Volume 299 Biographies 86: Ma Huibo, Ma Jibo, Ma Jianbo, Di Bo, Lu Zhenyang, Han Liangfu, Han Liangqing, Han Xun, Yang Tianzong, Wang Jun, Song Ai

列傳八十六

Biographies 86

馬會伯從兄際伯際伯弟見伯覿伯路振揚韓良輔弟良卿子勳

Ma Huibo; his elder cousin Ma Jibo; Ma Jibo's younger brother Ma Jianbo; Di Bo; Lu Zhenyang; Han Liangfu; Han Liangfu's younger brother Han Liangqing; Han Liangqing's son Han Xun

楊天縱王郡宋愛

Yang Tianzong; Wang Jun; Song Ai

馬會伯，陝西寧夏人。康熙三十九年一甲一名武進士，授頭等侍衛。四十五年，授直隸昌平參將，累遷雲南永北總兵。五十九年，師入西藏，命會伯與總兵趙坤率綠旗兵會都統法喇從征。西藏定，敘功，加左都督。雍正元年，入覲，世宗書榜賚焉，曰「有儒將風」，並賜貂冠、孔雀翎。其從弟覿伯，以山西大同總兵率師駐山丹衛，命會伯代鎮，賜白金五百。二年，還鎮永北。

Ma Huibo was from Ningxia in Shaanxi. In the thirty-ninth year of the Kangxi reign (1700), he placed first in the first class of the military jinshi examination and was appointed a first-rank imperial bodyguard. In the forty-fifth year (1706) he was appointed garrison commander of Changping in Zhili, and rose in stages to commander-in-chief at Yongbei in Yunnan. In the fifty-ninth year (1720), when troops marched into Tibet, Huibo was ordered to join the campaign with Commander Zhao Kun, leading Green Standard troops to rendezvous with Commander-in-Chief Fa La. After Tibet was pacified, his service was rewarded with promotion to Left Commissioner-in-Chief. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723) he presented himself at court. The Yongzheng Emperor inscribed a placard for him reading "He has the bearing of a scholar-general," and also granted him a sable cap and peacock feather. His younger cousin Di Bo, serving as commander-in-chief at Datong in Shanxi, had been leading troops stationed at Shandanwei. Huibo was ordered to take over the command, and was granted five hundred taels of silver. In the second year (1724) he returned to his command at Yongbei.

三年，擢貴州提督，疏言：「貴州土瘠兵貧，臣捐穀千石，所屬四營將備捐千石，貯以濟兵。來歲續捐增貯。」上善之。初，廣順屬長寨仲苗最悍，總督高其倬奏移兵設汛。是歲，建營房，仲苗出阻。會伯會總兵石禮哈率兵捕治，得其酋阿革、阿紀及川販為主謀者李奇，悉誅之，餘眾詣軍前聽命。會伯复赴宗角、者貢、谷隆關、羊城諸地督建營房，得旨嘉獎。

In the third year (1725) he was promoted to provincial military commander of Guizhou and memorialized: "Guizhou's land is poor and the troops are impoverished. Your servant donates a thousand piculs of grain, and the officers and deputies of the four battalions under my command donate another thousand, to be stored for the relief of the troops. Next year I shall continue donating to increase the stores." The emperor approved the proposal. Earlier, the Zhong Miao of Changzhai under Guangshun had been the most fierce; Governor-General Gao Qisuo had memorialized to redeploy troops and establish garrison posts. That year, as barracks were being built, the Zhong Miao came out to obstruct the work. Huibo joined Commander Shi Liha in leading troops to suppress them. They captured the chieftains Age and Aji, along with Li Qi, a Sichuan trader who had been the chief instigator, and executed them all. The remaining tribesmen came before the army to submit. Huibo then went in person to Zongjiao, Zhegong, Gulongguan, Yangcheng'ao, and other sites to supervise construction of barracks, for which he received an edict of commendation.

四年，調甘肅，未至，又調署四川，旋授四川巡撫。五年，疏劾按察使程如絲營私網利，遣侍郎黃炳按鞫得實，論罪如律。會伯疏言：「四川巡撫舊有稅規耗銀三萬九千有奇，令併入正項。富順鹽規一萬有奇，令改增引課。仍留丁糧、鹽、茶耗規等一萬七千有奇，為巡撫養廉及犒賞之用。」報聞。又疏請清察隱糧，爭控田地，按名丈量。四川清丈自此起。

In the fourth year (1726) he was transferred to Gansu, but before he could take up the post he was reassigned to act in Sichuan, and soon afterward was appointed governor of Sichuan. In the fifth year (1727) he memorialized impeaching Surveillance Commissioner Cheng Rusi for using his office to pursue private profit. The emperor dispatched Vice Minister Huang Bing to investigate; the charges were substantiated and Cheng was punished according to law. Huibo memorialized: "The Sichuan governor's office formerly collected surcharges and wastage silver totaling more than thirty-nine thousand taels. I request that these be merged into the regular revenue accounts. The Fushun salt surcharge of more than ten thousand taels should be converted to increased salt quota duties. Still retain the grain, salt, and tea wastage surcharges and the like—more than seventeen thousand taels in all—for the governor's integrity stipend and for rewards." The memorial was acknowledged. He also memorialized requesting a thorough investigation of concealed grain quotas and disputed land holdings, with measurement conducted according to registered names. The comprehensive land survey of Sichuan began from this initiative.

調湖北，疏請整飭庶獄，重校刻洗冤錄，頒發州縣，議如所請。七年，命往肅州督西路軍需，並權肅州總兵。上諭之曰：「此任朕屢經斟酌，用滿員，恐與岳鍾琪掣肘；用文吏，則能諳軍機實心任事者甚少。委託於汝，慎毋負任用！」尋擢兵部尚書，仍督兵需，並領肅州總兵如故。八年，上責會伯貽誤，奪職，仍署總兵效力。乾隆元年，卒。

Transferred to Hubei, he memorialized requesting the rectification of ordinary criminal cases, a new collation and printing of the Washing Away of Wrongs, and distribution to prefectures and counties. The proposal was approved as requested. In the seventh year (1729) he was ordered to go to Suzhou to supervise military supplies for the western campaign, and was also given acting authority as commander-in-chief at Suzhou. The emperor instructed him: "I have weighed this appointment repeatedly. If I appoint a Banner officer, I fear he will be hampered by Yue Zhongqi; if I appoint a civil official, there are very few who understand military affairs and can serve with genuine dedication. I entrust this to you. Take care not to betray my confidence!" Soon afterward he was promoted to Minister of War, while continuing to supervise military supplies and retaining his command at Suzhou as before. In the eighth year (1730) the emperor blamed Huibo for causing delays and losses, stripped him of office, but ordered him to continue serving in an acting capacity as commander-in-chief. In the first year of the Qianlong reign (1736) he died.

際伯，會伯從兄。初入伍，從勇略將軍趙良棟討吳三桂，复略陽，敗敵陽平關。下四川，奪小關山，克建昌，遂定雲南。敘功，授千總，累加參將銜。又從振武將軍孫思克徵噶爾丹，破敵昭莫多。敘功，加副將銜。康熙三十六年，授寧夏鎮標前營游擊。從總兵殷化行擊噶爾丹，至洪敦羅阿濟爾罕。累遷四川建昌總兵。遭母喪，巡撫能泰請留任，上命在任守制。四十六年，入覲，調西寧，賜孔雀翎、鞍馬。五十年，授四川提督。卒，贈右都督，賜祭葬，諡襄毅。

Ma Jibo was Ma Huibo's elder cousin. He first entered military service and followed Valiant Strategist General Zhao Liangdong in the campaign against Wu Sangui, recovering Lueyang and defeating the enemy at Yangping Pass. Advancing into Sichuan, he seized Xiaoguanshan, captured Jianchang, and thereby helped pacify Yunnan. His service was rewarded with appointment as company commander and cumulative brevet rank as garrison commander. He again followed Martial Valor General Sun Sike in the campaign against Galdan and defeated the enemy at Jao Modo. His service was rewarded with brevet rank as deputy commander. In the thirty-sixth year of the Kangxi reign (1697) he was appointed mobile corps commander of the forward battalion of the Ningxia garrison standard. He followed Commander Yin Huaxing in the attack on Galdan as far as Hongdunluo Aji'erhan. He rose in stages to commander-in-chief at Jianchang in Sichuan. When his mother died, Governor Neng Tai requested that he remain in office; the emperor ordered him to observe mourning while retaining his post. In the forty-sixth year (1707) he presented himself at court, was transferred to Xining, and was granted a peacock feather and a saddle horse. In the fiftieth year (1711) he was appointed provincial military commander of Sichuan. He died and was posthumously granted the title Right Commissioner-in-Chief, with sacrificial rites and burial honors, and the posthumous name Xiangyi (Resolute and Steadfast).

見伯，際伯弟。康熙三十年武進士。洪敦羅阿濟爾罕之役，見伯在行。敘功，授守備。累遷山西太原總兵。上西巡，賜貂褂、蟒袍。母喪，並命在任守制。上復西巡，賜孔雀翎。上命弁兵內通曉文義者得應武鄉會試，見伯疏言武經七書註解互異，請敕儒臣選定。下部議駁，上諭曰：「見伯此奏亦是。武經七書文義駁雜，朕曾躬歷行間，知用兵之道，七書所言，安可盡用耶？」命再議，乃議武試論二：一以論語、孟子命題，一以孫子、吳子、司馬法命題。見伯並請祭孔子，副將以下皆陪祭，上特允之。旋調天津。五十八年，擢陝西固原提督。五十九年，上命貝子延信為平逆將軍，率兵定西藏，以見伯參贊軍務，屢破敵。師還，次打箭爐，卒，賜祭葬。

Ma Jianbo was Ma Jibo's younger brother. He received the military jinshi degree in the thirtieth year of the Kangxi reign (1691). At the battle of Hongdunluo Aji'erhan, Jianbo was present with the army. His service was rewarded with appointment as garrison commander. He rose in stages to commander-in-chief at Taiyuan in Shanxi. When the emperor toured the west, Jianbo was granted a sable jacket and a python robe. When his mother died, he too was ordered to observe mourning while retaining his post. When the emperor toured the west again, he was granted a peacock feather. The emperor ordered that officers and soldiers versed in literary studies might sit for the military provincial and metropolitan examinations. Jianbo memorialized that the commentaries on the Seven Military Classics differed widely among editions and requested that Confucian scholars be commissioned to select a standard text. The ministries deliberated and rejected the proposal, but the emperor instructed: "Jianbo's memorial on this point is also correct. The literary meaning of the Seven Military Classics is confused and contradictory. I have myself experienced the battlefield and know the art of war—how can everything the Seven Classics say be applied in practice?" He ordered further deliberation, and the ministries then decided on two military examination essays: one with topics drawn from the Analects and Mencius, and one with topics drawn from Sunzi, Wuzi, and the Methods of Sima. Jianbo also requested that sacrifices to Confucius include deputy commanders and all ranks below as attending assistants; the emperor specially approved this. He was soon transferred to Tianjin. In the fifty-eighth year (1719) he was promoted to provincial military commander at Guyuan in Shaanxi. In the fifty-ninth year (1720) the emperor appointed Prince Yanxin Pacification General to lead troops in pacifying Tibet, with Jianbo as military adviser; he repeatedly defeated the enemy. When the army returned and halted at Dajianlu, he died, and sacrificial rites and burial honors were granted.

覿伯，見伯弟。康熙四十二年武進士，選三等侍衛，授巡捕南營參將。累遷大同總兵。策妄阿喇布坦侵哈密，覿伯率師出駐推河。雍正元年，入覲，賜孔雀翎。命移軍駐山丹衛。二年，還鎮。三年，上諭之曰：「爾前入見，朕命爾受巡撫諾岷教導。近聞爾等俱聽年羹堯指揮，此甚非是。嗣後諸事，當商諸署巡撫伊都立。」尋追議在軍時因事與將軍爭競，奪官，命轄鄂爾坤、圖拉屯田。五年，獻瑞麥，一莖十五穗。上諭曰：「今歲各省產嘉禾，覿伯复獻瑞麥。帝王本不以祥瑞為尚，恐有司藉端粉飾，致旱潦不以上聞。雍正五年以後，各省產嘉禾，停其進獻。」乾隆元年，卒。

Di Bo was Ma Jianbo's younger brother. He received the military jinshi degree in the forty-second year of the Kangxi reign (1703), was selected as a third-rank imperial bodyguard, and was appointed garrison commander of the Southern Patrol Battalion. He rose in stages to commander-in-chief at Datong. When Tsewang Araptan invaded Hami, Di Bo led troops out to garrison at Tuihe. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723) he presented himself at court and was granted a peacock feather. He was ordered to move his army to garrison at Shandanwei. In the second year (1724) he returned to his command at Datong. In the third year (1725) the emperor instructed him: "When you last came to court, I ordered you to receive instruction from Governor Nomin. I have recently heard that you all take orders from Nian Gengyao. This is entirely wrong. Hereafter in all matters you should consult Acting Governor Yiduli." Soon afterward, on retrospective review, because he had quarreled with the general over military affairs while on campaign, he was stripped of office and ordered to oversee the military colonies at Ergun and Tula. In the fifth year (1727) he presented auspicious wheat with fifteen ears on a single stalk. The emperor instructed: "This year the provinces have produced fine grain, and Di Bo again presents auspicious wheat. Emperors by nature do not esteem auspicious omens. I fear that officials will use such pretexts to embellish their reports, so that droughts and floods go unreported to the throne. After the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign, when the provinces produce fine grain, cease presenting it as tribute." In the first year of the Qianlong reign (1736) he died.

路振揚，陝西長安人。初入伍，拔補把總。累遷漢中副將。康熙五十一年，擢四川松潘總兵。五十六年，策妄阿喇布坦侵西藏，命四川提督康泰率兵往青海御之。至黃勝關柏木橋，兵譁潰，振揚往鎮撫。事定，以振揚署提督。疏言：「松潘迤南雜穀土司種繁俗悍，土司良爾吉子班第爾吉，臣密令防隘，頗稱勤順，請襲職，並予賞賚。又加渴瓦寺安撫土司桑郎溫愷募眾運糧，漳臘營轄旗命上下包坐司土兵習戰鬥、諳邊情，臣令備兵候調，咸知踴躍，亦請予賞賚。」皆如所請。雍正元年，調重慶總兵。

Lu Zhenyang was from Chang'an in Shaanxi. He first entered military service and was selected to fill a platoon commander's post. He rose in stages to deputy commander at Hanzhong. In the fifty-first year of the Kangxi reign (1712) he was promoted to commander-in-chief at Songpan in Sichuan. In the fifty-sixth year (1717) Tsewang Araptan invaded Tibet, and Sichuan Provincial Commander Kang Tai was ordered to lead troops to Qinghai to resist him. At Huang Shengguan Baimuqiao the troops mutinied and scattered. Zhenyang went to pacify and reassure them. When the crisis was resolved, Zhenyang was appointed acting provincial military commander. He memorialized: "South of Songpan the Zagu tribal chieftains are numerous in clans and fierce in custom. Bandi'erji, son of Chieftain Liang'erji, whom I secretly ordered to guard the passes, has proved diligent and obedient. I request that he be permitted to inherit his father's office and be granted a reward. Also, Pacification Chieftain Sanglang Wen of Jia Kewa Temple recruited men to transport grain. The native troops under Zhangla Battalion—officers Shangxia Baozuo and Situbing, skilled in combat and familiar with border conditions—whom I ordered to ready troops for deployment, all showed eager willingness. I request rewards for them as well." All requests were approved as proposed. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723) he was transferred to commander-in-chief at Chongqing.

四年，遷陝西固原提督。疏言：「國家設祿以養廉，立法以懲貪。例定以財行賕，及說事過錢人，審實計贓同科。罪未發而自首者免罪，猶徵正贓。竊思官吏營私，彼此容隱，不易敗露，或有告發，猶必互相掩飾。臣請開自首之路，凡上司保題屬吏，並大計軍政卓異，薦舉人員，以財行賕，彼此皆應治罪。如受者自首，免追贓及應得之罪。如與者自首，則照原贓倍追給主，亦免應得之罪。或說事過錢人自首，免罪給賞。如是，庶彼此皆存顧慮，未事則畏懼不敢為，既事則爭首惟恐後。是或除貪之一法。」奏入，上嘉之，曰：「向聞振揚操守廉潔，今覽此奏，非一塵不染者不敢言也。」下部議行，並命優敘。

In the fourth year (1726) he was transferred to provincial military commander at Guyuan in Shaanxi. He memorialized: "The state establishes salaries to nurture official integrity and enacts laws to punish corruption. The regulations stipulate that giving bribes in the form of property, and intermediaries who take money to influence cases, when the facts are verified, shall have the bribes totaled and punished under the same statute. Those who confess before the crime is discovered are exempt from punishment but must still surrender the principal amount of the bribe. I reflect that when officials pursue private gain they conceal one another's misconduct, so that offenses are not easily exposed; even when someone reports a case, they still cover for each other. Your servant requests opening a path of voluntary confession: whenever a superior recommends a subordinate for promotion, or at the grand assessment of military administration recommends someone as outstanding, if property bribes were involved, both parties should be punished. If the recipient confesses, he shall be exempt from recovering the bribe and from the punishment that would otherwise apply. If the giver confesses, double the original bribe shall be recovered and returned to the rightful owner, and he too shall be exempt from the punishment that would otherwise apply. If an intermediary who took money to influence a case confesses, he shall be exempt from punishment and granted a reward. If this is so, both parties will have reason to think twice; before any offense is committed they will fear and shrink from acting, and once it is done they will race to confess first, dreading only that they may come too late. This may be one way to root out corruption." The memorial was submitted. The emperor commended it and said, "I have long heard that Lu Zhenyang is upright and incorruptible; having read this memorial, I see that only a man utterly spotless would dare propose such measures." It was referred to the relevant ministry for deliberation and implementation, and he was also ordered specially commended for advancement.

六年，上念振揚老，召詣京師，授兵部尚書。振揚以病固辭，上疑其戀外任、懷怨望，命停俸，旋改鑾儀使。八年，署直隸古北口提督。九年，上以古北口、宣化、大同沿邊要地當增兵，獨石口西至殺虎口當增兵，並修邊牆。敕御史舒喜、天津總兵補熙會振揚詳勘。振揚等奏請改設副將以下官，增兵千四百有奇，於各鎮營抽撥；邊牆傾圮，用木柵鹿角堵塞：從之。乾隆元年，回鑾儀使任。旋卒，賜祭葬。

In the sixth year (1728), noting that Lu Zhenyang was advanced in years, the emperor summoned him to the capital and appointed him Minister of War. Lu Zhenyang firmly declined on grounds of illness. The emperor suspected that he was reluctant to leave his provincial post and harbored resentment, ordered his salary suspended, and soon transferred him to the post of Master of Ceremonies for the Imperial Regalia. In the eighth year (1730) he served as acting provincial military commander at Gubeikou in Zhili. In the ninth year (1731) the emperor decided that key border posts at Gubeikou, Xuanhua, and Datong should receive additional troops, that the stretch from Dushikou west to Shahu Pass should also be reinforced, and that the border wall should be repaired. An edict ordered Censor Shu Xi and Tianjin Commander-in-Chief Bu Xi to join Lu Zhenyang in conducting a detailed survey. Lu Zhenyang and his colleagues memorialized requesting the reestablishment of posts from deputy commander downward, an increase of more than fourteen hundred troops to be drawn from the various garrison battalions, and where the border wall had collapsed, to block the gaps with wooden palisades and abatis. The request was approved. In the first year of the Qianlong reign (1736) he returned to his post as Master of Ceremonies for the Imperial Regalia. He died soon afterward and was granted state funeral honors.

韓良輔，字翼公，陝西甘州人。父成，字君輔，康熙中官重慶總兵。在任十七年，有威惠，民德之。卒，祀名宦祠，葬合州，遂入籍重慶。

Han Liangfu, courtesy name Yigong, was from Ganzhou in Shaanxi. His father Han Cheng, courtesy name Junfu, served during the Kangxi reign as commander-in-chief at Chongqing. During his seventeen years in office he combined stern authority with benevolent rule, and the people held him in high regard. When he died he was enshrined in the local hall of eminent officials, was buried at Hezhou, and the family thereupon entered the household register of Chongqing.

良輔，多力有膽氣，年十五，即隨父殺賊。補縣學生員，棄去肄武。康熙二十九年，中式武舉第一。三十年，成一甲三名武進士，選二等侍衛。出為陝西延綏游擊，遷宜君參將。境多盜，有為之主者，捕得必連坐。又多虎，造虎槍，教士卒刺虎法，殺虎百餘，患遂息。遷神木副將，調直隸大名，又移石匣。五十九年，率古北口兵五百赴西寧軍前聽調遣。雍正元年，遷天津總兵，賜孔雀翎。

Liangfu was physically powerful and fearless; at the age of fifteen he was already fighting bandits at his father's side. He was appointed a county school licentiate but gave up literary study to pursue martial training. In the twenty-ninth year of the Kangxi reign (1690) he placed first in the military provincial examination. In the thirtieth year (1691) he placed third in the first class of the military jinshi examination and was selected as a second-rank imperial bodyguard. He was posted as mobile battalion commander in Yan-sui, Shaanxi, and was later transferred to garrison commander at Yijun. The district had many bandits, and there were people who sheltered them; whenever bandits were captured, those who had harbored them were invariably punished as accomplices. Tigers were also a serious problem. He devised tiger spears, taught his soldiers how to hunt them, killed more than a hundred tigers, and the menace was finally brought under control. He was transferred to deputy commander at Shenmu, then to Daming in Zhili, and later to Shixia. In the fifty-ninth year (1720) he led five hundred troops from Gubeikou to the army front at Xining to await deployment. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723) he was transferred to commander-in-chief at Tianjin and granted a peacock feather.

授廣西提督。廣西多山林，宜藤牌挑刀。良輔令步兵弓箭輭弱者皆改肄牌刀，並增制軍械，買馬以壯易羸。二年，署廣西巡撫。奏言：「廣西土曠人稀，多棄地，其故有六：山谿險峻，瑤、僮雜處，田距村遠，穀熟慮盜割，一也；民樸愚，但取濱江及山水自然之利，不知陂渠塘堰可資蓄洩，二也；不得高卑宜植糧種，三也；不知耕耨，四也；所出祗米穀，納賦必用銀，且徭隨糧起，恐貽後累，五也；良懦墾熟，豪猾勢佔，六也。宜選大員督率守令，度地居民，立茅舍，貸牛種，興陂渠塘堰，嚴冒佔之禁，寬催科之期，使民知有利無害，皆奮興從事，邊徼可成樂土。」上命李紱為巡撫，令良輔協同料理。三年，良輔以天河三甿瑤、僮時出劫掠，檄柳慶副將孫士魁率兵捕治，並曉以利害，上甿莫旺東等、中甿賈貴翁、下甿覃明甲等皆出降。師還，复撫定宜山屬那隘、三岔諸寨。

He was appointed provincial military commander of Guangxi. Guangxi's terrain is heavily forested, and rattan shields with long knives are well suited to it. Liangfu ordered foot soldiers whose archery was weak to train instead with rattan shields and knives, increased the production of arms, and bought horses to replace weak mounts with stronger ones. In the second year (1724) he served as acting governor of Guangxi. He memorialized: "Guangxi's land is broad and its population sparse, and much land lies abandoned. There are six reasons for this. First, the mountains and streams are rugged, Yao and Zhuang peoples are intermixed, fields lie far from villages, and when grain ripens there is fear of theft at harvest time; second, the people are simple and unsophisticated, content to take only the natural benefits of rivers and mountains, and unaware that dikes, canals, ponds, and weirs can store and release water; third, they lack grain seed suited to high and low ground; fourth, they do not know proper plowing and hoeing; fifth, what they produce is only rice and grain, yet tax payments must be made in silver, and corvée obligations follow the grain levy, so they fear being saddled with lasting burdens; sixth, the honest and timid may clear and cultivate land until it is ready to yield, but the bold and cunning seize it by force. A senior official should be chosen to supervise the district magistrates, survey the land and settle the people, erect simple dwellings, lend oxen and seed, develop dikes, canals, ponds, and weirs, strictly forbid unlawful encroachment, and relax tax collection deadlines, so that the people see clear benefit without harm, all take up the work with enthusiasm, and the frontier may become a land of peace and prosperity." The emperor appointed Li Fu governor of Guangxi and ordered Liangfu to assist him in managing affairs. In the third year (1725), because Yao and Zhuang of the three miao branches of Tianhe frequently raided and plundered, Liangfu ordered Liucheng Deputy Commander Sun Shikui to lead troops to capture and punish them, and also explained the advantages and consequences to them. Mowangdong of the Upper Miao, Jia Guiong of the Middle Miao, Tan Mingjia of the Lower Miao, and others all came forward to surrender. When the army returned, he again pacified and settled the stockades of Na'ai, Sancha, and others under Yishan.

四年，复署巡撫。遭嫡母喪，命在任守制。五年，實授巡撫。疏言：「廣西撫、提、鎮三標歲需兵糧七萬六千石有奇，各屬額徵糧數，有無多寡不同。撥運供支，有司既苦繁費，兵士又虞乏食。請酌水道遠近，糧額多少，勻給撥運；並多徵折色，以給舟楫不通之地。」下部議行。上命紱以侍郎奉使，與良輔赴貴州安籠，與總督鄂爾泰議分界，事畢，還廣西。坐前官提督時奉議土民羅文剛抗阻設汛，未早捕治，奪官。七年，卒。

In the fourth year (1726) he again served as acting governor. When his legal mother died he was ordered to observe mourning while remaining in office. In the fifth year (1727) he received formal appointment as governor. He memorialized: "The three military banners of the governor, provincial commander, and garrison commander in Guangxi require more than seventy-six thousand piculs of grain each year for the troops, yet the quota grain levied from the subordinate districts varies widely in amount and availability. When grain is allocated and transported for supply, the local officials are burdened with heavy costs while the soldiers still fear going hungry. I request that allocation and transport be adjusted evenly according to the distance of the water routes and the amount of grain available; and that more grain be commuted to silver payments for places where boats cannot reach." The memorial was referred to the relevant ministry for deliberation and implementation. The emperor ordered Li Fu to proceed to Guizhou as a vice-minister on special mission, together with Liangfu, to discuss boundary demarcation with Governor-General Ortai at Anlong. When the business was finished, they returned to Guangxi. He was stripped of office because, during his earlier tenure as provincial commander, when a garrison post was under discussion, the local native Luo Wengang resisted and obstructed the plan, and he had failed to apprehend and punish him promptly. In the seventh year (1729) he died.

良輔既以兵略顯，子弟多肄武。季弟良卿、長子勳尤知名。

Since Liangfu had won renown for military skill, many of his sons and younger brothers took up martial training. His youngest brother Han Liangqing and eldest son Han Xun were especially well known.

良卿，字省月。康熙五十一年武進士，授侍衛。出為陝西西寧守備，再遷莊浪參將。師討謝爾蘇部土番，從涼州總兵楊盡信擊敵棋子山，功多，賜孔雀翎，賚白金千。累遷寧夏中衛副將、廣西碣石總兵，移肅州。乾隆五年，擢甘肅提督。卒，賜祭葬，諡勤毅。

Han Liangqing, courtesy name Shengyue. In the fifty-first year of the Kangxi reign (1712) he passed the military jinshi examination and was appointed an imperial bodyguard. He was posted as garrison commandant at Xining in Shaanxi and was later promoted to garrison commander at Zhuanglang. When the army campaigned against the Tibetan tribes of the Xie'ersu division, he followed Liangzhou Commander-in-Chief Yang Jinxin in attacking the enemy at Qizi Mountain. His merit was great, and he was granted a peacock feather and a gift of a thousand taels of silver. He rose in stages to deputy commander at Zhongwei in Ningxia and commander-in-chief at Jieshi in Guangxi, and was later transferred to Suzhou. In the fifth year of the Qianlong reign (1740) he was promoted to provincial military commander of Gansu. He died and was granted state funeral honors, with the posthumous title Qinyi (Diligent and Resolute).

勳，字建侯。年十九，中式武舉。康熙五十六年，祖成請效力，命在內廷行走。五十九年，師征西藏，勳隨良輔赴噶斯應援。雍正元年，授三等侍衛。出為貴州威寧游擊，未赴，改鎮遠。五年，從提督楊天縱擊仲苗，遷雲南鎮雄參將。八年，烏蒙倮為亂，擾鎮雄、永善。總督鄂爾泰令分兵三道進攻，令提督張耀祖、總兵哈元生各出一路，而以勳將四百人出鎮雄奎鄉，進次莫都都，倮數千出拒，力戰一晝夜，殺二百餘，破寨四。翌日，倮复犯奎鄉，勳擊之。戰三日，殺二千餘，盡焚其寨。時元生已克烏蒙，倮屯魯甸，拒大關以守。耀祖軍次東川不進，鄂爾泰复檄勳自鎮雄夾攻，循途搜斬，破寨百餘。克髮烏關，至黃水河，環攻敵壘，大破之，克大關、小關。鎮雄、永善相繼下。捷聞，上諭曰：「參將韓勳，領兵四百，破賊數千。以寡敵眾，鼓三軍之氣，喪賊人之膽，較諸路為獨先。」命優敘。超擢貴州安籠總兵。

Han Xun, courtesy name Jianhou. At the age of nineteen he passed the military provincial examination. In the fifty-sixth year of the Kangxi reign (1717) his grandfather Han Cheng requested that he be allowed to serve, and he was ordered to attend duty in the inner court. In the fifty-ninth year (1720), when troops marched against Tibet, Han Xun followed Han Liangfu to Gasi to reinforce the army. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723) he was appointed a third-rank imperial bodyguard. He was posted as mobile battalion commander at Weining in Guizhou, but before he took up the post he was reassigned to Zhenyuan. In the fifth year (1727) he followed Provincial Commander Yang Tianzong in campaigning against the Zhong Miao and was transferred to garrison commander at Zhenxiong in Yunnan. In the eighth year (1730) the Luo people of Wumeng rebelled and raided Zhenxiong and Yongshan. Governor-General Ortai ordered a three-pronged advance: Provincial Commander Zhang Yaozu and Commander Ha Yuansheng were each to take one route, while Han Xun led four hundred men out from Kuixiang in Zhenxiong and advanced to Modudu. Several thousand Luo came out to resist. After a full day and night of fierce fighting he killed more than two hundred of them and captured four stockades. The next day the Luo again attacked Kuixiang, and Han Xun drove them back. After three days of fighting he killed more than two thousand of them and burned all their stockades to the ground. By this time Ha Yuansheng had already captured Wumeng, while the Luo encamped at Ludian and held Daguan Pass in defense. Zhang Yaozu's army halted at Dongchuan without advancing. Ortai again ordered Han Xun by dispatch to attack from Zhenxiong in a pincer movement, searching out and killing enemies along the route and breaking more than a hundred stockades. He captured Fa-wu Pass, reached the Huangshui River, surrounded and stormed the enemy fortifications, routed them completely, and took both Daguan and Xiaoguan passes. Zhenxiong and Yongshan then fell in succession. When news of the victory arrived, the emperor issued an edict: "Garrison Commander Han Xun, leading four hundred men, routed several thousand rebels. Fighting few against many, he roused the spirit of the whole army and broke the enemy's courage, outpacing every other column." He was ordered specially commended for advancement. He was promoted by exceptional appointment to commander-in-chief at Anlong in Guizhou.

九年，移古州，討定稿平苗。十三年，疏言：「古州苗寨接壤郡縣，請視湖廣例，得與內地兵、民聯姻。庶彼此感喻，習知禮義，可底善良。」從之。清江諸苗犯王嶺汛，勳率兵擊之，苗退踞台拱，勢猶熾，率副將王濤截擊，破烏公、八妹諸寨，進屯朗洞。乾隆元年，從經略張廣泗進攻牛皮大箐，自朗洞旋師，途毀二十餘寨。三年，按治定番州姑盧等寨苗。四年，疏言：「古州西北地名滾縱，臨容江，接牛皮大箐，實為要隘，當設兵防守。」允其請。六年，粵瑤挾黎平黑洞苗入境焚劫，擊走之，擒其首惡石金元等，置之法。擢貴州提督。八年，卒，贈右都督，賜祭葬，諡果壯。

In the ninth year (1731) he was transferred to Guzhou to campaign against and pacify the Gaoping Miao. In the thirteenth year (1735) he memorialized: "The Miao stockades of Guzhou border the interior prefectures and counties. I request that, following the Hunan-Hubei precedent, they be permitted to intermarry with soldiers and civilians of the interior. In this way both sides may come to understand one another, learn ritual propriety, and gradually become good and law-abiding subjects." The request was approved. Miao bands along the Qing River attacked Wangling garrison post. Han Xun led troops against them, but the Miao fell back and held Taigong, where their strength remained formidable. He then led Deputy Commander Wang Tao in an intercepting attack, broke the stockades at Wugong, Bamei, and elsewhere, and advanced to encamp at Langdong. In the first year of the Qianlong reign (1736) he followed Grand Coordinator Zhang Guangsi in the attack on Niupi Dajing. On the return march from Langdong he destroyed more than twenty stockades along the route. In the third year (1738) he inspected and pacified the Miao of the Gulu stockades and others in Dingfan Prefecture. In the fourth year (1739) he memorialized: "Northwest of Guzhou is a place called Gunzong, facing the Rong River and adjoining Niupi Dajing. It is a critical pass and should be garrisoned." His request was granted. In the sixth year (1741) Yao from Guangdong, together with Heidong Miao from Liping, crossed the border to burn and plunder. He drove them off, captured ringleaders including Shi Jinyuan, and punished them according to law. He was promoted to provincial military commander of Guizhou. In the eighth year (1743) he died, was posthumously granted the rank of Right Commissioner-in-Chief, was granted state funeral honors, and received the posthumous title Guozhuang (Resolute and Strong).

楊天縱，字景聖，陝西渭南人。年十七，父母相繼沒，遂入伍。嘗從勇略將軍趙良棟下雲南，冒矢石，負重創。補四川提標把總，遷瓘邊營千總。康熙三十九年，打箭爐西藏營官喋吧昌側集烈為亂，天縱從提督唐希順討之，易服入敵中數往返，希順用其言為攻取計。四十年，攻二道水、磨岡、磨西面諸地，爭先摧敵，克打箭爐。敘功，加游擊銜，授浙江處州都司。三遷署山東沂州副將。

Yang Tianzong, courtesy name Jingsheng, was from Weinan in Shaanxi. At the age of seventeen his parents died in quick succession, and he thereupon enlisted. He once followed Valiant Strategist General Zhao Liangdong south into Yunnan, braving arrows and stones, and sustained severe wounds. He was appointed platoon commander in the Sichuan provincial commander's banner and was later transferred to company commander at the Yingbian camp. In the thirty-ninth year of the Kangxi reign (1700), Zhebachang Cejilie, an officer of the Tibet camp at Dajianlu, rebelled. Yang Tianzong followed Provincial Commander Tang Xishun in suppressing the revolt, changed clothes, and went back and forth repeatedly inside the enemy ranks. Xishun used his intelligence to devise a plan of attack. In the fortieth year (1701) he attacked Erdoshui, Mogang, Momian, and other places, vying to be first in breaking the enemy, and captured Dajianlu. His service was rewarded with the rank designation of mobile battalion commander and appointment as battalion director at Chuzhou in Zhejiang. After three further promotions he served as acting deputy commander at Yizhou in Shandong.

五十七年，授貴州定廣副將，入覲，上命加總兵銜，留沂州任。山東鹽梟勢張甚，天縱按行各汛，行至費縣，聞有聲自遠至，勢且數百人。正夕，天縱令從騎伏路旁，俟其近，驟出擊之，皆驚潰。逐之，及於柱子村，擒其渠，俘數百。又擊之於蒙陰、於泰安，餘眾悉解散。五十九年，調廣東雷州副將，山東巡撫李樹德以沂州險要，請仍留任，許之，加都督僉事。

In the fifty-seventh year (1718) he was appointed deputy commander of Dingguang in Guizhou. When he presented himself at court, the emperor ordered that he be granted the rank designation of commander-in-chief and remain at his post in Yizhou. Salt smugglers in Shandong had grown very powerful. Yang Tianzong made the rounds inspecting each garrison post; when he reached Fei County he heard noise approaching from a distance—the party numbered several hundred men. At dusk he ordered his escort cavalry to lie in ambush by the roadside; when the smugglers drew near he suddenly charged out and struck them, and they all fled in panic. He pursued them as far as Zhuzi Village, captured their ringleader, and took several hundred prisoners. He struck them again at Mengyin and Tai'an, and the remaining band dispersed completely. In the fifty-ninth year (1720) he was transferred to deputy commander at Leizhou in Guangdong, but Shandong Governor Li Shude, citing Yizhou's strategic importance, requested that he remain in his post. The request was granted, and he was advanced to Vice Commissioner-in-Chief.

雍正元年，遷雲南臨元總兵。魯魁倮夷方景明等恃眾據險，恆出掠。天縱偕布政使李衛率兵捕治，悉殲焉。四年，授貴州提督。五年，疏言：「各省考察軍政，所劾多千總、把總，至一二十員不等。千把總雖微員，有防汛、護餉、解逃、捕盜之責，如有偷惰，應不時斥革，何待此時？蓋緣提鎮以是塞責，且有所劾即有所擢，祗圖可得錙銖。上負君恩，下屈末弁。請敕提鎮，嗣後千把總有劣員，即時斥革。」上韙之，諭兵部著為令。

In the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723) he was transferred to commander-in-chief at Linyuan in Yunnan. The Luokui Luo tribesmen Fang Jingming and others, relying on their numbers and holding rugged terrain, constantly came out to plunder. Yang Tianzong together with Provincial Administration Commissioner Li Wei led troops to capture and punish them, exterminating them entirely. In the fourth year (1726) he was appointed provincial military commander of Guizhou. In the fifth year (1727) he memorialized: "In the military administration assessments conducted in the various provinces, those impeached are mostly company and platoon commanders, numbering anywhere from ten to twenty or so. Company and platoon commanders are minor officers, but they bear responsibility for flood defense, escorting provisions, delivering fugitives, and capturing bandits. If any are lazy or negligent, they should be dismissed promptly—why wait until the assessment season? This is because provincial and garrison commanders use the assessment merely to fulfill their duty perfunctorily, and because every impeachment is paired with a promotion—they only seek to gain a petty advantage. In doing so they fail the emperor above and wrong the humblest officers below. I request that provincial and garrison commanders be instructed that whenever unworthy company or platoon commanders are found, they be dismissed immediately." The emperor approved the proposal and directed the Board of War to promulgate it as a regulation.

總督鄂爾泰討平長寨仲苗，環其地東西南皆生苗，獷悍不受約束，內地仲苗以為逋逃藪。天縱從鄂爾泰招撫，遣參將劉成謨率熟苗頭人推誠勸諭，生苗有求見，令薙發，予以衣冠酒食，使轉相化導。受撫者百四十八寨、五千六百餘口。敘功，予拖沙喇哈番世職。

Governor-General Ortai had suppressed the Changzhai Zhong Miao. On the east, south, and west the surrounding country was held by raw Miao—fierce and unrestrained—while acculturated Zhong Miao of the interior used the region as a refuge for fugitives. Yang Tianzong joined Ortai in winning them over through conciliation. He dispatched Brigade Commander Liu Chengmo to lead acculturated Miao headmen in sincere persuasion. When raw Miao requested audience he had them shave their heads, provided clothing, caps, food, and drink, and set them to guide one another toward assimilation. Those who accepted pacification numbered one hundred forty-eight stockades and more than five thousand six hundred persons. His service was rewarded with the hereditary rank of Dashala Banner.

巡撫張廣泗清理苗疆，丹江苗糾眾抗拒，天縱遣兵助剿，疏言：「舊存大砲過重，餘砲力不及遠。臣以己意制砲，大者曰靖蠻大砲，能及數里；小者曰過山鳥，攻遠便捷。選兵送廣泗行營聽用，並調安籠、安南、大定、黔西、長寨諸營兵攜砲赴凱里一路，分佈進攻。」上嘉天縱料理合宜。七年，疏劾前署巡撫祖秉圭「不諳事機，廣泗未至日，在教場閱操，言將盡剿諸苗，以致頑苗抗拒，勞師動眾。臣不敢隱諱」。上諭曰：「生苗必經此懲創，方可久安。朕以祖秉圭不勝任，已予罷退。此類情事，焉能逃朕鑑察耶？」九年，以老致仕，加太子太保。十年，請改籍四川成都。旋卒，賜祭葬，諡襄壯。

Governor Zhang Guangsi was pacifying the Miao frontier. When the Danjiang Miao gathered in force to resist, Yang Tianzong dispatched troops to assist in the campaign and memorialized: "The great cannon kept in store are too heavy, and the remaining cannon lack sufficient range. Your servant has designed cannon of his own devising: the large ones are called Pacify-the-Miao great cannon and can reach several li; the small ones are called Mountain-crossing Bird and are convenient for long-range attack. I have selected troops to deliver them to Zhang Guangsi's field headquarters for use, and have also mobilized troops from the Anlong, Annan, Dading, Qianxi, and Changzhai garrisons to carry cannon to the Kaili route and advance in coordinated attacks." The emperor commended Yang Tianzong's arrangements as well judged. In the seventh year (1729) he memorialized impeaching former acting governor Zu Binggui: "Unfamiliar with circumstances—before Zhang Guangsi had even arrived, he reviewed troops at the drill ground and declared he would exterminate all the Miao, causing stubborn Miao to resist and wasting troops on a large-scale campaign. Your servant dares not conceal this." The emperor instructed: "The raw Miao must undergo this chastisement before they can be secure for the long term. I considered Zu Binggui incompetent and have already dismissed him. How could such circumstances escape My scrutiny?" In the ninth year (1731), on account of age he retired from office and was advanced to Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the tenth year (1732) he requested transfer of household registration to Chengdu in Sichuan. He soon died and was granted state funeral honors, with the posthumous title Xiangzhuang (Resolute and Strong).

王郡，陝西乾州人。康熙三十年，陝西飢，就食福建，以李姓入伍，補台灣鎮標把總，遷延平城守千總。六十年，台灣民硃一貴為亂，總督滿保檄郡赴援。自廈門渡海，一晝夜至淡水，佐守備陳策固守，與策安集民、番。師至諸羅，往會，從克台灣。二歲中四遷。雍正元年，擢浙江嚴州副將，奏復姓。尋又遷江西南贛總兵。六年，調台灣。九年，上以郡在台灣，三年任滿，例當調內地，命總督劉世明選代郡者。世明舉海壇總兵呂瑞麟，令赴台灣就郡諮度兵民風土，乃調郡潮州。

Wang Jun was from Qianzhou in Shaanxi. In the thirtieth year of the Kangxi reign (1691) Shaanxi suffered famine. He went to Fujian to seek food, enlisted under the surname Li, was appointed platoon commander in the Taiwan garrison banner, and was later transferred to company commander defending Yanping city. In the sixtieth year (1721) the Taiwan commoner Zhu Yigui raised a rebellion; Governor Man Bao ordered Wang Jun to go to his aid. Crossing the sea from Xiamen, he reached Tamsui in a day and a night. He assisted Garrison Commander Chen Ce in holding the city firm, and together with Ce settled the Han settlers and the aborigines. When the army reached Zhuluo he went to join it and took part in the recovery of Taiwan. Within two years he was promoted four times. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723) he was promoted to deputy commander at Yanzhou in Zhejiang and memorialized to restore his original surname. Soon afterward he was transferred to commander-in-chief at Nangan in Jiangxi. In the sixth year (1728) he was transferred to Taiwan. In the ninth year (1731), because Wang Jun was serving in Taiwan and his three-year term was complete, by regulation he should be transferred inland. The emperor ordered Governor Liu Shiming to select someone to replace him. Liu Shiming recommended Commander-in-Chief Lu Ruilin of Haitan, had him go to Taiwan to consult with Wang Jun on military and civilian conditions and local customs, and then transferred Wang Jun to Chaozhou.

十年，擢福建提督。台灣北部社番為亂，瑞麟與台灣道劉象愷往剿，郡赴台灣鎮撫。南路亂渠吳福生等竊發，郡率兵於虎頭山、赤山、碑頭諸地逐捕，擒福生，餘黨悉平，加都督同知。尋北路大甲西、沙轆、牛罵諸社番殺掠兵民，郡自鹿仔港偵知阿束一社有北崙、西崙、東崙、惡馬諸地，為亂番所聚，令游擊邱有章、李科等攻西崙，參將李廕樾、游擊林黃彩等攻東崙、惡馬，而游擊黃貴，守備蔡彬、蔡棨等攻北崙。亂番設伏拒我師，督兵奮擊，悉討平之，加左都督。

In the tenth year (1732) he was promoted to provincial military commander of Fujian. The northern She aborigines of Taiwan rebelled. Lu Ruilin together with Taiwan Circuit Intendant Liu Xiangkai went to suppress them, while Wang Jun went to Taiwan to pacify the region. On the southern route the rebel ringleader Wu Fusheng and others secretly rose. Wang Jun led troops in pursuit at Hutou Mountain, Chishan, Beitou, and other places, captured Fusheng, and pacified the remaining followers entirely. He was advanced to Associate Commissioner-in-Chief. Soon afterward on the northern route the aborigines of Dajiaxi, Shalu, Niuma, and other communities killed and plundered soldiers and civilians. Reconnoitering from Luzai Harbor, Wang Jun learned that the Asheyi community held Beilun, Xilun, Donglun, Emo, and other places where rebel aborigines had gathered. He ordered Mobile Battalion Commander Qiu Youzhang and Li Ke and others to attack Xilun; Brigade Commander Li Yinyue and Mobile Battalion Commander Lin Huangcai and others to attack Donglun and Emo; and Mobile Battalion Commander Huang Gui and Garrison Commanders Cai Bin and Cai Qi and others to attack Beilun. The rebel aborigines set ambushes to resist the government forces. He urged his troops forward in fierce attack and suppressed them entirely, and was advanced to Left Commissioner-in-Chief.

十一年，調水師提督。十二年，疏言：「廈門環海，地少人多，需米不貲。加以營兵赴糴，難免匱乏。水師提督公廨舊有官房，魚池賃於民，歲得息五千餘。請買穀貸於兵，俟穀熟買補，數年內可得數万石。孤島兵民，庶無虞艱食。」上諭曰：「郡將應得租息籌濟兵食，甚可嘉也。」命議敘。尋入覲，途次遘疾，遣太醫診視，賜藥餌。二子：守乾、守坤隨侍，召入見，賜守乾守備銜，守坤戶部主事。乾隆元年，復入覲，賜鞍馬、弓矢。時部議許民間得制鳥槍防盜，郡言：「台灣遠在海表，番、漢雜處。禁例一開，恐火器充斥。小則侵界擾番，大則偶遇水旱，群不逞藉以為亂。台灣民居多平衍，山箐中皆生番，各險要皆置兵戍守。民間不需鳥槍，懇仍舊例禁止。」從之。十一年，請老，加太子少保，食全俸。二十一年，卒於家，賜祭葬，諡勤愨。守乾官至南昌總兵。

In the eleventh year (1733) he was transferred to naval provincial military commander. In the twelfth year (1734) he memorialized: "Xiamen is surrounded by sea; land is scarce and the population is large, and the need for rice is immense. When garrison troops go out to buy grain on top of that, shortages are hard to avoid. The naval commander's yamen formerly had official buildings and fish ponds rented to commoners, yielding more than five thousand taels in interest each year. I request purchasing grain to lend to the troops; when the harvest comes in it can be bought back to replenish the stores—in a few years tens of thousands of piculs can be accumulated. On this isolated island, soldiers and civilians may be spared anxiety over scarce food." The emperor instructed: "Commander Jun used the rental income due him to provide for the troops' provisions—highly commendable." An order was issued to record his merit. Soon afterward he presented himself at court. On the road he fell ill; an imperial physician was dispatched to examine him and medicine was bestowed. His two sons Shouqian and Shoukun accompanied him in attendance. They were summoned to audience; Shouqian was granted the rank designation of garrison commander, and Shoukun was appointed a secretary in the Board of Revenue. In the first year of the Qianlong reign (1736) he again presented himself at court and was granted a saddle, horse, bow, and arrows. At that time the ministries deliberated permitting the populace to manufacture muskets for defense against bandits. Wang Jun stated: "Taiwan lies far beyond the sea; aborigines and Han live intermixed. Once the prohibition is lifted, I fear firearms will proliferate. At a small scale they will encroach on boundaries and harass the aborigines; at a large scale, should drought or flood chance to occur, the unruly will rely on them to raise rebellion. Taiwan's settlements are mostly on level ground; the mountain ravines are held by raw aborigines, and troops are stationed at every strategic point. The populace has no need of muskets; I earnestly request that the old prohibition remain in force." His request was approved. In the eleventh year (1746) he requested retirement on account of age. He was advanced to Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and granted his full salary. In the twenty-first year (1756) he died at home and was granted state funeral honors, with the posthumous title Qinque (Diligent and Sincere). Shouqian rose in office to commander-in-chief at Nanchang.

宋愛，字體仁，陝西靖遠人。父可進，雍正初，以京營參將從撫遠大將軍年羹堯討羅卜藏丹津。敵攻鎮海堡，遣赴援，擊殺六百餘人，敵敗走。敵又攻西寧南川口，圍申中堡，復遣赴援，堡兵出夾擊，敵敗走，擢副將。從提督岳鍾琪攻郭隆寺，毀寨七，焚其屋宇七十餘所。旋與鍾琪分道深入，定青海。擢涼州總兵，授三等阿達哈哈番世職。復從鍾琪攻謝爾蘇土番，戰桌子山，圍之七晝夜，一日數接戰。可進受重創，奮進破其巢，遂討平之，擢甘州提督。

Song Ai, courtesy name Tiren, was from Jingyuan in Shaanxi. His father Kejin, at the beginning of the Yongzheng reign, served as a brigade commander in the capital garrison and followed the Pacification Commissioner General Nian Gengyao in campaigning against Lobzang Danjin. When the enemy attacked Zhenhai Fort he was dispatched to its relief, killed more than six hundred men, and the enemy was defeated and fled. The enemy again attacked Xining's Nanchuan Pass and besieged Shenzhong Fort. He was again dispatched to its relief; the fort troops came out in a pincer attack, the enemy was defeated and fled, and he was promoted to deputy commander. He followed Provincial Commander Yue Zhongqi in attacking Guolong Temple, destroyed seven stockades, and burned more than seventy of their buildings. Soon afterward he and Yue Zhongqi advanced by separate routes deep into the country and pacified Qinghai. He was promoted to commander-in-chief at Liangzhou and granted the third-rank hereditary title of Adaha Banner. He again followed Yue Zhongqi in attacking the Xie'ersu Tibetans. They fought at Zhuozi Mountain, besieged it for seven days and nights, and joined battle several times in a single day. Kejin sustained severe wounds, pressed forward vigorously and broke their stronghold, and thus suppressed them entirely. He was promoted to provincial military commander of Ganzhou.

愛，雍正元年武進士，授三等侍衛。二年，命省可進軍中。桌子山之戰，愛從可進奮戰有功。河南河北鎮總兵紀成斌請以愛授河南開封都司，上疑成斌受羹堯指，允其請，即令愛傳諭詰成斌。成斌奏：「開封都司，省會重地，去年剿桌子山，親見愛奮不顧身，極有膽氣。且代可進料理營務，頗有才幹。知其能勝任，故冒昧陳請。臣實未受何人囑託，即可進亦不過同在軍中相識，素無交情。」上諭之曰：「朕原不過揣度之辭。近年年羹堯握兵柄，若爾等蔑國恩，重私誼，甚非朕保全功臣之意。今既無別故，意在為地得人，朕甚嘉賞。」再遷浙江紹興副將，命署總兵，歷南陽、永州、天津、定海諸鎮。

Song Ai, having placed in the military jinshi examination in the first year of the Yongzheng reign (1723), was appointed a third-rank imperial bodyguard. In the second year (1724) he was ordered to visit Kejin in the army. In the battle of Zhuozi Mountain, Song Ai followed Kejin in fighting fiercely and performed meritorious service. Commander-in-Chief Ji Chengbin of Henan and Hebei requested that Song Ai be appointed battalion director at Kaifeng in Henan. The emperor suspected Chengbin had received instructions from Nian Gengyao, approved the request, and immediately ordered Song Ai to deliver an edict questioning Chengbin. Chengbin memorialized: "The battalion directorship at Kaifeng is a post of weight in the provincial capital. Last year in suppressing Zhuozi Mountain I personally saw Song Ai fight without regard for his life—he has great courage. Moreover he stood in for Kejin in managing camp affairs and showed considerable ability. Knowing he could fill the post, I therefore presumptuously memorialized the request. Your servant truly received no one's entrustment; even Kejin was no more than an acquaintance from serving together in the army, with no prior friendship." The emperor instructed him: "I originally spoke only out of suspicion. In recent years Nian Gengyao has held military power. If you and others scorn the state's grace and value private ties, that is very far from My intent to preserve meritorious ministers. Now that there is no other reason and the intent is to place the right man in the right post, I greatly commend this." He was again transferred to deputy commander at Shaoxing in Zhejiang, ordered to act as commander-in-chief, and served at the garrisons of Nanyang, Yongzhou, Tianjin, Dinghai, and others.

乾隆六年，擢襄陽總兵。七年，調安籠。十年，貴州總督張廣泗奏言：「古州系新闢苗疆，諸鎮中惟愛詳慎周密，年力正壯，請以調補。」上從之。丁母憂，命暫署，服闋後真除。十八年，擢貴州提督。前提督丁士傑奏言古州苗因公役使不從，恐激成驕抗，諭將吏彈壓。愛奏：「古州苗於應備夫役，一呼即至，初未見遲延。所屬新疆苗民，亦不至驕抗。苗性難馴，惟在有司善於約束。平時不煩苛，有事不姑息。務使懷德，兼知畏法。」上褒勉之。十九年，總督碩色劾愛馬政廢弛，又為故鎮遠總兵吳三傑勼資治喪。會愛卒，寢其奏。

In the sixth year of the Qianlong reign (1741) he was promoted to commander-in-chief at Xiangyang. In the seventh year (1742) he was transferred to Anlong. In the tenth year (1745) Guizhou Governor-General Zhang Guangsi memorialized: "Guzhou is newly opened Miao territory. Among the various garrison commanders only Song Ai is thorough, cautious, and meticulous, and he is still in the prime of life. I request that he be transferred to fill the post." The emperor approved. When he entered mourning for his mother he was ordered to serve temporarily in the post; after the mourning period ended he was formally appointed. In the eighteenth year (1753) he was promoted to provincial military commander of Guizhou. The previous provincial commander Ding Shijie had memorialized that the Guzhou Miao, refusing corvée labor, might be provoked into arrogant resistance, and an edict was issued instructing officials to suppress them. Song Ai memorialized: "The Guzhou Miao, when corvée labor is required of them, come at a single summons and at first showed no delay. The Miao subjects of the newly pacified territory under his command likewise have not become arrogantly resistant. The nature of the Miao is hard to tame; it depends only on local officials being skilled at restraint. In ordinary times he does not burden them with harsh demands; when trouble arises he does not indulge them. He strives to make them cherish imperial grace while also learning to fear the law." The emperor praised and encouraged him. In the nineteenth year (1754) Governor-General Shuo Se memorialized impeaching Ai for laxity in horse administration, and also for having raised funds to conduct mourning for the late Commander-in-Chief Wu Sanjie of Zhenyuan. Ai died at about that time, and the memorial was shelved.

論曰：雍正間文武多通用，高其位以提督迳授大學士為最著。會伯、振揚皆長兵部，然會伯未上官，振揚不久改右班，其績仍在專閫。良輔為疆吏，卓卓有建白，家世出將，與會伯略同。天縱、郡、愛等弭亂綏氓，因事有功。年羹堯部將如宋可進、黃喜林、武正安、周瑛、王嵩、馬忠孝，岳鍾琪部將如紀成斌、曹勷、張元佐，皆相從轉戰，惟可進以有子愛，名字猶可見，他皆不具始末。成斌、勷且以微罪死，是亦重可哀已！

The commentator says: During the Yongzheng period civil and military offices were often interchangeable; the most striking case was elevating a provincial military commander directly to Grand Secretary. Huibo and Zhenyang both headed the Ministry of War, yet Huibo never actually took up office at the ministry, and Zhenyang soon moved to the right-hand corps of officials; their real achievements still lay chiefly in frontier command. Liangfu was a frontier official with outstanding policy proposals; his family had produced generals for generations, much like Huibo. Tianzong, Jun, Ai, and the like quelled disorder and pacified the people, winning merit as occasions arose. Nian Gengyao's subordinate generals such as Song Kejin, Huang Xilin, Wu Zheng'an, Zhou Ying, Wang Song, and Ma Zhongxiao, and Yue Zhongqi's subordinate generals such as Ji Chengbin, Cao Xun, and Zhang Yuanzuo, all followed them through successive campaigns. Only Kejin, because he had a son in Song Ai, still has his name preserved here; the others are not given full accounts of their careers. Chengbin and Xun moreover died for minor offenses— this too is deeply lamentable!

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