷害，使濟世誣劾，必欲遂其私怨。此風何可長也？」復下紱刑部嚴鞫，獄上，請治罪，上寬之。

In the seventh year, Prince of Shuncheng Xibao memorialized that while serving in Altai, Xie Jishi had testified that his impeachment of Wenjing had actually been directed by Fu and Cai Ting. Fu and the others were referred to the Ministry of Punishments. At the time the Zeng Jing and Zhang Xi case arose. The emperor summoned the princes and ministers to announce his instructions and also ordered Fu to attend. He said, "When I was still at my princely residence I did not even know Ting's and Fu's names. There was a man named Ma'erjiha who practiced medicine. I asked, 'Is there anyone else who practices medicine?' He named Ting. I summoned Ting to an audience, but he said one should not associate with princes and declined to come. For that I held him in esteem. When Nian Gengyao came to the capital he repeatedly praised Ting. I told him I had once summoned Ting and he had not come; Gengyao relayed this to Ting, and Ting again declined. For that I esteemed him all the more. When he went out as governor of Sichuan he came to the imperial camp at Rehe, and only then did we meet in person; he spoke to me of Li Fu. That was how I first came to know of Fu. After I ascended the throne I sought out talent and restored Fu to his former office. He soon went from vice minister to govern Guangxi and ultimately became governor-general of Zhili, yet he showed favoritism, neglected public duty, curried reputation, and sought praise, until administration grew lax and public morale slackened. Again, when Seshei was transferred back from Xidatong he was ordered to stay temporarily at Baoding. Before long Fu reported that he had fallen ill; within a few days he was dead. Wicked partisans then claimed I had instructed Fu to harm him. Fu is here now—ask him whether I ever gave such an instruction! Seshei's crimes were beyond pardon in the first place—who expected him to die so suddenly? Fu failed to make clear to the public that Seshei had died of illness, giving rise to suspicion—can Fu escape blame for that? Tian Wenjing was loyal and devoted, yet Fu and Ting strove to frame him, having Xie Jishi lodge false charges, all to satisfy their private grudges. How can such conduct be tolerated?" The case was again referred to the Ministry of Punishments for strict interrogation. When the trial concluded they recommended punishment, but the emperor showed leniency.

高宗即位，賜侍郎銜，管戶部三庫，尋授戶部侍郎。乾隆元年，方開博學鴻辭科，紱所舉已眾，又以所知囑副都御史孫國璽薦舉，事聞上，上詰紱，紱自承妄言，上謂「紱乃妄舉，非止妄言，避重就輕」。降授詹事。二年，以母憂歸。六年，補光祿寺卿，遷內閣學士。

When the Qianlong Emperor ascended the throne, Fu was granted vice minister rank, placed in charge of the three treasuries of the Ministry of Revenue, and soon appointed vice minister of revenue. In the first year of the Qianlong reign, when the special erudite examination was opened, Fu had already recommended many candidates and also asked Vice Censor-in-Chief Sun Guoxuan to recommend men he knew. When the matter reached the emperor, he questioned Fu, who confessed to false statements. The emperor said, "Fu has made false recommendations, not merely false statements—he is evading the serious charge and pleading to the lesser." He was demoted to the post of tutor of the heir apparent. In the second year he returned home to observe mourning for his mother. In the sixth year he was appointed director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and transferred to Grand Secretariat academician.

紱偉岸自喜。其論學大指，謂硃子道問學，陸九淵尊德性，不可偏廢，上聞而韙之。八年，以病致仕，入辭，上問：「有欲所陳否？」紱以慎終如始對，賜詩獎及之。十五年，卒。

Fu was tall and imposing and rather pleased with himself. His general view in scholarship was that Zhu Xi emphasized the Way of inquiry and study while Lu Jiuyuan honored moral nature, and neither could be abandoned in favor of the other. When the emperor heard this he approved. In the eighth year he retired on account of illness. At his farewell audience the emperor asked, "Is there anything you wish to say?" Fu answered with the phrase "be careful at the end as at the beginning," and the emperor bestowed a poem commending him. In the fifteenth year he died.

孫友棠，乾隆十年進士，自編修累遷至工部侍郎。新昌舉人王錫侯撰字貫，坐悖逆死。友棠有題詩，並奪官，賜三品卿銜。卒。

His grandson Youtang passed the jinshi examination in the tenth year of Qianlong and rose in due course from compiler to vice minister of works. Xinchang provincial graduate Wang Xihou compiled the Ziguan dictionary and was executed for treasonous rebellion. Youtang had inscribed a poem on it and was also stripped of office, then granted a third-rank ministerial title. He died.

蔡珽，字若璞，漢軍正白旗人，雲貴總督毓榮子。康熙三十六年進士，改庶吉士，散館授檢討。洊擢少詹事，進翰林院掌院學士，兼禮部侍郎。時世宗在潛邸，聞其能醫，欲見之，珽謝不往。六十年，四川巡撫年羹堯入覲，世宗命達意，仍堅辭。六十一年，羹堯授川陝總督，以珽代為四川巡撫，覲聖祖熱河行在，世宗方扈從，乃詣謁而去。雍正二年，羹堯請川、陝開採鼓鑄，珽疏言四川不產鉛，開採非便，羹堯劾珽阻撓，下部議，當奪官。珽辱重慶知府蔣興仁，憤自殺，珽以病卒聞，羹堯劾之，上詰責再三，始自承。下部議，擬斬，詔逮至京師，召入見，具言羹堯貪暴及所以抗拒羹堯狀，上諭曰：「珽罪應如律，然劾之者羹堯，人將謂朕以羹堯故殺珽，是羹堯得操威福柄也。其免珽罪。」特授左都御史，兼正白旗漢軍都統。尋進兵部尚書，仍兼左都御史。會羹堯得罪，直隸總督李維鈞隱其財產，上命珽偕內大臣馬爾賽往按，得實，奪維鈞官，以珽署總督。

Cai Ting, whose style name was Ruopu, was a man of the Han military Plain White Banner and the son of Yunnan-Guizhou Governor-General Yurong. In the thirty-sixth year of the Kangxi reign he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and after leaving the academy was appointed a reviser. He rose in due course to junior tutor of the heir apparent, then to chancellor of the Hanlin Academy, concurrently serving as vice minister of rites. At the time the future Yongzheng Emperor was still at his princely residence. Hearing that Ting practiced medicine, he wished to see him, but Ting declined and did not go. In the sixtieth year Sichuan Governor Nian Gengyao came to court for audience. The future emperor ordered him to convey his intent, but Ting still firmly declined. In the sixty-first year Gengyao was appointed governor-general of Sichuan-Shaanxi and Ting replaced him as governor of Sichuan. Ting had audience with the Kangxi Emperor at the Rehe imperial camp; the future emperor was then in attendance, and only then did Ting go to pay his respects and depart. In the second year of the Yongzheng reign, Gengyao requested opening mining and minting in Sichuan and Shaanxi. Ting memorialized that Sichuan did not produce lead and that opening mines was inadvisable. Gengyao impeached Ting for obstruction; after deliberation at the ministry he was to be stripped of office. Ting humiliated Chongqing Prefect Jiang Xingren, who in anger killed himself. Ting reported that he had died of illness. Gengyao impeached him; the emperor questioned and rebuked him repeatedly before he finally confessed. The matter was referred to the ministry for deliberation and execution was proposed. An edict ordered him brought to the capital. He was summoned for audience and fully described Gengyao's greed and cruelty and how he had resisted him. The emperor said, "Ting's crime should follow the law, yet the one who impeached him is Gengyao. People will say I am killing Ting because of Gengyao, and Gengyao would then wield the power of reward and punishment. Let Ting's crime be pardoned." He was specially appointed left censor-in-chief and concurrently commander of the Plain White Banner Han military. He was soon promoted to minister of war while retaining the post of left censor-in-chief. When Gengyao fell from favor, Zhili Governor-General Li Weijun concealed his property. The emperor ordered Ting to go with inner minister Ma'ersai to investigate. The facts were established, Li Weijun was stripped of office, and Ting was appointed acting governor-general.

直隸方被水，議蠲賑，復發帑修河間、靜海諸城，俾饑民就傭受食。珽奏言省會米貴，令按察使浦文倬至天津運截留漕米二萬石，以萬石運保定平糶，留萬石賑經過諸地，上如所請，敕再運通倉米十萬石往天津，加賑一月。珽奏：「請察地方官侵冒，懲胥役虛報，訪衿棍挾制，貧民戶給印券，每村給村名紙旗，以次給領。賑滿，續修城工，即以賑時所給印券交驗受傭。」從之。調補吏部尚書，仍兼領兵部、都察院及都統事。四年，以珽所領事多，先後解左都御史、都統、吏部尚書，專任兵部尚書。旋以在直隸時徇庇昌平營參將楊雲棟，坐奪官，上命降授奉天府尹。

Zhili had just suffered flooding. Relief and tax exemption were deliberated, and funds were again disbursed to repair the cities of Hejian, Jinghai, and others so that famine victims could take employment and receive food. Ting reported that grain was dear in the provincial capital and ordered Surveillance Commissioner Pu Wenzhao to go to Tianjin to transport 20,000 shi of detained grain transport—10,000 shi to Baoding for sale at fair price and 10,000 shi to relieve places along the route. The emperor approved as requested and ordered another 100,000 shi from the Tongcang granary sent to Tianjin, with relief extended by one month. Ting reported, "I request investigation of local officials' embezzlement, punishment of clerks and runners for false reports, inquiry into gentry bullies who coerce, issuance of stamped certificates to poor households, and provision of village-name paper flags to each village for orderly distribution. When relief ended, wall repair would continue, and the stamped certificates issued during relief would be presented for verification before employment was granted." This was approved. He was transferred and appointed minister of personnel, still concurrently heading the ministries of war and the Censorate and the banner command. In the fourth year, because Ting held too many concurrent posts, he was successively relieved of left censor-in-chief, banner commander, and minister of personnel, and served solely as minister of war. Soon after, for showing favoritism while in Zhili toward Changping Garrison Assistant Regional Commander Yang Yundong, he was stripped of office and demoted to prefect of Fengtian.

初，上以岳鍾琪代年羹堯為川陝總督，珽入對，言鍾琪叵測。鍾琪入覲，過保定，珽方署直隸總督，造蜚語，冀以撼鍾琪。事聞，上嚴旨詰責。五年，召回京按訊，上閱羹堯幕客舉人汪景祺所著書，載珽撫四川時得夔州府知府程如絲賄，保治行第一。如絲守夔州，鬻私鹽，而捕湖廣民鬻私鹽者得輒殺之，為羹堯劾罷。珽入對，言其冤。上命免如絲罪，且擢為四川按察使。至是，上頗疑景祺言。會巡撫馬會伯劾如絲營私網利疏至，命侍郎黃炳如四川按其事，以珽偕炳還奏，事實，下法司匯讞。尋議珽挾詐懷私，受夔關稅銀、富順縣鹽規，冒銷庫帑，並得如絲銀六萬六千、金九百，讒毀鍾琪，交結查嗣庭，凡十八事，應斬決，妻子入辛者庫，財產沒入官，命改斬監候。

Earlier, when the emperor appointed Yue Zhongqi to replace Nian Gengyao as governor-general of Sichuan-Shaanxi, Ting at audience said Zhongqi was unpredictable. When Zhongqi came to court for audience and passed through Baoding, Ting was then acting governor-general of Zhili. He spread slanderous rumors, hoping to undermine Zhongqi. When the matter was reported, the emperor issued a stern edict of inquiry and rebuke. In the fifth year he was recalled to the capital for interrogation. The emperor read a book by Gengyao's client, provincial graduate Wang Jingqi, which recorded that while governing Sichuan Ting had received bribes from Kuizhou Prefect Cheng Rusi and recommended him first in official conduct. Rusi governed Kuizhou, sold private salt himself, and whenever he captured people from Huguang selling private salt he killed them on the spot. Gengyao impeached and dismissed him. Ting at audience said Rusi had been wronged. The emperor ordered Rusi's crime pardoned and promoted him to Sichuan surveillance commissioner. At this point the emperor had begun to doubt Jingqi's account. Meanwhile Governor Ma Huibo's memorial impeaching Rusi for private profit arrived. The emperor ordered Vice Minister Huang Bing to go to Sichuan to investigate. Ting accompanied Bing and returned to report; the facts were established and the case was referred to the judiciary for sentencing. Soon after it was deliberated that Ting had practiced deceit with private intent, received Kuiguan customs silver and Fushun County salt levies, falsely wrote off treasury funds, and altogether received from Rusi 66,000 taels of silver and 900 taels of gold, slandered Zhongqi, and associated with Zha Siting—eighteen counts in all warranting execution, with wife and children sent to the Sinchi Treasury and property confiscated. The emperor ordered commutation to execution after imprisonment.

六年，管理正白旗信郡王德昭又奏珽家藏硃批奏摺三件未繳進，大不敬，應立斬，詔逮至京師。初，珽故吏知縣黃振國坐事奪官，珽薦起河南信陽知州，巡撫田文鏡劾貪劣不法。李紱自廣西巡撫遷直隸總督，入對，力陳振國無罪，御史謝濟世劾文鏡亦及之，言與紱合。上疑紱與濟世為黨，召紱還京師，戍濟世。及珽至，諭暴珽等結黨欺罔、傾陷文鏡諸罪狀，命斬振國，珽仍改斬監候，下獄。十三年，高宗即位，赦免。乾隆八年，卒

In the sixth year, Prince of Xin De Zhao, administering the Plain White Banner, again memorialized that three vermilion-annotated memorials were found in Ting's home and not surrendered—great irreverence warranting immediate execution. An edict ordered him brought to the capital. Earlier, Ting's former subordinate Magistrate Huang Zhenguo had been stripped of office for an offense. Ting recommended him for appointment as prefect of Xinyang in Henan, but Governor Tian Wenjing impeached him for greed, misconduct, and lawlessness. When Li Fu was transferred from governor of Guangxi to governor-general of Zhili, at audience he strongly maintained that Zhenguo was innocent. Censor Xie Jishi's impeachment of Wenjing also cited this matter, and his words matched Fu's. The emperor suspected Fu and Jishi were in league; he summoned Fu back to the capital and banished Jishi. When Ting arrived, the emperor announced Ting and others' crimes of forming factions, deception, and framing Wenjing, ordered Zhenguo executed, commuted Ting again to execution after imprisonment, and imprisoned him. In the thirteenth year, when the Qianlong Emperor ascended the throne, he was pardoned. In the eighth year of Qianlong he died.

謝濟世，字石霖，廣西全州人。康熙四十七年，舉鄉試第一。五十一年，成進士，改庶吉士，授檢討。雍正四年，考選浙江道御史。未浹旬，疏劾河南巡撫田文鏡營私負國，貪虐不法，列舉十罪。上方倚文鏡，意不懌，命還濟世奏，濟世堅持不可。上諭曰：「文鏡秉公持正，實心治事，為督撫中所罕見者，貪贓壞法，朕保其必無，而濟世於督撫中獨劾文鏡，朕不知其何心？朕訓誡科道至再至三，誠以科道無私，方能彈劾人之有私者。若自恃為言官，聽人指使，顛倒是非，擾亂國政，為國法所不容。朕豈不知誅戮諫官史書所戒？然誅戮諫官之過小，釀成人心世道之害大。禮義不愆，何卹於人言，朕豈卹此區區小節哉？」奪濟世官，下大學士、九卿、科道會鞫，濟世辨甚力。刑部尚書勵杜訥問：「指使何人？」對曰：「孔、孟。」問：「何故？」曰：「讀孔、孟書，當忠諫。見姦弗擊，非忠也！」讞上，以濟世所言風聞無據，顯係聽人指使，要結朋黨，擬斬。

Xie Jishi, whose style name was Shilin, came from Quanzhou in Guangxi. In the forty-seventh year of the Kangxi reign he placed first in the provincial examination. In the fifty-first year he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and was appointed a reviser. In the fourth year of the Yongzheng reign he was selected by examination as censor of the Zhejiang circuit. Before ten days had passed he memorialized impeaching Henan Governor Tian Wenjing for pursuing private interest against the state, for greed, cruelty, and lawlessness, listing ten crimes. The emperor was then relying on Wenjing and was displeased. He ordered Jishi to withdraw his memorial, but Jishi firmly refused. The emperor said, "Wenjing upholds justice impartially and governs with a sincere heart—rare among governors. As for greed and corruption, I guarantee he has none. Yet among all governors Jishi impeaches Wenjing alone—what can his intent be? I have admonished the censorate again and again, for only when censors are without private interest can they impeach those who act from private interest. If one relies on being a remonstrating official, listens to others' direction, inverts right and wrong, and disrupts state affairs, the law will not tolerate it. Do I not know that executing remonstrating officials is what histories warn against? Yet the fault in executing a remonstrating official is small compared with the great harm done to public morale and the moral order of the age. When ritual and righteousness are not violated, why should I worry about what people say? Would I shrink from this petty concern?" Jishi was stripped of office, and the case was referred to the grand secretaries, Nine Chief Ministers, and censors for joint trial. Jishi argued vigorously. Minister of Punishments Li Dun'e asked, "Who directed you?" He answered, "Confucius and Mencius." Asked, "For what reason?" He said, "Reading the books of Confucius and Mencius, one ought to remonstrate loyally. Seeing wickedness and not striking at it is not loyalty!" When the sentence was submitted, because Jishi's charges were hearsay without basis and he had clearly acted at others' direction and formed factions, execution was proposed.

文鏡劾屬吏黃振國、邵言綸、汪諴等，李紱訟言其枉，並謂河南諸吏張球最劣，文鏡縱弗糾。入對，具為上言之。上先入文鏡言，不直紱，而濟世罪狀文鏡又及枉振國、言綸、諴庇球諸事。上召大學士、九卿、科道等入見，舉前事，謂：「濟世言與紱奏一一吻合，今詰濟世劾文鏡諸事，濟世皆茫無憑據，俯首無詞，是其受人指使，情弊顯見。」命奪濟世官，往阿爾泰軍前效力贖罪。濟世至軍，大將軍平郡王福彭頗敬禮之，濟世講學著書不稍輟。七年，振武將軍順承郡王錫保以濟世撰古本大學注毀謗程、硃，疏劾，請治罪。上摘「見賢而不能舉」兩節注，有「拒諫飾非，拂人之性」語，責濟世怨望謗訕，下九卿、翰詹、科道議罪。有陸生棻者，自舉人選授江南吳縣知縣，引見，上有所詰問，不能對，改授工部主事。復引見，上見其傲慢，以其廣西人，疑與濟世為黨，命奪官發軍前，令與濟世同效力。生棻撰通鑑論十七篇，錫保以為非議時政，別疏論劾。上並下九卿、翰詹、科道議罪，尋議濟世詆訕怨望，怙惡不悛，生棻憤懣猖狂，悖逆恣肆，皆於軍前正法。上密諭錫保誅生棻，縛濟世使視，生棻既就刑，宣旨釋之。

Wenjing had impeached subordinates Huang Zhenguo, Shao Yanlun, Wang Yan, and others. Li Fu argued they had been wronged and also said that among Henan officials Zhang Qiu was the worst, yet Wenjing indulged him and did not impeach him. At audience he fully stated this to the emperor. The emperor had first accepted Wenjing's account and did not side with Fu, yet Jishi's charges against Wenjing again cited the wrongful cases of Zhenguo, Yanlun, and Yan and Wenjing's shielding of Qiu. The emperor summoned the grand secretaries, Nine Chief Ministers, censors, and others for audience, cited the prior matters, and said, "Jishi's words match Fu's memorials point for point. Now when Jishi is questioned on his impeachment of Wenjing, he has no basis for any of it and bows his head without a word—clearly he was directed by others; the circumstances are obvious." He ordered Jishi stripped of office and sent to serve before the army in Altai to redeem his crime. When Jishi reached the army, Generalissimo Prince of Ping Fupeng treated him with considerable respect, and Jishi continued lecturing and writing without pause. In the seventh year, Pacifying Martial General Prince of Shuncheng Xibao, citing Jishi's commentary on the ancient text of the Great Learning as slandering Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi, memorialized in impeachment and requested punishment. The emperor excerpted the commentary on the two passages "seeing the worthy and not being able to advance him," which contained the words "rejecting remonstrance, covering faults, going against human nature," and charged Jishi with resentment and slander. The case was referred to the Nine Chief Ministers, Hanlin academicians, and censors for deliberation on punishment. There was a man named Lu Shengfen who, selected from among provincial graduates, was appointed magistrate of Wuxian in Jiangnan. At audience the emperor questioned him and he could not answer; he was reassigned as principal clerk in the Ministry of Works. At a second audience the emperor found him arrogant. Because he was from Guangxi, the emperor suspected he was in league with Jishi and ordered him stripped of office and sent to the army to serve together with Jishi. Shengfen composed seventeen essays on the Comprehensive Mirror. Xibao deemed them criticism of current policy and separately memorialized in impeachment. The emperor referred both cases to the Nine Chief Ministers, Hanlin academicians, and censors for deliberation. Soon it was decided that Jishi had slandered and harbored resentment without reform, and that Shengfen was resentful, reckless, rebellious, and unrestrained—all were to be executed before the army according to law. The emperor secretly instructed Xibao to execute Shengfen, bound Jishi and made him watch, and after Shengfen had been executed proclaimed an edict releasing Jishi.

濟世在戍九年，高宗即位，詔開言路，為建勳將軍欽拜草奏，請責成科道嚴不言之罰，恕妄言之罪，上嘉納焉。旋召濟世還京師，复補江南道御史。濟世以所撰大學注、中庸疏進上，略言：「大學注中，九卿、科道所議諷刺三語，臣已改刪，惟分章釋義，遵古本不遵程、硃，習舉業者有成規，講道學者無厲禁。千慮一得，乞捨其瑕而取其瑜。」得旨嚴飭，還其書。乾隆二年，濟世疏曰：「臣今所言者有二：一曰去邪勿疑，一曰出令勿貳。有罪而復用，如程元章、哈元生者，輿論猶有恕詞；至於隆升，國人皆曰不可，猶未罷斥。不惟不罷斥隆升而已，如王士俊以加賦為墾荒，肆毒中州，又請為田文鏡立賢良祠。皇上既深惡之，乃調回而仍用，逮勘而復赦，乃者清問及之，議者謂將用為籓臬。籓臬總一省刑名錢穀，豈辜恩負罪之督撫所能勝任乎？易言渙汗，禮稱綸綍，信而已矣。今則元年諭旨，二年即廢格或改易矣；特諭停止在任守制，近日督撫又漸次請行。天下之大，何患無才？記曰'金革無闢'，又曰'君子不奪人之親'，安用此食祿忘親者為哉？特諭監生准入場不准考職。昨世宗升祔恩詔，監生仍准考職。考職者入仕之門，既準捐監，又准考職，復開捐例之張本也。即止給虛銜，不准實授，而後命前命相違，亦不宜如此。臣聞不退不遠，大學所譏，世間君子少、小人多，已敗露者不行放流，未敗露者益無忌憚。若發號施令，小人得以搖奪，君子無所適從，國事未有不隳者也。」

Jishi was in exile nine years. When the Qianlong Emperor ascended the throne, an edict opened the path of remonstrance. Merit-establishing General Qinbai drafted a memorial for him requesting that censors be held strictly accountable for silence and pardoned for speaking rashly; the emperor commended and accepted it. Jishi was soon summoned back to the capital and reappointed censor of the Jiangnan circuit. Jishi presented his commentary on the Great Learning and his exegesis of the Doctrine of the Mean, stating briefly, "In the Great Learning commentary, the three satirical phrases deliberated by the Nine Chief Ministers and censors I have already revised and deleted. Only in dividing chapters and explaining meaning I follow the ancient text rather than Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi. Those studying for examinations have fixed rules; those lecturing on the Way face no strict prohibition. From a thousand considerations one may gain something—I beg that you discard the flaws and take what is valuable." He received an edict of stern admonition and his books were returned. In the second year of Qianlong, Jishi memorialized, "What I speak of now has two points: first, remove the wicked without doubt; second, issue orders without duplicity. Men who were guilty yet reemployed, such as Cheng Yuanzhang and Ha Yuansheng, still find some words of forgiveness in public opinion; but as for Long Sheng, everyone says he should not be used, yet he has still not been dismissed. Not only has Long Sheng not been dismissed; men such as Wang Shijun, who treated tax increases as land reclamation and wantonly harmed the central provinces, also requested establishing a shrine of worthy and good men for Tian Wenjing. Your Majesty already deeply detests him, yet he was recalled and still employed; when investigated he was again pardoned; and recently at imperial inquiry some said he would be used as provincial treasurer or intendant. Treasurers and intendants oversee a province's punishments and revenue—how can a governor who has betrayed grace and bears guilt be fit for such duty? The Changes speak of sweat dispersing; the Rites speak of the imperial edict—nothing matters but trust. Now edicts of the first year are in the second year already abandoned or altered; a special edict stopped mourning while in office, yet recently governors have again gradually requested its restoration. The realm is vast—why worry that there are no talents? The Record says, "In war and emergency there is no avoidance," and also, "The gentleman does not deprive others of their kin"—what use are men who draw salary and forget their parents? A special edict allowed supervising students to enter the examination hall but barred them from the service examination. Yesterday, in the grace edict for the Yongzheng Emperor's enshrinement, supervising students were again permitted the service examination. The service examination is the gateway to office; having permitted purchase of supervising student status and also the service examination, this again opens the door to sale-of-office precedents. Even if only empty titles were granted and actual appointment barred, when later orders contradict earlier ones it is still inappropriate to proceed thus. I have heard that not withdrawing means not going far—the Great Learning ridicules this. In the world gentlemen are few and petty men many; those already exposed are not banished, and those not yet exposed grow ever bolder. If in issuing orders petty men can sway and overturn them while gentlemen have nowhere to turn, state affairs cannot but collapse."

三年，疏言：「母蔣年七十一，行動艱難，耳目昏憒。臣欲歸養，則貧不能供甘旨；欲迎養，則老不能任舟車；欲歸省，則往返動經半年。在家不過數月，乍逢又別，既別難逢，慈母之涕淚轉添，遊子之方寸終亂。臣才不稱道府，例又從無自請遷轉。乞敕部以州縣降授湖南、廣東，量予近地，臣得母子聚首，無任哀懇。」上特授濟世湖南糧儲道。

In the third year he memorialized, "My mother Jiang is seventy-one years old, moves with difficulty, and her eyes and ears are dim and confused. I wish to return home to support her, yet I am too poor to provide delicacies; I wish to bring her to live with me, yet she is too old to endure boat or carriage; I wish to return for a visit, yet the round trip often takes half a year. At home for no more than a few months, meeting only to part again, parting only to find reunion hard—the loving mother's tears ever increase, and the wanderer's heart is ever in turmoil. My talent does not match a circuit intendant's post, and by precedent one never requests transfer on one's own. I beg that the ministry appoint me at prefectural or county rank in Hunan or Guangdong, granting a place as near as possible, so that mother and son may be reunited—I cannot bear the sorrow of this plea." The emperor specially appointed Jishi grain storage commissioner of Hunan.

八年，濟世聞衡陽知縣李澎徵賦縱丁役索浮費，易服偽為鄉民納賦者以往，察得實，善化知縣樊德貽與同弊，濟世詳劾。巡撫許容庇德貽等，以濟世盪檢逾閒列狀入告。上命解任，交總督孫嘉淦會鞫，濟世捕衡陽丁役下長沙知府張琳，讞得徵收浮費有據。容令岳常澧道倉德代濟世，布政使張璨附容指，貽書倉德，令更易長沙府詳牒。倉德初官給事中，嘗劾濟世奏事失儀，至是不直璨所為，發其書上嘉淦及漕運總督顧琮，嘉淦庇容，寢其事。諭倉德委曲善處，琮諮都察院奏聞。御史胡定糾容挾私誣劾，採湖南民謠，斥容與璨等朋謀傾濟世。上命侍郎阿里袞如湖南會嘉淦按治，而倉德以嘉淦寢其事，复揭都察院奏聞。上責嘉淦草率扶同，召還京師，解容、璨任，奪琳、德貽、澎官。阿里袞尋奏濟世被誣劾，請復官，容、璨及按察使王玠皆坐奪官，上命並罷嘉淦，而獎倉德及定，調濟世驛鹽道。

In the eighth year Jishi heard that Hengyang Magistrate Li Peng, in collecting taxes, indulged clerks and runners in demanding extra fees. He changed clothes and disguised himself as a villager paying taxes, verified the facts, and found that Shanhua Magistrate Fan Deyi shared the same misconduct; Jishi memorialized a full impeachment. Governor Xu Rong shielded Deyi and the others and memorialized accusing Jishi of licentious conduct beyond bounds. The emperor ordered him relieved of duty and referred the case to Governor-General Sun Jiagan for joint trial. Jishi arrested Hengyang clerks and runners and submitted them to Changsha Prefect Zhang Lin; sentencing established that extra fees had been collected, with evidence on record. Rong ordered Yue-Chang-Li Circuit Intendant Cang De to replace Jishi. Provincial administration commissioner Zhang Can followed Rong's lead and sent a letter to Cang De ordering him to alter the Changsha prefecture's detailed report. Cang De had earlier served as supervising secretary and once impeached Jishi for impropriety in memorializing. Now he did not approve of Can's conduct and sent the letter up to Jiagan and Grain Transport Governor-General Gu Cong. Jiagan shielded Rong and shelved the matter. He instructed Cang De to handle the matter tactfully; Gu consulted the Censorate, which memorialized to inform the throne. Censor Hu Ding impeached Rong for acting from private motives in a false impeachment, collected Hunan folk songs, and denounced Rong and Can and others for factional conspiracy to overthrow Jishi. The emperor ordered Vice Minister Aligun to go to Hunan and jointly investigate with Jiagan. Cang De, because Jiagan had shelved the matter, again submitted it through the Censorate to inform the throne. The emperor rebuked Jiagan for carelessness and collusion, recalled him to the capital, relieved Rong and Can of duty, and stripped Lin, Deyi, and Peng of office. Aligun soon memorialized that Jishi had been falsely impeached and requested his restoration to office; Rong, Can, and surveillance commissioner Wang Jie were all stripped of office for their roles. The emperor ordered Jiagan dismissed as well, commended Cang De and Ding, and transferred Jishi to the courier and salt circuit.

蔣溥代為巡撫，嗛濟世密進所著書，斥為離經畔道，上曰：「朕不以語言文字罪人。」置不問。未幾，復言其老病，乃命休致。歸家居十二年，卒，年六十有八。

Jiang Pu replaced him as governor, resented Jishi's secret presentation of his own writings, and denounced them as departing from the classics and rebelling against the Way. The emperor said, "I do not punish people for words and writing." The matter was left uninvestigated. Before long he again reported Jishi's old age and illness, and Jishi was ordered to retire. He returned home and lived twelve years, then died at the age of sixty-eight.

陳學海，字志澄，江西永豐人。康熙五十二年進士，改庶吉士。與濟世友，授山東恩縣知縣，行取刑部主事，遷員外郎。文鏡劾振國等，上遣侍郎海壽、史貽直往按，請以學海從，得文鏡欺罔狀，將以實入告，繼乃反之，學海爭不得。使還，擢御史，嘗以語濟世，濟世用是劾文鏡。既譴，學海不自安，次年，以病告。都察院劾偽病，並及與濟世交關狀，奪官，命與濟世同效力軍前。雍正七年，召還，授檢討。十一年，卒。

Chen Xuehai, whose style name was Zhicheng, came from Yongfeng in Jiangxi. In the fifty-second year of the Kangxi reign he passed the jinshi examination and entered the Hanlin as a bachelor. He was a friend of Jishi, was appointed magistrate of En County in Shandong, was selected for promotion to principal clerk in the Ministry of Punishments, and rose to vice director. When Wenjing impeached Zhenguo and others, the emperor dispatched Vice Ministers Haishou and Shi Yizhi to investigate and requested that Xuehai accompany them. They obtained evidence of Wenjing's deception and were about to report the facts, but afterward reversed themselves; Xuehai argued but could not prevail. When the mission returned, he was promoted to censor. He once told Jishi of this, and Jishi used it to impeach Wenjing. After the punishment Xuehai was ill at ease; the next year he reported illness. The Censorate impeached him for feigned illness and also cited his association with Jishi; he was stripped of office and ordered to serve together with Jishi before the army. In the seventh year of the Yongzheng reign he was recalled and appointed reviser. In the eleventh year he died.

論曰：田文鏡與鄂爾泰、李衛同為世宗所激賞。高宗謂三人者文鏡為最下，允哉！文鏡馭屬吏苛急，待士尤虐。紱固以好士得時譽，宜其惡之深，而所爭以為枉者，為珽所薦吏。濟世又繼以為言，世宗疑珽使紱入告，不納；又嗾濟世露章論劾，互相結，務欲傾文鏡。獄遂不可解，然終未即誅死。高宗嗣服，諸人皆得湔祓，紱復起，濟世亦見用。孰謂世宗嚴？不肯戮諫臣，固明言之矣。

The commentator says: Tian Wenjing, along with Ortai and Li Wei, were alike highly commended by the Yongzheng Emperor. The Qianlong Emperor said that among the three Wenjing was the lowest—indeed! Wenjing governed subordinates harshly and treated scholars with especial cruelty. Fu had indeed won contemporary reputation for loving scholars; it is fitting that he hated Wenjing deeply, yet those he contended were wronged were subordinates recommended by Ting. Jishi again followed in speaking of this; the Yongzheng Emperor suspected Ting had made Fu report to the throne and did not accept it; he also incited Jishi to lodge open memorial impeachments; they formed factions with each other, determined to overthrow Wenjing. The cases thus could not be resolved, yet in the end they were not immediately executed. When the Qianlong Emperor succeeded to the throne, all were able to be cleansed; Fu was restored, and Jishi was also employed. Who says the Yongzheng Emperor was severe? His refusal to execute remonstrating ministers he stated clearly enough.

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