Volume 357 Biographies 144: Wu Xiongguang, Wang Zhiyi, Chen Dawen, Xiong Mei, Qiu Xingjian, Fang Weidian, Dong Jiaozeng

列傳一百四十四

Biographies 144

吳熊光汪志伊陳大文熊枚裘行簡

Wu Xiongguang, Wang Zhiyi, Chen Dawen, Xiong Mei, and Qiu Xingjian

方維甸董教增

Fang Weidian and Dong Jiaozeng

吳熊光，字槐江，江蘇昭文人。舉順天鄉試，乾隆三十七年，登中正榜，授內閣中書，充軍機章京。累遷刑部郎中，改御史。當罷直，大學士阿桂素倚之，請留直如故。阿桂屢奉使出剿匪、治河、閱海塘、讞獄，熊光輒從。累遷通政司參議。

Wu Xiongguang, styled Huaijiang, was from Zhaowen in Jiangsu. He passed the Shuntian provincial examination, and in the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong reign he placed on the secondary quota, received appointment as a Secretariat drafter in the Grand Secretariat, and served as a clerk on the Grand Council. He rose by stages to director in the Ministry of Justice before transferring to the censorate. When his term on the Grand Council was ending, Grand Secretary Agui, who had long depended on him, asked that he remain on duty without interruption. Time and again, whenever Agui was sent out to suppress bandits, manage river works, inspect sea walls, or adjudicate cases, Xiongguang went with him. He was promoted by stages to vice commissioner of the Office of Transmission.

嘉慶二年，高宗幸熱河，夜宣軍機大臣，未至，命召章京，熊光入對稱旨，欲擢任軍機大臣。和珅稱熊光官五品，不符體制，因薦學士戴衢亨，官四品，在軍機久，用熊光不如用衢亨，詔同加三品卿銜入直。居政府六閱月，和珅忌之，出為直隸布政使。四年，高宗崩，仁宗親政，和珅伏誅。熊光言和珅管理各部日久，多變舊章以營私，大憝雖除，猾吏仍可因緣為奸，亟宜更正，上韙之。

In the second year of the Jiaqing reign, the Gaozong Emperor traveled to Rehe. One night he summoned the Grand Council ministers, but before they arrived he called for a clerk instead. Xiongguang entered audience and satisfied the emperor, who wished to elevate him to the council. Heshen objected that Xiongguang was only fifth rank and therefore irregular for the post, and recommended instead Bachelor Dai Quheng, fourth rank and a long-serving council clerk, as the better choice. Both men were then granted an honorary third-rank grand secretary title and admitted to council duty. After six months at court, Heshen grew jealous of him, and he was sent out as provincial treasurer of Zhili. In the fourth year the Gaozong Emperor died; the Renzong Emperor assumed personal rule, and Heshen was executed. Xiongguang argued that Heshen, after years overseeing the ministries, had altered many old rules for private gain; though the arch-criminal was gone, shrewd clerks could still abuse the system, and urgent reform was needed. The emperor agreed.

擢河南巡撫。教匪逼境，熊光駐防盧氏，張漢潮竄商州，分掠藍田，疏請截留山東兵赴明亮軍協剿；復以張天倫竄近鄖陽江岸，謀犯豫南，調直隸正定標兵備剿。上以所見與合，詔嘉獎。尋漢潮趨雒南，遣總兵張文奇、田永桐擊走之。令南汝光道陳鍾琛扼襄河要隘，糧道完顏岱率滿營兵協防，撥壽春鎮兵五百駐樊城。請召募練兵五千，並以開封練勇千名改為撫標新兵，從之。

He was appointed governor of Henan. As sect rebels threatened the border, Xiongguang took up defense at Lushi. Zhang Hanchao fled toward Shangzhou and sent raiders into Lantian. Xiongguang memorialized to detain Shandong troops and attach them to Ming Liang's command for joint suppression; Learning that Zhang Tianlun was lurking near the Yunyang riverbank with designs on southern Henan, he also shifted regular troops from Zhengding in Zhili into readiness. The emperor found his assessments sound and issued a commendation. Soon afterward Hanchao pressed toward Luonan; Xiongguang sent Generals Zhang Wenqi and Tian Yongtong, who drove him off. He ordered Circuit Intendant Chen Zhongchen to hold the Xiang River's critical crossings, had Commissary Officer Wanyan Dai bring Manchu garrison troops into joint defense, and posted five hundred men from Shouchun Garrison at Fancheng. He asked to recruit five thousand drilled troops and convert a thousand Kaifeng militia into new provincial-guard soldiers; the court approved.

五年，楚匪自均州、鄖縣窺渡襄河，賴預防擊退。上念河南兵單，命直隸、山西遣兵赴援，又命添募鄉勇，熊光疏言：「河南盧、淅一帶，原有鄉勇萬餘，而賊竄自如。凡遊民應募，賊至先逃，反搖兵心。是以上年撤勇添兵，賊未敢肆，此兵勝於勇之明驗。今有直隸等省官兵，擇要駐守，已足策應，無庸募勇。」七月，殲寶豐、郟縣潰匪於彭山，教首劉之協遁葉縣就擒，予議敘。

In the fifth year, rebels from Junzhou and Yun County tried to cross the Xiang River but were beaten back by the defenses he had put in place. Concerned that Henan was understrength, the emperor ordered reinforcements from Zhili and Shanxi and further recruitment of local braves. Xiongguang replied in a memorial: "The Luxi and Xichuan region already had more than ten thousand local braves, yet rebels still moved freely there. Drifters enlisted as braves tended to bolt at the first sign of rebels, which only unsettled regular troops. Last year's policy of disbanding braves and adding regulars kept the rebels in check—plain proof that soldiers outmatch militia. With troops from Zhili and other provinces already posted at critical points, coordination is adequate and further militia recruitment is unnecessary. In the seventh month he annihilated routed rebels from Baofeng and Jia County at Pengshan. Sect leader Liu Zhixie, who had fled to Ye County, was captured, and merit rewards were proposed.

六年，擢湖廣總督。途遇協防陝西兵二百餘人，逃回本營，廉得其缺餉狀，杖首謀者二人，餘釋不問。房縣鄉勇糾搶民寨，縛送三十餘人，立誅之。提督長齡、巡撫全保率師防剿，迭敗湯思蛟、劉朝選等。川匪擾興山、竹谿、房縣，分兵追剿，殲獲甚眾。平樊人傑餘匪，俘賊首崔宗和。上以熊光調度供支，迭詔褒獎。新設湖北提督，改移鄖陽鎮協，添兵三千五百名，即以無業鄉勇充之。又奏定稽查寨勇章程，略言：「寨勇習於戰鬥，輕視官兵，流弊不可不慮。今將寨堡戶口、器械逐一登記，陽資其力以助此日之軍威，默挈其綱以弭將來之民患。」上韙其言。七年，三省匪平，加太子少保。遣撤鄉勇，以叛產變價給賞，詔嘉其撙節。

In the sixth year he was appointed governor-general of Huguang. En route he met more than two hundred Shaanxi troops on joint-defense duty who had deserted to their own camp. Finding they had gone unpaid, he flogged the two ringleaders and released the rest. Militia in Fang County had banded together to loot civilian stockades; he had more than thirty of them bound and brought in, then executed them on the spot. Regional Commander Chang Ling and Governor Quan Bao led defensive and punitive operations and repeatedly defeated Tang Sijiao, Liu Chaoxuan, and others. Sichuan rebels harassed Xingshan, Zhuxi, and Fang County; he split his forces in pursuit and killed or captured large numbers. He mopped up Fan Renjie's remaining followers and captured rebel chief Cui Zonghe. The emperor repeatedly commended him for his logistical command and provisioning. A new Hubei regional command was established, the Yunyang garrison was reorganized, and three thousand five hundred additional troops were raised from unemployed local militia. He also submitted regulations for auditing stockade militia, noting: "Stockade braves are practiced in combat and hold regular troops in contempt; the abuses that follow cannot be ignored. Every stockade's households and arms would be registered—openly enlisting their strength for present military needs while quietly keeping control to prevent future abuses against civilians. The emperor approved. In the seventh year, with the three provinces pacified, he received the honorary title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He disbanded local militia and paid rewards from the sale of confiscated rebel property; the court praised his economy.

九年，劾湖南巡撫高杞違例調補知縣，杞坐降調。未幾，侍郎初彭齡劾熊光受沔陽知州秦泰金，及兩淮匣費，上詰彭齡，以得自高杞對。命巡撫全保按驗無跡，彭齡、杞俱獲譴。傳諭熊光返躬自省，平心辦事，戒勿躁妄。

In the ninth year he impeached Hunan Governor Gao Qi for illegally transferring and appointing magistrates; Qi was demoted and reassigned. Soon afterward Vice Minister Chu Pengling accused Xiongguang of accepting gifts from Qianyang Prefect Qin Taijin and of mishandling Two Huai treasury-box fees. When the emperor questioned Pengling, he said the charges came from Gao Qi. The emperor ordered Governor Quan Bao to investigate; no evidence emerged, and both Pengling and Qi were punished. Xiongguang was told to look inward, keep his judgment even, and avoid rashness.

十年，調直隸。時兩廣總督那彥成與湖廣總督百齡互訐，命偕侍郎托津赴湖北按之。百齡被訐，事有跡。方鞫治，未定讞，那彥成亦以倡撫洋盜逮京，調熊光兩廣總督。會直隸官吏勾通侵帑事發，歷任總督籓司俱獲譴。上以熊光任籓司無虛收，任總督無失察，特詔嘉之。

In the tenth year he was transferred to Zhili. At the time Governor-General Nayancheng of the Two Guang and Governor-General Bailing of Huguang were trading accusations; Xiongguang was sent with Vice Minister Tuojin to Hubei to investigate. The charges against Bailing proved partly substantiated. While the inquiry was still underway, Nayancheng was also arrested in the capital for advocating leniency toward foreign pirates, and Xiongguang was transferred to govern the Two Guang. At the same time a Zhili embezzlement ring came to light, and successive governors-general and treasurers were censured. The emperor noted that as treasurer Xiongguang had taken no illicit receipts and as governor-general had not failed in oversight, and issued a special commendation.

十三年八月，英吉利兵船十三艘泊香山雞頸洋，其酋率兵三百擅入澳門，佔踞砲台，兵艦駛進黃埔。熊光以英人志在貿易，其兵費出於商稅，惟封關足以制其死命；若輕率用兵，彼船砲勝我數倍，戰必不敵，而東南沿海將受其害，意主持重。踰月始上聞，言已令停止開艙，俟退出澳門，方准貿易。上以熊光未即調兵，故示弱，嚴詔切責。洋舶遷延至十月始陸續去。下吏議，褫職，效力南河。百齡代其任，疏言熊光葸懦，上益怒，遣戍伊犁。逾年，召還，授兵部主事，引疾歸。道光八年，重與鹿鳴宴，加四品卿銜。十三年，卒於家，年八十四。

In the eighth month of the thirteenth year, thirteen British warships anchored at Jijing Bay off Xiangshan. Their commander led three hundred men in an unauthorized entry into Macau, seized the batteries, and the fleet pressed into Whampoa. Xiongguang argued that the British wanted trade, that their military costs depended on commercial taxes, and that closing the port was the surest way to bring them to heel; but that rash military action would invite defeat against a fleet whose guns far outmatched China's and would expose the southeast coast to harm. He favored restraint. More than a month passed before he memorialized the throne, reporting that he had halted trade and would reopen it only after the British quit Macau. The emperor judged that Xiongguang's failure to mobilize immediately had shown weakness and issued a sharp rebuke. The foreign vessels lingered until the tenth month before leaving in succession. After judicial review he was stripped of rank and ordered to serve on the Southern Rivers project. Bailing succeeded him and memorialized that Xiongguang had been timid and irresolute; the emperor's anger deepened, and Xiongguang was exiled to Yili. More than a year later he was recalled, given a post as secretary in the Ministry of War, and retired citing illness. In the eighth year of the Daoguang reign he again attended the Luming banquet and received an honorary fourth-rank grand secretary title. In the thirteenth year he died at home at the age of eighty-four.

熊光嘗曰：「刑賞者，聖主之大權，而以其柄寄於封圻大吏。若以有司援案比例，求免駁斥之術處之，舛矣。刑一人，賞一人，而有益於世道人心，雖不符於例，所必及也。不得請，必再三爭，乃為不負。若憂嫌畏譏，隨波逐流，其咎不止溺職而已。」當調直隸，入覲，上曰：「教匪淨盡，天下自此太平。」熊光曰：「督撫率郡縣加意撫循，提鎮率將弁加意訓練，百姓有恩可懷，有威可畏，太平自不難致。若稍懈，則伏戎於莽，吳起所謂舟中皆敵國也。」及東巡返，迎駕夷齊廟，與董誥、戴衢亨同對。上曰：「道路風景甚佳！」熊光越次言曰：「皇上此行，欲稽祖宗創業艱難之跡，為萬世子孫法，風景何足言耶？」上有頃又曰：「汝蘇州人，朕少扈蹕過之，其風景誠無匹。」熊光曰：「皇上所見，乃剪採為花。蘇州惟虎丘稱名勝，實一墳堆之大者！城中河道逼仄，糞船擁擠，何足言風景？」上又曰：「如汝言，皇考何為六度至彼？」熊光叩頭曰：「皇上至孝，臣從前侍皇上謁太上皇帝，蒙諭『朕臨御六十年，並無失德。惟六次南巡，勞民傷財，作無益害有益。將來皇帝如南巡，而汝不阻止，必無以對朕』。仁聖之所悔，言猶在耳。」同列皆震悚，壯其敢言。後熊光告人，「墳堆」、「糞船」兩語，乃乾隆初故相訥親奏疏所言，重述之耳。

Xiongguang once said: "Punishment and reward belong to the sage ruler alone, yet their power is delegated to frontier governors. To handle them by having subordinates cite precedents merely to avoid rejection is a mistake. If punishing or rewarding someone will benefit public morals and the people's hearts, one must act even when precedent does not fit. If the court refuses, one must argue repeatedly—only then has one done one's duty. To fret over suspicion, fear ridicule, and drift with the tide is a fault worse than simple dereliction. When he was transferred to Zhili and received audience, the emperor said: "The sect rebels are wholly eliminated; the realm will be at peace from now on. Xiongguang replied: "If governors lead their prefectures and counties in attentive care, and regional commanders train their officers diligently, so that the people feel both kindness and awe, peace will not be hard to achieve. But slacken even slightly, and enemies lie hidden in the thickets—as Wu Qi said, every seat in the boat becomes an enemy state. When the emperor returned from an eastern tour, Xiongguang met the imperial procession at the Yi-Qi Temple and entered audience with Dong Gao and Dai Quheng. The emperor said: "The scenery along the road is splendid! Xiongguang spoke out of turn: "Your Majesty's journey is meant to trace the hardships of the founding ancestors and set an example for generations to come—what is scenery beside that? After a pause the emperor added: "You are from Suzhou; I passed through there in my youth on imperial progress, and its scenery truly has no equal. Xiongguang said: "What Your Majesty saw was flowers cut and arranged for show. In Suzhou only Tiger Hill counts as a famous sight, and in truth it is little more than a large burial mound! The city canals are cramped and crowded with night-soil boats—what scenery is there to speak of? The emperor asked again: "If that is so, why did my late father visit there six times? Xiongguang kowtowed and said: "Your Majesty is supremely filial. When I once attended Your Majesty in audience with the Retired Emperor, he told us: 'I have ruled for sixty years without any lapse in virtue. Only the six southern tours exhausted the people and wasted resources, doing harm where there should have been benefit. If a future emperor makes a southern tour and you do not stop him, you will have no way to answer to me.' What that benevolent sage regretted still rings in the ears. His colleagues were shaken, yet admired his boldness. Later Xiongguang told others that the phrases "burial mound" and "night-soil boat" came from a memorial by the former chief minister Neqin at the start of the Qianlong reign—he had only repeated them.

熊光晚年著伊江別錄、春明補錄、葑溪筆錄三書，紀所聞名臣言行，多可法雲。

In his later years Xiongguang wrote three books—Records from Yijiang, Supplementary Records from Chunming, and Notes from Fengxi—recording the words and deeds of eminent ministers he had known, many worthy of emulation.

汪志伊，字稼門，安徽桐城人。乾隆三十六年舉人，充四庫館校對，議敘，授山西靈石知縣。除徵糧擾累，刻木為皁隸書里分糧數，以次傳遞，民遵輸納。調榆次，遷霍州直隸州知州。代州民孟木成殺人，已定讞情實，其弟代呼冤，巡撫勒保檄志伊往按，平反之。承審者護前失，不決，命大臣臨鞫，重違眾議，志伊堅執與爭，孟木成竟得免死。志伊以此負強項名。

Wang Zhiyi, styled Jiamen, was from Tongcheng in Anhui. A provincial graduate in the thirty-sixth year of the Qianlong reign, he served as a proofreader on the Siku Library project, received merit appointment, and became magistrate of Lingshi in Shanxi. He ended the harassment of grain collection by carving wooden tallies on which runners recorded each hamlet's quota in sequence, and the people paid without dispute. He was transferred to Yuci and promoted to prefect of Huozhou Direct Prefecture. When Meng Mucheng of Daizhou was convicted of murder, his younger brother pleaded his innocence. Governor Lebao ordered Zhiyi to reinvestigate, and he reversed the verdict. The original judges clung to their earlier error and would not decide, so a senior minister was sent to preside. Though Zhiyi stood against the majority, he held firm, and Meng Mucheng was spared execution. From this he gained a reputation for stubborn integrity.

擢江蘇鎮江知府，調蘇州，連擢蘇松糧道、按察使。五十八年，遷甘肅布政使，調浙江。江、浙漕重積弊，由官吏規費多。志伊曆任，皆先除規費之在官者，然後以次裁革，嚴設科條。嘉慶元年，以杭州、乍浦駐防營養贍錢三月未放，被劾，議降二級調用，詔以志伊平日操守尚好，加恩授江西按察使。二年，遷福建布政使，未數月，就擢巡撫。

He was promoted to prefect of Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, transferred to Suzhou, and rose in succession to grain intendant of Su-Song and provincial judge. In the fifty-eighth year he became provincial treasurer of Gansu and was then transferred to Zhejiang. Jiangsu and Zhejiang grain transport suffered deep abuses rooted in the many customary fees officials collected. In every post he held, Zhiyi first eliminated official customary fees, then cut the rest away step by step and imposed strict regulations. In the first year of the Jiaqing reign, he was impeached because garrison stipends at Hangzhou and Zhapu had gone unpaid for three months. Demotion by two ranks was proposed, but the court noted his ordinarily good conduct and appointed him provincial judge of Jiangxi as a grace. In the second year he became provincial treasurer of Fujian and, within a few months, was promoted to governor.

時海盜方張，仁宗於閩事特加意。志伊屢疏陳水師人材難得，請寬疏防處分，變通選補章程，副參以上，兼用本省之人；以下，兩省通融撥用。又州縣徵糧處分過嚴，升調要缺難得合例，請人地相需者，不拘俸滿參罰。皆允行。詔飭嚴懲會匪及械鬥惡習。

Pirates were then on the rise, and the Renzong Emperor paid special attention to Fujian affairs. Zhiyi repeatedly memorialized that capable naval officers were hard to find, asked leniency for lapses in coastal defense, and proposed flexible appointment rules: for deputy commanders and above, men from the same province should be used alongside others; below that rank, the two provinces should exchange personnel flexibly. He also argued that penalties for grain collection were too harsh to fill key vacancies on promotion, and asked that where a man fit a post, service terms and prior penalties be waived. All were approved. An edict ordered harsh punishment of secret-society bandits and the custom of armed feuding.

五年，疏報漳、泉一帶，匪徒節經剿捕，均知斂跡。諭曰：「滋事不法，有犯必懲，不可無事滋擾。責以鎮靜，不可姑息養奸，亦不可持之太蹙。」尋奏龍溪、詔安、馬港、海澄四廳縣，遴員治理，民不械鬥。諭曰：「一經良有司整飭，改除積習，是小民不難化導，要在親民之官得人。當於平日遴選賢員，俾實心任事，為正本清源之道。」志伊薦閩縣知縣王紹蘭，上素知其人，詔嘉志伊能留心察吏。既而偕總督玉德，疏請泉州知府錢學彬改京職，上斥疏語矛盾。尋究得學彬任聽家人舞弊婪贓事，坐察吏不明，議革任，特寬之。六年，病，請解職。

In the fifth year he reported that bandits in the Zhangzhou and Quanzhou region, after repeated suppression, had learned to keep quiet. The emperor replied: "Lawbreakers who cause trouble must be punished, but officials must not harass the innocent. Keep calm: neither indulge wrongdoers nor press too hard. Soon afterward he reported that in Longxi, Zhao'an, Magang, and Haicheng, carefully chosen officials had ended armed feuding among the people. The emperor said: "Once capable officials put things in order and broke old habits, ordinary people proved easy to guide—the key is appointing the right men close to the people. Worthy officials should be chosen in ordinary times and allowed to serve wholeheartedly—that is the way to cure problems at the root. Zhiyi recommended Min County Magistrate Wang Shaolan. The emperor already knew Wang and praised Zhiyi for keeping a close eye on officials. Soon afterward he and Governor-General Yude memorialized to transfer Quanzhou Prefect Qian Xuebin to a capital post; the emperor rebuked the memorial as contradictory. Investigation soon showed Xuebin had let his household commit fraud and extort bribes. He was judged for poor oversight and dismissal was proposed, but the court showed leniency. In the sixth year he fell ill and asked to resign.

八年，起署副都御史、刑部侍郎，授江蘇巡撫。給事中蕭芝請就產米之鄉採買，由海運京，下議，志伊言其不便，罷之。九年，清江浦淤淺，糧船停滯。上慮京倉缺米，詔志伊預籌，請碾常平倉穀三千石備撥。以新漕減運，命酌量採買，志伊疏言：「安徽民田有一歲兩收者，各令七月完納漕糧，九十月可運通。江西、湖廣亦如之。」上以一歲兩徵近加賦，且來歲仍屬短絀，斥為迂繆。尋奏採米十二萬石搭運，報聞。時江北淮、揚水災，徐、海苦旱。志伊手編荒政輯要，頒屬吏為賑濟之法。蘇州人文薈萃，增設正誼書院課士。奏請頒御製詩文集於江南各書院，上勿許，曰：「朕之政治即文章，何必以文字炫長耶？」

In the eighth year he was recalled as acting vice censor-in-chief and vice minister of justice, then appointed governor of Jiangsu. Censorate drafter Xiao Zhi proposed buying grain in rice-producing districts and shipping it to the capital by sea. After discussion Zhiyi argued it was impractical, and the plan was dropped. In the ninth year the Qingjiangpu channel silted up and grain transports stalled. Fearing a shortage in the capital granaries, the emperor ordered Zhiyi to plan ahead; he asked to mill three thousand shi from the Ever-Normal Granaries as a reserve. With new tribute transport reduced, the emperor ordered discretionary grain purchases. Zhiyi memorialized: "In Anhui some fields yield two harvests a year; if tribute were paid in the seventh month, grain could reach the capital by the ninth and tenth months. Jiangxi and Huguang could follow the same schedule. The emperor dismissed the idea as impractical, noting that collecting twice in one year amounted to an added levy and that shortages would persist the next year. He soon reported purchasing one hundred twenty thousand shi for supplementary transport. North of the Yangzi the Huai and Yang regions flooded while Xuzhou and Haizhou suffered drought. Zhiyi compiled Essentials of Famine Administration and distributed it to subordinates as a guide for relief work. Suzhou was rich in scholars, and he established the Zhengyi Academy to instruct students. He asked to distribute the emperor's collected poems and essays to Jiangnan academies. The emperor refused: "My governance is my literature—why display literary prowess?"

十一年，擢工部尚書。未幾，授湖廣總督。川、楚餘匪散匿洞庭湖，環湖數府州多盜。志伊多選幹吏偵訪，檄下分捕，盜無所匿。濱江地自乾隆末大水湮沒，民田未復。親駕小舟，歷勘疏塞，建二閘於第江口、福田寺，以時啟閉。

In the eleventh year he was promoted to minister of works. Before long he was appointed governor-general of Huguang. Remnant bandits from Sichuan and Huguang hid around Dongting Lake, and the surrounding prefectures were rife with robbers. Zhiyi sent capable officials to investigate, ordered separate captures, and robbers had nowhere to hide. Riverside land submerged in the great flood at the end of the Qianlong reign had not been restored to cultivation. He personally surveyed blockages by small boat, built sluice gates at Dijiangkou and Futian Temple, and operated them on schedule.

十六年，調閩浙總督。先是湖北應山民喻春謀殺人，其母以刑求誣服，控於京，命志伊提鞫。同知劉曜唐等誘供翻案，以無辜之葉秀承兇，而無左證。巡撫同興為之平反，奏劾。至是入覲召對，為劉曜唐等剖辯，原代認處分。上斥其偏執，嚴議革職，改留任。捕誅海盜黃治，其黨吳屬乞降。時降盜多授官，志伊曰：「是獎盜也！」仍依律遣戍。

In the sixteenth year he was transferred to governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. Earlier Yu Chun of Yingshan in Hubei had been accused of plotting murder. His mother had been tortured into a false confession and appealed to the capital; the emperor ordered Zhiyi to retry the case. Subprefect Liu Yaotang and others induced confessions to reverse the verdict, making the innocent Ye Xiu bear the murder, without corroborating evidence. Governor Tongxing reversed the verdict and impeached those involved. At his audience he argued on behalf of Liu Yaotang and the others and offered to accept their punishment himself. The emperor rebuked his obstinacy, proposed dismissal, but allowed him to remain in office. He captured and executed pirate Huang Zhi; follower Wu Shu begged to surrender. Surrendered pirates were then often given official posts. Zhiyi said: "That rewards piracy! He still sent Wu into exile according to law.

舊有天地等會匪熊毛者，創立仁義會，授張顯魯傳煽。事覺，顯魯伏誅，毛遁，募寧化生員李玉衡捕殺之，奏賜玉衡舉人。布政使李賡芸，廉吏也，為志伊所薦舉至監司。會龍溪知縣硃履中以不職劾，因訐賡芸婪索，遽劾訊。履中已自承誣告，志伊固執駁詰，福州知府塗以輈迎合逼供，賡芸自經死，輿論大譁。二十二年，命侍郎熙昌、副都御史王引之往按，得其狀，詔斥志伊衰邁謬誤，褫職永不敘用。逾年，卒。

A Tiandihui bandit named Xiong Mao had founded the Renyi Society and appointed Zhang Xianlu to spread its influence. When the plot was discovered, Xianlu was executed. Mao fled, but Zhiyi recruited Ninghua licentiate Li Yuheng to capture and kill him, and recommended Yuheng for provincial graduate status. Provincial treasurer Li Gengyun was an honest official whom Zhiyi had recommended to surveillance commissioner. When Longxi Magistrate Zhu Lüzhong was impeached for incompetence, he accused Gengyun of extortion, and Zhiyi hastily ordered an investigation. Lüzhong had already confessed to a false accusation, but Zhiyi pressed on. Fuzhou Prefect Tu Yizhou catered to him and forced confessions. Gengyun hanged himself, and public outrage erupted. In the twenty-second year Vice Minister Xichang and Vice Censor-in-Chief Wang Yinzhi investigated and confirmed the facts. An edict rebuked Zhiyi as aged and mistaken, stripped him of office, and barred him from future appointment. More than a year later he died.

志伊矯廉好名，自峻崖岸。仁宗初甚鄉用，時論毀譽參半焉。卒以偏執獲咎。

Zhiyi affected integrity and loved reputation, holding himself aloof. The Renzong Emperor initially favored him highly, and contemporary opinion was evenly divided. In the end he fell for obstinacy.

陳大文，河南杞縣人，原籍浙江會稽。乾隆三十七年進士，授吏部主事。典廣東鄉試，累遷郎中。四十八年，出為廣西南寧知府，擢雲南迤東道。歷貴州、安徽按察使，江寧布政使，皆有聲。父憂歸，服闋，補廣東布政使。總督硃珪薦大文操守廉潔，化其偏僻，可倚用，詔人才難得，命珪加以勸迪，俾成有用才。

Chen Dawen was from Qixian in Henan, with ancestral roots in Kuaiji, Zhejiang. A jinshi in the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong reign, he became a secretary in the Ministry of Personnel. He served as chief examiner for the Guangdong provincial examination and rose to director. In the forty-eighth year he became prefect of Nanning in Guangxi and was promoted to intendant of Yidong in Yunnan. As provincial judge of Guizhou and Anhui and treasurer of Jiangning, he earned a strong reputation in each post. He returned on his father's death, and after mourning became provincial treasurer of Guangdong. Governor-General Zhu Gui recommended Dawen as honest and capable of reforming his narrowness. The court said talent was hard to find and ordered Zhu to guide him into becoming a useful official.

嘉慶二年，擢巡撫。海盜方熾，大文以運鹽為名，集商船載鄉勇出洋，擊沉盜船六，斬獲二百餘人，賜花翎；屬縣不職者，列案劾治。詔嘉其捕盜察吏皆有實心，予議敘。尋兼署總督。

In the second year of the Jiaqing reign he was appointed governor. Pirates were rampant. Dawen, under the pretext of salt transport, gathered merchant ships with local militia, sank six pirate vessels, killed or captured more than two hundred men, and received the peacock feather; and he impeached incompetent officials in subordinate counties. The court praised his earnestness in capturing pirates and supervising officials, and merit rewards were proposed. Soon afterward he also served as acting governor-general.

四年，調山東巡撫。濟、曹兩府水災，興工代賑，州縣玩視者立劾；有拙於催科而輿情愛戴者，疏請留任；禁漕幫旂丁陋規。五年，丁母憂。自乾隆末，山東大吏多不得人，吏治日弛。大文性深嚴，見屬吏溫顏相對，使盡言，然後正色戒之曰：「汝某事賄若干，吾悉知。不速改，彈章已具草矣！」人莫不畏之。尤銳剔漕弊，杜浮收，官吏被告發劾治者三十餘人。及去任時，其摘印在系未經奏劾者，尚七八人。事上聞，詔布政使分別省釋。

In the fourth year he was transferred to governor of Shandong. When the Ji and Cao prefectures flooded, he launched work-for-relief projects and immediately impeached officials who treated the disaster lightly; where officials were poor at tax collection but beloved locally, he asked that they be retained; and he banned corrupt customs among grain-transport gangs and banner transport workers. In the fifth year he entered mourning for his mother. Since the end of the Qianlong reign, Shandong's senior officials had often been unfit and governance had grown lax. Dawen was deeply stern. He would meet subordinates with a gentle face, let them speak freely, then sternly warn them: "You took such-and-such bribes in such-and-such matters—I know them all. Reform quickly, or the impeachment memorial is already drafted! Everyone feared him. He was especially sharp in cutting grain-transport abuses and stopping excess collection; more than thirty officials were impeached after being reported. When he left office, seven or eight officials still had their seals confiscated but had not yet been formally impeached. When the matter reached the throne, the provincial treasurer was ordered to release them case by case.

六年，畿輔大水。大文服將闋，特召署直隸總督。疏請大賑提早一月，以救災黎。劾查災開賑遲緩之縣令二人，以儆其餘。逾年，因病自乞京職，歷署吏部侍郎、工部尚書。八年，授兩江總督。劾按察使珠隆阿喜事株累，士民多怨，調珠隆阿內用。江蘇昭文浮收漕糧，江西樂平勒折重徵，縣民並走訴於京，先後下大文鞫實，劾府縣官，褫職究治。詔嘉大文秉公，不徇庇屬員，使小民含冤得白，姦胥猾吏不致幸逃法網，訓責各督撫力改積習。

In the sixth year the capital region suffered severe flooding. Dawen's mourning was nearly complete when he was specially summoned as acting governor-general of Zhili. He memorialized to advance major relief by one month to save disaster victims. He impeached two magistrates for slow disaster inspection and relief, to warn the rest. More than a year later, citing illness, he requested a capital post and served as acting vice minister of personnel and minister of works. In the eighth year he was appointed governor-general of the Two Jiang. He impeached Provincial Judge Zhulong'a for creating trouble and implicating others, arousing widespread resentment, and Zhulong'a was transferred inland. In Zhaowen, Jiangsu, officials over-collected tribute grain; in Leping, Jiangxi, they forced discounts and heavy levies. Villagers appealed to the capital, and Dawen verified both cases, impeached the officials, stripped them of rank, and punished them. The court praised Dawen for acting impartially, not shielding subordinates, clearing common people's grievances, and keeping corrupt clerks from escaping justice, and admonished all governors to reform entrenched abuses.

九年，召授左都御史，未至，擢兵部尚書。大文赴京，病於途，詔遣侍衛率醫往視，久不痊，賜尚書銜回籍。既而因在直隸失察屬吏侵挪，部議革職，詔俟病痊以四品京堂用，遂不出。二十年，卒於家。

In the ninth year he was summoned as left censor-in-chief; before he arrived he was promoted to minister of war. Dawen fell ill en route to the capital; a bodyguard and physician were sent to attend him. He failed to recover and was granted the ministerial title and sent home. Later, for failing to oversee subordinates' embezzlement in Zhili, dismissal was proposed; the court ordered that after recovery he might serve as a fourth-rank capital official, but he never returned. In the twentieth year he died at home.

熊枚，字存甫，江西鉛山人。乾隆三十五年，舉鄉試第一，次年，成進士，授刑部主事。斷獄平。左翼護軍給餉誤用白片，懼責，私補印，其長當以盜印罪；枚謂知誤更正，與盜用異，改緩。宜城縣吏毆斃社長，賄改病死，擬緩；枚謂鬥毆情輕，舞文情重，改實。在部八年，多所持議，遷員外郎。尚書英廉薦其才，出為甘肅平涼知府，母憂去，服闋，補河南汝寧府。汝陽有殺人獄，已得實，控不止，枚訊鞫時，忽熟視旁吏曰：「此汝所教也！」吏色變，刑之，則稱將嫁禍某富家，咸以為神。丁生母憂，代者未至，米價騰漲，枚於喪次諭縣令治居奇者，運米接濟，民乃安。服闋，補直隸順德府，擢山東泰武臨道。

Xiong Mei, styled Cunfu, was from Qianshan in Jiangxi. In the thirty-fifth year of the Qianlong reign he placed first in the provincial examination; the next year he became a jinshi and was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Justice. He judged cases fairly. A Left Wing Guard pay clerk mistakenly used a blank form, feared punishment, and privately replaced the seal; his superior faced the capital charge of seal theft; Mei held that correcting a known error differed from theft of use and changed the sentence to deferred execution. A Yicheng county clerk beat a village head to death, bribed officials to change the cause to illness, and a deferred sentence was proposed; Mei held that the assault was minor but falsifying documents was grave, and changed the sentence to immediate execution. After eight years in the ministry, often dissenting from precedent, he was promoted to vice director. Minister Ying Lian recommended his talent; he became prefect of Pingliang in Gansu, left on his mother's death, and after mourning was appointed to Runing Prefecture in Henan. In Ruyang a murder case had been judged substantiated, but appeals continued. During interrogation Mei suddenly stared at a clerk beside him and said: "You taught this! The clerk's face changed; under torture he confessed he had planned to shift blame onto a wealthy family, and all considered it miraculous. When he entered mourning for his stepmother before his replacement arrived, rice prices soared. From his mourning quarters he instructed the magistrate to punish hoarders, brought in rice for relief, and the people were calmed. After his mourning period ended, he was appointed prefect of Shunde in Zhili and then promoted to intendant of the Taiwu-Lin Circuit in Shandong.

五十八年，遷江蘇按察使。逮治博徒馬修章及竹堂寺僧恆一，皆稔惡骫法者。吳江太湖濱淫祠三郎神，奸民所祀，其黨結胥吏擾民。枚廉知，值賽祠，舟集鶯脰湖，密捕得三十八人，或以誣良訴，尾其舟，得盜贓，並逮劇盜九人，毀三郎像火之，盜遂息。教匪劉之協傳彌勒教，入教者給命根錢。安徽民任梓家供彌勒像，有簿記六十人奉錢數，官吏捕得，指為匪，巡撫已上聞，逮至江南，枚親訊，六十人皆任梓戚友賀婚嫁者，乃得釋。六十年，遷雲南布政使，以治劉河工未竣，留署江蘇布政使。開蘇州城河，集銀六萬兩，擇郡紳董其役，不使縣令與工事。嘉慶二年，調安徽，尋擢刑部侍郎。

In the fifty-eighth year of the Qianlong reign, he was transferred to provincial surveillance commissioner of Jiangsu. He arrested and punished the gambler Ma Xiuzhang and the monk Heng Yi of Zhutang Temple, both hardened offenders who habitually bent the law. On the shores of Lake Tai at Wujiang stood an illicit shrine to the Third Lord God, maintained by ruffians whose faction colluded with yamen clerks to harass the populace. Learning of the affair through his own investigation, Mei seized the festival day when boats gathered on Yingdou Lake and secretly captured thirty-eight men. When some appealed claiming innocent people had been framed, he trailed their boats, recovered stolen goods, seized nine major bandits as well, burned the image of the Third Lord, and banditry ceased. The sect rebel Liu Zhixie spread the Maitreya teaching; initiates were paid so-called life-root money. An Anhui commoner named Ren Zi kept a Maitreya image at home with a ledger listing sixty contributors. Officials arrested them as rebels, and the governor-general had already reported the case. When the detainees were brought to Jiangnan, Mei interrogated them personally and found that all sixty were Ren Zi's relatives and friends attending wedding celebrations, and they were released. In the sixtieth year he was appointed provincial treasurer of Yunnan, but because the Liu River project was unfinished he remained as acting provincial treasurer of Jiangsu. He opened the Suzhou city canal, raised sixty thousand taels, selected leading gentry of the prefecture to supervise the project, and kept county magistrates out of the construction. In the second year of the Jiaqing reign he was transferred to Anhui and soon promoted to vice minister of Justice.

六年，直隸大水，總督姜晟以辦賑延緩免，命枚署總督。截留漕糧六十萬石儲天津北倉，枚請分儲鄭家口、泊頭諸水次，便災區輓運。條上賑恤事宜，災戶仿保甲造冊，省覆查，杜刁控，酌量變通賑期，捐賑者分別旌賞，各學貧生給口糧，綠營兵丁給修房價，修災縣監獄，以工代賑，並如議行。偕侍郎那彥寶築永定河決口，既而調陳大文為總督，詔枚受代後專任查賑，巡閱數十州縣，舉者五人，劾四人。玉田令倪為德清而戇，枚初至，怒之，明日詰賑事，指畫悉中，即首薦。上嘉枚勤事，擢左都御史。時有劾枚擾驛需索供應者，命陳大文察訪，白其誣，且言枚盡心賑務，特詔褒之。

In the sixth year a great flood struck Zhili. Governor Jiang Sheng was dismissed for slow relief efforts, and Mei was ordered to serve as acting governor. Six hundred thousand shi of tribute grain had been held at Tianjin's North Granary. Mei asked that it be split among depots at Zhengjiakou, Botou, and other river stations to ease transport in the stricken region. He laid out relief measures in detail: disaster households were registered like baojia units, redundant review was cut, vexatious suits were blocked, relief schedules were flexibly adjusted, donors were commended by rank, impoverished students received grain allowances, Green Standard soldiers received funds to repair their quarters, county jails in the disaster zone were rebuilt, and work-for-relief projects were adopted—all as he proposed. Together with Vice Minister Nayenbao he repaired the Yongding River breach. Chen Dawen was then appointed governor, and an edict directed Mei, once he had handed over office, to devote himself entirely to relief inspection, touring dozens of prefectures and counties, recommending five officials and impeaching four. The magistrate of Yutian, Ni Weide, was upright but blunt. Mei was displeased when he first arrived, but the next day, when he questioned him on relief work, found every point of his plan sound and immediately placed him at the top of his recommendations. The emperor commended Mei's diligence and promoted him to left censor-in-chief. At the time some officials impeached Mei for harassing relay stations and demanding supplies. The emperor ordered Chen Dawen to investigate; Chen cleared him of the false charge and reported that Mei had given himself entirely to relief work, and a special edict commended him.

七年，回京典會試，复署直隸總督，授刑部尚書。調左都御史，管理三庫。十年，授工部尚書，復命署直隸總督，率布政使裘行簡清查虧空。部議各省販鐵，官為定額，疏上。枚面陳鐵為民間日用所需，不能預定多寡，官為查辦，恐滋流弊。上俞其說，而斥枚隨同畫諾，召對忽有異詞，年老重聽，不宜部務，復調左都御史。未幾，有山東民婦京控應奏，枚意未決，左副都御史陳嗣龍劾枚模棱，且言枚聲名平常，詔斥嗣龍見枚左遷，揣測妄劾，終以枚不能和衷，鐫級留任。直隸籓司書吏偽印虛收庫銀事覺，坐失察，議褫職，詔以四品京堂用，補順天府丞。次年，充鄉試提調官，冊券遲誤，降五品職銜休致。十三年，卒。

In the seventh year he returned to the capital to preside over the metropolitan examination, again served as acting governor of Zhili, and was appointed minister of Justice. He was transferred to left censor-in-chief and placed in charge of the Three Treasuries. In the tenth year he was appointed minister of Works, again ordered to act as governor of Zhili, and led Provincial Treasurer Qiu Xingjian in auditing treasury deficits. The ministry proposed official quotas for iron trading in each province, and he submitted a memorial. Mei argued in audience that iron was an everyday necessity for the people and could not be fixed in advance; official supervision would only breed abuse. The emperor accepted his argument but rebuked Mei for assenting with others in council only to contradict them in audience; he was elderly, hard of hearing, and unfit for ministry work, and was transferred back to left censor-in-chief. Soon afterward a Shandong woman appealed to Beijing in a case requiring an imperial rescript, and Mei had not yet reached a decision. Left Vice Censor-in-Chief Chen Silong impeached him for equivocation and said his reputation was undistinguished. An edict rebuked Silong for impeaching on speculation after Mei's demotion, but in the end Mei was reduced one grade and kept in office because he could not work harmoniously with colleagues. When clerks in the Zhili provincial treasurer's office were found to have used forged seals to collect treasury silver falsely, he was held accountable for lack of supervision. Dismissal was proposed, but an edict appointed him to a fourth-rank Beijing post as vice prefect of Shuntian. The following year, while serving as chief examiner for the provincial examinations, he delayed the registers and examination slips and was reduced to fifth-rank honorary status and retired. In the thirteenth year he died.

裘行簡，字敬之，江西新建人，尚書曰修子。乾隆四十年，賜舉人，授內閣中書，充軍機章京，遷侍讀。四十九年，從大學士阿桂剿甘肅石峰堡回匪，復從察治河南睢州河工。五十年，出為山西寧武知府，調平陽，因親老，自請改京秩，補戶部員外郎，仍直軍機。累遷太僕寺少卿。

Qiu Xingjian, styled Jingzhi, was from Xinjian in Jiangxi and was the son of Minister Qiu Yuexiu. In the fortieth year of the Qianlong reign he was granted provincial graduate status, appointed a Secretariat drafter, served as a Grand Council clerk, and was promoted to reader. In the forty-ninth year he accompanied Grand Secretary Agui against the Muslim rebels at Shifeng Fort in Gansu and later joined him in inspecting the river works at Suizhou in Henan. In the fiftieth year he became prefect of Ningwu in Shanxi and was transferred to Pingyang. When his parents grew old he asked for a capital post, was appointed vice director in the Ministry of Revenue, and continued on the Grand Council. He rose by stages to vice minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud.

嘉慶六年，命赴陝西犒軍，時經略額勒登保駐略陽，行簡疏言：「川、陝兵宜扼衝嚴守，使陝匪不入川，川匪不入陝，然後逼使東竄，經略以大兵蹙之，可計日梟縛。」又言自寶雞至褒城，棧道卡兵宜復設。且於要害設大營，隔賊路，通糧運。又以額勒登保方引嫌，自請舉劾止及於麾下，行簡疏請五路將士皆聽舉劾，移書川督勒保，陳廉、藺相下之義，兩帥大和。途次，進太僕寺卿，賜花翎。尋出為河南布政使，丁母憂，服闋，補福建布政使。

In the sixth year of the Jiaqing reign he was sent to Shaanxi to reward the army while Commander-in-Chief Eledengbao was at Lueyang. Xingjian memorialized: "Sichuan and Shaanxi forces should hold the strategic passes so Shaanxi rebels cannot enter Sichuan and Sichuan rebels cannot enter Shaanxi; only then can they be driven east, and the commander-in-chief, closing in with the main army, can capture them within days." He also urged that checkpoint troops along the plank road from Baoji to Baocheng be restored. He further proposed large camps at critical points to cut rebel routes and secure grain transport. Eledengbao was then under suspicion and had asked that recommendations and impeachments be limited to his own subordinates. Xingjian memorialized that troops on all five routes should be open to impeachment and recommendation, wrote to Sichuan Governor Lebao on the duty of subordinates such as Chen Lian and Lin Xiang to defer to their superiors, and the two commanders were fully reconciled. On the journey he was promoted to minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud and granted the peacock feather. He was soon appointed provincial treasurer of Henan, left office on his mother's death, and after mourning was appointed provincial treasurer of Fujian.

自乾隆末授受禮成，恩免廢員，各州縣錢穀出入，益滋糾葛，行簡銳事清帑，司冊目十有一，創增子目，支解毫黍皆見，吏不能欺。九年，入覲，會仁宗欲清釐直隸倉庫，嘉其成效，特以調任。行簡澈底清覈，逐條覆奏，略曰：「直隸州縣，動以皇差為名，藉口賠累。自乾隆十五年至三十年，四舉南巡，兩幸五台，六次差務，何以並無虧空？四十五年至五十七年，兩舉南巡，三幸五台，差務較少，而虧空日增。由於地方大吏，貪黷營私，結交餽送，非差務之踵事增華，實上司之藉端需索。近年一不加察，任其藉詞影射，相習成風。試令州縣捫心自問，其捐官肥己之錢，究從何出？此臣不敢代為寬解者也。分年彌補，則有二難：直隸驛務繁多，所有優缺，祗可調劑衝途，又別無陋規可提，此為難一也。現任虧空，革留勒限，彼必愛惜官職，賣田鬻產，亦思全完。若責以代前任按年彌補，焉肯解囊，勢必取給倉庫。前欠未清，後虧復至，此為難二也。州縣虧項無著，例應道府分賠；道府賠項無著，例應院司攤賠。今直隸未申明定例，請於兩次清查應行監追者，再限一年。如財產實屬盡絕，著落上司分別賠繳。嘉慶十年以後，交代虧缺，惟有執法從事，不得混入清查，致有寬縱。」疏入，上嘉其明晰，下部議行。尋命以兵部侍郎銜署直隸總督。

After the Qianlong succession, when pardons cleared dismissed officials, county treasury accounts grew ever more tangled. Xingjian drove a thorough cleanup: eleven main ledger categories with new subcategories, so that every disbursement down to the smallest fraction was visible and clerks could not hide fraud. In the ninth year he came to audience just as the Renzong Emperor sought to clear Zhili's granaries and treasuries. Impressed by his results, the emperor transferred him there specially. Xingjian conducted a thorough audit and reported item by item, writing in part: "Zhili prefectures and counties constantly invoke imperial missions and plead cumulative losses. From the fifteenth to the thirtieth year of Qianlong there were four southern tours, two visits to Wutai, and six rounds of mission expenses—yet why were there no deficits? From the forty-fifth to the fifty-seventh year there were two southern tours and three visits to Wutai, with fewer mission expenses, yet deficits grew daily. The cause was greedy local superiors who pursued private gain, formed factions, and sent gifts—not escalating mission extravagance, but superiors using missions as pretexts to extort subordinates. In recent years no one has investigated; officials have been allowed to plead pretexts and shadow charges until the practice became habitual. Let prefectures and counties search their own hearts: where does the money come from that they spend to buy office and enrich themselves? On this point your servant dares not offer excuses on their behalf. Spreading repayment over years presents two difficulties. Zhili has heavy relay duties, and lucrative posts can only be shifted along busy routes, with no corrupt customary fees to tap—this is the first difficulty. Incumbents with deficits, if dismissed but retained under deadline, will value their posts, sell land and property, and try to make full repayment. If they are required to repay predecessors' deficits year by year, they will not open their own purses but inevitably take from county treasuries. Former debts remain unpaid while new deficits appear—this is the second difficulty. When county deficits cannot be recovered, circuit intendants and prefects should share compensation by regulation; when their compensation cannot be recovered, provincial treasurers and governors should share it by regulation. Zhili has not yet codified these rules. I ask that those subject to supervision after the two audits be given one more year. If an official's property is truly exhausted, superiors should be assigned to compensate in proportion. After the tenth year of Jiaqing, deficits discovered on transfer of office must be prosecuted strictly and must not be folded into the general audit, lest offenders be treated leniently." When the memorial reached the throne, the emperor praised its clarity and ordered the ministries to deliberate and implement it. Soon afterward he was ordered to serve as acting governor of Zhili with the honorary rank of vice minister of War.

十一年，察出籓司書吏假印虛收解款二十八萬有奇，遣使按訊，歷任總督、布政使議譴有差。行簡任內虛收之數少，詔以事由行簡立法清查，始得發覺，寬之。是年秋，赴永定河勘工，途次感疾，卒。上深惜之，優詔賜卹依一品例，諡恭勤，賜子元善舉人。

In the eleventh year clerks in the provincial treasurer's office were found to have used forged seals to collect more than two hundred and eighty thousand taels in forwarded payments falsely. Investigators were dispatched, and successive governors and provincial treasurers were censured to varying degrees. The amount falsely collected during Xingjian's tenure was small. An edict noted that his regulations for thorough audit had exposed the fraud, and he was treated leniently. That autumn, while traveling to inspect Yongding River works, he fell ill on the road and died. The emperor deeply regretted his loss, issued a generous condolence edict on the precedent for first rank, gave him the posthumous title Gongqin, and granted his son Yuanshan provincial graduate status.

方維甸，字南耦，安徽桐城人，總督觀承子。觀承年逾六十，始生維甸。高宗命抱至御前，解佩囊賜之。乾隆四十一年，帝巡幸山東，維甸以貢生迎駕，授內閣中書，充軍機章京。四十六年，成進士，授吏部主事，歷郎中。五十二年，從福康安徵台灣，賜花翎。遷御史，累擢太常寺少卿。又從福康安徵廓爾喀。歷光祿寺卿、太常寺卿，授長蘆鹽政。嘉慶元年，坐事奪職。吏議遣戍軍台，詔寬免，降刑部員外郎，仍直軍機。遷內閣侍讀學士。從尚書那彥成治陝西軍務。

Fang Weidian, styled Nan'ou, was from Tongcheng in Anhui and was the son of Governor Fang Guancheng. Guancheng was past sixty when Weidian was born. The Gaozong Emperor had him brought before the throne and bestowed his own purse pouch. In the forty-first year of the Qianlong reign, when the emperor toured Shandong, Weidian as a tribute student welcomed the imperial procession, was appointed a Secretariat drafter, and served as a Grand Council clerk. In the forty-sixth year he passed the metropolitan examination, was appointed a principal clerk in the Ministry of Personnel, and rose to director. In the fifty-second year he followed Fuk'anggan on the Taiwan campaign and was granted the peacock feather. He was transferred to the censorate and promoted by stages to vice minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. He again followed Fuk'anggan on the Gurkha campaign. He served as minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and was appointed Changlu salt controller. In the first year of the Jiaqing reign he was dismissed for an offense. The Ministry of Personnel proposed banishment to the military penal colony. An edict granted leniency, reduced him to vice director in the Ministry of Justice, and he continued on the Grand Council. He was promoted to reader in the Grand Secretariat. He followed Minister Nayancheng in managing military affairs in Shaanxi.

五年，授山東按察使，遷河南布政使。時川、楚教匪未靖，維甸率兵六千防守江岸。疏言：「大功將蕆，裁撤鄉勇，最為要務。宜在撤兵之前，預為籌議。俟陝西餘匪殄盡，酌移河南防兵以易勇，可節省勇糧。」上韙之。

In the fifth year he was appointed provincial surveillance commissioner of Shandong and transferred to provincial treasurer of Henan. The Sichuan and Hubei sect rebels were not yet pacified. Weidian led six thousand troops to guard the Yangzi bank. He memorialized: "With the great victory nearly complete, disbanding the local militia is the most urgent task. Planning should begin before regular troops are withdrawn. Once remaining rebels in Shaanxi are eliminated, Henan garrison troops can be shifted proportionally to replace the militia and save militia grain costs." The emperor approved.

八年，調陝西，就擢巡撫。督捕南山零匪，籌撤鄉勇，覈治糧餉，並協機宜，复賜花翎。十一年，寧陝新兵叛，維甸亟令總兵楊芳馳回，偕提督楊遇春進山督剿。會德楞泰奉命視師，賊竄兩河，將趨石泉，維甸遣總兵王兆夢擊之，勸民修寨自衛，賊無所掠。未幾，叛兵乞降，德楞泰請以蒲大芳等二百餘人仍歸原伍。上責其寬縱，命維甸按治，疏陳善後六事，如議行。

In the eighth year he was transferred to Shaanxi and immediately promoted to governor. He directed pursuit of scattered rebels in the southern mountains, planned militia disbandment, audited grain supplies, and coordinated strategy, and was again granted the peacock feather. In the eleventh year the Ningshan new troops mutinied. Weidian urgently ordered Regional Commander Yang Fang to return at once and joined Provincial Commander Yang Yuchun in entering the mountains to direct suppression. When Delingtai arrived to take command, the rebels fled between the Han and Wei rivers and were heading toward Shiquan. Weidian sent Regional Commander Wang Zhaomeng to strike them and urged the people to fortify stockades, leaving the rebels nothing to plunder. Soon the mutineers sought to surrender. Delingtai asked that more than two hundred men including Pu Dafang be returned to their original units. The emperor rebuked this as too lenient and ordered Weidian to investigate and punish. He memorialized six measures for subsequent order, and all were adopted.

十四年，擢閩浙總督。蔡牽甫殲，硃渥乞降，遣散餘眾。台灣嘉義、彰化二縣械鬥，命往按治，獲犯林聰等，論如律。疏言：「台灣屯務廢弛，派員查勘，卹番丁苦累，申明班兵舊制，及歸併營汛地，以便操防；約束台民械鬥，設約長、族長，令管本莊、本族，嚴禁隸役黨護把持；又商船貿易口岸，牌照不符，定三口通行章程，杜丁役句串舞弊。」詔皆允行。以台俗民悍，命總督、將軍每二年親赴巡查一次，著為例。

In the fourteenth year he was promoted to governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. Cai Qian had just been destroyed. Zhu Wo surrendered, and the remaining followers were dispersed. Armed clashes broke out in Jiayi and Zhanghua in Taiwan. He was ordered to investigate, captured offenders including Lin Cong, and sentenced them according to law. He memorialized: "Taiwan's garrison land administration has fallen into neglect. Officers should be sent to survey holdings, relieve burdens on native levies, restore the old system for garrison soldiers, and merge garrison zones with military land to ease training and defense; to curb armed clashes among Taiwanese commoners by appointing covenant heads and clan heads to govern their own villages and clans, and strictly forbid yamen runners and factions from shielding offenders; and for merchant vessels whose licenses did not match trading ports, establish regulations for passage at three ports to stop collusion and fraud by runners." Edicts approved all of these measures. Because Taiwan's customs made the people fierce, the governor-general and regional commander were ordered to inspect in person every two years, and this was made precedent.

十五年，入覲，以母老乞終養，允之。會浙江巡撫蔣攸銛疏劾鹽政弊混，命維甸按治。明年，召授軍機大臣。維甸疏陳母病，請寢前命，允其留籍侍養。十八年，丁母憂，遣江寧將軍奠醊。未幾，教匪林清謀逆，李文成據滑縣，奪情起署直隸總督，維甸自請馳赴軍營勦賊，會那彥成督師奏捷，允維甸回籍守制。二十年，卒於家。上以維甸忠誠清慎，深惜之，贈太子少保，諡勤襄，賜其子傳穆進士。

In the fifteenth year he came to audience. His mother was elderly, and he begged to retire and care for her permanently; the request was granted. When Zhejiang Governor Jiang Youqian memorialized exposing confusion in salt administration, Weidian was ordered to investigate and punish. The following year he was summoned and appointed a Grand Council minister. Weidian memorialized that his mother was ill and asked that the appointment be set aside. He was allowed to remain at home to care for her. In the eighteenth year he entered mourning for his mother, and the Jiangning regional commander was sent to offer sacrificial libations. Soon afterward sect rebel Lin Qing plotted rebellion while Li Wencheng seized Huaxian. Weidian was recalled from mourning as acting governor-general of Zhili and volunteered to rush to the camps. When Nayancheng reported victory, Weidian was allowed to return home and complete mourning. In the twentieth year he died at home. The emperor deeply regretted the loss of so loyal and scrupulous a man, granted him the posthumous title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent with temple name Qinxiang, and made his son Chuanmu a jinshi.

董教增，字益甫，江蘇上元人。乾隆四十五年，南巡，召試舉人，授內閣中書。五十一年，成一甲三名進士，授編修，散館改吏部主事，累遷郎中。嘉慶四年，以道員發四川，明年，授按察使。瓘眉、雷波二廳銅鉛各廠，毗連夷地。奸民與爭界，焚夷巢，倮夷糾涼山生番為變，教增率兵往，議者多主剿，教增不可，廉得漢奸構釁者十一人，夷匪首事者六人，集眾誅之，夷情帖然。仁宗以教增不煩兵力，而遠夷心服，諭獎有加。尋調貴州。九年，遷四川布政使。

Dong Jiaozeng, styled Yifu, was from Shangyuan in Jiangsu. In the forty-fifth year of the Qianlong reign, during the southern tour, he was examined as a provincial graduate and appointed a Secretariat drafter in the Grand Secretariat. In the fifty-first year he placed third in the first class of the jinshi examination, became a Hanlin compiler, then transferred to the Ministry of Personnel and rose to director. In the fourth year of the Jiaqing reign he was sent to Sichuan as a circuit intendant and the next year became provincial judge. The copper and lead works at the subprefectures of Jianmei and Leibo bordered Yi territory. Wicked men disputed the border and burned Yi stockades; the Luo Yi rallied Liangshan aborigines in revolt. Jiaozeng led troops there while many advisers favored extermination, but he refused. He found eleven Han provocateurs and six Yi ringleaders, had them executed, and the Yi submitted peacefully. The Renzong Emperor commended him especially for winning over distant tribes without troubling the army. Soon afterward he was transferred to Guizhou. In the ninth year he became provincial treasurer of Sichuan.

十二年，擢安徽巡撫。寧國、池州、廣德各屬，舊有棚民，植雜糧為業。戶部慮妨民田，議遣回籍。教增言：「棚民既立室家，難復遷徙。且所種多隙壤，於民田無損，於民食有益，第約束之而已。」從之。又言：「徽、寧等府巨室，向有世僕，出戶已久，告訐頻仍，請嚴杜妄訟，凡世僕以現在是否服役為斷；其出戶及百年者，雖有據亦開豁為良。」得旨允行，著為例。

In the twelfth year he was appointed governor of Anhui. In the dependencies of Ningguo, Chizhou, and Guangde, shed-dwellers had long planted miscellaneous grains for a living. The Ministry of Revenue feared harm to civilian fields and proposed sending them home. Jiaozeng said: "The shed-dwellers have already established families; moving them again would be difficult. Moreover, they mostly plant marginal soil, which harms no civilian fields and helps feed the people—they need only be regulated. The court agreed. He also said: "In Huizhou, Ningguo, and other prefectures, great households once held hereditary bondservants who left service long ago, yet lawsuits remain frequent. False litigation should be stopped, and cases decided by whether bondservants are presently in service; those who left service or whose departure dates back a century should be released to commoner status even if documentation exists. The court approved and made it a precedent.

十五年，調陝西。興安七屬，舊食河東引鹽。乾隆間，課攤地丁，其後復歸商運。地介川、楚，土鹽侵礙，運艱費重，引課多虧。教增請循鳳翔例，改食花馬池鹽，引歸民運，課按丁攤，以卹商力。又榆林、綏德、吳堡、米脂四州縣，向食土鹽，官給票銷售。前撫方維甸請用部引，以二百斤為率，凡萬一千三百餘引，民力難勝。教增規復其舊，由州縣頒發小票，每票五十斤，民皆便之。時南山善後倚漢中知府嚴如熤，能盡其才，不拘文法，歲歉請賑，逾限破例，上陳得允。

In the fifteenth year he was transferred to Shaanxi. The seven dependencies of Xing'an had long consumed salt under the Hedong distribution system. During the Qianlong reign the levy was spread over land and poll taxes, then reverted to merchant transport. Bordering Sichuan and Huguang, local salt encroached, transport was costly, and distribution revenues often fell short. Jiaozeng asked to follow the Fengxiang precedent: switch to Huamachi salt, return transport to civilians, and spread the levy by household to relieve merchants. In Yulin, Suide, Wubu, and Mizhi, locals had long consumed native salt sold under official tickets. Former Governor Fang Weidian had required ministry distribution certificates at two hundred jin each, totaling more than eleven thousand three hundred certificates—more than the people could bear. Jiaozeng restored the old practice of small county tickets at fifty jin each, which the people found convenient. Post-rebellion work in the southern mountains relied on Hanzhong Prefect Yan Ruyi, who used his talents freely, ignored formal regulations, and when famine struck secured approval for relief beyond the deadline.

十八年，調廣東。先是百齡銳意滅海寇，曾貽教增詩云：「嶺南一事君堪羨，殺賊歸來啖荔支。」既而張保仔就撫，教增報書曰：「詩應改一字為『降』賊歸來也。」百齡愧之；至是承其後，諸降人桀驁，為閭閻害，懲治甚力，然未嘗妄殺。廣州府有死囚，值赦減等改軍而逃，獲之，論重闢，按察使持之堅，教增以律不當死，龂龂與辯，此囚卒免死。

In the eighteenth year he was transferred to Guangdong. Earlier Bailing was keen to exterminate pirates and once sent Jiaozeng a poem: "In Lingnan there is one thing to envy—kill the bandits and return to eat lychees. When Zhang Baozi surrendered, Jiaozeng replied: "The poem should change one word to 'surrendered' bandits returning. Bailing was embarrassed; now he succeeded him. Surrendered men were arrogant and harmed neighborhoods; he punished them severely but never killed recklessly. In Guangzhou a condemned prisoner escaped after an amnesty reduced his sentence to military exile. The provincial judge insisted on severe execution, but Jiaozeng argued the law did not warrant death and debated stubbornly until the prisoner was spared.

二十二年，擢閩浙總督。先是海寇未平，禁商民造船高不得逾一丈八尺，小不任重載，難涉風濤，沿海多失業。教增以寇平已久，請免立禁限，以從民便，允之。福清武生林彌高者，健訟包糧，阻眾不納，邑令躬緝，為其黨邀奪，官役並傷，令文武往捕獲，彌高嗾其黨劫持，通縣抗徵。教增親鞫得彌高罪狀，立斬以徇，諸郡慴懼，強宗悍族抗欠者，皆輸納如額。奏入，詔嘉其能。臨海民糾眾毆差，致釀大獄。巡撫楊頀坐褫職，命教增兼權浙撫，鞫治之。漳、泉兩郡多械鬥殺人，官吏往往不能制。龍溪令姚瑩捕渠魁五人，杖斃之。巡撫疑其違制，教增曰：「刑亂國宜用重典。」優容之，悍俗稍戢。張保仔就撫後，改名寶，官至澎湖副將，時論猶指斥。教增責令捕盜，奔走海上，盜平而寶亦死。二十五年，入覲，乞病未允，道光元年，乃得請歸。二年，卒，賜卹，諡文恪。

In the twenty-second year he was appointed governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. Earlier, while pirates were still active, merchants were forbidden to build vessels over one zhang eight chi high. The boats were too small for heavy loads or rough seas, and many coastal people lost their livelihoods. Jiaozeng argued that piracy had long been pacified and asked to abolish the restriction for the people's convenience; the court agreed. In Fuqing, military licentiate Lin Migao was skilled at litigation and monopolized grain collection, blocking payment. The magistrate went to arrest him in person but was ambushed by his faction and clerks were injured. When officials captured him, Migao incited his followers to seize hostages and the whole county resisted taxes. Jiaozeng personally tried him, established his guilt, and executed him immediately as a warning. All prefectures were awed, and powerful clans who had resisted payment paid in full. The court praised his capability. In Linhai, people banded together to beat government runners, producing a major case. Governor Yang Hui was stripped of office; Jiaozeng was ordered to act as Zhejiang governor and conduct the trial. In Zhangzhou and Quanzhou armed feuds and killings were frequent, and officials often could not control them. Longxi Magistrate Yao Ying captured five ringleaders and beat them to death. The governor suspected a violation of regulations. Jiaozeng said: "In a disorderly region one should use severe statutes. Yao was indulged, and the fierce local customs subsided somewhat. After Zhang Baozi surrendered he changed his name to Bao, rose to deputy commander at Penghu, and public opinion still denounced him. Jiaozeng ordered him to hunt pirates at sea; when piracy ended, Bao died as well. In the twenty-fifth year he entered audience and asked to retire for illness without success; in the first year of the Daoguang reign he was finally allowed to return home. In the second year he died; funeral gifts were granted and he received the temple name Wenge.

教增有識量，強毅不阿。官四川時，力矯豪奢，崇節儉，宴集不設劇。總督勒保以春酒召，聞樂而返；亟撤樂，乃至，盡歡。嘗言「刻於己為儉，儉於人為刻」，時嘆為名言。

Jiaozeng had judgment and breadth of view, was strong and resolute, and would not yield. In Sichuan he forcefully corrected extravagance, honored thrift, and held banquets without theatrical performances. Governor-General Lebao invited him for spring wine; hearing music, he turned back; the music was quickly removed, and only then did he come and enjoy the feast. He once said, "Being strict with oneself is thrift; being thrifty with others is harshness," and contemporaries praised it as a famous saying.

論曰：吳熊光忠讜任重，有大臣風。汪志伊、陳大文矜尚廉厲，或矯或偏。熊枚勤於民事，晚誚模棱。名位雖皆不終，要為當時佼佼。裘行簡、方維甸，名父之子，特被恩知。董教增有為有守，建樹閎達，蓋無間然。

The commentary says: Wu Xiongguang was loyal and outspoken, bore heavy responsibility, and had the bearing of a great minister. Wang Zhiyi and Chen Dawen prized integrity and severity, yet one was affected and the other partial. Xiong Mei was diligent in civilian affairs but in his later years was mocked for equivocation. Though none fully reached the heights of fame and rank, they were nevertheless among the outstanding men of their time. Qiu Xingjian and Fang Weidian were sons of famous fathers and enjoyed special imperial favor. Dong Jiaozeng was capable and principled, his achievements broad and far-reaching, and on the whole beyond reproach.

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