1
保寧，圖伯特氏，蒙古正白旗人，靖逆將軍納穆札勒子。 乾隆中，納穆札勒殉節回疆，錫封三等公。
Bao Ning belonged to the Tubote clan, a Mongol of the Plain White Banner, and was the son of Pacification General Namuzhale. In the Qianlong era, Namuzhale gave his life defending the frontier in the Western Regions and was posthumously granted the title of third-rank duke.
2
保寧由親軍襲爵，授乾清門侍衛。 從征金川，力戰，迭克要隘，將軍阿桂薦其才，擢陝西興漢鎮總兵。 金川平，繪像紫光閣，御製贊，褒其膽勇持重，少年如宿將。 尋調河南南陽鎮、直隸馬蘭鎮，兼總管內務府大臣。 擢江南提督。
Bao Ning succeeded to his father's rank through service in the Imperial Guard and was made a gate guard of the Qianqing Palace. During the Jinchuan campaign he fought fiercely and took one critical pass after another; General Agui commended his talent, and he was promoted to regional commander at Xinghan in Shaanxi. After the pacification of Jinchuan, his portrait was hung in the Hall of Purple Glory with an imperial ode praising his bold and steady command—though still young, he had the bearing of a seasoned general. He was soon transferred to commands at Nanyang in Henan and Malan in Zhili, and at the same time made superintendent of the Imperial Household Department. He was then promoted to provincial commander-in-chief of Jiangnan.
3
四十九年，授成都將軍。 甘肅石峰堡回叛，命選屯練番兵赴鞏昌、安定助剿，平之。 五十一年，授四川總督。 保寧謹慎有操守，盡心邊事。 邊夷上下孟董、九子等寨生齒日繁，請增設營員，以屯練有勞績者拔補； 改修打箭爐城，扼要築卡，駐兵捍衛； 改黃梁、大定、白雞、白鹿等八寨熟苗編入民戶：並協機宜。
In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong he was appointed commanding general at Chengdu. When the Muslim uprising broke out at Shifeng Fort in Gansu, he was ordered to send selected garrison and native troops to Gongchang and Anding to assist in the campaign, and the rebellion was put down. In the fifty-first year he was made governor-general of Sichuan. Bao Ning was scrupulous and upright in character, and threw himself wholeheartedly into frontier administration. As the frontier peoples of the upper and lower Mengdong and Jiuzi stockades multiplied, he asked that new garrison officers be added and filled by promoting colonists who had distinguished themselves in service; he had Dajianlu city repaired, built barrier posts at key points, and stationed troops to hold them; and he registered the acculturated Miao of the eight stockades at Huangliang, Dading, Baiji, Bailu, and elsewhere as ordinary households—all measures judged timely and appropriate.
4
次年，調伊犁將軍，兼內大臣，籌備倉儲。 疏言：「伊犁一年支糧十六萬六千餘石，不敷二萬三千石，歷就舊儲五十餘萬石內填補。 現賸三十餘萬石，雖尚可敷十餘年之用，地處極邊，若不補籌餘糧，偶遇歉收，或有需糧之事，慮難接濟。 請撥兵丁七百名，增開七屯，自來年耕種，歲可收糧一萬九千餘石，永遠備貯。」 從之。 又奏添設惠遠城鳥槍步甲四百名。 五十五年，入覲，途次命赴四川暫署總督事。 次年，回任，加太子少保，授御前大臣。 惠遠城創立三十餘年，戶口日繁，於城東展築，擴舊城四分之一。 伊犁無通曉俄羅斯語言者，請於京師俄館選派一人來教習官兵子弟，五年期滿，試最優者充筆帖式。 俄屬烏梁海潛往哈屯河外汗山地方游牧，帝慮其滋事，命保寧察視，疏言：「烏梁海居住甚安戢，不必驅逐，飭邊卡防範，無庸添兵。」 察哈爾兵丁及土爾扈特私竊哈薩克馬匹，緝獲，置之法。 帝嘉保寧無偏袒，得外籓心，予議敘。
The next year he was transferred to the post of general at Ili, made an inner court minister as well, and charged with building up the granaries. In a memorial he reported: "Ili's yearly grain expenditure exceeds 166,000 piculs, with a shortfall of some 23,000 piculs that has been covered year after year from older stores of over 500,000 piculs. Only about 300,000 piculs remain on hand—enough for a dozen years at current use, perhaps, but Ili lies at the empire's far edge; without rebuilding the surplus, a lean year or an emergency could leave us unable to provide in time. He asked that seven hundred troops be assigned to open seven new colonies, with planting beginning the following year; the yearly yield would exceed 19,000 piculs for a standing reserve." The request was granted. He also asked that four hundred musket infantry be added to the garrison at Huining city. In the fifty-fifth year, on his way to the capital for an audience, he was ordered to proceed to Sichuan and serve temporarily as acting governor-general. The next year he resumed his post, was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and appointed an imperial presence minister. Huining city was more than thirty years old and its population was growing steadily; he extended the walls on the east side, adding a quarter to the area of the old city. Because no one at Ili knew Russian, he asked that a teacher be sent from the Russian lodge in the capital to instruct the sons of officers and soldiers; after five years the top examinee would be appointed a clerk. Uriankhai under Russian rule had quietly moved to graze beyond the Hatun River at Mount Han; the emperor feared they might cause trouble and sent Bao Ning to look into the matter. He reported: "The Uriankhai are living quite peacefully and need not be expelled—only the border posts need to be kept alert; there is no need to add troops." Chahar soldiers and Torghuts who had stolen Kazakh horses on their own were caught and punished by law. The emperor praised Bao Ning for acting without favoritism and winning the loyalty of the frontier peoples, and ordered that his service be considered for reward.
5
六十年，召授吏部尚書，兼鑲黃旗漢軍都統，甫數月，復出為伊犁將軍。 嘉慶二年，協辦大學士，尋拜武英殿大學士，加太子太保，任邊事如故。 土爾扈特家奴三吉污主母孀婦伯克木庫殞命，特詔予伯克木庫旌表。 保寧疏陳駐防孀婦守節，未舉旌表之典，請照內地一體辦理。 於是採訪各城，請旌者凡七十人，後著為令。 七年，召還京，授領侍衛內大臣，管理兵部，兼管三庫。 八年，因孝淑皇后山陵典禮會疏措詞不經，褫銜鐫級留任。
In the sixtieth year he was recalled to the capital as Minister of Personnel and commander of the Bordered Yellow Banner Chinese Army; after only a few months he was sent out again as general at Ili. In the second year of Jiaqing he became Associate Grand Secretary, then Grand Secretary of the Hall of Military Glory, with the title Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, while continuing to handle frontier affairs as before. The Torghut bondservant Sanji violated his mistress, the widow Berkemuku, who died as a result; the throne issued a special edict honoring Berkemuku with official commendation. Bao Ning reported that widows among the frontier garrisons who kept their chastity had not received the usual imperial commendation, and asked that they be honored by the same rules as in the interior provinces. Inquiries were then made in every garrison city, and seventy women were nominated for honors; the practice was later codified as permanent regulation. In the seventh year he was recalled to the capital, made Chief Guard of the Inner Palace, put in charge of the Board of War, and given concurrent control of the three treasuries. In the eighth year, a joint memorial on the tomb rites for Empress Xiaoshu used language deemed improper; his honors were stripped and his rank reduced by one degree, but he was kept in his post.
6
保寧兩鎮伊犁，歷十餘年，西陲無事，籓部悅服。 既去任，朝廷遇邊疆興革，每諮決焉。 十一年，以疾乞休，命在家食公爵全俸。 逾兩年，卒，賜金優恤，諡文端，祠祀伊犁。
Bao Ning commanded at Ili on two occasions for more than ten years in all; the western frontier remained peaceful and the frontier peoples were well disposed toward the court. After he left office, the court regularly consulted him whenever frontier policy required new measures or reforms. In the eleventh year he asked to retire on grounds of illness and was permitted to remain at home on the full stipend of a duke. A little more than two years later he died; the court granted gold for a generous funeral and gave him the posthumous name Wenduan, with a shrine established in his honor at Ili.
7
子慶祥嗣爵，殉回疆之難，自有傳。 次子慶惠，由廕生授侍衛，歷官侍郎，三以罪黜復起。 道光中，官至熱河都統，以疾歸，卒，諡勤僖。
His son Qingxiang inherited the title and gave his life in the Western Regions crisis; he has a separate biography. His second son Qinghui entered service by hereditary privilege as a guard, rose to vice-president, and was dismissed for misconduct three times only to be reappointed each time. Under Daoguang he rose to commander at Rehe, retired home because of illness, and died; his posthumous name was Qinxi.
8
松筠，字湘浦，瑪拉特氏，蒙古正藍旗人。 繙譯生員，考授理籓院筆帖式，充軍機章京，能任事，為高宗所知。 累遷銀庫員外郎。 乾隆四十八年，超擢內閣學士，兼副都統。
Song Yun, whose style was Xiangpu, belonged to the Marat clan and was a Mongol of the Plain Blue Banner. Having qualified as a translation licentiate, he passed the examination for a clerkship in the Court of Colonial Affairs, served on the Grand Council staff, showed himself capable in office, and won the notice of the Qianlong emperor. He rose in stages to vice-director of the silver treasury. In the forty-eighth year of Qianlong he was singled out for rapid promotion to grand secretary of the Hall of Literary Glory and made vice commander of a Banner as well.
9
五十年，命往庫倫治俄羅斯貿易事。 先是，俄屬布哩雅特人劫掠庫倫商貨，俄官不依例交犯，僅罰償，流之遠地，檄問未聽命，詔停恰克圖貿易。 松筠至，尋充辦事大臣。 閉關後，邊禁嚴而不擾，遇俄人皆開誠待之。 擢戶部侍郎。 俄羅斯以貿易久停，有悔意，撤舊官，屢請開市，未許。 卡倫兵出巡，復為布哩雅特人所殺。 松筠曰：「舊事未了，又生旁支，然亦了事之機也。」 檄俄官縛送三人，親訊於界上，斬其二，流其一，請兩案並結。 詔斥專擅，褫職，仍留庫倫效力。 會西路土爾扈特喇嘛薩邁林者，迷路入哈薩克，歸攜書信，訛言俄人誘致土爾扈特謀亂，下松筠察狀。 疏言俄羅斯實恭順，無可疑。 俄人亦自陳證薩邁林書信出偽造。 詔置薩邁林於法，許復開市。 五十七年，召俄官會議定約，親蒞俄帳宴飲，諭以恩信，大悅服。 事曆八年然後定。 召還京，授御前侍衛、內務府大臣、軍機大臣。 命護送英吉利貢使回廣東，凡所要索皆嚴拒。
In the fiftieth year he was sent to Khuree to handle trade with Russia. Earlier, Buryats subject to Russia had robbed Khuree merchants; Russian officials refused to surrender the offenders as required, imposing only fines and banishing them to distant regions; repeated official demands went unanswered, and the throne ordered trade at Kyakhta suspended. When Song Yun arrived, he was soon appointed resident minister at Khuree. After the border was closed, frontier controls were strict but not harassing; in every encounter with Russians he dealt with them openly and in good faith. He was promoted to vice minister of the Board of Revenue. With trade long suspended, Russia showed regret, replaced the old officials, and repeatedly asked to reopen the market, but permission was refused. Border-post soldiers on patrol were again killed by Buryats. Song Yun said: "The old case is still open and a new incident has arisen, yet this may also be the chance to bring everything to a close." He sent a dispatch demanding that Russian officials deliver three men bound; he personally tried them at the border, executed two, banished one, and asked that both cases be settled together. An edict rebuked him for overstepping his authority, removed him from office, but kept him at Khuree to continue serving. About this time the Torghut lama Samailin of the western route, having strayed into Kazakh territory, came back with letters falsely claiming that Russians had incited the Torghuts to rebel; Song Yun was ordered to investigate. In his memorial he reported that Russia was in fact deferential and gave no grounds for suspicion. The Russians themselves stated that Samailin's letters were forgeries. An edict ordered Samailin punished according to law and allowed trade to reopen. In the fifty-seventh year he summoned Russian officials to negotiate a treaty, personally attended a feast in their camp, spoke to them of imperial grace and trust, and they were deeply impressed and won over. Eight years passed before the matter was finally settled. He was recalled to the capital and made imperial bodyguard, minister of the Imperial Household, and Grand Councilor. He was ordered to escort the English tribute embassy back to Guangdong and firmly refused every demand they made.
10
五十九年，署吉林將軍。 尋命往荊州察稅務，道出衛輝，大水環城，率守令開倉賑恤。 詔嘉獎，授工部尚書兼都統。 充駐藏大臣，撫番多惠政。 和珅用事，松筠不為屈，遂久留邊地。 在藏凡五年。
In the fifty-ninth year he served as acting general of Jilin. He was soon sent to Jingzhou to inspect tax affairs; on the road at Weihui, floods had surrounded the city, and he led the local officials to open the granaries for relief. The throne commended him by edict and appointed him Minister of Works with concurrent command of a Banner. As resident minister in Tibet he governed the Tibetans with many measures of real benefit. While Heshen dominated the court, Song Yun refused to bend to him and was kept on the frontier for many years. He spent five years in all in Tibet.
11
嘉慶四年春，召為戶部尚書。 尋授陝甘總督，加太子少保。 時教匪張漢潮及藍號、白號諸黨擾陝、甘。 松筠至，駐漢中，治糧餉給諸軍。 自軍興，給陝西餉銀一千一百萬兩，至是續撥一百五十萬，設局清釐，按旬諮部。 命陳諸將優劣，密疏言：「明亮知兵而罔實效； 恆瑞前戰湖北功最，年近六旬，精力大減； 慶成有勇無謀； 永保無謀無勇，不能治兵，並不能治民； 惟額勒登保、德楞泰能辦賊。」 仁宗深嘉納之。 明亮劾永保、慶成避賊，下松筠逮治。 永保亦與荊州將軍興肇訐明亮誑報軍功，詔並褫職，遣尚書那彥成赴陝會鞫。 會明亮已擊斃張漢潮，松筠請緩其獄，又請留撒拉爾回兵，令慶成率以協剿，帝不允。 既而那彥成劾忄互瑞棄藍號垂盡之賊，折回陝西，由松筠所誤。 詔褫松筠宮銜、侍衛，仍留總督任。 川匪犯南鄭，復分犯西鄉、沔縣、略陽。 松筠素謂匪多脅從，可諭降，欲單騎赴之。 副將韓嘉業固諫曰：「諭之不從而喪總督，大損國威，為天下笑。 請先往。」 嘉業果被害。 賊竄徽縣、兩當。 五年春，額勒登保、那彥成會剿，乃分路遁。 於是命長麟代為陝甘總督，授松筠伊犁將軍，未之任，暫署湖廣總督。 自請入覲面陳軍事，先在陝上疏言：「賊不患不平，而患在將平之時。 既平之後，請弛私鹽、私鑄之禁，俾餘匪散勇有所謀生。」 帝以其言迂闊，置之。 至京，復以為請，忤旨，降副都統銜，充伊犁領隊大臣。
In the spring of the fourth year of Jiaqing he was recalled as Minister of Revenue. He was soon made governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu and given the title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. At the time the sect rebel Zhang Hanchao and the Blue Banner, White Banner, and other rebel bands were ravaging Shaanxi and Gansu. When Song Yun arrived he took post at Hanzhong and organized grain and supplies for the armies. Since the war began, eleven million taels of military pay had been sent to Shaanxi; he now secured another 1.5 million, set up an office to audit accounts, and reported to the ministry every ten days. Ordered to assess the commanders, he submitted a secret memorial: "Mingliang knows warfare but produces no real results; Heng Rui earned the greatest credit in the earlier fighting in Hubei, but he is nearly sixty and his strength has greatly declined; Qingcheng is brave but lacks strategy; Yongbao has neither strategy nor courage; he cannot command troops and cannot govern the people either; only Erlibao and Delengtai are capable of dealing with the rebels." The Jiaqing emperor was deeply pleased and accepted his judgment. Mingliang impeached Yongbao and Qingcheng for shirking the rebels; Song Yun was ordered to arrest and try them. Yongbao also joined Jingzhou General Xingzhao in accusing Mingliang of falsifying battle reports; an edict stripped them all of office and sent Minister Nayancheng to Shaanxi for a joint investigation. By then Mingliang had already killed Zhang Hanchao in battle; Song Yun asked that his trial be eased and also requested that Salar Muslim troops be kept under Qingcheng for joint operations—the emperor refused. Nayancheng then impeached Heng Rui for letting the nearly annihilated Blue Banner rebels slip away and marching back into Shaanxi, blaming Song Yun for the mistake. An edict stripped Song Yun of his court honors and guard appointment but kept him as governor-general. Sichuan rebels attacked Nanzheng and sent detachments against Xixiang, Mianxian, and Lueyang. Song Yun had long maintained that most rebels were coerced followers who could be talked into surrendering, and he wanted to ride out alone to meet them. Vice Commander Han Jiaye urged him strongly: "If they refuse to listen and the governor-general is killed, the nation's prestige will suffer greatly and the court will be mocked throughout the realm. Let me go first." Jiaye was indeed killed. The rebels fled into Huixian and Liangdang. In the spring of the fifth year, Erlibao and Nayancheng combined forces against them, and the rebels broke up and fled along separate routes. Changlin was then appointed governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu in his place; Song Yun was named general at Ili but did not take up the post and served temporarily as acting governor-general of Huguang. He asked to go to court in person to report on military affairs, and first memorialized from Shaanxi: "The rebels are not hard to suppress; the danger comes when suppression is nearly complete. After peace is restored, I ask that bans on illicit salt and coining be eased so that remaining rebels and discharged soldiers can find honest livelihoods." The emperor considered his proposal impractical and ignored it. When he reached the capital he pressed the same request again, displeased the emperor, was demoted to vice banner commander, and sent as brigade commander at Ili.
12
七年，擢伊犁將軍。 乾隆中屢詔伊犁屯田，皆以灌溉乏水未大興，松筠力任其事，預計安插官兵。 惠遠城需八萬畝，惠寧城需四萬畝，乃於伊犁河北引水開渠，逶迤數十里，又於城西北導水泉。 凡兩城有水之地皆開渠，授田為世業，給穀種、田器、馬牛。 然旗人多驕逸，或殺食所給牛，鬻田器棄不耕，反覆曉諭始聽命。 比去任，凡墾田六萬四千畝。 寧遠叛兵蒲大芳等譴戍塔爾巴哈台，其黨馬友元等分戍南路諸城。 十三年冬，大芳复謀逆，捕其黨五十餘人誅之。 次年，檄調馬友元等百餘人赴伊犁種地，悉斬於途。 詔斥未鞫而殺，失政體，降喀什噶爾參贊大臣。 复授陝甘總督。
In the seventh year he was promoted to general at Ili. Under Qianlong the court had repeatedly ordered military farming at Ili, but lack of irrigation water had kept it from flourishing; Song Yun threw himself into the work and planned ahead for settling officers and troops. Huining city needed eighty thousand mu and Huining's companion settlement forty thousand; he diverted water from north of the Ili River into canals winding for dozens of li, and also brought spring water in from the northwest of the city. Wherever the two cities had water, he opened canals, granted fields as hereditary holdings, and supplied seed grain, farm tools, horses, and cattle. But many bannermen were proud and idle; some slaughtered the cattle they were given, sold their tools and left the land untilled—only after repeated persuasion did they comply. By the time he left office, sixty-four thousand mu of land had been opened for farming. The Ningyuan mutineers Pu Dafang and others were exiled to Tarbagatai, while followers such as Ma Youyuan were sent to garrison cities along the southern route. In the winter of the thirteenth year Dafang plotted rebellion again; more than fifty of his followers were captured and put to death. The following year he ordered more than a hundred men including Ma Youyuan to Ili to farm; all were executed en route. An edict rebuked him for executing men without trial, a breach of proper governance, and demoted him to assistant resident at Kashgar. He was again appointed governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu.
13
調兩江總督。 南河自馬港口墊陷，黃水倒漾，淤運阻漕。 偕河督吳璥察勘海口，請復故道。 制疏沙器具，試之河口果驗； 又造撥船千艘，改小運船，親駐河干督趲，渡黃回空皆迅速。 迭疏論河務，宜引沁入衛，可利漕運。 又謂吳璥於黃泥嘴、俞家灘逢灣取直，以致停淤，為璥等論駁。 复密陳吳璥、徐端所論不實，工程虛捏，自請調任總河察其弊，又薦蔣攸銛、孫玉庭可任。 帝以鬆筠忠實，治河非所長，用攸銛為河督，責令相助為理。 尋兼署河督事。 十六年，調兩廣總督，協辦大學士，兼內大臣。 召為吏部尚書。
He was transferred to governor-general of the Two Jiangs. On the southern canal, siltation at Magangkou had caused the Yellow River to back up, choking the transport channel and blocking the grain tribute route. Together with Grand Canal Director Wu Jin he surveyed the estuary and asked that the old channel be restored. He devised sand-dredging tools, tested them at the river mouth with success; also built a thousand lighter boats and converted smaller transport craft; he personally camped on the riverbank to drive the work forward, and both the Yellow River crossing and the return trips moved swiftly. In repeated memorials on river works he argued that diverting the Qin River into the Wei would benefit the grain transport. He also charged that at Huangnizui and Yujiatan Wu Jin had cut channels straight across bends, causing stagnation and siltation—a charge that Jin and others disputed. He also reported in secret that Wu Jin and Xu Duan's claims were false and that engineering figures had been fabricated, asked to be transferred to grand canal director to investigate the abuses, and recommended Jiang Youqian and Sun Yuting as capable appointees. The emperor, judging Song Yun loyal and honest but not expert in river control, appointed Youqian canal director and ordered Song Yun to assist him. He soon served concurrently as acting canal director as well. In the sixteenth year he was made governor-general of Guangdong and Guangxi, Associate Grand Secretary, and an inner court minister as well. He was recalled to serve as Minister of Personnel.
14
十七年，命往盛京會勘陵工，兼籌移駐宗室事，疏請小東門外建屋七十所，居閒散宗室七十戶，戶給田三十六畝。 又言：「西廠大凌河東有可耕地三千頃，可移駐二千餘戶。 東廠週數百里，地多積水，其水自北山柳條邊來，若相地開河，可涸出沃壤； 又東柳河溝亦多積水，若自北山東橫開大渠，可得沃壤數千頃。」 「續勘彰武台邊門外迤西牧廠閒地，橫三四十里，縱六七十里，並可移駐。 請於大凌河西廠東界先試墾種。」 詔並允行。 而試墾事為將軍晉昌奏罷，論者惜之。 回京，授軍機大臣。 未幾罷，改授御前大臣。
In the seventeenth year he was sent to Mukden to inspect tomb works and plan the relocation of imperial clansmen; he asked to build seventy houses outside the Small East Gate for seventy households of idle clansmen, granting each household thirty-six mu of land. He also reported: "East of the Daling River at the western estate lie three thousand qing of cultivable land, enough to resettle more than two thousand households. The eastern estate covers hundreds of li; much of the land is waterlogged, the water coming from the Willow Palisade in the northern hills—if canals are opened in suitable places, fertile land can be reclaimed; the Dongliu River gully to the east is also heavily flooded—if a major canal is cut eastward from the northern hills, several thousand qing of fertile land can be reclaimed." A further survey found idle pasture west of the border gate outside Zhangwutai, thirty to forty li across and sixty to seventy li long, also suitable for resettlement. He asked that trial cultivation begin first on the eastern boundary of the western estate along the Daling River." The throne approved all of these proposals. But the trial cultivation was halted on the memorial of General Jinchang, to the regret of many observers. On returning to the capital he was made a Grand Councilor. Before long he was removed from the council and appointed an imperial presence minister instead.
15
十八年，復出為伊犁將軍，拜東閣大學士，改武英殿大學士。 以平定滑縣教匪，敘功，加太子太保。 詔偕參贊長齡通籌新疆南北諸城出納，量減內地饋運。 疏言：「北路塔爾巴哈台歲需內地銀四萬數千兩，南路回疆八城歲需內地銀五萬數千兩，地方貢賦皆入經費之內，無庸議減。 伊犁歲需內地經費銀六十萬兩，可撙節者無幾。 惟烏魯木齊為新疆腹地，歲需銀一百一十餘萬兩，宜裁減。 請復屯田，廣墾蘆灘荒地，開採銅鉛各礦，抽收迪化州、吐魯番木稅。」 又議綠營糧餉，凡倉儲充裕處，改給銀米各半，並復乾隆四十六年以前捐監之例，使邊地就近納粟。 所議或行或不行，於內地歲輸卒未大減。
In the eighteenth year he was sent out again as general at Ili, made Grand Secretary of the Eastern Pavilion, and then transferred to Grand Secretary of the Hall of Military Glory. For helping pacify the sect rebels at Huaxian his service was rewarded and he was given the title Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He was ordered, together with Assistant Resident Changling, to plan the revenues and expenditures of all cities in northern and southern Xinjiang and reduce supplies shipped from the interior as far as possible. He reported: "On the northern route Tarbagatai needs more than forty thousand taels of silver from the interior each year; the eight cities of the southern Muslim territories need more than fifty thousand—local tribute and levies are already counted in operating expenses and need not be cut. Ili needs six hundred thousand taels of operating funds from the interior each year; little can be saved there. Only Urumqi, as the heartland of Xinjiang, which requires more than 1.1 million taels a year, should be reduced. He asked for the restoration of military farming, wider reclamation of reed-marsh wasteland, the opening of copper and lead mines, and timber taxes at Dihua and Turfan." He also proposed that wherever granaries were full, Green Standard troops receive half pay in silver and half in grain, and that the pre-46th year of Qianlong practice of purchasing office by grain donation be restored so the frontier could deliver grain locally. Some proposals were adopted and others not; annual shipments from the interior were never greatly reduced.
16
喀什噶爾阿奇木伯克玉努斯聽其妻色奇納言，多不法，私與浩罕酋愛瑪爾交通。 愛瑪爾欲使尊為汗，遣使請自設哈子伯克，用浩罕稅例徵安集延商。 十九年，松筠巡視回疆，誅色奇納，械玉努斯，禁錮伊犁； 拒浩罕之請，斥去其使。 二十年，喀什噶爾回人仔牙敦作亂，親往治之。 仔牙敦就獲，與布魯特比圖爾第邁莫特並置極刑。 詔斥松筠不待命，削宮銜，召還京。 松筠初任時，築四堡於伊犁河北，議移置八旗散丁，事未竟而去。 再至，乃築室堡中，堡置百戶，戶授田三四十畝，三時務農，冬則肄武。 規畫粗備，以屬代者，而代者不置意，田遂荒。
Yunus, the aqimu beg of Kashgar, followed his wife Sekina's counsel, committed many unlawful acts, and secretly dealt with Yar Muhammad, khan of Kokand. Yar Muhammad wanted him honored as khan, sent envoys asking permission to appoint his own khoja begs, and to tax Andijan merchants under Kokand's tariff rules. In the nineteenth year Song Yun toured Muslim Xinjiang, executed Sekina, put Yunus in shackles, and imprisoned him at Ili; he refused Kokand's requests and sent its envoys away. In the twentieth year the Kashgar Muslim Ziyadun rebelled, and Song Yun went in person to suppress the uprising. Ziyadun was captured and, together with the Kirghiz chief Turtay Maimat, was executed. An edict rebuked Song Yun for acting without awaiting orders, stripped his court honors, and recalled him to the capital. During his first term Song Yun built four forts north of the Ili River and planned to resettle idle banner households there, but left before the project was complete. On his return he built houses within the forts; each fort held a hundred households, each granted thirty to forty mu, farming through three seasons and drilling in arms in winter. The plan was largely complete and handed to his successor, but the successor paid no attention and the fields went back to waste.
17
二十二年，詔來年幸盛京，抗疏諫阻，罷大學士，出為察哈爾都統，署綏遠城將軍。 逾年，子熙昌歿，帝憐之，召還為正白旗漢軍都統。 尋授禮部尚書，調兵部，复御前兼職。 未幾，出為盛京將軍。 松筠素以忠諒見重，在朝時，凡燕遊執御之事，乘間直言無避。 既屢忤旨，二十五年，以兵部遺失行印，追論，降山海關副都統。 復以事，迭降為驍騎校。 是年秋，仁宗崩於熱河，梓宮回京，宣宗步行於班僚中見之，扶而哭，翌日授左副都御史，擢左都御史。 其復起也，甚負時望，然卒不安於位，未一月，出為熱河都統。
In the twenty-second year an edict announced an imperial visit to Mukden the following year; Song Yun remonstrated against it, was removed as grand secretary, sent out as Chahar commander, and served as acting garrison general at Suiyuan. A little more than a year later his son Xichang died; the emperor took pity on him and recalled him as commander of the Plain White Banner Chinese Army. He was soon made Minister of Rites, transferred to the Board of War, and again given concurrent duties at imperial presence. Before long he was sent out as general of Mukden. Song Yun had long been valued for loyalty and candor; at court, on matters of banquets, excursions, and imperial equipage, he seized every chance to speak frankly without holding back. Having repeatedly displeased the throne, in the twenty-fifth year the loss of an official traveling seal at the Board of War was held against him and he was demoted to vice commander at Shanhaiguan. On further charges he was demoted step by step to commandant of the Vanguard. That autumn the Jiaqing emperor died at Rehe; as the coffin returned to the capital, the future Daoguang emperor walked among the officials, saw Song Yun, supported him and wept; the next day Song Yun was made Left Vice Censor-in-Chief and then Left Censor-in-Chief. His return to office aroused great public hope, yet he could not hold his position; within a month he was sent out as commander at Rehe.
18
道光元年，召授兵部尚書，調吏部，復為軍機大臣。 二年，暫署直隸總督。 以代改理籓院奏稿，忤尚書禧恩，被劾，降六部員外郎。 尋授光祿寺卿，遷左都御史。 又出為盛京將軍，調吉林。 數年之中，兩召還朝，為左都御史、禮部尚書； 迭出署烏里雅蘇台將軍、熱河都統、直隸總督。 九年，調兵部尚書，往科布多鞫獄。 十年，往山西按巡撫徐炘被控事。 回疆方用兵，密疏有所論列，詔令陳善後方略，多被採納。 是年秋，自以衰病請罷，數日復請任使，詔斥進退自由，負優禮大臣之意。 又以前赴科布多囑道員徐寅代購什物，罷職，予三品頂戴休致。
In the first year of Daoguang he was recalled as Minister of War, transferred to the Board of Civil Appointments, and again made a Grand Councilor. In the second year he served temporarily as acting governor-general of Zhili. For altering a memorial draft of the Court of Colonial Affairs on someone else's behalf, he offended Minister Xi'en, was impeached, and demoted to vice director in one of the Six Boards. He was soon made Director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and then Left Censor-in-Chief. He was again sent out as general of Mukden and then transferred to Jilin. Within a few years he was twice recalled to court as Left Censor-in-Chief and Minister of Rites; and repeatedly sent out to serve as acting general of Uliastai, commander at Rehe, and governor-general of Zhili. In the ninth year he was made Minister of War and sent to Kobdo to conduct a trial. In the tenth year he went to Shanxi to investigate charges against Governor Xu Xin. While Muslim Xinjiang was at war, he set forth various proposals in a secret memorial; the throne ordered him to present postwar plans, many of which were adopted. That autumn he asked to retire on grounds of age and illness; a few days later he asked for appointment again; an edict rebuked him for treating office as a matter of personal choice, contrary to the court's gracious treatment of senior ministers. He was again dismissed for having asked Circuit Intendant Xu Yin to purchase goods for him on his way to Kobdo, and was granted retirement with third-rank button.
19
至十二年，浩罕遣使進表，松筠曾言浩罕通商，邊境可靖，帝思其言，复頭品頂戴，署正黃旗漢軍副都統。 命赴歸化城勘達爾漢、茂明安、土默特三部爭地，據乾隆朝圖記判定，三部皆悅服。 還，授理籓院侍郎，調工部，進正藍旗蒙古都統。 十四年，以都統銜休致。 逾年，卒，年八十有二，贈太子太保，依尚書例賜卹，諡文清，祀伊犁名宦祠。
By the twelfth year Kokand sent envoys with a memorial; the emperor recalled Song Yun's earlier argument that trade with Kokand could pacify the frontier, restored his first-rank button, and appointed him acting vice commander of the Plain Yellow Banner Chinese Army. He was sent to Guihua city to settle a land dispute among the Darhan, Maoming'an, and Tumed tribes; judging by Qianlong-era maps and records, all three tribes accepted the decision. On his return he was made Vice President of the Court of Colonial Affairs, transferred to the Board of Works, and promoted to commander of the Plain Blue Banner Mongols. In the fourteenth year he retired with banner commander rank. A little more than a year later he died at eighty-two; he was posthumously made Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, granted ministerial funeral honors, given the posthumous name Wenqing, and enshrined in the hall of eminent officials at Ili.
20
松筠廉直坦易，脫略文法，不隨時俯仰，屢起屢蹶。 晚年益多挫折，剛果不克如前，實心為國，未嘗改也。 服膺宋儒，亦喜談禪。 尤施惠貧民，名滿海內，要以治邊功最多。
Song Yun was honest, upright, and open, careless of formal propriety, unwilling to bend with the times; he rose and fell again and again. In his later years setbacks grew more frequent and his firmness no longer matched his earlier self, yet his sincere devotion to the state never changed. He followed Song Neo-Confucian learning and also enjoyed discussing Chan Buddhism. He was especially generous to the poor; his fame spread throughout the realm, yet his greatest achievements lay in governing the frontier.
21
子熙昌，以廕生官至刑、工兩部侍郎，署熱河都統兼護軍統領。 數奉使赴各省按事，亦被信用。 嘉慶二十三年，卒於長沙，帝深惜之，贈都統，諡敬慎。
His son Xichang, entering service by hereditary privilege, rose to vice-president of both the Boards of Punishments and Works, and served as acting commander at Rehe while commanding the Guard Corps. He was repeatedly sent on missions to various provinces to investigate affairs and enjoyed the court's trust. In the twenty-third year of Jiaqing he died at Changsha; the emperor deeply regretted his loss, posthumously granted him banner commander rank, and gave him the posthumous name Jingshen.
22
富俊，字松岩，卓特氏，蒙古正黃旗人。 繙譯進士，授禮部主事，歷郎中。 累遷內閣蒙古侍讀學士、內閣學士，兼副都統。 嘉慶元年，擢兵部侍郎，充科布多參贊大臣。 四年，授烏魯木齊都統，調喀什噶爾參贊大臣。 歷葉爾羌辦事大臣、烏里雅蘇台參贊大臣。 召署鑲紅旗漢軍都統、兵部侍郎。
Fu Jun, whose style was Songyan, belonged to the Zhuote clan and was a Mongol of the Plain Yellow Banner. Having passed the translation jinshi examination, he was appointed a secretary in the Board of Rites and rose to director. He rose in stages to Mongol Reader of the Grand Secretariat, grand secretary academician, and vice banner commander as well. In the first year of Jiaqing he was promoted to vice minister of war and appointed assistant resident at Kobdo. In the fourth year he was made commander at Urumqi and transferred to assistant resident at Kashgar. He served in succession as resident minister at Yarkand and assistant resident at Uliastai. He was recalled to serve as acting commander of the Bordered Red Banner Chinese Army and vice minister of war.
23
八年，出為吉林將軍，調盛京。 清治民典旗地，限年首官，不首者治罪，追典價租息入官。 富俊疏言：「一年之內，一千六百餘案，應追繳者不下萬人，年久轉典，株連繁多。 旗、民多窮苦，既獲罪，又迫追呼，情實可憫，請悉寬免。」 允之。 十二年，考覈軍政，以潔己奉公，邊陲安輯，特詔褒美，予議敘。 十五年，因採葠攙雜，受屬員蔽，褫職，遣往吉林效力。 既而言官論關東三省賭博風熾，仁宗念富俊在官時曾嚴禁，即起授盛京工部侍郎，兼管奉天府尹及六邊邊門事務。 十八年，授黑龍江將軍，疏請內外臣工三年更調，及禁奢、講武數事，詔以更調非可限年，餘並嘉納。 又以東三省官兵技藝優嫺，每屆五年挑送京營，著為令。
In the eighth year he was sent out as general of Jilin and transferred to Mukden. In clearing cases of commoners mortgaging banner land, officials set a one-year limit for reporting; those who failed to report were punished, and mortgage prices and rent interest were recovered for the state. Fu Jun reported: "Within one year there were more than sixteen hundred cases and no fewer than ten thousand people subject to recovery; as mortgages passed down through the years, the number of people implicated multiplied. Bannermen and commoners are mostly poor; having already been punished, they are pressed again for payment—the situation is truly pitiable; I ask that all such debts be remitted." The request was granted. In the twelfth year, in the military administration review, for integrity in office and keeping the frontier peaceful, a special edict praised him and ordered that his service be considered for reward. In the fifteenth year, because collected ginseng was adulterated and he had been misled by subordinates, he was stripped of office and sent to Jilin to serve. Soon censors reported rampant gambling in the three eastern provinces; the Jiaqing emperor, recalling that Fu Jun had strictly forbidden it while in office, immediately restored him as vice minister of works at Mukden, with concurrent charge of the Fengtian prefect and the six frontier gates. In the eighteenth year he was appointed general of Heilongjiang and memorialized asking that inner and outer officials be rotated every three years, along with proposals to curb luxury and emphasize military drill; an edict held that rotation could not be fixed by years, but the rest was commended and accepted. Because troops in the three eastern provinces were highly skilled, the best were selected every five years and sent to the capital garrisons—a practice codified as permanent regulation.
24
十九年，調吉林將軍。 先是，議籌八旗生計，詔勘吉林荒地開墾，移駐京旗，將軍賽衝阿言拉林近地閒荒可墾，未有規畫。 富俊至，疏言：「乾隆中移駐京旗，建屋墾地，多藉吉林兵力，墾而不種，酌留數人教耕，一年後裁汰。 京旗蘇拉不能耕作，始而僱覓流民，久之田為民有，殊失國家愛育旗人之意。 今籌試墾，莫若先辦屯田。 請發吉林閒散旗人一千名為屯丁，每丁給銀二十五兩、耔種二石，官置牛具，人給荒地三十晌。 墾種二十晌，留荒十晌，四年徵糧，每晌一石。 十年後移駐京旗，人給熟地十五晌，荒五晌，餘十晌荒、熟各半，給原駐屯丁為忄互產，免徵其租。 因利而利，糜帑無多，將來京旗移到，得種熟地，與本處旗屯犬牙相錯，學耕夥種，實為有益。」 並詳列屯墾、出納、設官、經理事宜，詔如議行。
In the nineteenth year he was transferred to general of Jilin. Earlier, while planning livelihoods for the Eight Banners, the throne ordered a survey of Jilin wasteland for cultivation and resettlement of capital banner households; General Saichong'a reported that idle land near Lalin could be farmed, but no plan had yet been drawn up. When Fu Jun arrived, he reported: "Under Qianlong, when capital banner households were resettled, houses were built and land cleared, relying heavily on Jilin troops; land was cleared but not planted—a few men were kept to teach farming and then dismissed after a year. Capital banner sutlers could not farm; at first they hired wandering commoners, but in time the fields passed into commoners' hands—far from the state's intent to nurture bannermen. In planning trial cultivation now, the best approach is to establish military colonies first. He asked that a thousand idle bannermen from Jilin be sent as colonists; each would receive twenty-five taels of silver, two piculs of seed grain, oxen and tools from the state, and thirty shang of wasteland per man. Twenty shang were to be cultivated and ten left waste; after four years grain tax would be levied at one picul per shang. After ten years capital banner households would be resettled; each man would receive fifteen shang of cultivated land and five of waste; the remaining ten shang, half waste and half cultivated, would be given the original colonists as hereditary property, exempt from rent. The plan would pay for itself with little treasury outlay; when capital banner households later moved in they would obtain cultivated land, interlocking with local banner colonies to learn farming and plant together—a real benefit." He also set out in detail colonization, finances, official appointments, and administration; an edict ordered the plan carried out as proposed.
25
二十年，富俊親駐雙城子，地在拉林河西北，橫一百三十里，縱七十餘裡，沃衍宜耕。 遣員履丈，分撥伐木於拉林河上游，建立屯屋。 分五屯，設協領一、佐領二，分左右翼統治之，即名屯地曰雙城堡，於二十一年一律開墾。 是年霜早歉收，屯丁僅足餬口，又挈妻子者不敷居住，間有逃亡。 乃展緩徵糧一年，添蓋窩棚，借給耔種，心始安。 二十二年，調盛京。 疏陳雙城堡餘荒尚多，續發盛京、吉林旗丁各千名往墾，分左、右二屯，舊屯名為中屯，遂復調富俊吉林，任其事。 二十四年，先到屯丁千名，盛京旗人多有親族偕來，自原入屯，惟隸寧古塔者，因近地亦可耕荒，不原輕離鄉土，聽其還，以空額二百名改撥盛京。 二十五年，复續到千名。 富俊巡曆三屯，疏陳：「比屋環居，安土樂業，有井田遺風。 中屯開墾在先，麥苗暢發，男耕婦饁，俱極勤勞。」 仁宗大悅，報曰：「滿洲故里，佃田宅宅，洵善事也。」 續議三屯應增事宜，詔嘉實心任事，予議敘。 道光元年，疏言：「三屯開墾九萬數千晌，已著成效，可移駐京旗三千戶。 請自道光四年始，每歲移駐二百戶，給資裝車馬，分起送屯，官給房屋牛具。」 報可。 二年，召授理籓院尚書，與玉瀾堂十五老臣宴，御製詩有「勤勞三省，不凋松柏」之褒。
In the twentieth year Fu Jun personally took post at Shuangchengzi, northwest of the Lalin River, one hundred thirty li across and more than seventy li long—fertile land well suited to farming. He sent officials to survey the land, allocated logging in the upper Lalin River, and built colony houses. The land was divided into five colonies with one assistant commander and two company commanders governing left and right wings; the settlement was named Shuangcheng Fort, and in the twenty-first year cultivation began throughout. That year early frost brought a poor harvest; colonists had barely enough to eat, and those who brought wives and children lacked adequate housing; some fled. He then deferred grain tax for one year, added hut shelters, and lent seed grain; the colonists were finally reassured. In the twenty-second year he was transferred to Mukden. He reported that much waste land remained at Shuangcheng Fort and asked for another thousand banner troops each from Mukden and Jilin to farm it, divided into left and right colonies with the old colony renamed the central colony; Fu Jun was then transferred back to Jilin to oversee the work. In the twenty-fourth year the first thousand colonists arrived; many Mukden bannermen brought relatives and entered colonies willingly, but those under Ningguta, because nearby land could also be farmed, were unwilling to leave home—they were allowed to return, and two hundred vacant places were reassigned to Mukden. In the twenty-fifth year another thousand arrived. Fu Jun toured the three colonies and reported: "Houses stand ring upon ring; the people are settled and content in their work, with something of the ancient well-field tradition. The central colony was opened first; wheat and seedlings flourish; men plow and women bring food—all work with great industry." The Jiaqing emperor was greatly pleased and replied: "In the Manchu homeland, tilling fields and building homes—truly a worthy undertaking." He continued to discuss further measures for the three colonies; an edict commended his sincere service and ordered that his merit be considered for reward. In the first year of Daoguang he reported: "The three colonies have opened more than ninety thousand shang with clear results; three thousand capital banner households can be resettled. He asked that from the fourth year of Daoguang two hundred households be resettled each year, with travel funds, carts and horses, sent in groups to the colonies, and official provision of houses, cattle, and tools." The request was approved. In the second year he was recalled as minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs and banqueted with the fifteen elder statesmen at the Hall of Jade Ripples; an imperial poem praised him with the lines "toiling in three provinces, an unfading pine or cypress."
26
四年，復出為吉林將軍。 方雙城堡之興屯也，富俊欲推其法於伯都訥圍場，以旗戶往往賴幫丁助耕，不如迳招民墾。 前後疏六七上，為廷議所格。 至是，復言伯都訥圍場荒地二十餘萬晌，募民屯墾，較雙城堡費半功倍，始允之。 五年，丈地分屯，申畫經界，名曰新城屯。 分八旗為兩翼，每翼初立二十五屯，後定為十五屯。 每屯三十戶，以「治本於農務滋稼穡」八字為號。 以次撥地，同時並墾。 至七年，陸續認佃三千六百戶，總為一百二十屯，與雙城堡相為表裡。 初議京旗每歲二百戶移駐雙城堡，至六年，僅陸續移到二百七十戶； 七年，續移八十五戶：而地利頓興，自此雙城堡、伯都訥兩地號邊方繁庶之區焉。
In the fourth year he was sent out again as general of Jilin. When Shuangcheng Fort colonies were being established, Fu Jun wished to extend the method to the Budune hunting preserve, since banner households often relied on hired helpers to farm and it would be better to recruit commoners directly for cultivation. He memorialized six or seven times, but court deliberation blocked the proposal each time. At this point he again reported that the Budune preserve had more than two hundred thousand shang of waste land; recruiting commoners for colony farming would cost half the effort for twice the result—and permission was finally granted. In the fifth year the land was surveyed and colonies laid out, boundaries marked, and the settlement named New City Colony. The Eight Banners were divided into two wings; each wing initially had twenty-five colonies, later fixed at fifteen. Each colony had thirty households, named by the eight characters "Governance rooted in farming, labor nourishing grain." Land was allocated in order and cultivated all at once. By the seventh year, three thousand six hundred households had taken tenancy in succession, forming one hundred twenty colonies that complemented Shuangcheng Fort. It was initially proposed that two hundred capital banner households be resettled at Shuangcheng Fort each year; by the sixth year only two hundred seventy had moved in succession; in the seventh year another eighty-five households moved; the land's advantages flourished at once, and from then on Shuangcheng Fort and Budune were known as the prosperous regions of the frontier.
27
墾事既定，復召為理籓院尚書，協辦大學士，兼鑲黃旗漢軍都統。 次年，京察，以在吉林宣勞，予議敘。 疏言：「京、外競尚浮奢，官民服飾及冠婚、喪祭，任意踰制，有關風俗人心。 請依會典儀制，刊布規條，宣諭民間。」 詔下有司議行。 時富俊年逾八十，渥被優禮，遇常朝免其入直。 迭讞獄盛京、吉林，俱稱旨。 十年，調工部，拜東閣大學士，管理理籓院。 十二年，復請禁僭用服色，犯者拿捕，詔斥徒滋擾累，寢其議。 尋以天時亢旱，自稱奉職無狀，引年乞罷，不許。 授內大臣。 疏言：「科舉保薦，並認師生，餽遺關通，成為陋習。 請嚴禁，以端仕進。」 詔嘉納，申誡臣工務除積習。 十四年，卒。 帝悼惜，稱其「清慎公勤，克盡厥職」，贈太子太傅，親臨奠醊，諡文誠，入祀賢良祠。
When colonization was settled, he was recalled as minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs, Associate Grand Secretary, and commander of the Bordered Yellow Banner Chinese Army as well. The following year, in the capital evaluation, for his service at Jilin he was granted consideration for promotion. He reported: "In the capital and provinces alike extravagance is competitively pursued; officials and commoners in dress and in capping, marriage, mourning, and sacrifice arbitrarily exceed regulations—this bears on custom and public morale. I ask that regulations be published according to the Collected Statutes and ritual codes and proclaimed to the people." An edict ordered the responsible offices to deliberate and implement. At this time Fu Jun was over eighty, richly favored by the court, and exempted from regular attendance. He repeatedly judged cases at Mukden and Jilin, all meeting imperial approval. In the tenth year he was transferred to the Board of Works, made Grand Secretary of the Eastern Pavilion, and placed in charge of the Court of Colonial Affairs. In the twelfth year he again asked to prohibit usurped dress and colors, with offenders arrested; an edict rebuked this as merely increasing harassment and set the proposal aside. Soon, citing severe drought, he declared himself unworthy in office and asked to retire on grounds of age; permission was refused. He was appointed an inner court minister. He reported: "In civil examinations and recommendations, teacher-student ties are claimed, gifts and favor-trading abound—this has become a corrupt practice. I ask that this be strictly forbidden to rectify advancement in office." An edict commended and accepted this and admonished officials to eliminate entrenched habits. In the fourteenth year he died. The emperor mourned him, praising him as "honest, cautious, fair, and diligent, fully fulfilling his duties," posthumously making him Senior Tutor of the Heir Apparent, personally attending the libation, giving him the posthumous name Wencheng, and enshrining him in the Hall of Worthy Officials.
28
富俊尚廉節，好禮賢士。 在吉林時，請調黑龍江戍員馬瑞辰掌教白山書院，且被嚴斥。 其治屯墾，專任竇心傳，卒以成功。
Fu Jun valued integrity and frugality and delighted in honoring worthy scholars. While at Jilin he asked that Heilongjiang garrison officer Ma Ruichen be transferred to head the Baishan Academy, and was severely rebuked for it. In governing colonization he relied exclusively on Dou Xinchuan and ultimately succeeded.
29
心傳，山西人。 以進士官奉天寧海知縣，坐東巡治御道有誤，罷職。 富俊知其才，闢佐墾務，規畫悉出手定，始終在事，以勞复官。 世比諸陳潢之佐靳輔治河。
Xinchuan was a native of Shanxi. As a jinshi he served as magistrate of Ninghai in Fengtian; for errors in preparing the imperial road during the eastern tour he was dismissed from office. Fu Jun recognized his talent, recruited him to assist colonization, and all planning came from his hand; he remained throughout and was restored to office for his service. His contemporaries compared him to Chen Huang assisting Jin Fu in river control.
30
博啟圖，一等誠嘉毅勇公明瑞孫。 嘉慶初襲爵，授頭等侍衛。 歷兵部侍郎、察哈爾都統。 道光七年，調吉林將軍，繼富俊之後，守其成規。 治邊有法，富俊請以屯墾專任之。 時京旗以邊地早寒，又助耕乏人，原往者少。 博啟圖疏請減戶增田，許其買僕代耕，統居中屯，改建住屋，俾便禦寒； 雖得請，尋召授工部尚書兼領侍衛內大臣，繼任者不果行其議，故移駐卒未如額。 十四年，卒，贈太子太保，諡敬僖。
Bo Qitu was the grandson of Mingrui, first-rank Duke of Sincere, Commendable, Resolute, and Brave. At the beginning of Jiaqing he inherited the title and was appointed a first-rank guard. He served in succession as vice minister of war and Chahar commander. In the seventh year of Daoguang he was transferred to general of Jilin, succeeding Fu Jun and maintaining his established regulations. He governed the frontier with method; Fu Jun had asked that colonization be his sole responsibility. At the time capital banner households, because the frontier was early cold and farm labor was scarce, were reluctant to go. Bo Qitu asked to reduce households while increasing land per household, allow purchase of servants to farm in their stead, concentrate settlers in the central colony, and rebuild dwellings for better protection against the cold; though permission was granted, he was soon recalled as Minister of Works with concurrent Chief Guard of the Inner Palace; his successor did not carry out the proposal, and resettlement never reached the quota. In the fourteenth year he died; he was posthumously made Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and given the posthumous name Jingxi.
31
論曰：保寧、松筠、富俊並出自籓族，久膺邊寄，晉綸扉，稱名相，伊犁、吉林屯田，利在百世； 然限於事勢，收效未盡如所規畫，甚矣締造之艱也！ 松筠在吉林，請開小綏芬屯墾，當時以不急之務沮之； 至咸、同間，其地竟劃歸俄界。 苟早經營，奚致輕棄？ 實邊之計，顧可忽哉！
The commentator says: Bao Ning, Song Yun, and Fu Jun all came from frontier clans, long held frontier appointments, rose to the privy council, and were famed as chief ministers; military colonization at Ili and Jilin benefits generations to come; yet constrained by circumstances, results did not fully match what was planned—how arduous was the founding of the dynasty! Song Yun at Jilin asked to open colonization at Xiaosuifen; at the time it was blocked as a non-urgent matter; by the Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns that land had been assigned to Russian territory. Had it been developed early, how could it have been lightly abandoned? Plans to solidify the frontier—how can they be neglected!