Volume 361 Biographies 148: Liu Qing, Fu Nai, Yan Ruyi son: Zheng Ji

列傳一百四十八

Biography 148

劉清傅鼐嚴如熤子正基

Liu Qing, Fu Nai, and Yan Ruyi; Yan's son Zheng Ji

劉清，字天一，貴州廣順人。由拔貢議敘，授四川冕寧縣丞，擢南充知縣，政聲為一省之冠。

Liu Qing, styled Tianyi, came from Guangshun in Guizhou. After qualifying as a tribute student and receiving an appointment through memorial review, he served as assistant magistrate of Mianning in Sichuan, then rose to magistrate of Nanchong, where his reputation for governance stood at the top of the province.

嘉慶元年，教匪起，清得民心，募鄉勇五百人擊賊，人樂為用。賊自為民時知其名，遇輒避之。繼從總督英善剿達州匪徐天德，數捷，率鄉勇羅思舉赴賊營諭降羅其清，未得要領；而徐天德與王三槐、冷天祿合陷東鄉，二年春，始復之，遂署東鄉。進克清谿場，擒賊黨王學禮，天德之舅也，言天德與王三槐皆有歸順意。總督宜綿令清往招三槐，遍歷諸賊壘，迎送奉酒食甚謹，宣示招撫，皆聽命，夜宿其帳中。三槐隨至大營，約期率所部出降，然實藉覘虛實，非真意。屆期，三槐詭稱於雙廟投降，伏匪為掩襲計，官軍預設備，擊敗之。時羅其清、冉文儔並聚方山坪，清偕總兵百祥奪多福山賊壘，會諸路兵攻方山坪，克之。賊竄通江、巴州，與徐天德、王三槐合，清所部鄉勇增至千餘人，桂涵、李子青等皆驍勇善戰，偕諸軍擊賊，疊有殲獲，羅、冉二匪漸蹙。

In Jiaqing 1, when sectarian rebels broke out, Qing had the people's trust; he recruited five hundred village braves to fight the rebels, and men gladly served under him. Even when they had been common folk, the rebels knew his name; whenever they encountered him they steered clear. He next served under Governor Yingshan against the Dazhou rebel Xu Tiande, won several victories, and took the militia leader Luo Siju to the rebel camp to urge Luo Qiqi to surrender, but gained no firm pledge; Meanwhile Xu Tiande, Wang Sanhuai, and Leng Tianlu together overran Dongxiang; in spring of the second year the place was retaken, and Qing was appointed to administer it. He advanced and captured Qingxi Field, seizing the partisan Wang Xueli, Xu Tiande's uncle by marriage, who reported that Xu and Wang Sanhuai were both inclined to surrender. Governor Yimian sent Qing to recruit Sanhuai; he visited every rebel stronghold, was escorted in with wine and food, announced the offer of amnesty, and all assented; he even lodged overnight in their camps. Sanhuai came to the main camp and fixed a day to bring his men out in surrender, but he was really reconnoitering the army's condition, not sincere. On the appointed day Sanhuai pretended he would surrender at Shuangmiao Temple while rebels lay in ambush for a surprise strike; the government forces were ready and beat them off. Luo Qiqi and Ran Wenchou were then massed at Fangshanping; Qing with Brigadier Bai Xiang stormed the Duofu Mountain stockade, combined with columns from every direction against Fangshanping, and captured it. The rebels slipped into Tongjiang and Bazhou and united with Xu Tiande and Wang Sanhuai; Qing's militia swelled past a thousand, with Gui Han, Li Ziqing, and others all seasoned fighters; fighting with the regular forces they piled up kills and captures until the Luo and Ran bands were nearly spent.

三年，署廣元縣事。總督勒保攻王三槐於安樂坪，未下，復令清往招撫。三槐恃前此出入大營無忌，留隨人劉星渠等為質，三槐遂詣軍門，勒保奏報大捷，俘三槐至京。廷訊時，言：「官逼民反。」仁宗詰之曰：「四川一省官皆不善耶？」對曰：「惟有劉青天一人。」劉青天者，川民以呼清也。帝深嘉之，特諭曰：「朕聞劉清官聲甚好，每率眾禦敵，賊以其廉吏，往往退避引去。如果始終奮勇，民情愛戴，著勒保據實保奏。」尋以清治績戰功奏上，晉秩同知直隸州，賜花翎。於是劉青天之名聞天下。

In the third year he was assigned to administer Guangyuan County. Governor Lebao besieged Wang Sanhuai at Anleping without success and again sent Qing to negotiate surrender. Sanhuai, trusting his earlier liberty in the main camp, left Liu Xingqu and others as hostages, then presented himself at headquarters; Lebao reported a great victory and sent Sanhuai to the capital as a prisoner. At his examination at court he said, "The officials drove the people to rebel." Emperor Renzong pressed him: "Are every one of Sichuan's officials wicked?" He replied, "There is only one—Liu the Blue Sky." Liu the Blue Sky" was the name the people of Sichuan gave Qing. The emperor was deeply pleased and issued a special instruction: "We hear Liu Qing's reputation as an official is excellent; he always leads his men against the enemy, and the rebels, seeing an honest magistrate, often draw off and leave. If he remains valiant throughout and the people hold him dear, have Lebao report him faithfully for reward." Shortly after, Qing's civil and military record was submitted; he was advanced to subprefect of Zhili Prefecture and given the peacock feather. From then on the name Liu the Blue Sky was known across the empire.

四年，補忠州，加知府銜。參贊額勒登保破冉天元、張子聰於竹峪關，令清於通江、巴州招撫餘匪。自王三槐被誘，諸賊首皆疑憚不敢出；然感清無他，不忍加害，每至賊營，必留宿盡禮，其脅從者先後投出二萬餘人，遣散歸農，以功加道銜。命隨副都御史廣興駐達州治軍餉，擢建昌道。五年，冉天元等合諸路賊渡嘉陵江，總督魁倫退守鹽亭鳳凰山，令清集民團守潼河，上下三百餘裡，多淺灘，盡撤防兵；清爭之，不可。賊果於太和鎮上游王家嘴偷渡，委罪於清，奪職，命以知縣用，留營效力。既而德楞泰破賊，天元伏誅，諸路竄賊旁皇通、巴之間，勒保以清去歲招降成效，責籌安撫。時川匪父子兄弟一家中不盡習教為賊，而奔竄往來，過鄉里輒歸視。清屯要隘，且剿且撫，遣人存問賊首家屬有歸誠之意者，潛令圖之，展轉相引，賊遂瓦解。藍號鮮大川，巴州人，號為狡悍。其族人文炳、路保及黨楊似山，清皆厚卹其家，感恩原效死，乃使文炳勸大川降，不可，且與似山謀殺文炳。似山乘間殺大川，與文炳、路保同降。巴州匪遂滅。六年，以功復原官，仍授建昌道。七年春，破賊於南江五方坪，擒賊首李彬及辛文等，加按察使銜，尋授四川按察使。敗藍號齊國典餘匪於兩河口，追擒其黨葛成勝。諸匪以次平，大功告蕆，下部議敘。

In the fourth year he was posted to Zhongzhou with an acting prefect's rank. He assisted Eledengbao in breaking Ran Tianyuan and Zhang Zicong at Zhuyu Pass and was told to win over remnant rebels in Tongjiang and Bazhou. Once Wang Sanhuai had been tricked into surrender, the rebel chiefs all hung back in fear; yet trusting Qing meant them no harm, they would not hurt him; whenever he entered a rebel camp they entertained him overnight; more than twenty thousand pressed followers surrendered in turn and were sent back to the fields, and for this he received circuit rank. He was assigned to accompany Vice Censor Guang Xing at Dazhou to handle military provisions and was raised to intendant of Jianchang Circuit. In the fifth year Ran Tianyuan united columns from every direction and crossed the Jialing; Governor Kuilun retreated to Phoenix Mountain at Yanting and told Qing to rally militia along three hundred-odd li of the Tong River, mostly shallow fords, while pulling back all regular defenders; Qing protested, but in vain. The rebels forded upstream at Wangjia Mouth above Taihe Town; Qing was blamed, dismissed, ordered to serve as a magistrate, and kept in camp to atone. Delingtai then crushed the rebels, Tianyuan was put to death, and fugitive bands roamed between Tong and Ba; Lebao, seeing last year's pacification work, put Qing in charge of resettlement. In Sichuan not every son or brother in a rebel family had taken up arms, yet they shuttled in flight and, when they passed their villages, would slip home for a visit. Qing held key passes, striking while also offering terms, sent agents to families showing good faith, quietly had them draw others in, and the rebels gradually dissolved. Xian Dachuan of the Blue Banner, from Bazhou, was famed as crafty and fierce. His kinsmen Wen Bing and Lu Bao and follower Yang Sishan—Qing had richly provided for their households; grateful, they offered their lives; he sent Wen Bing to persuade Dachuan to surrender, but Dachuan refused and even plotted with Sishan to kill Wen Bing. Sishan seized a moment to kill Dachuan and came over with Wen Bing and Lu Bao. The Bazhou rebels were wiped out. In the sixth year his former rank was restored for merit and he was again made intendant of Jianchang. In spring of the seventh year he routed rebels at Wufangping in Nanjiang, took chiefs Li Bin and Xin Wen, received vice censor rank, and was soon made Sichuan vice censor-in-chief. He beat Qi Guodian's Blue Banner remnants at Lianghekou and ran down Ge Chengsheng. The bands were subdued one after another, the great campaign was declared finished, and memorials went to the ministry for rewards.

清在軍七年，先後招降三萬餘人。有業者歸鄉里，無業及有業原從者為鄉勇，後立戰功者三十餘人。其中苟崇勳、苟文耀、李彬、辛文、李世玉、趙文相，皆賊魁也。崇勳即苟文通，已奏報殲斃而改名。及軍事竣，當遣，清以諸人田廬焚盪，驟散將復為賊，臨行重犒之。自向富室巨商貸金，人感其誠，多響應。事畢，積逋負至十萬。

Over seven years in the field Qing had persuaded more than thirty thousand to surrender. Those with trades went home; those without, and those who had followed him despite having trades, became militia; more than thirty later distinguished themselves in battle. Among them Gou Chongxun, Gou Wenyao, Li Bin, Xin Wen, Li Shiyu, and Zhao Wenxiang had all been rebel leaders. Chongxun was Gou Wentong, already reported killed in dispatches and living under a new name. When the war ended and they were to be released, Qing feared that with homesteads in ashes a sudden breakup would turn them bandits again, and on parting he rewarded them lavishly. He borrowed from rich households and great merchants on his own credit; many answered out of respect for his honesty. When it was over he owed a hundred thousand taels.

八年，陝西餘匪自南山竄出棧道，清馳扼廣元，遣卒招撫被戕，詔斥輕信縱賊，以前功免罪，命理糧餉及搜捕餘匪、裁撤鄉勇。十年，事竣入覲，賜御製詩，有曰：「循吏清名遐邇傳，蜀民何幸見青天！誠心到處能和眾，本性從來不愛錢。」時以異數榮之。丁繼母憂，去官，服闋，授山西按察使，遷布政使。忤巡撫初彭齡，劾其袒護屬吏，降四級，以從四品京堂用。清亦自陳不勝籓司之任，詔斥冒昧，降補刑部員外郎。熱河新設理刑司員，以清往，邊方草創，多持大體，斷獄平允，蒙民亦以青天呼之。

In the eighth year Shaanxi stragglers broke from the Southern Mountains along the plank roads; Qing raced to Guangyuan, sent men to negotiate, and they were slain; the court scolded his credulity, but spared him for past service and set him to provisions, mopping up remnants, and disbanding militia. In the tenth year, duties done, he had audience and received an imperial poem that ran in part, "The upright magistrate's name travels far; how lucky are Shu's people to meet the blue sky! Where his honest heart goes the crowd is won; by nature he never loved cash." At the time this was treated as a signal honor. After mourning his stepmother he left office; when mourning ended he became Shanxi vice censor, then provincial treasurer. He crossed Governor Chu Pengling, who accused him of favoring subordinates; he was lowered four ranks and given a fourth-rank capital post. Qing himself said he was unfit for a provincial post; the throne called him rash and reduced him to an outer-section clerk in the Ministry of Punishments. Rehe had just set up a penal-office post; Qing was sent there; on a raw frontier he usually judged in broad spirit, decided cases fairly, and Mongols too called him Blue Sky.

十七年，授山東鹽運使。十八年，河南教匪起，山東賊黨硃成良等應之，陷定陶、曹縣，巡撫同興恇懼，清自請將兵。承平久，兵習晏安，清躡草屩先之，以五百人敗賊於仿山，复定陶，又敗之於韓家廟，殪賊二千，進攻扈家集，縱火焚柵，賊突出皆死，誅賊首硃成良、王奇山，自滑縣奔至者並殲焉，兩閱月而事平。賊初起時，煽惑甚眾，清先解散其脅從，成良勢孤不得逞，故得速定。上嘉其以文職身先士卒，特詔褒獎，加布政使銜。尋授雲南布政使，仍留舊任。

In the seventeenth year he was made Shandong salt commissioner. In the eighteenth year Henan sect rebels rose; Shandong bands led by Zhu Chengliang joined in and took Dingtao and Cao County; Governor Tongxing panicked, and Qing asked to command troops. Long peace had made the army slack; Qing led in straw sandals; with five hundred men he beat the rebels at Fang Mountain, retook Dingtao, routed them at Han Family Temple, killed two thousand, stormed Huji Stockade, burned the fence, and rebels who burst out all died; chiefs Zhu Chengliang and Wang Qishan were executed, fugitives from Hua County were destroyed, and in two months order returned. At first the rebels had drawn vast numbers; Qing first broke up their pressed followers, Chengliang stood alone and could not prevail, and the revolt was quickly crushed. The emperor praised a civil official who fought in the van, issued a special reward, and gave him provincial treasurer rank. He was soon named Yunnan treasurer but remained at his former duty.

清性坦率，厭苛禮，不合於上官，又不耐簿書錢穀，遂乞病，上亦知之，改授山東登州鎮總兵，調曹州鎮。道光二年，以老休致，命在籍食全俸。八年，卒，賜祭葬，祀山東名宦，官其孫熾昌為兵部主事；瑩，舉人。

Frank by nature, weary of stiff ritual, ill-suited to superiors, and unable to bear ledgers and grain accounts, he pleaded illness; the emperor understood, made him brigadier of Dengzhou in Shandong, then moved him to Caozhou. In Daoguang 2 he retired on age and was allowed full salary at home. In the eighth year he died; state rites were granted, he was honored in Shandong's temple of worthy officials, and his grandson Chichang was given a secretaryship in the Ministry of War; his grandson Ying became a provincial graduate.

傅鼐，字重庵，順天宛平人，原籍浙江山陰。由吏員入貲為府經歷，發雲南，擢寧洱知縣。乾隆末，福康安徵苗疆，調赴湖南軍營司餉運，晉秩同知直隸州，賜花翎。

Fu Nai, styled Chong'an, was from Wanping in Shuntian, with ancestral roots in Shanyin, Zhejiang. He entered by purchase as a prefectural clerk, was posted to Yunnan, and rose to magistrate of Ning'er. At the close of Qianlong, Fuk'anggan campaigned in the Miao country; Nai was sent to the Hunan army to manage supplies, advanced to subprefect of Zhili Prefecture, and given the peacock feather.

嘉慶元年，授鳳凰廳同知。治當苗衝，會大軍移徵湖北教匪，降苗要求苗地歸苗，當事議允之。鼐知愈撫且愈驕，乃招流亡，團丁壯，於要害築碉堡，防苗出沒。苗以死力來攻，且戰且修，閱三年而碉堡成。有哨台以守望，砲台以御敵，邊牆相接百餘裡。每警，哨台舉銃角，婦女、牲畜立歸堡，環數十里皆戒嚴。四年，擒苗酋吳陳受，加知府銜。巡撫姜晟疏薦鼐能勝艱鉅，方治鎮筸一帶荒田，均給丁壯，請俟事竣送部。時鎮筸左、右營黑苗最為邊患，五年，跴金塘苗出掠瀘溪，偕總兵富志那夜分三路搗其巢，伏兵隘路苟岩要擊，痛殲之，斃首逆吳尚保，苗始奪氣。詔嘉獎，命在任食知府俸。

In Jiaqing 1 he was made subprefect of Fenghuang Department. He governed a Miao frontier sector; when the main force marched against Hubei sect rebels, pacified Miao demanded their lands back and officials agreed. Nai saw that indulgence only bred arrogance; he gathered exiles, drilled strong youths, and built stockades at passes to block Miao incursions. Miao attacked with deadly force; he fought while building, and in three years the forts stood complete. Watch towers scanned the hills, gun platforms met attacks, and border walls linked for more than a hundred li. At every alarm towers fired signal guns; women and stock were rushed into forts, and for tens of li all stood on guard. In the fourth year Miao chief Wu Chenshou was taken and Nai received prefectural rank. Governor Jiang Sheng praised Nai for heavy duties; he was opening wasteland around Zhengan and allotting plots to strong men, asking to present him to the ministry when finished. Then Black Miao of Zhengan's left and right camps were the worst scourge; in the fifth year Jintang Miao raided Luxi; with Brigadier Fuzhina he struck their nest in three night columns, ambushed them at Gouyan Pass, crushed them, killed ringleader Wu Shangbao, and Miao morale broke. The throne commended him and let him draw a prefect's pay while remaining subprefect.

六年，貴州苗复亂，湖南環苗地東、南、北三面七百餘裡，其西二百餘裡接貴州，未設備。石峴苗煽十四寨糾湖南苗叛，鼐率鄉勇千五百馳赴銅仁。貴州巡撫伊桑阿以招撫戡定上聞，各寨實尚沸然，槍械未繳。總督琅玕至，急檄鼐會剿崖屯溝，黔兵攻其前，鼐夜由山徑入，連破五巢。上下湖山峽尤險，夜分兵圍攻，至次日克之，火其寨。三日中盡破諸寨，殲苗二千有奇。仿湖南法，建碉堡守之。伊桑阿因冒功誤邊伏法，錄鼐功，加道銜，總理邊務，並命以苗疆道員用。七年，丁父憂，詔鼐辦理邊防善後，民、苗悅服，難易生手，命留任。初，鼐建議遷永綏城於花園，副將營於茶洞，而貴州方藉永綏為聲援，尼其事。至是詔琅玕察奏，乃赴銅仁面陳永綏孤懸苗中，形如釜底，有二難、三可慮；並請移湖南守備於貴州邊境螺螄堡，以為犄角，乃決議移之。既而群苗率眾來爭，鼐率鄉勇深入，苗大集，環之數重，以奇計突圍出。尋議勒繳槍械，苗酋石崇四等抗命，並阻丈田，十年，與其黨石貴銀糾眾數千來犯，敗之夯都河，追至孟陽岡，殲賊甚眾，生擒石崇四、石貴銀。是役因賊戕良苗，故得用苗兵深入，戰月餘，破寨十六，餘皆乞降，永綏苗遂平。廳屬高都、兩頭羊二寨皆震懾，無敢抗。事聞，予優敘，擢辰沅永靖道。

In the sixth year Guizhou Miao rose again; Hunan's Miao lands ran seven hundred-odd li on east, south, and north, while two hundred li west against Guizhou were undefended. Shixian Miao roused fourteen stockades with Hunan Miao; Nai raced to Tongren with fifteen hundred militia. Guizhou Governor Yisang'a reported pacification to the court, yet stockades still boiled and guns were not turned in. Governor-General Langgale came, urgently summoned Nai to Yaitungou; Guizhou troops struck in front while Nai entered by a night mountain trail and broke five nests in a row. The upper and lower Hushan Gorge was most dangerous; troops invested it by night, took it next day, and burned the camp. In three days all stockades fell and more than two thousand Miao were killed. He copied Hunan's method and built stockades to hold the line. Yisang'a was executed for boasting of merit and harming the border; Nai was rewarded with circuit rank, overall frontier charge, and appointment as Miao frontier intendant. In the seventh year he mourned his father; the court kept him to settle frontier defense—people and Miao were loyal, the task too delicate for a novice—so he stayed in office. He had earlier urged moving Yongshui city to Huayuan and the vice commander's camp to Chadong, but Guizhou needed Yongshui as a prop and blocked it. Now Langgale was told to investigate; Nai went to Tongren and argued that Yongshui hung alone among Miao like a pot's bottom, with two hardships and three concerns; he also asked to shift a Hunan garrison to Luoxi Fort on the Guizhou line as a pincer, and the move was approved. Soon Miao mustered to fight the move; Nai led militia deep inside; they surrounded him in many rings, yet he broke out by a ruse. When guns were ordered in, chiefs like Shi Chongsi resisted and blocked land measure; in the tenth year he and Shi Guiyin raised thousands; Nai beat them at Handu River, chased to Mengyang Ridge, killed heavily, and took both chiefs alive. Because rebels had killed loyal Miao, he could use Miao soldiers deep in the hills; after a month he stormed sixteen stockades; the rest surrendered and Yongshui was calm. Department stockades Gaodu and Liangtouyang were cowed and dared not resist. The court gave him preferential reward and made him intendant of Chen-Yuan-Yong-Jing Circuit.

鼐治苗專用雕剿法，大小百戰，所用僅鄉勇數千。苗人於穹山峭壁驀越如平地，無部伍行列，伏箐中從暗擊明，銃銳且長，隨山起伏，多命中。鼐因苗地用苗技訓練士卒，囊沙輕走，習藤牌閃躍，狹路則用短兵。每戰後輒嚴汰，數年始得精卒千，號「飛隊」，風雨不亂行列，遺資道路無反顧，甘苦與共，是以能致死。

Governing Miao, Nai relied wholly on stockade warfare; in a hundred-odd fights large and small he used only a few thousand militia. On vaulted peaks and cliff faces Miao moved as if on flat ground, without ranks; hiding in thickets they struck from cover; their long muskets followed the hills and rarely missed. In Miao terrain he drilled troops Miao-style—sand-filled packs for light marching, rattan-shield leaps, short blades on narrow trails. After each fight he culled weak men; years later he had a thousand elites, the "Flying Corps," steady in storm, who abandoned baggage without looking back, shared every hardship, and would die where they stood.

先是議興屯田，上書巡撫高杞曰：「防邊之道，兵民相輔。湖南苗疆，環以鳳凰、永綏、乾州、古丈坪、保靖五廳縣，犬牙相錯，營汛相距各數里。元年班師後苗擾如故，鼐竭心籌之，制勝無如碉堡。募丁壯數千，與苗從事。來則痛擊，去則修邊，前戈矛，後邪許。得險即守，寸步而前，然後苗銳挫望絕。湖南自乙卯二載用兵，耗帑七百餘萬。國家經費有常，頑苗叛服無定。募勇不得不散，則碉堡不得不虛；後患不得不慮，則自圖不得不亟。通力合作，且耕且戰，所以招亡拯患也。均田屯丁，自養自衛，所以一勞永逸也。相其距苗遠近、碉堡疏密，為屯田多少：鳳凰廳碉堡八百，需丁四千輪守，並留千人備戰，需田三萬餘畝；乾州廳碉堡九十餘，守丁八百，屯田三千餘畝；保靖縣碉堡四十餘，守丁三百，屯田千五百餘畝；古丈坪廳苗馴，止設碉堡十餘，守丁百，屯田五百餘畝；永綏廳新建碉堡百餘，留勇丁二千，亦屯田萬畝：而後邊無餘隙，環苗以成圈圍之勢，峻國防、省國計也。異族逼處，非碉堡無以固，碉堡非勇丁無以守，勇丁非屯田無以贍。邊民瀕近鋒鏑，固原割世業而保身家；後路同資屏蔽，亦樂捐有餘以補不足。所募土丁，非其子弟即其親族。距邊稍遠者，仍佃本戶輸租，視古來屯戍以客卒雜處，勢燕越矣。與其一旦散數千驍健無業子弟流為盜賊，何如收駕輕就熟之用而不費大帑一錢？惟執事圖之！」於是收叛產分給無業窮苗佃種。

When garrison farming was debated he wrote Governor Gao Qi: "Border defense depends on soldiers and people aiding each other. Hunan's Miao frontier is girdled by Fenghuang, Yongshui, Qianzhou, Guzhangping, and Baojing, jigsawed together with posts a few li apart. After the first-year withdrawal Miao raids continued; Nai planned tirelessly and found stockades the surest answer. He raised several thousand stout men to fight Miao head-on. When Miao came he hit hard; when they left he built walls—spears ahead, hauling chants behind. He seized every defile, held it, crept forward, until Miao daring broke and hope died. Since the yimao campaigns Hunan had spent over seven million taels in two years of war. Imperial funds are fixed, yet stubborn Miao sway between revolt and peace. When militia must be dismissed, stockades must go empty; when future trouble is feared, self-sufficiency cannot wait. Shared labor, farming and fighting together, wins back the lost and relieves distress. Land shared among garrison farmers who feed and guard themselves settles the border for good. By distance from Miao and density of forts he set acreage: Fenghuang's eight hundred stockades needed four thousand rotating guards plus a thousand reserves—over thirty thousand mu; Qianzhou's ninety-odd forts needed eight hundred men and three thousand mu; Baojing's forty-odd forts needed three hundred men and fifteen hundred mu; Tame Miao at Guzhangping needed only a dozen forts, a hundred men, five hundred mu; Yongshui added a hundred forts and two thousand braves with ten thousand mu—closing gaps, ringing Miao in a cordon that hardened the frontier and saved the treasury. Alien neighbors require forts; forts require garrison men; garrison men require land. Border folk under the sword would surrender ancestral fields to save their lives; inland counties glad to give surplus to cover shortfalls. Recruits were sons or kin, not strangers. Men farther back still farmed family plots and paid rent—unlike old garrisons of mixed outsiders, a world apart. Better employ trained youths than disband thousands who would turn bandit—without one treasury coin. I urge Your Excellency to act on this!" Rebel lands were then divided among landless Miao tenants.

自擒石崇四，餘匪原返侵地，永綏得萬餘畝，乾州、鳳凰二廳次之，乃續墾沿邊隙地二萬畝，曰「官墾田」，贖苗質民田萬餘畝，曰「官贖田」。以廩屯官授屯長，給老幼，籌補助，備犒賞，暨歲修城堡、神祠、學校、育嬰、養濟諸費。復以兵威勒交苗佔民田三萬五千餘畝，苗自獻田七千餘畝。其經費田則佃租變價，屯丁田則附碉躬耕，訓練講武，設屯田守備掌之，轄於兵備道。屯政舉，使兵農為一以相衛，民、苗為二以相安。與官及兵民約曰：「毋擅入苗寨，毋稍役苗夫。」與苗約曰：「毋巫鬼椎牛群飲以糜財，毋挾槍矛尋睚眥釀釁。」請乾、鳳、永、保四廳編立邊字號，廣鄉試中額一名；苗生編立田字號，加中額一名，苗益感奮。十三年，屯務竣，入覲，詔曰：「傅鼐任苗疆十餘年，鋤莠安良，興利除弊，建碉堡千有餘所，屯田十二萬餘畝，收卹難民十餘萬戶，練兵八千人，收繳苗寨兵器四萬餘件；又多方化導，設書院六，義學百，近日苗民向學，革面革心。朕久聞其任勞任怨，不顧身家。今召見，果安詳諳練，明白誠實，洵為傑出之才，堪為岩疆保障。其加按察使銜，以風有位。」

After Shi Chongsi's capture, invaders' lands returned; Yongshui gained ten thousand mu, then Qianzhou and Fenghuang; he reclaimed twenty thousand mu as "official reclaimed land" and redeemed ten thousand mu pawned to Miao as "official redemption land." Granary fields funded chiefs, the aged, subsidies, rewards, and yearly repairs to forts, shrines, schools, orphanages, and poorhouses. By force he made Miao return thirty-five thousand mu seized from civilians; Miao voluntarily gave seven thousand more. Revenue plots were leased or sold; garrison men farmed beside forts and drilled; a garrison commandant answered to the military intendant. Garrison policy united soldier and farmer for mutual defense while keeping civilian and Miao separate but at peace. He pledged officials and troops: "Enter no Miao village unbidden; press no Miao labor." To Miao he pledged: "No spirit rites, ox feasts, or drinking bouts that drain wealth; no guns for private feuds." He sought a frontier exam quota for Qian, Feng, Yong, and Bao with one added graduate slot; Miao students gained a "field" quota with an extra pass, stirring them to study. In the thirteenth year, garrison work done, he had audience; the edict read: "Fu Nai served the Miao frontier over ten years, rooting evil, aiding the good, building a thousand forts, garrisoning a hundred twenty thousand mu, succoring a hundred thousand refugee households, drilling eight thousand men, collecting forty thousand Miao weapons; he guided them, founded six academies and a hundred charity schools; Miao now study and reform. We long heard he bore every burden without regard for self. Meeting him, he is calm, skilled, honest—a talent fit to guard rugged borders. Grant vice censor rank to inspire other officials."

十四年，擢湖南按察使。苗人籥留，命每年秋一赴苗疆撫慰邊人。鼐在苗疆，設木匭於門，訴者投牒其中，夜出閱之，黎明起視事，剖決立盡。兵民白事，直至榻前。及為按察使，一如同知時。下無壅情，事無不舉。十五年，兼署布政使。十六年，卒於官，仁宗深悼惜，詔謂：「倚畀方隆，正欲簡任疆寄。加恩贈巡撫銜，照贈官賜卹，賜祭一壇。」苗疆建專祠，祀湖南名宦。光緒中，追諡壯肅。

In the fourteenth year he became Hunan vice censor-in-chief. Miao pleaded with pipes for him to stay; the court ordered one autumn visit yearly to comfort the frontier. On the frontier he placed a petition box at his gate, read filings by night, judged at dawn, and finished every case. Soldiers and civilians brought business even to his bedside. As vice censor he lived as simply as when he was subprefect. Nothing was hidden from him; nothing went undone. In the fifteenth year he acted as provincial treasurer as well. In the sixteenth year he died in office; Renzong mourned deeply: "We had just begun to rely on him for a frontier post. He was posthumously given governor rank, full mourning honors, and one state sacrifice." A frontier temple was raised and he entered Hunan's hall of worthy officials. Under Guangxu he received the posthumous name Zhuangsu.

初，鼐排眾議以事攻剿，為大吏所惎，將中以開邊釁罪。監司阿意，旁掣其肘，鎮筸總兵富志那獨保全之。富志那從征金川，習知山碉設險之利，鼐實從受之，卒以成功。鼐歿後，二妾寡居，饣於粥不給，其廉操尤著雲。

Early on Nai defied opinion to fight Miao; superiors envied him and nearly charged him with provoking the border. Circuit men flattered superiors and hindered him; only Brigadier Fuzhina shielded him. Fuzhina, veteran of Jinchuan, knew mountain stockades; Nai learned from him and prevailed. After his death two concubines lived in poverty on thin gruel—proof of his integrity.

嚴如熤，字炳文，湖南溆浦人。年十三，補諸生，舉優貢。研究輿圖、兵法、星卜之書，尤留心兵事。

Yan Ruyi, styled Bingwen, came from Xupu in Hunan. At thirteen he became a licentiate and passed as an outstanding tribute student. He studied geography, strategy, and divination, but cared most for military affairs.

乾隆六十年，貴州苗亂，湖南巡撫姜晟闢佐幕，上平苗議十二事，言宜急复乾州，進永綏，與保靖、松桃、鎮筸聲勢可通。攻乾州道瀘溪，必先得大小章。大小章者，故土司遺民，名曰仡佬，驍健，與苗世仇。如熤募能仡佬語者往，開示利害，挾其酋六人出，推誠與同臥起，乃送質，率其屬陽投乾州為內應，約一舉破賊，因黔師牽掣未果。次年，卒賴其眾，救兩鎮兵於河溪。後復平隴，戰花園，皆為軍鋒。大小章於大府檄或不受，必得如熤手書始行雲。

In Qianlong 60, when Guizhou Miao rebelled, Governor Jiang Sheng took him on staff; his twelve proposals urged recovering Qianzhou, advancing Yongshui, and linking Baojing, Songtao, and Zhengan. The Luxi route to Qianzhou required winning Daxiaozhang first. Daxiaozhang were Gelao descendants of old chiefs, fierce and sworn enemies of Miao. Ruyi sent Gelao speakers, won six chiefs, lived among them in trust, took hostages, and won them as Qianzhou insiders—but Guizhou troops were tied down and the plan stalled. Next year their men rescued two commands at Hexi. He later fought at Pinglong and Huayuan always in the van. Daxiaozhang ignored grand coordinators but obeyed Ruyi's personal letters.

嘉慶五年，舉孝廉方正。廷試平定川、楚、陝三省方略策，如熤對幾萬言，略謂：「軍興數載，師老財匱。以數万罷憊之眾，與猾賊追逐數千里長林深谷中。投誠之賊，無地安置，則已降复亂；流離之民，生活無資，則良亦從亂。鄉勇戍卒，多遊手募充。慮一旦兵撤餉停，則反思延亂。如此，則亂何由弭？臣愚以為莫若仿古屯田之法。三省自遭蹂躪，叛亡各產不下億萬畝，舉流民降賊之無歸、鄉勇戍卒之無業者，悉編入屯，團練捍衛，計可養勝兵數十萬。餉省而兵增，化盜為民，計無逾此。」仁宗親擢第一。次日，召詣軍機處詢屯政，复條上十二事。召見，以知縣發陝西。下其疏於三省大吏，令採行。

In Jiaqing 5 he was named filial and incorrupt. At the palace exam on pacifying Sichuan, Hubei, and Shaanxi he wrote tens of thousands of words opening: "Years of war have exhausted troops and treasury. Tens of thousands of spent men chase crafty rebels thousands of li through forest and gorge. Surrendered rebels with nowhere to go rise again; Homeless refugees without livelihood join the chaos; Militia and garrison men are mostly hired idlers. Fearing that when troops withdraw and pay stops they will prolong war for profit. How then can order return? I urge the ancient garrison-farming system. Trampled provinces hold endless idle land; enroll refugees, surrendered rebels, and jobless militia in garrisons to maintain hundreds of thousands of troops. Pay falls while strength rises—turning bandits into farmers—nothing better." Renzong ranked him first. Next day the Grand Council questioned him on garrison policy; he submitted twelve detailed points. He was sent to Shaanxi as magistrate. His memorial went to the three provinces with orders to adopt it.

六年，補洵陽，縣在萬山中，與湖北邊界相錯，兵賊往來如織。時方厲行堅壁清野，如熤於築堡練團，措置尤力。賊至無可掠，去則抄其尾。又擇堅寨當衝者，儲糧供給官軍。徐天德、樊人傑敗於張家坪，因馬鞍寨阻其前，故不得竄。楊遇春破張天倫，亦賴太平寨夾擊之力。以功加知州銜，賜花翎。八年，擊湖北逸匪於蜀河口，斬王祥，擒方孝德，晉秩同知直隸州。新設定遠廳，即以如熤補授。九年，建新城，复於西南百餘裡黎壩、漁渡壩築二石城為犄角。治團如洵陽，賊至輒殲，先後擒陳心元、馮世週。丁母憂，大吏議留任，辭不可，服闋，十三年，補潼關廳。尋擢漢中知府。兵燹後，民困兵驕，散勇逸匪，心猶未革。如熤聯營伍，立保甲，治堡寨，問民疾苦。興勸農事，行區田法，教紡織，使務本計。修復褒城山河堰及城固五門、楊填二堰，各灌田數万畝，他小堰百餘，皆履勘濬治，水利普興。复漢中書院，親臨講授。於華州渭南開諭悍回，縛獻亡命數十人；於寧羌解散湖北流民；於城固擒教首陳恆義：皆治渠魁，寬脅從。令行禁止，人心帖服，南山遂大定。

In the sixth year he took Xunyang, a county lost in mountains where Hubei borders crossed and troops and rebels shuttled constantly. Strict "clear the fields" policy ruled; Ruyi built forts and drilled militia with special force. Rebels found nothing to loot; when they fled he struck their rear. He stocked grain in strong stockades on main routes to feed government troops. Xu Tiande and Fan Renjie were trapped at Zhangjiaping because Ma'an Stockade blocked their escape. Yang Yuchun's defeat of Zhang Tianlun owed much to Taiping Stockade's flank attack. For merit he received acting prefect rank and the peacock feather. In the eighth year he struck Hubei fugitives at Shuhekou, killed Wang Xiang, captured Fang Xiaode, and rose to subprefect of Zhili Prefecture. The new Dingyuan Department was given to him. In the ninth year he built a new city and, a hundred li southwest, two stone forts at Liba and Yuduba as flanks. He drilled militia as at Xunyang; rebels were destroyed; he took Chen Xinyuan and Feng Shizhou. He mourned his mother, refused to stay despite officials' pleas, and in the thirteenth year, mourning done, took Tongguan Department. Soon he became prefect of Hanzhong. After war the people were ruined, troops arrogant, disbanded braves and fugitives unreformed. He reorganized camps, set up baojia, repaired stockades, and asked after people's hardships. He promoted farming, zone fields, spinning, and urged people back to honest livelihood. He restored Baocheng's Shanhe Weir and Chenggu's Wumen and Yangtian weirs, each watering tens of thousands of mu, dredged a hundred smaller works, and waterworks flourished. He restored Hanzhong Academy and taught there himself. At Weinan in Huazhou he persuaded fierce Muslims and sent up dozens of fugitives bound; at Ningqiang he dispersed refugees from Hubei; at Chenggu he seized sect leader Chen Hengyi—always punishing chiefs, sparing followers. His orders held, hearts submitted, and the Southern Mountains were largely pacified.

道光元年，擢陝安道。會廷議川、楚、陝邊防建設事宜，下三省察勘，以如熤任其事，週曆相度，析官移治，增營改汛，建城口、白河、磚坪、太平、佛坪五廳，移駐文武。奏上，報可。如熤嘗言：「山內州縣距省遠，多推諉牽掣。宜仿古梁州自為一道及明鄖陽巡撫之制，專設大員鎮撫，割三省州縣以附益之，庶勢專權一，可百世無患。」以更張重大，未竟其議。三年，宣宗以如熤在陝年久，熟於南山情形，任事以來，地方安靖，特詔嘉獎，加按察使銜，以示旌異。巡撫盧坤尤重之，採其議增廳治於盩厔、洋縣界，增營汛於商州及略陽；檄勘全秦水利，於灃、涇、滻、渭諸川，鄭白、龍首諸渠，規畫俱備。社倉、義學，亦以次推行。五年，擢貴州按察使，未到官。六年，入覲，仍調陝西，抵任數日而卒，贈布政使。陝民請比硃邑桐鄉故事，留葬南山，勿得，乃請祀名宦。湖南亦祀鄉賢。

In Daoguang 1 he became intendant of Shaan-An Circuit. When the court debated Sichuan-Hubei-Shaanxi frontier layout, Ruyi surveyed all three provinces, reorganized counties, added posts, founded Chengkou, Baihe, Zhuanping, Taiping, and Foping departments, and redeployed officials. The memorial was approved. Ruyi once said: "Mountain counties lie far from provincial capitals and dodge responsibility. Restore an independent Liangzhou circuit or a Yunyang governor like the Ming, attach border counties from three provinces, concentrate power, and secure the hills for generations." The plan was too sweeping and was not adopted. In the third year Xuanzong praised his long service in Shaanxi, his knowledge of the Southern Mountains, and local peace under his rule, granting vice censor rank as special honor. Governor Lu Kun added a department between Zhouzhi and Yang, more posts at Shangzhou and Lueyang; he ordered a survey of Qin waterways—the Feng, Jing, Chan, and Wei, the Zheng-Bai and Longshou canals—with full plans ready. Community granaries and charity schools followed. In the fifth year he was named Guizhou vice censor but never took office. In the sixth year he had audience, returned to Shaanxi, died within days, and was posthumously made provincial treasurer. Shaanxi people asked to bury him in the Southern Mountains like Zhu Yi of Tongxiang; denied, they sought a place in the hall of worthy officials. Hunan honored him in the hall of local worthies as well.

如熤自為縣令至臬司，皆出特擢。在漢中十餘年不調，得成其鎮撫南山之功。宣宗每論疆吏才，必首及之。將大用，已不及待。為人性豪邁，去邊幅，泊榮利，視之如田夫野老。於輿地險要，如聚米畫沙。所規畫常在數十年外，措施略見所著書。嘗佐那彥成籌海寇，有洋防備覽；佐姜晟籌苗疆，有苗防備覽；佐傅鼐籌屯田，有屯防書。又有三省邊防備覽，漢江南北、三省山內各圖，漢中府誌及樂園詩文集。

From magistrate to provincial judge, every post Ruyi held was a special promotion. Ten unbroken years at Hanzhong let him finish pacifying the Southern Mountains. Xuanzong, discussing frontier officials, always named Ruyi first. Greater use was coming, but death came first. Bold and plain, careless of rank and gain, he lived like a farmer. On terrain he planned as easily as piling grain to sketch on sand. His plans looked decades ahead; his books record his methods. He aided Nayancheng against pirates and wrote An Overview of Coastal Defense; aided Jiang Sheng on the Miao frontier with An Overview of Miao Defense; aided Fu Nai on garrison farming with A Book on Garrison Defense. He also wrote An Overview of the Three Provinces' Frontier, maps of Han River north and south and the three provinces' hill country, the Hanzhong gazetteer, and collected poems and essays from Leyuan.

子正基，原名芝，字山舫。副貢生。少隨父練習吏事。道光中，官河南知縣，有聲。擢鄭州知州。治賈魯河，息水患。河決開封，正基佐守護。治河兵獄，雪其冤，得河兵死力，城賴以完。母憂歸，服闋，補奉天復州。興屯練，捕盜有法，民殺盜者勿論。奉天治吏素弛，府尹下所屬，以正基為法，盜風為戢。引疾去。江南大吏疏調，擢授常州知府。二十九年，大水，勘災勤至，郡人感之，輸錢二十餘萬助賑，全活甚眾。累署淮揚道、按察使。咸豐初，侍郎曾國籓、呂賢基交章薦之，命赴廣西治軍需，授右江道。擢河南布政使，留廣西。時粵匪披猖，將帥齟《齒吾》，師久無功。正基曲為調和，疏論其事，謂：「師克在和，事期共濟。統兵大帥與地方大吏，宜定紛更不齊之勢，聯疏闊難合之情。布德信以服人心，明功罪以揚士氣。勿因賊盛而生推諉，勿因兵單而務自救，勿以小忿而不為應援，勿以偶挫而坐觀成敗。庶逆氛可殄，大功可成。」時以為讜言。二年，桂林圍解，賜花翎。尋隨大軍赴湖北，時武昌初复，命馳往撫卹難民，署湖北布政使。調廣東，复赴廣西清覈軍需。內召授通政副使，遷通政使。七年，引疾歸，卒。

His son Zhengji, born Zhi, styled Shanfang. He was a deputy tribute graduate. As a youth he learned administration at his father's side. Under Daoguang he was a Henan magistrate of note. He rose to prefect of Zhengzhou. He managed the Jialu River and ended its floods. When the Yellow River burst at Kaifeng, Zhengji helped hold the dikes. He righted a river-corps injustice, won their loyalty, and the city held. After mourning his mother he took Fuzhou in Fengtian. He raised garrison militia, caught bandits effectively, and did not punish civilians who killed robbers. Fengtian governance had been slack; the prefect made Zhengji the model for subordinates and banditry eased. He resigned on grounds of illness. Jiangnan officials sought his transfer and he became prefect of Changzhou. In the twenty-ninth year great floods came; his diligent relief moved the prefecture to donate over two hundred thousand cash and save many lives. He repeatedly acted as Huai-Yang intendant and vice censor. Early in Xianfeng, Zeng Guofan and Lü Xianji recommended him; he went to Guangxi for military supplies as Right River intendant. He was named Henan treasurer but stayed in Guangxi. Guangxi rebels ran wild; generals bickered and the campaign stalled. Zhengji mediated and memorialized: "Armies win through harmony; success needs shared effort. Commanders and governors must align shifting policies and bridge distant, divided feelings. Win hearts with virtue and trust; lift morale by clarifying merit and fault. Do not shirk because rebels are strong; do not hoard troops; do not withhold aid over petty slights; do not watch idly after one defeat. Then rebellion can be crushed and victory won." Men called it honest counsel. In the second year, after Guilin's siege was raised, he received the peacock feather. He followed the main force to Hubei, comforted refugees after Wuchang's recovery, and acted as Hubei treasurer. Transferred to Guangdong, he again audited Guangxi military supplies. Recalled, he became vice director, then director of the Office of Transmission. In the seventh year he resigned ill, returned home, and died.

論曰：亂之所由起與亂之所由平，亦在民之能治否耳。教匪起於官逼民叛，其間獨一得民心之劉清，卒賴以招撫，助誅剿之成功。徵苗頻煩大兵，而未杜亂源，傅鼐乃以一廳一道之力，剿撫兼施，岩疆綏定。南山善後，嚴如熤始終其事，化榛莽為桑麻。此其功皆在一時節鉞之上，光於史策矣。

The historian writes: whether rebellion rises or falls depends on whether people can be governed. Sect rebels rose from official oppression; only Liu Qing, who held the people's trust, won the war through pacification as much as the sword. Miao campaigns wasted great armies without ending unrest; Fu Nai, with one department and one circuit, combined war and peace and secured the rugged border. Yan Ruyi handled Southern Mountain recovery from first to last, turning wilderness into farmland. Their deeds outshone the generals of their age and brighten the historical record.

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