1
-{于}-敏中和珅弟和琳蘇凌阿
Yu Minzhong; He Shen; his younger brother He Lin; and Su Linga.
2
和珅，字致齋，鈕祜祿氏，滿洲正紅旗人。 少貧無藉，為文生員。 乾隆三十四年，承襲三等輕車都尉。 尋授三等侍衛，挑補黏桿處。 四十年，直乾清門，擢御前侍衛，兼副都統。 次年，遂授戶部侍郎，命為軍機大臣，兼內務府大臣，駸駸鄉用。 又兼步軍統領，充崇文門稅務監督，總理行營事務。 四十五年，命偕侍郎喀凝阿往雲南按總督李侍堯貪私事。 侍堯號才臣，帝所倚任。 和珅至，鞫其僕，得侍堯婪索狀，論重闢，奏雲南吏治廢弛，府州縣多虧帑，亟宜清釐。 上欲用和珅為總督，嫌於事出所按劾，乃以福康安代之。 命回京，未至，擢戶部尚書、議政大臣。 及復命，面陳雲南鹽務、錢法、邊事，多稱上意，並允行。 授御前大臣兼都統。 賜婚其子丰紳殷德為和孝公主額駙，待年行婚禮。 又授領侍衛內大臣，充四庫全書館正總裁，兼理籓院尚書事，寵任冠朝列矣。
He Shen, styled Zhizhai, of the Niohuru clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Red Banner. In his youth he was poor and without means, and became a licentiate at the imperial college. In Qianlong 34 he inherited the third-rank Light Chariot Commandant. He was soon appointed a third-class bodyguard and selected for service in the Sticky Pole Office, the emperor's personal guard corps. In the fortieth year he was assigned to duty at the Gate of Heavenly Purity, promoted to imperial bodyguard, and also made deputy commander-in-chief. The next year he was appointed vice minister of Revenue, made a Grand Councilor, and also grand minister of the Imperial Household Department, rising rapidly in favor. He also served as commander of the Metropolitan Garrison, superintendent of the Chongwen Gate tax office, and director of imperial camp affairs. In the forty-fifth year he was ordered to accompany Vice Minister Ka Ning'a to Yunnan to investigate corruption charges against Governor-General Li Shiyao. Li Shiyao was regarded as a talented minister in whom the emperor placed great trust. When He Shen arrived, he interrogated Li's servants and obtained proof of his greed and extortion. Li was sentenced to death by slow slicing. He Shen memorialized that Yunnan's administration had grown lax, that many prefectures and counties showed treasury shortfalls, and that urgent rectification was required. The emperor wished to appoint He Shen governor-general, but thought it improper to give the post to the very man who had impeached Li, and so Fu Kang'an was appointed in his place. He was ordered back to the capital, and before he arrived was promoted to minister of Revenue and councilor of state. When he reported back, he personally presented his views on Yunnan salt administration, coinage, and frontier affairs. Most pleased the emperor, and all were approved. He was appointed imperial presence grand minister and also commander-in-chief. His son Fengshen Yinde was granted marriage to Princess Hexiao as imperial son-in-law; the wedding was deferred until the princess came of age. He was further made chief grand minister of the imperial bodyguard, chief director of the Siku Quanshu project, and concurrently minister in charge of Mongol affairs. His favor now surpassed every other official at court.
3
四十六年，甘肅撒拉爾番回蘇四十三等叛，逼蘭州，額駙拉旺多爾濟、領侍衛內大臣海蘭察、護軍額森特等率兵討之。 命和珅為欽差大臣，偕大學士阿桂往督師。 阿桂有疾，促和珅兼程先進。 至則海蘭察等已擊賊勝之，即督諸將分四路進兵，海蘭察逼賊山梁，殲其伏。 賊掘溝坎深數丈，並斷小道，不能度。 總兵圖欽保陣亡。 後數日，阿桂至，和珅委過諸將不聽調遣。 阿桂曰：「是宜誅！」 明日，同部署戰事，阿桂所指揮，輒應如響。 乃曰：「諸將殊不見其慢，當誰誅？」 和珅恚甚。 上微察之，詔斥和珅匿圖欽保死事不上聞，赴師遲延，而劾海蘭察、額森特先戰顛倒是非； 又謂自阿桂至軍，措置始有條理，一人足辦賊，和珅在軍事不歸一，海蘭察等久隨阿桂，易節制，命和珅速回京。 和珅用是銜阿桂，終身與之齟《齒吾》。 尋兼署兵部尚書，管理戶部三庫。
In the forty-sixth year the Salar Muslim leader Su Forty-three and others rebelled in Gansu and pressed upon Lanzhou. The imperial son-in-law Lawang Duorji, Chief Grand Minister Hailancha, and Guard Captain Esente led troops to suppress them. He Shen was appointed imperial commissioner and sent with Grand Secretary A Gui to supervise the campaign. A Gui was ill and urged He Shen to press forward at forced marches ahead of him. When He Shen arrived, Hailancha and the others had already defeated the rebels. He immediately directed the generals to advance in four columns. Hailancha drove the rebels onto a mountain ridge and wiped out their ambush force. The rebels had dug trenches and ditches several zhang deep and cut off the smaller paths, making further advance impossible. Brigadier Tu Qinbao was killed in battle. Several days later A Gui arrived. He Shen blamed the generals for disobeying his orders. A Gui said, "Such men deserve execution!" The next day, as they jointly arranged the battle plan, every command A Gui issued was obeyed at once. A Gui then said, "The generals show no insubordination whatsoever—whom do you propose to execute?" He Shen was furious. The emperor had quietly taken note of this. An edict rebuked He Shen for concealing Tu Qinbao's death and failing to report it, for delaying his arrival at the front, and for impeaching Hailancha and Esente and reversing right and wrong about who had fought first; it further stated that once A Gui reached the army the arrangements became orderly and one man was enough to finish the rebels; with He Shen present military affairs lacked unity, whereas Hailancha and the others had long served under A Gui and were easy to command. He Shen was ordered to return to the capital at once. From this He Shen nursed a grudge against A Gui and remained at odds with him for the rest of his life. He soon also served as acting minister of War and took charge of the three treasuries of the Ministry of Revenue.
4
四十七年，御史錢灃劾山東巡撫國泰、布政使於易簡貪縱營私，命和珅偕都御史劉墉按鞫，灃從往。 和珅陰袒國泰，即至，盤庫，令抽視銀數十封無缺，即起還行館。 灃請封庫，明日盡發視庫銀，得借市銀充抵狀，國泰等罪皆鞫實。 會加恩中外大臣，加太子太保，充經筵講官。 四十八年，賜雙眼花翎，充國史館正總裁、文淵閣提舉閣事、清字經館總裁。 甘肅石峰堡回匪平，以承旨論功，再予輕車都尉世職，並前職授一等男爵。 調吏部尚書、協辦大學士，管理戶部如故。
In the forty-seventh year Censor Qian Feng impeached Shandong Governor Guo Tai and Provincial Administration Commissioner Yu Yijian for greed, indulgence, and private profit. He Shen was ordered to join Censor-in-Chief Liu Yong in the investigation, and Qian Feng went along. He Shen secretly favored Guo Tai. As soon as he arrived he inspected the treasury, had several dozen sealed silver packets drawn at random and found no shortage, then immediately returned to his lodging. Qian Feng requested that the treasury be sealed. The next day all the silver was examined, and evidence was found that market silver had been borrowed to cover shortfalls. The crimes of Guo Tai and the others were all verified. At the time the emperor was extending favor to ministers at court and abroad. He Shen was given the title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and appointed lecturer at the imperial lectures. In the forty-eighth year he was granted double peacock feathers and made chief director of the National History Bureau, superintendent of the Wenyuan Pavilion, and director of the Manchu Classics project. When the Muslim rebels at Shi Feng Fort in Gansu were pacified, he was rewarded for carrying out the imperial will. He was again granted the hereditary Light Chariot Commandant, and together with his previous post was made a first-rank baron. He was transferred to minister of Personnel and associate grand secretary, while continuing to manage the Ministry of Revenue as before.
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五十一年，御史曹錫寶劾和珅家奴劉全奢僭，造屋踰制，帝察其欲劾和珅，不敢明言，故以家人為由。 命王大臣會同都察院傳問錫寶，使直陳和珅私弊，卒不能指實。 和珅亦預使劉全毀屋更造，察勘不得直，錫寶因獲譴。 踰月，授和珅文華殿大學士。 詔以其管崇文門監督已閱八年，大學士不宜兼榷務，且錫寶劾其家人，未必不因此，遂罷其監督。 部員湛露擢廣信知府，上見其年幼，不勝方面，斥和珅濫保。 又兩廣總督富勒渾縱容家人婪索，和珅請調回富勒渾，不興大獄。 京師米貴，和珅請禁囤積，逾五十石者交廠減糶，商民以為不便。 廷臣遷就原議，上並切責之。 五十三年，以台灣逆匪林爽文平，晉封三等忠襄伯，賜紫韁。 五十五年，賜黃帶、四開褉袍。 上八旬萬壽，命和珅偕尚書金簡專司慶典事。 內閣學士尹壯圖疏論各省庫藏空虛，上為動色，和珅請即命壯圖往勘各省庫，以侍郎慶成監之。 慶成每至一省輒掣肘，待挪移既足，然後啟榷，迄無虧絀，壯圖以妄言坐黜。
In the fifty-first year Censor Cao Xibao impeached He Shen's household slave Liu Quan for arrogating prerogatives and building houses in violation of regulations. The emperor saw that Cao really wished to impeach He Shen himself but dared not say so openly, and so used the household member as his pretext. Imperial princes and ministers together with the Censorate were ordered to summon Cao Xibao and have him speak directly of He Shen's private abuses, but he ultimately could not substantiate any charge. He Shen had also beforehand had Liu Quan demolish and rebuild the house. Inspection could not verify the charge, and Cao Xibao was punished. A month later He Shen was appointed Grand Secretary of the Wenhua Hall. An edict stated that he had managed the Chongwen Gate superintendency for eight years, that a grand secretary should not also hold revenue-collection duties, and that Cao Xibao's impeachment of his household member may not have been unrelated to the matter. His superintendency was therefore removed. Ministry clerk Zhan Lu was promoted to prefect of Guangxin. The emperor saw that he was young and unfit for a regional post and rebuked He Shen for reckless recommendation. Also, Governor-General Fu Lehun of Guangdong and Guangxi had indulged his household in extortion. He Shen requested that Fu Lehun be transferred back without launching a major prosecution. Rice in the capital was dear. He Shen requested a ban on hoarding: anyone holding more than fifty shi would have to surrender the surplus to government granaries for sale at reduced price. Merchants and commoners found the measure inconvenient. Court ministers went along with the original proposal, and the emperor sharply rebuked them all. In the fifty-third year, with the Taiwan rebel Lin Shuangwen pacified, he was promoted to third-rank Loyal and Assisting Count and granted a purple bridle. In the fifty-fifth year he was granted the yellow belt and a four-panel patched robe. For the emperor's eightieth birthday, He Shen and Minister Jin Jian were ordered to manage the celebration affairs exclusively. Academician Yin Zhuangtu memorialized that the provincial treasuries were empty. The emperor was visibly moved. He Shen requested that Yin Zhuangtu be sent at once to inspect the treasuries of every province, with Vice Minister Qing Cheng supervising. At each province Qing Cheng obstructed the inspection, waiting until funds had been shifted to cover the gaps before the treasury was opened. No shortfalls were found anywhere, and Yin Zhuangtu was dismissed for false statements.
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五十六年，刻石經於辟雍，命為正總裁。 時總裁八人，尚書彭元瑞獨任校勘，敕編石經考文提要，事竣，元瑞被優賚。 和珅嫉之，毀元瑞所編不善，且言非天子不考文。 上曰：「書為御定，何得目為私書耶？」 和珅乃使人撰考文提要舉正以攻之，冒為己作進上，訾提要不便士子，請銷毀，上不許。 館臣疏請頒行，為和珅所阻，中止，复私使人磨碑字，凡從古者盡改之。
In the fifty-sixth year stone classics were carved at the Piyong, and He Shen was appointed chief director. At the time there were eight directors. Minister Peng Yuanrui alone undertook the collation and was ordered to compile the Collected Emendations to the Stone Classics. When the work was finished Yuanrui received special rewards. He Shen envied this. He slandered Yuanrui's compilation as poor and further said that only the Son of Heaven may emend texts. The emperor said, "The book was imperially approved—how can it be called a private work?" He Shen then had others compose emendations against the Collected Emendations, passed them off as his own work and presented them to the throne, criticized the Collected Emendations as inconvenient for students, and requested their destruction. The emperor did not permit it. The academy officials memorialized requesting publication, but He Shen blocked it and the plan was halted. He also secretly had men grind down characters on the stone tablets, altering every reading that followed antiquity.
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五十七年，廓爾喀平，予議敘，兼翰林院掌院學士。 六十年，充殿試讀卷官，教習庶吉士。 時朝審停勾，情重者請旨裁定。 和珅管理籓院，於蒙古重獄置未奏，鐫級留任。 又廷試武舉發策，上命檢實錄。 故事，實錄不載武試策問，和珅率對不以實，詔斥護過飾非，革職留任。 先是京察屢邀議敘，是年特停罷之。 嘉慶二年，調管刑部。 尋以軍需報銷，仍兼管戶部。 三年，教匪王三槐就擒，以襄贊功晉公爵。
In the fifty-seventh year, with Gorkha pacified, he received merit evaluation and was also made chancellor of the Hanlin Academy. In the sixtieth year he served as reader at the palace examination and as instructor to the newly passed jinshi. At the time the annual capital review had suspended executions; only the most serious cases required an imperial decision. While managing Mongol affairs, He Shen left a memorial on a serious Mongol case unsent. He was demoted one rank but kept in office. Also, at the military metropolitan examination he drafted the policy questions, and the emperor ordered verification against the Veritable Records. By precedent the Veritable Records do not record military examination policy questions. He Shen answered casually and not in accord with fact. An edict rebuked him for shielding faults and concealing errors, and he was dismissed from office but retained to serve. Previously he had repeatedly been nominated for merit evaluation at the capital inspection, but that year the nomination was specially suspended. In Jiaqing 2 he was transferred to manage the Ministry of Punishments. Soon afterward, because of military supply accounting, he again concurrently managed the Ministry of Revenue. In the third year, with the teaching-bandit Wang Sanhuai captured, he was promoted to duke for his supporting merit.
8
和珅柄政久，善伺高宗意，因以弄竊作威福，不附己者，伺隙激上怒陷之； 納賄者則為周旋，或故緩其事，以俟上怒之霽。 大僚恃為奧援，剝削其下以供所欲。 鹽政、河工素利藪，以徵求無厭日益敝。 川、楚匪亂，因激變而起，將帥多倚和珅，糜餉奢侈，久無功。 阿桂以勳臣為首輔，素不相能，被其梗軋。 入直治事，不與同止直廬。 阿桂卒，益無顧忌，於軍機寄諭獨署己銜。 同列嵇璜年老，以讒數被斥責。 王杰持正，恆與忤，亦不能制。 硃珪舊為仁宗傅，在兩廣總督任，高宗欲召為大學士，和珅忌其進用，密取仁宗賀詩白高宗，指為市恩。 高宗大怒，賴董誥諫免； 尋以他事降珪安徽巡撫，屏不得內召。 言官惟錢灃劾其黨國泰得直，後論和珅與阿桂入直不同止直廬，奉命監察，以勞瘁死。 曹錫寶、尹壯圖皆獲譴，無敢昌言其罪者。 高宗雖遇事裁抑，和珅巧彌縫，不悛益恣。 仁宗自在潛邸知其奸，及即位，以高宗春秋高，不欲遽發，仍優容之。
He Shen had held power for a long time. Skilled at reading the Gaozong Emperor's wishes, he wielded stolen authority and made his own fortune. Those who would not attach themselves to him he watched for an opening to rouse the emperor's anger and bring them down; those who paid bribes he would intercede for, or deliberately slow a case, waiting for the emperor's anger to subside. High officials relied on him as a secret patron and squeezed their subordinates to supply what he wanted. Salt administration and river works had always been rich sources of profit, but under his insatiable exactions they grew daily more ruined. The Sichuan-Hubei bandit turmoil arose from aggravated grievances. The generals mostly relied on He Shen, wasted funds lavishly, and for a long time achieved nothing. A Gui, as the leading minister among meritorious officials, had never gotten along with him and was obstructed by him. When on duty he would not lodge together with him in the same duty quarters. After A Gui died, He Shen grew even more unbridled. On Grand Council rescripts he alone signed his own name. His colleague Ji Huang was elderly and was repeatedly reprimanded on false charges. Wang Jie held to integrity and constantly clashed with him, yet could not restrain him either. Zhu Gui had formerly been tutor to the Jiaqing Emperor. While serving as governor-general of Guangdong and Guangxi, the Gaozong Emperor wished to summon him as grand secretary. He Shen envied his advancement, secretly took the Jiaqing Emperor's congratulatory poem and showed it to Gaozong, accusing Zhu of currying favor. Gaozong was greatly enraged, and only Dong Gao's remonstrance saved Zhu from punishment; soon afterward, on other grounds, Zhu Gui was demoted to governor of Anhui and barred from recall to the capital. Among the censors only Qian Feng, in impeaching his associate Guo Tai, obtained justice. Later, commenting that He Shen and A Gui did not lodge together when on duty, he was ordered to supervise the matter and died from overwork. Cao Xibao and Yin Zhuangtu were all punished, and none dared speak openly of his crimes. Though Gaozong checked him when matters arose, He Shen cleverly patched things over and, undisciplined, grew ever more wanton. The Jiaqing Emperor had known his treachery from his time as heir apparent. Upon ascending the throne, because Gaozong was advanced in years he did not wish to act rashly and still treated him with forbearance.
9
四年正月，高宗崩，給事中王念孫首劾其不法狀，仁宗即以宣遺詔日傳旨逮治，命王大臣會鞫，俱得實。 詔宣布和珅罪狀，略曰：「朕於乾隆六十年九月初三日，蒙皇考冊封皇太子，尚未宣布，和珅於初二日在朕前先遞如意，以擁戴自居，大罪一。 騎馬直進圓明園左門，過正大光明殿，至壽山口，大罪二。 乘椅橋入大內，肩輿直入神武門，大罪三。 取出宮女子為次妻，大罪四。 於各路軍報任意壓擱，有心欺蔽，大罪五。 皇考聖躬不豫，和珅毫無憂慼，談笑如常，大罪六。 皇考力疾批答章奏，字跡間有未真，和珅輒謂不如撕去另擬，大罪七。 兼管戶部報銷，竟將戶部事務一人把持，變更成例，不許部臣參議，大罪八。 上年奎舒奏循化、貴德二廳賊番肆劫青海，和珅駁回原摺，隱匿不辦，大罪九。 皇考升遐後，朕諭蒙古王公未出痘者不必來京，和珅擅令已、未出痘者俱不必來，大罪十。 大學士蘇凌阿重聽衰邁，因與其弟和琳姻親，隱匿不奏； 侍郎吳省蘭、李潢，太僕寺卿李光雲在其家教讀，保列卿階，兼任學政，大罪十一。 軍機處記名人員任意撤去，大罪十二。 所鈔家產，楠木房屋僭侈踰制，仿照寧壽宮制度，園寓點綴與圓明園蓬島、瑤台無異，大罪十三。 薊州墳塋設享殿，置隧道，居民稱和陵，大罪十四。 所藏珍珠手串二百馀，多於大內數倍，大珠大於御用冠頂，大罪十五。 寶石頂非所應用，乃有數十，整塊大寶石不計其數，勝於大內，大罪十六。 藏銀、衣服數逾千萬，大罪十七。 夾牆藏金二萬六千馀兩，私庫藏金六千馀兩，地窖埋銀三百馀萬兩，大罪十八。 通州、薊州當舖、錢店貲本十馀萬，與民爭利，大罪十九。 家奴劉全家產至二十馀萬，並有大珍珠手串，大罪二十。」 內外諸臣疏言和珅罪當以大逆論，上猶以和珅嘗任首輔，不忍令肆市，賜自盡。
In the first month of the fourth year Gaozong died. Supervising Secretary Wang Niansun was the first to impeach He Shen's unlawful conduct. On the very day the mourning edict was proclaimed, the Jiaqing Emperor issued orders for his arrest and trial. Princes and ministers jointly investigated, and all charges were verified. An edict announced He Shen's crimes, stating in part: "On the third day of the ninth month of Qianlong 60 I received my late father's investiture as crown prince, though it had not yet been publicly announced. On the second, He Shen ahead of me presented a ruyi scepter, taking the posture of one who had aided my accession—first great crime. Riding a horse straight through the left gate of the Old Summer Palace, passing the Hall of Imperial Brightness, to Shoushan Kou—second great crime. Crossing the chair-bridge into the inner palace and entering the Gate of Divine Prowess in a sedan chair—third great crime. Taking palace women as a secondary wife—fourth great crime. Arbitrarily suppressing military reports from all routes, deliberately deceiving and concealing—fifth great crime. When my late father's sacred person was unwell, He Shen showed no sorrow and joked and laughed as usual—sixth great crime. My late father, straining despite illness to approve memorials, sometimes wrote imperfectly. He Shen would say it would be better to tear them up and redraft—seventh great crime. While managing Revenue accounting, he alone monopolized Ministry affairs, altered established rules, and did not allow ministry officials to participate in deliberation—eighth great crime. Last year Kuishu memorialized that bandits in the Xunhua and Guide departments were plundering Qinghai. He Shen returned the original memorial and concealed it without action—ninth great crime. After my late father passed away, I ordered that Mongol princes who had not had smallpox need not come to the capital. He Shen on his own authority ordered that both those who had and had not had smallpox need not come—tenth great crime. Grand Secretary Su Linga was hard of hearing and feeble. Because he was related by marriage to He Shen's younger brother He Lin, this was concealed and not reported; Vice Ministers Wu Sheng Lan and Li Huang, and Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud Li Guangyun, served as tutors in his household. He protected their promotion to ministerial rank and concurrent posts as provincial examination commissioner—eleventh great crime. Personnel registered in the Grand Council he arbitrarily dismissed—twelfth great crime. Among the confiscated property, his nanmu houses were extravagantly built in violation of regulations, modeled on the Palace of Tranquil Longevity. The adornments of his gardens and residences were no different from the Penglai Isle and Jade Terrace of the Old Summer Palace—thirteenth great crime. At his tomb in Jizhou he set up a sacrificial hall and built a tunnel. Local people called it He Ling—fourteenth great crime. He possessed more than two hundred pearl bracelets, several times the number in the inner palace. Some large pearls were bigger than those on the imperial crown—fifteenth great crime. Gem-studded finials were not what he should have possessed, yet he had dozens. Whole large gems were beyond count, surpassing those in the inner palace—sixteenth great crime. Stored silver and clothing numbered more than ten million—seventeenth great crime. Gold hidden in hollow walls amounted to more than twenty-six thousand taels. A private treasury held more than six thousand taels of gold, and cellars concealed more than three million taels of silver—eighteenth great crime. Pawnshops and money shops in Tongzhou and Jizhou had capital of more than one hundred thousand, competing with the people for profit—nineteenth great crime. His household slave Liu Quan's family property reached more than two hundred thousand, and included large pearl bracelets—twentieth great crime." Ministers at court and abroad memorialized that He Shen's crimes warranted the charge of great treason. The emperor, still considering that He Shen had once served as chief minister, could not bear to have him executed in the marketplace and granted him death by suicide.
10
諸劾和珅者比於操、莽。 直隸布政使吳熊光舊直軍機，上因其入覲，問曰：「人言和珅有異志，有諸？」 熊光曰：「凡懷不軌者，必收人心，和珅則滿、漢幾無歸附者，即使中懷不軌，誰肯從之？」 上曰：「然則治之得無太急？」 熊光曰：「不速治其罪，無識之徒觀望夤緣，別滋事端。 發之速，是義之盡； 收之速，是仁之至。」 上既誅和珅，宣諭廷臣：「凡為和珅薦舉及奔走其門者，悉不深究，勉其悛改，咸與自新。」 有言和珅家產尚有隱匿者，亦斥不問。 和珅在位時，令奏事者俱副本送軍機處； 呈進方物，必先關白，擅自準駁，遇不全納者悉入私家。 步軍統領巡捕營在和珅私宅供役者千馀人，又令各部以年老平庸之員保送御史。 至是，悉革其弊。 吏、戶兩部成例為和珅所變更者，諸臣奏請次第修正。 初，乾隆中命和珅改入正黃旗，及得罪，仍隸正紅旗。
Those who impeached He Shen compared him to Cao Cao and Wang Mang. Zhili Provincial Administration Commissioner Wu Xiongguang had formerly served in the Grand Council. When he came to audience the emperor asked, "People say He Shen had rebellious intent—is this so?" Wu Xiongguang said, "All who harbor disloyal designs must win people's hearts. He Shen, however, had almost no Manchus or Han who would attach themselves to him. Even if he harbored disloyal intent, who would follow him?" The emperor said, "Then was it not perhaps too hasty to punish him?" Wu Xiongguang said, "If his crimes are not punished swiftly, ignorant men will watch and wait for opportunities, and other troubles will arise. Acting swiftly is the fullest expression of righteousness; concluding swiftly is the highest expression of benevolence." After He Shen was executed, the emperor announced to court ministers, "All who were recommended by He Shen or who sought favor at his door shall not be deeply investigated. They are urged to reform, and all are granted a fresh start." When some said He Shen's property still had concealed portions, these too were dismissed without inquiry. While He Shen was in power, he ordered that all memorialists send copies of their memorials to the Grand Council; tribute presented to the throne had first to be reported to him. He arbitrarily approved or rejected it, and whatever was not fully accepted went into his private possession. More than a thousand men of the Metropolitan Garrison patrol battalion served at He Shen's private residence. He also ordered each ministry to recommend aged and mediocre officials as censors. At this time all these abuses were abolished. Established rules in the Ministries of Personnel and Revenue that He Shen had altered were memorialized by ministers requesting step-by-step correction. Initially, during the Qianlong reign he was ordered to transfer to the Plain Yellow Banner. After his conviction he remained registered in the Plain Red Banner.
11
子丰紳殷德，尚固倫和孝公主，累擢都統兼護軍統領、內務府大臣。 和珅伏法，廷臣議奪爵職。 詔以公主故，留襲伯爵。 尋以籍沒家產，正珠朝珠非臣下所應有，鞫家人，言和珅時於燈下懸掛，臨鏡自語。 仁宗怒，褫丰紳殷德伯爵，仍襲舊職三等輕車都尉。 嘉慶七年，川、楚、陝教匪平，推恩給民公品級，授散秩大臣。 未幾，公主府長史奎福訐丰紳殷德演習武藝，謀為不軌，欲害公主。 廷臣會鞫，得誣告狀。 詔以丰紳殷德與公主素和睦，所作青蠅賦，憂讒畏譏，無怨望違悖； 惟坐國服內侍妾生女罪，褫公銜，罷職在家圈禁。 十一年，授頭等侍衛，擢副都統，賜伯爵銜。 十五年，病，乞解任，賜公爵銜。 尋卒。 無子，以和琳子丰紳伊綿襲輕車都尉。
His son Fengshen Yinde married Princess Hexiao of the first rank and was repeatedly promoted to commander-in-chief, concurrently commander of the Guard Corps, and grand minister of the Imperial Household Department. When He Shen was executed, court ministers deliberated on stripping his titles and offices. An edict stated that because of the princess, he was allowed to retain inheritance of the earldom. Soon, in the confiscation of property, eastern pearl court beads were found—items subordinates should not possess. When household members were interrogated, they said He Shen at times hung them under a lamp and spoke to himself before a mirror. The Jiaqing Emperor was enraged and stripped Fengshen Yinde of the earldom. He still inherited his former post of third-rank Light Chariot Commandant. In Jiaqing 7, with the Sichuan-Hubei-Shaanxi teaching-bandits pacified, favor was extended and he was given the rank of commoner duke and appointed minister without portfolio. Before long, the princess's household steward Kuifu accused Fengshen Yinde of practicing martial arts, plotting disloyalty, and intending to harm the princess. Court ministers jointly investigated and found it to be a false accusation. An edict stated that Fengshen Yinde and the princess had always been harmonious. His composition "Ode to the Green Fly" showed fear of slander and dread of ridicule, with no resentment or disloyalty; he was only convicted of the crime of keeping a concubine who bore a daughter during the mourning period. His ducal title was stripped, his office removed, and he was confined at home. In the eleventh year he was appointed first-class bodyguard, promoted to deputy commander-in-chief, and granted the title of earl. In the fifteenth year he fell ill, requested release from office, and was granted the title of duke. He soon died. Having no son, He Lin's son Fengshen Yimian inherited the Light Chariot Commandant.
12
和珅伏法後越十五年，國史館以列傳上。 仁宗以事蹟疏略，高宗數加譴責，闕而未載，無以信今傳後，褫編修席煜職，特詔申戒焉。
More than fifteen years after He Shen's execution, the National History Bureau submitted his biography. The Jiaqing Emperor found the account sparse in detail and noted that it omitted the many rebukes Gaozong had imposed. Such an account could not serve to inform the present and transmit to posterity. Compiler Xi Yu was dismissed from office, and a special edict was issued as admonition.
13
弟和琳，自筆帖式累遷湖廣道御史。 劾湖北按察使李天培私交糧艘帶運木植，鞫得兩廣總督福康安寄書索購狀，帝嘉和琳伉直，下部議敘，由是遂見擢用。 自吏部給事中超擢內閣學士，兼禮部侍郎銜。 尋授兵部侍郎、正藍旗漢軍副都統。 廓爾喀擾後藏，將軍福康安往剿，帝命和琳督辦前藏以東台站烏拉等事。 尋命與鄂輝更番照料糧餉，擢工部尚書。 疏陳賊酋拉特納巴都爾悔罪狀，詔令福康安受降，偕和琳妥籌善後。 未幾，授鑲白旗漢軍都統。 命偕孫士毅、惠齡覈辦察木多以西銷算事，仍理藏務。 乾隆五十八年，予雲騎尉世職。 五十九年，授四川總督。 六十年，貴州苗石柳鄧叛，擾正大、嗅腦、松桃，湖南苗吳半生、石三保應之，圍永綏，帝命雲貴總督福康安往剿。 和琳時方入京，至卬州，松桃匪已闌入秀山境。 和琳聞警馳往，督參將張志林、都司馬瑜擊走之； 後復敗賊晏農，進攻砲木山黃陂，通道松桃：賞雙眼花翎。 時福康安已解正大、嗅腦、松桃圍，攻石柳鄧於大塘汛，和琳率兵會之，遂命參贊軍事； 克蝦覅碉、烏龍巖，降七十馀寨，封一等宣勇伯。 復攻下岩碧山，賞上服貂褂。 又以降吳半生功，賞黃帶。 龍角碉、鴨保、天星諸寨大捷，加太子太保，賞玄狐端罩。 嘉慶元年，克結石岡、廖家衝、連峰蜺諸隘，賞用紫韁。 福康安卒，命和琳督辦軍務。 時石三保已就獲，石柳鄧尚據平隴。 奪尖雲山砲台，复乾州，賞三眼花翎。 八月，進圍平隴，卒於軍。 晉贈一等公，諡忠壯，賜祭葬，命配饗太廟，祀昭忠、賢良等祠，准其家建專祠。 四年，和珅誅，廷臣論和琳藉勢邀功，上亦追咎其會剿苗匪，牽掣福康安，師無功，命撤出太廟，毀專祠，奪其子丰紳伊綿公爵，改襲三等輕車都尉。
His younger brother He Lin, starting as a clerk, was repeatedly promoted to censor of the Huguang circuit. He impeached Hubei Surveillance Commissioner Li Tianpei for privately associating with grain transport boats to carry timber. Investigation revealed that Governor-General Fu Kang'an of Guangdong and Guangxi had sent letters requesting purchase. The emperor commended He Lin's upright integrity, referred the matter to the ministry for merit evaluation, and from this he came to be promoted and employed. From a supervising secretary in the Ministry of Personnel he was exceptionally promoted to academician of the Grand Secretariat, concurrently with the rank of vice minister of Rites. Soon he was appointed vice minister of War and deputy commander-in-chief of the Plain Blue Banner Han Army. When Gorkha disturbed rear Tibet, General Fu Kang'an went to suppress them. The emperor ordered He Lin to supervise courier stations, transport relays, and related matters east of front Tibet. Soon he was ordered to alternate with E Hui in managing grain supplies and was promoted to minister of Works. He memorialized on the repentance of the bandit chief Ratna Badur. An edict ordered Fu Kang'an to accept surrender and, together with He Lin, properly arrange follow-up measures. Before long he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Bordered White Banner Han Army. He was ordered together with Sun Shiyi and Hui Ling to audit and settle accounts west of Zham, while still managing Tibetan affairs. In Qianlong 58 he was granted the hereditary Cloud Cavalry Commandant. In the fifty-ninth year he was appointed governor-general of Sichuan. In the sixtieth year the Miao leader Shi Liudeng rebelled in Guizhou, disturbing Zhengda, Xiunao, and Songtao. The Hunan Miao Wu Bansheng and Shi Sanbao responded, besieging Yongshou. The emperor ordered Yunnan-Guizhou Governor-General Fu Kang'an to go suppress them. He Lin was then on his way to the capital. When he reached Yingzhou, the Songtao bandits had already broken into Xiushan territory. He Lin heard the alarm and rushed there, directing Brigadier Zhang Zhilin and Regimental Commander Ma Yu to drive them off; Later he again defeated the bandits at Yannong, advanced to attack Huangpi at Paomushan, and opened the route to Songtao. He was rewarded with double peacock feathers. At the time Fu Kang'an had already relieved the sieges of Zhengda, Xiunao, and Songtao and was attacking Shi Liudeng at Datang Post. He Lin led troops to join him and was then ordered to assist in military affairs; He captured the Xiafei fort and Wulong Rock, received the surrender of more than seventy stockades, and was enfeoffed as first-rank Baron of Promoting Courage. He again attacked and took Yanbishan and was rewarded with an imperial sable jacket. Also for the merit of receiving Wu Bansheng's surrender, he was rewarded with the yellow belt. Great victories at the stockades of Longjiao Fort, Yabao, and Tianxing earned him the title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and a black-fox formal robe. In Jiaqing 1 he captured the passes of Jieshigang, Liaojiachong, and Lianfengni and was granted use of the purple bridle. When Fu Kang'an died, He Lin was ordered to supervise military affairs. At the time Shi Sanbao had already been captured, but Shi Liudeng still held Pinglong. He seized the Jianyunshan battery, recovered Qianzhou, and was rewarded with triple peacock feathers. In the eighth month he advanced to besiege Pinglong and died in camp. He was posthumously promoted to first-rank duke, given the posthumous name Zhongzhuang, and granted sacrificial rites and burial honors. He was ordered to share sacrifice in the Imperial Ancestral Temple, worshipped in the Shrines of Manifest Loyalty, Worthy Virtue, and others, and his family was permitted to build a private shrine. In the fourth year, after He Shen was executed, court ministers judged that He Lin had relied on influence to claim merit. The emperor also blamed him for joining the Miao suppression and hampering Fu Kang'an so the army achieved nothing. He was ordered removed from the Imperial Ancestral Temple, his private shrine destroyed, and his son Fengshen Yimian stripped of the ducal title and made to inherit the third-rank Light Chariot Commandant instead.
14
蘇凌阿，滿洲正白旗人。 乾隆六年繙譯舉人。 自內閣中書累遷江西廣饒九南道。 左遷。 五十年，自吏部員外郎超擢，歷兵、工、戶三部侍郎。 遷戶部尚書。 出為兩江總督。 嘉慶二年，授東閣大學士，兼署刑部尚書。 和珅誅，休致，守護裕陵。 卒。
Su Linga was a Manchu of the Plain White Banner. In Qianlong 6 he became a translation licentiate. From a secretary in the Grand Secretariat he was repeatedly promoted to intendant of the Guangrao-Jiunan circuit in Jiangxi. He was demoted. In the fiftieth year, from a department vice director in the Ministry of Personnel he was exceptionally promoted and served successively as vice minister in the Ministries of War, Works, and Revenue. He was transferred to minister of Revenue. He went out to serve as governor-general of Liangjiang. In Jiaqing 2 he was appointed Grand Secretary of the Eastern Pavilion and also acting minister of Punishments. After He Shen was executed, he retired and was assigned to guard the Yuling Mausoleum. He died.
15
論曰：高宗英毅，大臣有過失，不稍假借。 世傳敏中以高雲從事失上意，有疾，令休沐，遽賜陀羅尼經被，遂以不起聞。 觀罷祠之詔，至引嚴嵩為類，傳聞有無未可知矣。 和珅繼用事，值高宗倦勤，怙寵貪恣，卒以是敗。 仁宗嘗論唐代宗殺李輔國，謂：「代宗為太子，不為輔國所讒者幾希。 及即帝位，正其罪而誅之，一獄吏已辦。」 蓋即為和珅發也。
The commentators say: Gaozong was resolute and stern. When ministers had faults he showed no leniency. Tradition holds that Minzhong lost the emperor's favor through his association with Gao Yun. When he fell ill and was ordered to take leave, a dhāraṇī sutra quilt was suddenly bestowed on him, and he was soon reported as not recovering. Observing the edict removing him from the temple of worthies, which even cited Yan Song as a parallel, whether the rumor is true or false cannot be known. He Shen succeeded in wielding power when Gaozong grew weary of governing. Relying on favor he was greedy and wanton, and in the end failed because of this. The Jiaqing Emperor once discussed Tang Emperor Daizong's killing of Li Fuguo, saying, "When Daizong was crown prince, he barely escaped being slandered by Fuguo. When he ascended the throne, he corrected Fuguo's crimes and executed him—a prison clerk could have handled it." This was surely directed at He Shen.