Volume 358 Biographies 145: Feng Guangxiong, Lu Youren, Jue Luo Lang Gan, Wu Dajing, Qing An Tai, Chang Ming, Wen Chenghui, Yan Jian

列傳一百四十五

Biography 145

馮光熊陸有仁覺羅琅玕烏大經清安泰

Feng Guangxiong, Lu Youren, Jue Luo Langgan, Wu Dajing, and Qing Antai

常明溫承惠顏檢

Chang Ming, Wen Chenghui, and Yan Jian

馮光熊，字太佔，浙江嘉興人。乾隆十二年舉人，考授中書，充軍機章京。累擢戶部郎中。三十二年，從明瑞赴雲南，授鹽驛道，母憂歸，坐失察屬吏科派，奪職。服闋，以員外郎起用，仍官戶部，直軍機，遷郎中。從尚書福隆安赴金川軍，授廣西右江道，署按察使兼鹽驛道。歷江西按察使、甘肅布政使。四十九年，石峰堡回民作亂，籌畫戰守，儲設餉需具備。以前江西巡撫郝碩迫索屬吏事覺，同官多獲譴，光熊亦緣坐奪官，留營效力。事平，用福康安薦，起為安徽按察使。洊擢湖南巡撫，調山西。

Feng Guangxiong, whose style was Taizhan, came from Jiaxing in Zhejiang. In the twelfth year of Qianlong he passed the provincial examination, received appointment as a Secretariat drafter through examination, and served on the Grand Council staff. He rose through successive promotions to director in the Ministry of Revenue. In the thirty-second year he accompanied Mingrui to Yunnan and was made salt and courier commissioner. After he went home for his mother's mourning, he lost his post for not preventing a subordinate from imposing unauthorized levies. When his mourning period ended he was recalled as an assistant department director in the Ministry of Revenue, returned to Grand Council duty, and was promoted to director. He followed Minister Fulongan to the Jinchuan campaign, was appointed intendant of the Youjiang circuit in Guangxi, and served concurrently as acting provincial judge and salt and courier commissioner. He went on to serve as provincial judge of Jiangxi and administration commissioner of Gansu. In the forty-ninth year, when the Hui at Shifeng Fort rose in revolt, he planned the campaign and had rations and supplies fully in place. When the case of former Jiangxi governor Hao Shuo's extortion from subordinates came to light, many officials were punished. Guangxiong was implicated as well, lost his post, and stayed with the army to serve in a reduced capacity. After the rebellion was suppressed, Fuk'anggan recommended him and he was restored as provincial judge of Anhui. He was promoted to governor of Hunan and then transferred to Shanxi.

時議河東鹽課改歸地丁，光熊疏言：「河東鹽行山、陝、河南三省，商力積疲，易商加價，俱無所濟。若課歸地丁，聽民販運，無官課雜費、兵役盤詰、關津留難，較為便宜。山西州縣半領引行鹽，半食土鹽、蒙古鹽，仍納引稅。其間或引多而地丁少，或引少而地丁多，徵之三省皆然。請將課額四十八萬餘兩通計均攤。」允之。五十七年，上幸五台，各疆吏先後奏陳，自鹽課改革後，價頓減落，民便安之。詔嘉光熊調劑得宜，賜花翎、黃馬褂，署工部侍郎。未幾，授貴州巡撫，調雲南。五十九年，署雲南總督。明年，大塘苗石柳鄧叛擾銅仁，光熊赴松桃防禦，以思州田堧坪、鎮遠四十八溪、思南大坪，密邇楚苗，且扼銅仁後路，分兵屯守。苗匪急攻松桃、正大，不得逞。旋赴銅仁治餉需，偕總督福康安治軍設防，規畫稱旨，命留貴州巡撫任。

At the time officials were debating whether to fold Hedong salt duties into the land-tax surcharge. Guangxiong submitted a memorial: 'Hedong salt is sold across Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. Merchant capital has been exhausted for years, and neither changing contractors nor raising prices would help. If the duty were merged into the land-tax surcharge and ordinary people were allowed to transport and sell salt freely, without official levies, miscellaneous fees, military harassment, or delays at passes and barriers, the cost would be lower. In Shanxi, half the counties used licensed salt and half relied on local or Mongolian salt, yet all still paid coupon tax. In some places coupon sales were high but the land-tax surcharge was low; in others the reverse was true. The same imbalance appeared in all three provinces. He asked that the total duty of more than 480,000 taels be spread evenly across the region.' The court approved his proposal. In the fifty-seventh year, when the emperor visited Wutai, frontier officials reported one after another that since the salt reform prices had dropped sharply and the people were at ease. The throne praised Guangxiong for adjusting the policy well, granted him a peacock feather and a yellow jacket, and named him acting vice minister of works. Soon afterward he was appointed governor of Guizhou and then transferred to Yunnan. In the fifty-ninth year he served as acting governor-general of Yunnan. The next year the Datang Miao leader Shi Liudeng rebelled and raided Tongren. Guangxiong went to Songtao to organize the defense. Because Tianhuanping in Sizhou, the Forty-eight Streams of Zhenyuan, and Daping in Sinan lay close to the Hunan Miao and also controlled Tongren's rear approaches, he posted troops at each point. The Miao rebels pressed hard against Songtao and Zhengda but could not break through. He then went to Tongren to handle supplies, worked with Governor-General Fuk'anggan to organize the army and defenses, and pleased the court with his planning. He was told to keep his post as governor of Guizhou.

嘉慶二年，事平，奏請銅仁、正大改建石城，以資捍衛，從之。會仲苗又起，偕總督勒保督率鎮將，聯合滇、黔、楚、粵諸軍剿撫，事具勒保傳。光熊分檄將吏，解歸化廳圍，肅清播東、播西兩路，降安順、廣順所屬苗寨。仲苗平，偕勒保奏上善後四事，請隨徵武舉、武生及鄉勇，就近補充弁兵餘丁，給難民棲止、牛具費用，儲糧備兵民就食，清釐田畝，靖苗、漢之爭。自軍興以來，凡所措置，多邀嘉許。勒保移師入川，善後專任光熊。三年春，复疏請申禁漢民典買苗田，及重債盤剝，驅役苗佃；禁客民差役居攝苗寨；酌裁把事土舍亭長，定夫徭工價，以利窮苗；酌設苗弁，以資管束：悉報可。五年，詔光熊治理有聲，年近八旬，召授兵部侍郎，尋擢左都御史。六年，卒，上念前勞，賜祭一壇。

In the second year of Jiaqing, after the rebellion was suppressed, he asked that Tongren and Zhengda be rebuilt as stone-walled cities for defense. The court agreed. When the secondary Miao rebellion broke out again, he joined Governor-General Lebao in directing the regional commanders and coordinating armies from Yunnan, Guizhou, Huguang, and Guangdong to suppress and pacify them. The campaign is described in Lebao's biography. Guangxiong sent orders to his officers, lifted the siege of Guihua subprefecture, cleared the eastern and western Bo routes, and brought the Miao stockades under Anshun and Guangshun to surrender. After the secondary Miao were pacified, he and Lebao submitted four postwar measures: recruit military licentiates, military students, and local militia as they were called up; fill nearby vacancies among officers and surplus soldiers; provide refugees with shelter and funds for oxen and tools; store grain so troops and civilians could be fed; clarify land registers; and settle disputes between Miao and Han. From the start of the campaign, nearly everything he arranged won praise from the court. When Lebao moved his army into Sichuan, postwar affairs were left entirely to Guangxiong. In the spring of the third year he again asked the court to enforce the ban on Han mortgaging Miao land, on exploitative high-interest lending, and on forcing Miao tenants into labor service; to forbid migrants and yamen runners from living in and controlling Miao stockades; to trim the baoshi, tusi, and tingzhang offices and set fair corvée wages to relieve impoverished Miao; and to appoint Miao officers where appropriate for local control. All of these proposals were approved. In the fifth year the throne noted Guangxiong's distinguished record of governance. Though he was nearly eighty, he was summoned to the capital, appointed vice minister of war, and soon promoted to left censor-in-chief. In the sixth year he died. Mindful of his earlier service, the emperor granted one court sacrifice.

陸有仁，浙江錢塘人。乾隆三十四年進士，授刑部主事，累遷郎中。四十六年，出為廣西梧州知府，調太平。五十二年，安南內訌，夷眷來奔，有仁處置得宜。會擢福建延建邵道，總督孫士毅請留防邊。尋調督糧道，歷山東按察使、直隸布政使。五十七年，坐在山東讞獄草率，降甘肅按察使。

Lu Youren came from Qiantang in Zhejiang. He passed the metropolitan examination in the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong, entered the Ministry of Justice as a clerk, and rose through successive promotions to director. In the forty-sixth year he was posted as prefect of Wuzhou in Guangxi and then transferred to Taiping. In the fifty-second year, when Annam fell into civil strife and Yi dependents fled across the border, Youren handled the situation well. He was promoted to intendant of the Yanjian-Sha circuit in Fujian, but Governor-General Sun Shiyi asked that he be kept on the frontier. He was soon transferred to grain transport commissioner and later served as provincial judge of Shandong and administration commissioner of Zhili. In the fifty-seventh year he was demoted to provincial judge of Gansu for handling a Shandong trial too casually.

嘉慶元年，擢刑部侍郎，留治甘肅賑務，宜綿赴陝剿教匪，命攝陝甘總督。二年，匪由河南竄硃陽關，逼雒南。疏請偕西寧鎮總兵富爾賽馳赴潼、商，又調甘涼鎮兵會剿，詔軍務責巡撫，有仁應駐甘肅，親身赴陝，跡涉張皇，命回蘭州，停止所調鎮兵。時宜綿檄調撒拉爾回兵二千赴興安，有仁並令暫停，上以漢中兵單，待回兵截剿，乃教匪竄漢陰而回兵尚滯循化，斥有仁一經申飭，於應援之兵，亦屢催罔顧，詔褫職鞫訊，尋原之，發四川效力。授陝西按察使，遷布政使。三年，襄陽賊高均德犯陝西，敘防堵功，賜花翎。四年，擢廣東巡撫。

In the first year of Jiaqing he was promoted to vice minister of justice and stayed to manage Gansu relief work. When Yimian went to Shaanxi to suppress the sect rebels, Youren was ordered to serve as acting governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu. In the second year the rebels slipped from Henan through Zhuyang Pass and threatened Luonan. He asked to hurry with Xining garrison commander Fu'ersai to Tongzhou and Shangzhou and also called in troops from the Gansu-Liang garrison. The court replied that military affairs were the governor's responsibility, that Youren should stay in Gansu, and that his personal rush into Shaanxi looked alarmist. He was ordered back to Lanzhou and the garrison troops he had called were stood down. At the time Yimian had ordered two thousand Salar Muslim troops to Xing'an, and Youren had them held back as well. The emperor had wanted those troops to intercept the rebels because Hanzhong was thinly garrisoned, but the sect rebels slipped into Hanyin while the Muslim troops were still delayed in Xunhua. The court rebuked Youren for ignoring repeated orders about reinforcements, stripped him of office for trial, soon pardoned him, and sent him to serve in Sichuan. He was appointed provincial judge of Shaanxi and then promoted to administration commissioner. In the third year, when the Xiangyang rebel Gao Junde invaded Shaanxi, he was rewarded for blocking the advance and granted a peacock feather. In the fourth year he was promoted to governor of Guangdong.

五年，召為工部侍郎，調刑部。授陝西巡撫。先是那彥成在陝，勸民築寨堡，計藍田、郿、鄠、寶雞、商州、鎮安、商南、孝義、五郎共五百四十一處；台佈為巡撫，复議漢中二棧為軍餉要道，於寶雞、鳳縣、留壩、褒城、寧羌各驛築堡，以周三里為度，徙民屯糧。至是尚未盡實行，嚴詔切責。有仁疏言：「川、陝情形不同，四川地居天險，如大成寨、大團包、方山坪等寨，每處可容數万人，小者亦數千人。賊據之可抗官兵，民守之亦可拒賊。如南山內層巒疊嶂，無寬敞環抱之所，止能於陡險山巔，就勢結構，每寨止容數百人至千餘人。蜀山多膏腴稻田，民居稠密，其勢易合。陝西老林，惟棚民流寓，零星墾種，隔十里數十里，始有民居十數戶。若糾合數村共築一堡，則南村之人欲近南，北村之人欲近北，惟秦隴以西，人皆土著，無不踴躍興工。秋間賊入西棧，每約彼此各不相犯，而寨民必乘間截其尾隊，奪其牲畜，不使晏然空過。其西安、同州、鳳翔三府，與漢南附近川省之區，皆多土著，審利害，每邑結有堡寨，或百餘或數百。其漢北山內近亦一律興工，又恐結寨後民丁但知守寨，而於賊出入要隘轉無堵禦；復令於寨堡之外，每寨撥數百數十人合力守卡，以杜窺伺。請分區責成各道，刻期完竣。」疏入，報聞。有仁與額勒登保規畫築堡團練，著有成效。撫輯難民無歸者，以安康、白河等處叛產，及南山客民荒田，量給安插。六年，分撥兵勇防守總要隘口，奏請於五郎、孝義等處專派大員團練堵剿，以專責成。川匪逼黑河，遣總兵齊郎阿、通判雒昂截擊，餘匪東竄牛尾河，副將韓自昌殲之，被優敘。

In the fifth year he was recalled to serve as vice minister of works and then transferred to the Ministry of Justice. He was appointed governor of Shaanxi. Earlier, when Nayancheng was in Shaanxi, he had urged the people to build stockade forts, planning five hundred forty-one sites across Lantian, Mei, Hu, Baoji, Shangzhou, Zhen'an, Shangnan, Xiaoyi, and Wulang; When Taibu became governor, he argued again that the two Hanzhong routes were vital supply lines and proposed building forts at the stations of Baoji, Fengxian, Liuba, Baochang, and Ningqiang, each with a three-li perimeter, and relocating people to store grain there. By then the plan had still not been fully carried out, and the court issued a stern rebuke. Youren submitted a memorial: 'Sichuan and Shaanxi are not the same. Sichuan sits in natural strongholds. Stockades such as Dacheng, Datuanbao, and Fangshanping can each hold tens of thousands of people, and even the smaller ones hold several thousand. Held by rebels, they could resist government troops; held by civilians, they could repel rebels as well. Inside the southern mountains, ridges rise in layers and there is no broad ground for encircling walls. Forts can be built only on steep peaks according to the terrain, and each stockade holds only a few hundred to a little over a thousand people. The mountains of Shu have fertile rice fields and dense settlements, so people there can combine easily. In Shaanxi's old-growth forests there are only migrant shed-dwellers farming scattered plots. Ten or even several tens of li may separate one cluster of a dozen households from the next. If several villages were forced to build one fort together, people in southern villages would want it farther south and those in northern villages farther north. Only west of Qin and Long, where the population was native, did people take up the work eagerly. In autumn, when rebels entered the western route, they often agreed to leave one another's stockades alone. Yet stockade defenders would seize chances to cut off their rear columns, seize their livestock, and never let them pass unhindered. In the prefectures of Xi'an, Tongzhou, and Fengxiang, and in the Hanzhong south districts near Sichuan, there were many native settlers who understood local advantage. Each district already had stockades numbering from over a hundred to several hundred. Construction had recently begun uniformly in the northern Han mountains as well, but he feared that once stockades were built the militia would only defend the forts themselves while the key passes the rebels used would go unguarded; he therefore ordered that outside each stockade several hundred or several dozen men be assigned jointly to guard checkpoints and block enemy reconnaissance. He asked that each circuit be held responsible by district and that the work be finished by a fixed deadline.' The memorial was received and noted. Youren and Eledengbao planned the stockade-building and militia-training program with marked success. He resettled refugees with nowhere to return, allotting confiscated rebel property in Ankang, Baihe, and elsewhere, together with abandoned fields of migrant farmers in the southern mountains. In the sixth year he posted troops at all vital passes and asked that senior officers be assigned at Wulang, Xiaoyi, and elsewhere specifically to organize militia for blocking and suppression. When Sichuan rebels threatened Hei River, he sent regional commander Qilang'a and subprefect Luo Ang to intercept them. The remainder fled east to Niwei River, where vice commander Han Zichang destroyed them. Youren received special commendation for this.

有仁治陝三年，經理餉需，先事綢繆，撙節不濫，搜捕餘匪甚力，屢詔褒嘉。七年，卒，優恤，官其子繼祖主事。

Youren governed Shaanxi for three years. He managed supplies with forethought, spent carefully without waste, pursued remaining rebels vigorously, and was repeatedly praised by edict. In the seventh year he died. The court granted exceptional condolence and appointed his son Jizu as a ministry clerk.

覺羅琅玕，隸正藍旗。捐納筆帖式，累遷刑部郎中。超擢內閣學士，出為江蘇按察使。乾隆五十年，召授刑部侍郎。逾年，授浙江巡撫。五十二年，大兵剿台灣林爽文，琅玕儲穀二十萬石於乍浦、寧波、溫州，由海道輸運，高宗嘉之。坐審擬海盜失當，吏議當革職，詔寬免，自請罰銀三萬兩。嘉善縣吏浮收，按問得實，上以浙漕積弊，琅玕不勝任，命解職，予頭等侍衛，赴哈密辦事。五十六年，坐監修浙江海塘工程損壞，琅玕在任未親勘，詔責賠修，應銀二十二萬七千有奇，免其半。歷葉爾羌辦事大臣、喀什噶爾參贊大臣。坐家人販玉，解任回京。尋予郎中銜，為熱河避暑山莊總管。

Jue Luo Langgan belonged to the Plain Blue Banner. He purchased appointment as a clerical secretary and rose through successive promotions to director in the Ministry of Justice. He was promoted exceptionally to grand secretariat academician and then posted as provincial judge of Jiangsu. In the fiftieth year of Qianlong he was recalled and appointed vice minister of justice. The following year he was appointed governor of Zhejiang. In the fifty-second year, when the main army suppressed Lin Shuangwen in Taiwan, Langgan stored two hundred thousand shi of grain at Zhapu, Ningbo, and Wenzhou and shipped it by sea. Emperor Gaozong praised him for this. For mishandling a pirate case, the personnel office recommended dismissal. The emperor pardoned him, and Langgan volunteered a fine of thirty thousand taels of silver. An investigation proved that Jiashan county clerks had over-collected taxes. Because of long-standing abuses in Zhejiang grain transport, the emperor judged Langgan unfit for office, dismissed him, granted him the rank of first-class bodyguard, and sent him to Hami on assignment. In the fifty-sixth year he was held responsible for damage to the Zhejiang seawall works he had supervised without inspecting them in person. The court ordered him to pay more than 227,000 taels for repairs and then remitted half the amount. He later served as commissioner at Yarkand and assistant commissioner at Kashgar. When household members were found trafficking jade, he was dismissed and returned to the capital. Soon afterward he was given director rank and appointed superintendent of the Rehe Mountain Resort.

嘉慶二年，以三等侍衛充古城領隊大臣，召授刑部侍郎。五年，授貴州巡撫。剿擒廣順等寨苗楊文泰等，詔嘉獎，加總督銜。未幾，就擢雲貴總督。六年，貴州石峴苗叛，巡撫伊桑阿赴銅仁剿治，未即平，詔琅玕往督師，而調伊桑阿雲南。伊桑阿因按察使常明攻克石峴有所擒獲，遂謊奏親往督戰，苗皆歸伏，軍事已竣。及琅玕至，難民擁道訴其誣，遂督兵進剿，攻克上潮、下潮諸寨，始肅清。會初彭齡劾伊桑阿貪劣，下琅玕鞫實，上尤罪其欺罔，誅之。詔斥琅玕於伊桑阿未親往石峴，避嫌瞻徇，降二品頂帶。

In the second year of Jiaqing he served as expedition leader at Gucheng in the capacity of a third-rank bodyguard, then was recalled and appointed vice minister of justice. In the fifth year he was appointed governor of Guizhou. He suppressed the Miao of Guangshun and other stockades and captured Yang Wentai and others. The court praised him and granted him governor-general rank. Soon afterward he was promoted to governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou. In the sixth year the Shixian Miao of Guizhou rebelled. Governor Yisang'a went to Tongren to suppress them but failed to pacify the region promptly. Langgan was ordered to take command while Yisang'a was transferred to Yunnan. Because provincial judge Chang Ming had taken Shixian and captured some rebels, Yisang'a falsely reported that he had personally supervised the fighting, that all the Miao had submitted, and that the campaign was over. When Langgan arrived, refugees blocked his path to accuse Yisang'a of lying. He then led the army forward, captured the upper and lower Chao stockades, and only then restored order. When Chu Pengling impeached Yisang'a for greed and misconduct, the case was referred to Langgan for verification. The emperor condemned Yisang'a above all for deception and had him executed. An edict rebuked Langgan for having shown partiality toward Yisang'a when Yisang'a had not gone to Shixian in person, and reduced his insignia to the second rank.

七年，維西夷恆乍繃與其黨臘者布作亂，禿樹、出亨附之。琅玕率總兵張玉龍入山剿捕，克阿喃多賊寨，進攻諸別古山，獲禿樹。玉龍克小維西夷人，縛臘者布獻軍前磔之。進攻康普，恆乍繃遁瀾滄江外，獲其孥。分兵攻吉尾、樹苗，琅玕駐劍川，斷賊後路，敗之於通甸、小川，克迴龍廠。尋圍剿上江山箐賊，殲其渠，餘眾乞降。琅玕以恆乍繃勢蹙，疏請撤兵，提督烏大經率兵二千駐防。賊诇官軍已退，乘水涸潛渡，糾江內降倮，复肆劫掠。琅玕馳抵劍川，恆乍繃遁走。八年，上以首逆未獲，命永保接辦軍務。琅玕已擒斬漢奸張有斌，臨江扎筏，聲言渡兵江外，倮倮震悚，詣軍門乞降，琅玕令誘導諸寨擒賊自效。九月，恆乍繃潛匿山箐，官軍搜獲之，餘黨盡殲。事平，予議敘。

In the seventh year the Weixi Yi leader Hengzhabeng and his follower Lazhebu rebelled, joined by Tushu and Chuhang. Langgan led regional commander Zhang Yulong into the mountains to suppress them, captured the rebel stockade of Ananduo, advanced on Zhubiegu Mountain, and captured Tushu. Yulong subdued the lesser Weixi Yi, bound Lazhebu, and presented him before the army to be executed by dismemberment. He advanced on Kangpu. Hengzhabeng fled beyond the Lancang River, and his family was captured. He divided his forces to attack Jiwei and Shumiao while Langgan remained at Jianchuan to cut off the rebels' retreat. They defeated the rebels at Tongdian and Xiaochuan and captured Huilong Factory. He then surrounded the bandits at Shangjiang Mountain Stockade, killed their leaders, and the rest surrendered. When Hengzhabeng's forces were pressed, Langgan asked to withdraw troops and left Provincial Military Commissioner Wu Dajing with two thousand men to garrison the region. The rebels learned that the government troops had withdrawn. When the river ran low they crossed in secret, rallied surrendered Luo tribesmen on the near bank, and again began raiding. Langgan hurried to Jianchuan, and Hengzhabeng fled. In the eighth year, because the chief rebel had still not been captured, the emperor ordered Yongbao to take over the campaign. Langgan had already captured and executed the Han collaborator Zhang Youbin. He built rafts along the river and announced that troops would cross to the far bank. The Luo were terrified and came to the camp to surrender. Langgan ordered them to guide the stockades in capturing rebels to prove their loyalty. In the ninth month Hengzhabeng was found hiding in a mountain stockade. Government troops captured him and annihilated his remaining followers. After the rebellion was suppressed, he was recommended for merit review.

琅玕以維西僻處邊隅，各夷雜居江內外，稽察難週，疏請於維西、麗江等五路設頭人，給頂帶，約束夷眾。又以維西南北路及鶴麗鎮、劍川諸汛皆要地，請裁馬為步，添兵八百，分佈要隘，邊境遂安。九年，卒，諡恪勤。

Langgan argued that Weixi lay remote on the frontier and that various Yi peoples lived mixed on both sides of the river, making thorough inspection difficult. He asked to appoint headmen on five routes including Weixi and Lijiang, grant them insignia, and use them to restrain the local Yi. He also argued that the northern and southern routes of Weixi and the garrisons of Heli and Jianchuan were all vital points. He asked to convert cavalry to infantry, add eight hundred troops, and post them at key passes. The border was then secured. In the ninth year he died and was given the posthumous title Keqin.

烏大經，陝西長安人。由武進士授三等侍衛，出為山東德州營參將。乾隆三十九年，王倫倡亂，大經助守臨清，力戰保危城，功最多，高宗特獎之，立擢臨清副將。歷江西南贛鎮、貴州古州鎮總兵，廣西提督，調雲南。五十三年冬，率雲南兵從孫士毅徵安南，至則士毅已克其都城。明年春，大軍為阮惠所襲，敗績，大經所部得鄉導，全師而返。尋母憂去職，起為甘肅提督，復調雲南。嘉慶四年，僧銅金與孟連土司構難，句結野倮，蔓延猛猛及緬寧內地，大經偕總兵蘇爾相進剿，克緬屬南柯、三節石、昔木、臘南、那招、霧籠、上中下寧安、臘東、困賽等地，破南灑河賊卡，肅清緬邊。署按察使屠述濂由猛猛一路會剿，連克大蚌山、南元寨。五年春，總督書麟視師，用大經計，分兩路進攻猛白山箐，大經由南路，連戰渡黑河，焚賊寨，首逆尋就擒，夷眾受撫。七年春，入覲。會維西事起，命大經馳回，從琅玕進剿，大經偕總兵書成先清威遠倮匪，乃會兵維西，克康普。上意不欲窮兵，命大經留防。及匪复肆掠，進剿獨村坪及康普、小維西，連克之。八年春，與琅玕分駐石鼓、橋頭，沿江督剿，至十月，恆乍繃就擒，乃班師。九年，卒。

Wu Dajing came from Chang'an in Shaanxi. After passing the military jinshi examination he was appointed a third-rank bodyguard and posted as vice commander of the Dezhou camp in Shandong. In the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, when Wang Lun rebelled, Dajing helped defend Linqing and fought fiercely to save the endangered city. His merit was greatest, and Emperor Gaozong specially rewarded him with immediate promotion to vice commander at Linqing. He served successively as garrison commander of Nangan in Jiangxi and Guzhou in Guizhou, then as provincial military commissioner of Guangxi, and was transferred to Yunnan. In the winter of the fifty-third year he led Yunnan troops with Sun Shiyi against Annam. By the time he arrived, Shiyi had already captured the enemy capital. The following spring the main army was attacked by Nguyen Hue and defeated. Dajing's division found local guides and brought his whole force back intact. He soon left office to mourn his mother, was recalled as provincial military commissioner of Gansu, and was transferred again to Yunnan. In the fourth year of Jiaqing the monk Tongjin clashed with the Menglian tusi, colluded with wild Luo tribes, and the unrest spread through Mengmeng and the interior of Mianning. Dajing joined regional commander Su Erxiang in a suppression campaign, captured Nankou, Sanjieshi, Ximu, Lanan, Nazhao, Wulong, the upper, middle, and lower Ning'an districts, Ladong, Kunsai, and other Burmese-held places, broke the rebel checkpoint on the Nansa River, and pacified the Burmese border. Acting provincial judge Tu Shulian joined the campaign along the Mengmeng route and in succession captured Dabang Mountain and Nanyuan Stockade. In the spring of the fifth year Governor-General Shulin inspected the army and adopted Dajing's plan to attack Mengbai Mountain Stockade from two directions. Dajing took the southern route, fought repeatedly across the Hei River, burned rebel stockades, and soon captured the chief rebel. The Yi then submitted. In the spring of the seventh year he went to the capital for audience. When trouble broke out in Weixi he was ordered to hurry back. Following Langgan's advance, Dajing and regional commander Shu Cheng first cleared the Luo bandits at Weiyuan, then joined forces in Weixi and captured Kangpu. The emperor did not wish to pursue the war to the limit and ordered Dajing to remain on garrison duty. When the rebels again began raiding, he advanced against Ducunping, Kangpu, and Lesser Weixi and captured them in succession. In the spring of the eighth year he and Langgan garrisoned separately at Shigu and Qiaotou and directed the campaign along the river. By the tenth month Hengzhabeng was captured and the army withdrew. In the ninth year he died.

清安泰，費莫氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。乾隆四十六年進士，授刑部主事，擢員外郎。出為甘肅涼州知府，調署蘭州，擢湖南衡永郴桂道。六十年，苗疆事起，奉檄赴保靖撫輯降苗，以治餉功，賜花翎。

Qing Antai, of the Feimo clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. He passed the metropolitan examination in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong, entered the Ministry of Justice as a clerk, and was promoted to assistant department director. He was posted as prefect of Liangzhou in Gansu, served temporarily at Lanzhou, and was promoted to intendant of the Hengyong-Chengui circuit in Hunan. In the sixtieth year, when trouble broke out in the Miao frontier, he was ordered to Baojing to pacify surrendered Miao. For managing supplies well he was granted a peacock feather.

嘉慶元年，械送首逆吳半生、石三保至京，擢按察使，遷廣西布政使。七年，署巡撫。八年，調浙江布政使。十年，擢江西巡撫，調浙江。

In the first year of Jiaqing he escorted the chief rebels Wu Bansheng and Shi Sanbao to the capital under guard, was promoted to provincial judge, and transferred to administration commissioner of Guangxi. In the seventh year he served as acting governor. In the eighth year he was transferred to administration commissioner of Zhejiang. In the tenth year he was promoted to governor of Jiangxi and then transferred to Zhejiang.

十一年，海寇蔡牽犯浙洋，赴溫、台防剿，嚴杜接濟，賊樵汲俱窮，竄去，詔褒之。總督阿林保劾提督李長庚因循玩寇，下清安泰密察，疏言：「長庚忠勇冠諸將，身先士卒，屢冒危險，為賊所畏。惟海艘越兩三旬若不燂洗，則苔黏旐結，駕駛不靈，其收港非逗留。且海中勦賊，全憑風力，風勢不順，雖隔數十里猶數千里，旬日尚不能到。是故海上之兵，無風不戰，大風不戰，大雨不戰，逆風逆潮不戰，陰雲蒙霧不戰，日晚夜黑不戰，颶期將至，沙路不熟，賊眾我寡，前無泊地，皆不戰。及其戰也，勇力無所施，全以大砲轟擊，船身簸盪，中者幾何？我順風而逐，賊亦順風而逃，無伏可設，無險可扼，必以鉤鐮去其皮網，以大砲壞其舵身篷胎，使船傷行遲，我師環而攻之，賊窮投海，然後獲其一二船，而餘船已飄然遠矣。賊往來三省數千里，皆沿海內洋。其外洋灝瀚，則無船可掠，無嶴可依，從不敢往，惟遇剿急時始間為逋逃之地。倘日色西沉，賊直竄外洋，我師冒險無益，勢必回帆收港，而賊又逭誅矣。且船在大海之中，浪起如昇天，落如墜地，一物不固，即有覆溺之虞。每遇大風，一舟折舵，全軍失色，雖賊在垂獲，亦必舍而收。洎易桅竣工，賊已遠遁。數日追及，桅壞复然，故常屢月不獲一戰。夫船者，官兵之城郭、營壘、車馬也。船誠得力，以戰則勇，以守則固，以追則速，以沖則堅。今浙省兵船皆長庚督造，頗能如式。惟兵船有定制，而閩省商船無定制，一報被劫，則商船即為賊船，愈高大多砲多糧，則愈足資寇。近日長庚勦賊，使諸鎮之兵隔斷賊黨之船。但以隔斷為功，不以擒獲為功。而長庚自以己兵專注蔡逆坐船圍攻，賊行與行，賊止與止。無如賊船愈大砲愈多，是以兵士明知盜船貨財充積，而不能為擒賊擒王之計。且水陸兵餉，例止發三月。海洋路遠，往返稽時，而事機之來，間不容髮，遲之一日，雖勞費經年，不足追其前效。此皆已往之積弊也。非盡矯從前之失，不能收將來之效；非使賊盡失其所長，亦無由攻其所短。則岸姦濟賊之禁，必宜兩省合力，乃可期效。」奏上，詔嘉其公正。由是益鄉用長庚，清安泰之力也。

In the eleventh year the pirate Cai Qian raided the waters off Zhejiang. Antai went to Wenzhou and Taizhou to organize defense and suppression, cut off supplies so strictly that the pirates lacked fuel and water, and drove them away. The court praised him. Governor-General Alinbao impeached Provincial Military Commissioner Li Changgeng for dragging his feet against the pirates. The case was referred to Qing Antai for a secret investigation. He submitted a memorial: 'Changgeng's loyalty and courage surpass those of every other general. He leads from the front, repeatedly risks his life, and is feared by the pirates. But if a seagoing vessel goes twenty or thirty days without scraping and cleaning, barnacles and weeds foul the hull and rigging and make steering sluggish. Returning to port is not idling. Moreover, suppressing pirates at sea depends entirely on wind. If the wind is unfavorable, a distance of only a few tens of li becomes like several thousand li, and even ten days may not be enough to close the gap. For this reason naval forces do not fight without wind, in high wind, in heavy rain, against adverse wind or tide, in cloud and mist, at dusk or in darkness, when typhoon season is near, when sand channels are unfamiliar, when pirates outnumber them, or when there is no anchorage ahead. When they do fight, courage and physical strength count for little. Everything depends on cannon fire, yet as the hull pitches and rolls, how many shots actually find their mark? We chase with the wind, and the pirates flee with it as well. There is no place for an ambush and no choke point to hold. One must use hooked blades to strip their protective netting and heavy guns to wreck rudder, hull, sails, and planking so their ships are crippled and slow. Only then can our fleet surround and attack them. Even when some pirates throw themselves into the sea in desperation and we capture one or two ships, the rest are already far away. The pirates ranged several thousand li across three provinces, all within the coastal inner seas. The outer ocean is vast. There are no merchant ships to plunder and no coves to shelter in, so they never dared go there except occasionally as a refuge when suppression grew urgent. If the sun set and the pirates fled straight to the outer ocean, our fleet would gain nothing by taking risks and would have to return to port, and the pirates would escape again. Moreover, on the open sea waves rise as if to heaven and fall as if to earth. If anything is not secured, the ship may capsize and drown its crew. Whenever a great wind arose, if one vessel broke its rudder the whole force was shaken. Even when pirates were on the verge of capture, the fleet had to abandon pursuit and withdraw. By the time the mast was replaced, the pirates had already fled far away. After several days they caught up, the mast broke again, and so they often went months without winning a battle. For naval forces, ships are city walls, camps, and horses. If ships are truly effective, they make fighting bold, defense firm, pursuit swift, and ramming powerful. The military vessels of Zhejiang were all built under Changgeng's supervision and largely met the standard. Military vessels had fixed regulations, but Fujian merchant vessels did not. Once a robbery was reported, a merchant ship became a pirate ship. The taller, larger, better-armed, and better-provisioned it was, the more useful it was to the pirates. Recently, in suppressing the pirates, Changgeng used troops from the various garrisons to cut off the pirates' vessels from one another. But merit was measured by cutting them off, not by capturing them. Changgeng himself concentrated his own forces on besieging the rebel leader Cai's flagship: when the pirates moved he moved, and when they halted he halted. But the pirate ships grew ever larger and carried ever more guns, so that although the soldiers knew those ships were laden with loot, they could not carry out a plan to capture the pirates and their leader. Moreover, military pay for land and sea forces was issued by regulation for only three months at a time. Ocean routes are long and round trips consume time, yet when opportunity comes there is no room for delay. Lose one day and even a year's labor and expense cannot recover what was lost. These were all accumulated abuses of the past. Unless past errors were fully corrected, future results could not be gained; unless the pirates were stripped of their advantages, there was no way to attack their weaknesses. Then prohibitions on shore collaborators aiding the pirates had to be enforced jointly by the two provinces before results could be expected.' The memorial was submitted, and an edict praised his fairness. From this the court came to rely on Changgeng even more, thanks to Qing Antai's intervention.

尋又條上防海事宜：「沿海居民，編造保甲。稽覈商販，以斷米糧出口；禁制火爆，防火藥透漏；斷絕採捕，以杜姦宄溷跡。」並如議行。十二年冬，蔡牽子至普陀寺，未獲，被譴責。尋以阮元代之，調河南巡撫。十四年，卒。

He soon submitted further proposals on coastal defense: 'Coastal residents should be organized into baojia units. Merchants should be inspected to cut off grain exports; fireworks should be restricted to prevent gunpowder from leaking out; and fishing and gathering should be curtailed to keep collaborators from mingling unnoticed.' All were implemented as he proposed. In the winter of the twelfth year Cai Qian's son reached Putuo Temple but was not captured, and Antai was rebuked. Soon Ruan Yuan replaced him, and he was transferred to governor of Henan. In the fourteenth year he died.

常明，佟佳氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人。由筆帖式授步軍統領主事，出為湖南桂陽知州，擢雲南曲靖知府。乾隆六十年，從總督福康安徵苗疆，率兵屢克賊巢，賜花翎。鎮筸苗吳半生據蘇麻寨，自構皮寨進擊敗之，复破西梁賊砦，擢貴州貴東道。掩擊半生於板登寨，獲其弟吳老正等，半生復來犯，設伏大破之，乘勝奪賊卡五；尋由西梁進攻，毀其寨，賊糾夯柳苗為援，殲戮甚眾；乞降，拒不受，復大挫之：擢按察使，賜號智勇巴圖魯。詔以苗匪每遇敗乞降，叵測難信，飭各路將領以常明為法。進剿老烏廠，斬賊目隴老香，與總兵珠隆阿合剿大烏草河迤西苗，連克魚井、豆田三十餘寨。會大軍於古丈坪，半生適至，常明冒雨進攻，殲賊千餘；分兵克烏龍巖、茶它山諸寨卡，進圍高多寨，半生降，乘銳克鴨保寨。

Chang Ming, of the Tunggiya clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Red Banner. Starting as a clerical secretary, he was appointed a clerk in the Metropolitan Garrison, posted as prefect of Guiyang in Hunan, and promoted to prefect of Qujing in Yunnan. In the sixtieth year of Qianlong he followed Governor-General Fuk'anggan against the Miao frontier, led troops in repeated captures of rebel strongholds, and was granted a peacock feather. The Zhenxiong Miao leader Wu Bansheng held Sumazhai. Ming built a leather stockade and advanced to defeat him, then broke the rebel fort at Xiliang and was promoted to intendant of the Guidong circuit in Guizhou. He ambushed Bansheng at Bandeng Stockade and captured his brother Wu Laozheng and others. When Bansheng attacked again, Ming set an ambush and routed him, then seized five rebel checkpoints in the pursuit; he then advanced from Xiliang, destroyed their stockade, and when the rebels rallied Hangliu Miao as reinforcements, killed a great many of them; They begged to surrender, but he refused and routed them again. He was promoted to provincial judge and granted the title Valiant and Wise Batulu. An edict noted that Miao rebels often sued for surrender after defeat, which was unpredictable and untrustworthy, and ordered commanders on all routes to follow Chang Ming's example. He advanced against Laowuchang, beheaded the rebel leader Long Laoxiang, and with regional commander Zhulong'a jointly suppressed the Miao west of the Dawucao River, capturing more than thirty stockades including Yujing and Doutian. He joined the main army at Guzhangping. Bansheng happened to arrive, and Chang Ming attacked in the rain, killing more than a thousand rebels; he divided his forces to take Wulongyan, Chata Mountain, and other stockade checkpoints, advanced to surround Gaoduo Stockade, accepted Bansheng's surrender, and while the army's momentum was high captured Yabao Stockade.

嘉慶元年，剿下平隴苗於葫蘆坪，母憂，留營，偕副將海格破小竹山賊於墮河坡，俘賊目楊通等。上嘉常明奮勉，仍命署按察使。二年春，貴州仲苗起，從總督勒保討之，與施縉並為軍鋒，同破賊關嶺，复夾攻，連拔賊寨八，解新城圍，再敗之望城坡。賊匿岩洞以拒，設伏，斃賊千餘，環攻於卡子河，賊大潰，解南籠圍，加布政使銜。時黃草壩被圍久，滇、黔道梗，常明援之，克九頭山，獲偽將軍陸寶貴，毀馬鞭田賊柵，俘李阿六等，連戰皆捷，圍乃解。尋克馬鞍山，繞擊洞灑賊巢，連攻三晝夜，擒賊酋吳抱仙於三隴口，授布政使。進克安有山，搗當丈賊巢，獲逆首韋七綹須，又擒賊目黃阿金、梁國珍等於補衲山。三年，連拔雨薛岩等十八寨，苗境悉平。服闋，始蒞布政使任。

In the first year of Jiaqing he suppressed the Xiapinglong Miao at Huluoping. While mourning his mother he remained with the army and, with vice commander Haige, defeated the Xiaozhushan rebels at Duohepo and captured the rebel leader Yang Tong and others. The emperor praised Chang Ming's exertion and still ordered him to serve as acting provincial judge. In the spring of the second year the secondary Miao of Guizhou rose. He followed Governor-General Lebao to suppress them and, with Shi Jin, served as the army's spearhead. Together they broke through at Guanling, attacked from both sides, captured eight rebel stockades in succession, lifted the siege of Xincheng, and defeated the rebels again at Wangchengpo. The rebels hid in rock caves to resist. He set an ambush and killed more than a thousand, surrounded them at the Kazi River, routed them completely, lifted the siege of Nanlong, and was granted administration commissioner rank. Huangcaoba had long been besieged and the routes between Yunnan and Guizhou were blocked. Chang Ming went to its relief, captured Jiutou Mountain, seized the false general Lu Baogui, destroyed the rebel barrier at Mabiantian, captured Li A'liu and others, won battle after battle, and lifted the siege. Soon he captured Ma'anshan, swung around to strike the Dongsa rebel nest, attacked for three days and nights, captured the rebel chief Wu Baoxian at Sanlongkou, and was appointed administration commissioner. He advanced to take Anyou Mountain, stormed the Dangzhang rebel nest, captured the rebel leader Wei Qixuxu, and also seized the rebel officers Huang Ajin and Liang Guozhen and others at Bunashan. In the third year he captured eighteen stockades including Yuxueyan in succession, and the Miao region was fully pacified. When his mourning ended he formally took up the administration commissionership.

是年冬，署巡撫，疏薦總兵施縉率貴州兵赴四川剿教匪。五年，因縉戰歿，貴州兵不能救，常明坐褫翎頂。秋，入覲，詔念前勞，予三品頂帶，留巡撫署任。題銷軍需，詔詰貴陽賊踪未至，募鄉勇多至五萬餘名，用銀十九萬餘兩，命總督琅玕察覈。尋奏常明雖無冒帑，處置失宜，責賠繳賞卹銀九萬餘兩。六年，石峴苗與湖南苗句結為亂，巡撫伊桑阿檄常明率師攻克之，復原銜、花翎，尋授巡撫。七年，以挪用鉛廠帑銀，及失察幕僚私售鉛丸，抽匿案卷事，褫職，籍沒家產。既而予藍翎侍衛，充伊犁領隊大臣，調庫車辦事大臣。

That winter he served as acting governor and recommended regional commander Shi Jin to lead Guizhou troops to Sichuan to suppress the sect rebels. In the fifth year, because Jin died in battle and Guizhou troops failed to rescue him, Chang Ming was stripped of his feather and insignia. In autumn he went to the capital for audience. Mindful of his earlier service, the court granted him third-rank insignia and kept him in the acting governorship. When he settled military accounts, an edict questioned why rebel tracks had not reached Guiyang even though more than fifty thousand militiamen had been recruited at a cost of more than 190,000 taels. Governor-General Langgan was ordered to investigate. Langgan soon reported that although Chang Ming had not embezzled funds, he had handled matters improperly and was ordered to repay more than ninety thousand taels in rewards and condolence payments. In the sixth year the Shixian Miao allied with Hunan Miao rebels. Governor Yisang'a ordered Chang Ming to lead troops against them and take them. His original rank and peacock feather were restored, and he was soon appointed governor. In the seventh year he was stripped of office and his property confiscated for misappropriating lead-factory treasury funds and for failing to detect that his staff secretly sold lead pellets and concealed case documents. He was later made a blue-lantern guard attendant, appointed Yili deputy commandant, and transferred to resident commissioner at Kuqa.

十年，授湖北鹽法道，累遷湖北巡撫。上念常明久於軍事，以四川民、夷雜處，控制不易，十五年，特擢為總督，詔勉其盡職，減免賠項銀萬五千兩。寧遠府屬夷地，多募漢人充佃，自教匪之亂，川民避入者增至數十萬人，爭端漸起。十七年，常明疏請：「漢民移居夷地及佃種者，編查入冊，不追既往。此後嚴禁夷人招佃與漢民轉佃，並編保甲以資約束，增文員以便彈壓，移營汛以利控制。」報可。又請川省鹽課改歸地丁，聽民興販，詔斥其妨礙淮綱，不顧鄰省利害，降二級留任。

In the tenth year he was appointed Hubei salt commissioner and rose in succession to Hubei governor. Mindful of Chang Ming's long military service and of how hard it was to control Sichuan's mixed Han and Yi population, the emperor in the fifteenth year promoted him to governor-general, urged him to do his duty, and remitted 15,000 taels of indemnity. In Yi areas under Ningyuan Prefecture many Han were hired as tenants. After the sect rebellion Han refugees there grew to several hundred thousand, and disputes gradually multiplied. In the seventeenth year Chang Ming memorialized: 'Han settlers in Yi territory and tenant farmers should be entered in registers without retroactive punishment. Thereafter Yi recruiting tenants and Han sub-leasing must be strictly forbidden; baojia should be organized for restraint, more civil officials added for suppression, and garrison posts shifted to improve control.' The memorial was approved. He also asked to fold Sichuan salt levies into the land tax and allow free private trade. An edict rebuked him for obstructing the Huai salt monopoly and ignoring neighboring provinces, and he was demoted two ranks but kept in post.

十八年，署成都將軍。二十年，中瞻對番酋洛布七力為亂，偕提督多隆阿、總兵羅思舉往剿，自里塘進攻，破之，搗熱籠賊巢，洛布七力舉家焚斃。詔以未生得逆首，不予議敘。二十一年，成都革兵謀變，悉捕之置於法，詔嘉其鎮靜。二十二年，寧越夷擾邊，遣將平之。尋卒，贈太子少保，優恤，諡襄恪。

In the eighteenth year he served as acting Chengdu regional commander. In the twentieth year the Zhongzan Tibetan chief Lob Chilha rebelled. With provincial military commissioner Duolong'a and regional commander Luo Siju he marched to suppress them, advanced from Litang, broke them, stormed the Hot Nest rebel lair, and Lob Chilha's entire family perished in the flames. Because the rebel leader was not taken alive, no merit reward was granted. In the twenty-first year Chengdu garrison soldiers plotted mutiny. He arrested them all and punished them by law, and an edict praised his firm handling. In the twenty-second year Ningyue Yi raided the frontier; he sent troops to pacify them. He soon died and was posthumously made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent with favored condolence payments and the posthumous name Xiangke.

溫承惠，字景僑，山西太谷人。乾隆四十二年拔貢，朝考首擢，除七品小京官，分吏部。拔貢內用自是始。累遷郎中。五十四年，出為陝西督糧道，母憂歸。高宗巡幸五台，迎鑾召對，嘉其才。服闋，補延榆綏道。

Wen Chenghui, courtesy name Jingqiao, came from Taigu in Shanxi. In Qianlong year 42 he passed the provincial tribute examination, topped the palace examination promotions, and was appointed a seventh-rank junior capital official in the Board of Personnel. This was when tribute scholars first began to be appointed within the capital service. He rose in succession to director. In year 54 he became Shaanxi grain transport commissioner, then returned home for his mother's mourning. When Gaozong toured Wutai, Wen was summoned to audience while welcoming the imperial procession and praised for his ability. After mourning he was appointed Yan-Yu-Sui commissioner.

嘉慶元年，川、陝、楚軍事急，承惠奉檄治興安、漢中團防。遭父憂，留軍，仍攝道事。賊犯平利，承惠馳剿，山水猝漲，墜水，遇救得免。趨扼險隘，獲捷。服闋，命以按察使銜仍補原官。五年，擢陝西按察使。疏言：「賊擾陝境，已歷數年。兵為牽綴，運餉往往不及。則駐兵以待，賊得乘間遠逸。三省邊境綿長，宜扼要駐兵，以逸待勞。」上韙之。殲匪首王金柱於安康，复破賊洵陽，賑撫流亡，民心漸定。遷布政使，仍留防。賊屢犯境，輒擊卻之。守禦興、漢先後凡六年，事定優敘。八年，調河南，修伊、洛舊渠。十年，擢江西巡撫。

In Jiaqing year 1, with war urgent in Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Hubei, Chenghui was ordered to organize militia defense in Xing'an and Hanzhong. When his father died he stayed with the army and continued to act as commissioner. When rebels struck Pingli, Chenghui rushed to suppress them. A sudden mountain flood swept him into the water, but he was rescued. He hurried to seize the strategic pass and won a victory. When mourning ended he was ordered to resume his former post with administration commissioner rank. In the fifth year he was promoted Shaanxi administration commissioner. He memorialized: 'Rebels have disturbed Shaanxi for several years. Troops are tied down and supplies often fail to arrive in time. Forces then camp and wait while rebels slip away in the interval. Along the three provinces' long borders, troops should hold key points and meet fatigue with leisure.' The emperor approved. He destroyed bandit chief Wang Jinzhu at Ankang, again defeated rebels at Xunyang, relieved refugees, and popular sentiment gradually settled. He was made provincial treasurer but remained on defense duty. Whenever rebels raided the border he drove them back. He guarded Xing'an and Hanzhong for six years in all; when the crisis ended he received preferential merit rewards. In the eighth year he was transferred to Henan and repaired the old Yi and Luo canals. In the tenth year he was promoted Jiangxi governor.

十一年，調福建，兼署總督。海寇蔡牽犯台灣鹿耳門，檄總兵許松年赴海壇、竿塘與提督李長庚會剿，三沙為蔡牽鄉里，增兵駐守，禁沿海接濟，詔嘉之。尋調署直隸總督。

In the eleventh year he was transferred to Fujian and also acted as governor-general. Sea bandit Cai Qian attacked Taiwan's Luermen. He ordered regional commander Xu Songnian to Haitan and Gandang to join provincial military commissioner Li Changgeng in joint suppression. Because Sansha was Cai Qian's home region he increased garrison troops and forbade coastal aid to the rebels; an edict praised this. He was soon transferred to act as Zhili governor-general.

十二年，上閱古北口兵，獎其嫺整，命實授。濬黑龍、溫榆、北運、滏陽諸河。十三年，上幸天津，賞黃馬褂。尋以巡幸點景科派，為肥鄉令所揭，褫花翎、黃馬褂，旋復之。十七年正月，以歲除得雪，加太子少保。鉅鹿縣民孫維儉等傳習大乘教，灤州民董懷信傳習金丹、八卦教，先後發覺，失察輕縱，褫宮銜、花翎、黃馬褂，革職留任。復以他事數被譴責。

In the twelfth year the emperor reviewed troops at Gubeikou, praised their drill and order, and confirmed his substantive appointment. He dredged the Heilong, Wenyu, Beiyun, and Fuyang rivers. In the thirteenth year, when the emperor visited Tianjin, he was awarded a yellow riding jacket. Soon, because scenic-point levies on imperial tours were exposed by the Feixiang magistrate, his peacock feather and yellow jacket were stripped, then soon restored. In the first month of the seventeenth year, because snow fell at New Year's, he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. When Juxian commoner Sun Weijian propagated the Mahayana teaching and Luanzhou commoner Dong Huaixin propagated the Golden Elixir and Eight Trigrams teachings, he was punished for lax detection and lenient handling: palace rank, peacock feather, and yellow jacket were stripped and he was dismissed but kept in office. He was several times rebuked and punished on other matters as well.

十八年，河南滑縣教匪起，命偕提督馬瑜往剿，數戰滑縣近地，破賊於道口。尋命陝甘總督那彥成總統軍務，承惠為參贊。時匪首林清在京師起事，擾及宮禁，詔以林清傳教八年，承惠不能先事查緝，及剿匪逗留罪，褫職，留治糧餉。十九年，命以員外郎赴河南睢工效力，工竣，遷郎中，隨尚書戴均元襄理永定河工。

In the eighteenth year sect rebels rose in Huaxian, Henan. He was ordered to join provincial military commissioner Ma Yu in suppression and, after several battles near Huaxian, broke them at Daokou. Soon Shaanxi-Gansu governor-general Nayancheng was ordered to command overall military affairs with Chenghui as staff adviser. When rebel chief Lin Qing rose in the capital and disturbed even the palace precincts, an edict said Lin Qing had taught for eight years while Chenghui failed to investigate in advance, and also punished his delay in suppression; he was stripped of office but kept to manage provisions. In the nineteenth year he was ordered to Henan Suigong works as an outer-court official. When the works ended he was promoted director and followed minister Dai Junyuan on Yongding River works.

二十三年，授山東按察使。承惠前官畿輔，不孚眾望，及復起，頗思晚蓋。山東故多盜，偵知東平人廣平知府王兆奎三世窩盜，密捕治之，期年積案一清。掊擊貪酷，蘇困起敝，吏治為之一變，特詔褒獎，然卒不安其位。先是盜夜劫泰安富民徐文誥家，戕其傭柏永柱，縣以誤殺為文誥罪，實疑獄也。按察使程國仁入其言，鍛鍊定讞，承惠至，固疑不實，於他獄盜供得其情，銳意平反。巡撫和舜武惑於浮言，尼之。及偵獲盜首王壯於吉林，具承槍殺永柱狀。時國仁已擢巡撫，舊與承惠有嫌，且護前，不欲承惠竟是獄，檄勘堤工，承惠辭，乃劾承惠自以曾官總督，橫肆不受節制，褫職，薦前兗沂道童槐繼為按察使。槐复劾承惠濫禁無辜，以罪人充捕擾民，譴戍伊犁，其去也，國仁送於候館，居民洶洶詈之，不及送而歸。既而文誥訴於京，命尚書文孚往鞫，未至，槐倉卒定讞，釋文誥。二十五年，起承惠為湖北布政使。逾年，以衰老降戶部郎中。尋引疾歸，卒於家。

In the twenty-third year he was appointed Shandong administration commissioner. His earlier service in the capital region had not won confidence; on returning to office he greatly wished to redeem his reputation. Shandong had long been bandit-ridden. Learning that Dongping native Wang Zhaoqi, prefect of Guangping, had harbored bandits for three generations, he secretly arrested and punished them, and within a year accumulated cases were cleared. He struck down the greedy and cruel, relieved distress and revived the exhausted, and official conduct changed entirely. A special edict praised him, yet he could not keep his post. Earlier bandits had raided by night the Taian wealthy commoner Xu Wengao's house and killed his servant Bai Yongzhu. The county convicted Wengao of accidental killing—a case that was in fact doubtful. Administration commissioner Cheng Guoren accepted the county's account, forged evidence, and fixed the verdict. When Chenghui arrived he firmly doubted it, learned the truth from another bandit case, and was determined to reverse the judgment. Governor Heshunwu was misled by loose talk and obstructed him. When the bandit chief Wang Zhuang was captured in Jilin and fully confessed to shooting Yongzhu. By then Guoren had been promoted governor. He had old enmity with Chenghui and, protecting his earlier judgment, did not want Chenghui to settle the case. He ordered Chenghui to inspect dike works; Chenghui declined. Guoren then impeached him for acting high-handedly as a former governor-general and refusing control, stripped him of office, and recommended former Yan-Yi commissioner Tong Huai as administration commissioner. Huai again impeached Chenghui for indiscriminately imprisoning innocents and using convicts as catchers to harass the people. Chenghui was condemned to Yili. On his departure Guoren saw him off at the guest house while residents angrily cursed Guoren, who could not finish the send-off before returning. Soon Wengao appealed in the capital. The emperor ordered minister Wen Fu to investigate. Before he arrived, Huai hastily fixed the verdict and released Wengao. In the twenty-fifth year Chenghui was recalled as Hubei provincial treasurer. A year later, on account of old age, he was demoted to director in the Board of Revenue. Soon he cited illness, returned home, and died there.

顏檢，字惺甫，廣東連平人，巡撫希深子。拔貢，乾隆四十二年，授禮部七品小京官，洊升郎中。五十八年，出為江西吉安知府，擢雲南鹽法道，調迤南。嘉慶二年，剿威遠介匪，擒匪首札杜。擢江西按察使，歷河南、直隸布政使。

Yan Jian, courtesy name Xingfu, came from Lianping in Guangdong and was the son of Governor Xishen. A tribute scholar, in Qianlong year 42 he was appointed a seventh-rank junior capital official in the Board of Rites and rose in succession to director. In year 58 he became Ji'an prefect in Jiangxi, was promoted Yunnan salt commissioner, and transferred to the southern circuit. In Jiaqing year 2 he suppressed bandits between Weiyuan and Jie and captured bandit chief Zhaduo. He was promoted Jiangxi administration commissioner and served in succession as Henan and Zhili provincial treasurer.

五年，護直隸總督。東明縣民李車因姦砍傷七歲幼童，從重擬絞決。永年縣民樑自新勒斃繼妻及媳，訊因繼妻虐待前妻子有幅，縱媳與人通姦，同謀毒斃有幅，自新忿，將妻媳致死，從輕擬杖流。兩獄並為仁宗嘉許，特旨依議。樑自新加恩，再減杖徒。先是直隸回贖旗地租銀，積欠至十三萬兩，前總督胡季堂、汪承霈屢議調劑，未有善策，檢疏請復旗租原額以紓民力，積欠得全減免焉。

In the fifth year he acted as Zhili governor-general. In Dongming County, commoner Li Che hacked and wounded a seven-year-old child in an adultery case and, on a severe reading, was sentenced to strangulation after the usual stay. In Yongnian County, Liang Zixin strangled his stepwife and daughter-in-law. Inquiry showed the stepwife abused his son Youfu, allowed the daughter-in-law to commit adultery, and together plotted to poison Youfu; in anger Zixin killed wife and daughter-in-law and, on a lenient reading, was sentenced to beating and exile. Renzong praised both cases together and issued a special edict to follow the recommendations. Liang Zixin received additional grace and a further reduction of beating and penal servitude. Earlier Zhili's redemption of banner land rents had accumulated arrears of 130,000 taels. Former governors-general Hu Jitang and Wang Chengpei had repeatedly discussed adjustment without success. Jian memorialized to restore the original banner rent quota to ease the people's burden, and the arrears were wholly remitted.

六年，擢河南巡撫。七年，詔檢前護直督有治績，命以兵部侍郎銜署理直隸總督。尋實授，賜黃馬褂。九年，京察，予議敘。檢歷官畿輔，頗為仁宗所信任。尋以束鹿縣民王洪中與張文觀鬥毆被傷，上控，承審官偏聽，王洪中受責自縊，獄經部鞫，詔斥檢玩視重案，下部議革職，改留任。又因他獄屢被詰責，檢具疏陳謝，諭曰：「方今中外吏治，貪墨者少，疲玩者多。因循觀望，大臣不肯實心，惟恐朕斥其專擅。小官從而效尤，僅知自保身家。此實國家之隱憂，不可不加整頓。卿系朕腹心之臣，其勉之。」

In the sixth year he was promoted Henan governor. In the seventh year an edict cited his achievements while acting Zhili governor and ordered him to act as Zhili governor-general with vice-minister of war rank. He soon received substantive appointment and was granted a yellow riding jacket. In the ninth year, at the capital inspection, he received merit evaluation. Jian had long served in the capital region and was quite trusted by Renzong. Soon, in Shulu County, Wang Hongzhong and Zhang Wenguan fought and were wounded. Wang appealed upward; trial officials were partial; Wang was punished and hanged himself. After the ministry reinvestigated, an edict rebuked Jian for treating a serious case lightly. The ministry recommended dismissal, changed to dismissal but kept in office. Rebuked again on other cases, Jian submitted a memorial of apology. An edict said: 'In official conduct today, inside and outside, the greedy are few but the slack and perfunctory are many. Dragging on and watching, great ministers will not act sincerely for fear I will rebuke them for acting on their own authority. Junior officials follow their example and only know how to protect themselves and their families. This is truly a hidden worry of the state and cannot go without rectification. You are a minister in whom I trust my innermost thoughts; exert yourself.'

十年，坐易州知州陳渼虧空逾十萬，查辦不力，降調革任，予主事銜，效力吉地工程處。會永定河堤壞，責隨築賠修。又以刑部秋審，直隸省由緩改實者十四起，革主事銜，仍留工次，事竣，予五品銜，發南河委用。未幾，復因直隸官吏勾通侵帑事覺，革職，遣戍烏魯木齊。十三年，釋回。

In the tenth year, because Yizhou prefect Chen Mei had a deficit of more than 100,000 taels and investigation was weak, he was demoted and dismissed, granted principal official rank, and ordered to serve at the Jidi engineering office. When the Yongding River dike broke he was charged to follow construction and pay for repairs. Again, at the Board of Punishments autumn review, fourteen Zhili cases were changed from delayed to immediate execution. His principal official rank was stripped and he remained at the works. When the works ended he was given fifth-rank rank and sent to the Southern Rivers. Before long, again because Zhili officials' collusion in embezzling treasury funds was exposed, he was dismissed and sent to Urumqi. In the thirteenth year he was released and returned.

十四年，命以主事充西倉及大通橋監督。十五年，授湖南嶽常澧道，遷雲南按察使。十六年，擢貴州巡撫，尋召來京。坐前在直隸失察灤州民董懷信等傳習邪教，降二級，以京員用。又坐涿州知州徐用書交代朦混，降補工部郎中。十九年，授山東鹽運使，命以三品頂戴為浙江巡撫，奏濬西湖興水利。上素稱檢操守才幹，而病其不能猛以濟寬，屢加訓戒。二十年，武平民劉奎養聽糾入添弟會傳習徒眾論斬，詔斥檢未究編造逆書之人，下部議；復因西湖厝棺被盜，言官劾其讞擬輕縱，命侍郎成格等往按，坐正犯由賄囑誣認，詔切責，褫職。二十四年，祝嘏，予官，補刑部員外郎，逾年授福建巡撫。

In the fourteenth year he was ordered to serve as principal official supervising the West Granary and Datong Bridge. In the fifteenth year he was appointed Hunan Yue-Chang-Li commissioner and transferred to Yunnan administration commissioner. In the sixteenth year he was promoted Guizhou governor and soon summoned to the capital. He was punished for earlier failure in Zhili to detect Luanzhou commoner Dong Huaixin and others propagating heterodox teachings, demoted two ranks, and used as a capital official. Again, because Zhuozhou prefect Xu Yongshu confused his handover accounts, he was demoted to director in the Board of Works. In the nineteenth year he was appointed Shandong salt transport commissioner and ordered to serve as Zhejiang governor with third-rank insignia. He memorialized dredging West Lake to promote irrigation. The emperor had long praised Jian's integrity and ability but faulted him for not balancing leniency with severity and repeatedly admonished him. In the twentieth year Wuping commoner Liu Kuiyang, who had joined the Tiandihui and taught followers, was sentenced to execution by slicing. An edict rebuked Jian for not investigating those who compiled rebel writings and referred the case to the ministry; Again, because coffins stored at West Lake were stolen, censors impeached him for lenient verdicts. The emperor ordered vice minister Cheng Ge and others to investigate. He was found guilty because the principal offender had confessed under bribery and coercion. A sharp edict rebuked him and stripped him of office. In the twenty-fourth year, on prayers for the emperor's longevity, office was restored. He was appointed outer-court official in the Board of Punishments and a year later made Fujian governor.

道光元年，疏陳歲進荔支樹、素心蘭採運艱難，詔永遠停貢，並嘉檢之直。二年，复擢直隸總督。先是籓司屠之申奏請直隸差徭，每地一畝攤徵銀一分，以示公平，詔俟檢到任定議；檢力言其不可行，請仍舊制。三年，以年老內召，授戶部侍郎，調倉場。復出為漕運總督。五年，坐河淤滯運，降三品銜休致。尋復以疏請截留漕糧忤旨，降五品銜。十二年，卒。

In Daoguang year 1 he memorialized that annual tribute of lychee trees and plain-heart orchids was hard to collect and transport. An edict permanently stopped the tribute and praised Jian's frankness. In the second year he was again promoted Zhili governor-general. Earlier provincial treasurer Tu Zhishen had memorialized that Zhili corvée labor should levy one fen of silver per mu for fairness. An edict said to decide after Jian took office; Jian strongly said it could not be done and asked to keep the old system. In the third year, on account of old age, he was summoned to the capital, appointed vice minister of revenue, then transferred to granary administration. He went out again as grain transport governor-general. In the fifth year, because the canal silted and transport stalled, he was demoted to third rank and retired. Soon again, because a memorial asking to retain transport grain offended the emperor, he was demoted to fifth rank. In the twelfth year he died.

論曰：馮光熊治苗疆善後，陸有仁興陝境寨堡團練，琅玕定石峴苗、維西夷，清安泰保全良將李長庚，常明佐勒保平仲苗，晚任蜀疆，鎮撫番夷，皆一時疆臣之能舉其職者。溫承惠治畿輔無異績，陳臬山東，則治盜清獄有聲，卒以平反冤獄遭傾陷，可謂能晚蓋矣。顏檢明於吏事，治尚安靜，而屢以寬縱獲譴焉。

The appraisal says: Feng Guangxiong handled Miao border pacification well; Lu Youren raised stockade militia on the Shaanxi frontier; Langgan settled the Shixian Miao and Weixi tribes; Qing Antai preserved the capable general Li Changgeng; Chang Ming assisted Lebao in pacifying the Zhong Miao; in later years on the Sichuan frontier he pacified Tibetan tribes—all were frontier ministers of the day able to fulfill their duties. Wen Chenghui governed the capital region without special achievement; as Shandong administration commissioner he was famed for suppressing bandits and clearing prisons, yet was overthrown while reversing a wrongful case—one may say he redeemed himself in later years. Yan Jian was clear in official affairs and favored quiet governance, yet was repeatedly punished for leniency.

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